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ilustraciones, fotografías Hace más de tres décadas, se han reportado múltiples beneficios médicos tanto en usuarios indígenas como no indígenas cuando se utiliza el milenario brebaje del yagé dentro de contextos rituales, ceremonias y usos tradicionales. Tales ceremonias son oficiadas por médicos yageceros reconocidos pertenecientes a las comunidades que hacen parte integral de los pueblos que conforman la Unión de Médicos Indígenas Yageceros de la Amazonía Colombiana (UMIYAC), tal como los Cofánes y Kamentsá. Por lo tanto, la planta en sí misma, así como los usos y sabiduría ancestral asociados a esta encuentran su validez en sus leyes de origen e igualmente hacen parte de su inmensa riqueza cultural, fundamentan su relación espiritual con la naturaleza, su modo de vivir en sociedad, la trasmisión intergeneracional de su conocimiento y la preservación de su lengua materna. Sin embargo, ante inminentes riesgos como la apropiación cultural, el uso indebido, la biopiratería, el aprovechamiento comercial y la comisión de delitos utilizándose incorrectamente la planta se hace necesario proteger integralmente este conocimiento tradicional en cabeza de los chamanes a través de un modelo de ley sui géneris. Dicha ley se sustenta teóricamente en renovadoras posturas que otorgan validez al conocimiento vernáculo, tal como la interpretación antropológica de las culturas, el pensamiento decolonial y el pluralismo jurídico. Los que prácticamente, se reflejan en los avances que, en materia de propiedad intelectual, derechos humanos, libre autodeterminación de los pueblos, derecho ambiental, neoconstitucionalismo y protección patrimonial inmaterial, conforman el ordenamiento jurídico, la constitución y leyes de Colombia. (Texto tomado de la fuente) For more than three decades, multiple medical benefits have been reported by different research studies in both indigenous and non-indigenous users when the millenary potion of yagé is used within ritual, ceremonial and traditional uses contexts. These ceremonial rituals are officiated by recognized indigenous yageceros doctors belonging to the communities which integrate the Union of Indigenous Yagecero Doctors of the Colombian Amazon (UMIYAC), such as the Kofán and Kamentsá indigenous peoples. Therefore, the plant itself, as well as the uses and ancestral wisdom associated with it, find their validity in their laws of origin and are also part of their immense cultural wealth, they are the basis of their spiritual relationship with nature, their way of living in society, the intergenerational transmission of their knowledge and the preservation of their native language. However, in the presence of imminent risks such as cultural appropriation, misuses, biopiracy, commercial exploitation and the commission of crimes by misusing the plant, it is necessary to comprehensively protect this traditional knowledge held by shamans through a sui generis protection model law. Such model could be theoretically supported by innovative positions that grant validity, scientifically speaking, to vernacular knowledge. Such as the anthropological interpretation of cultures, decolonial thinking theories and juridical pluralism. Which in practical sense translate into the advances in intellectual property, human rights, self-determination of peoples, environmental law, neoconstitutionalism and protection of intangible heritage, that comprise the legal system, the constitution and laws of Colombia. Maestría

Sotsiaal- ja kodanikupädevuse üks komponent on oskus suhelda teisest rahvusest inimestega. Selle oskuse olulised mõjutajad on hoiakud teiste rahvusrühmade suhtes. Omavahelise vähese suhtlemise tulemusena tekivad teise rahvusrühma suhtes sageli stereotüüpsed negatiivsed hoiakud, mis suhtlemist takistavad. Artiklis käsitletavas uuringus võrreldi 8.–9. klassi eesti ja eestivene õpilaste vastastikuseid hoiakuid enne ja pärast mängustatud koostöötegevuste projektis osalemist. Uuriti Integratsiooni SA tellimisel firma Game Club 2018. aasta sügisel korraldatud neljas neli päeva kestnud lõimumisprojektis osalenud noorte (n = 80) hoiakuid teise rahvusrühma suhtes. Projektis osalejad täitsid enne ja pärast projekti ankeetküsitluse (Likerti tüüpi skaalaküsimused, vabad vastused), millega mõõdeti nende hoiakuid teise rahvusrühmaga suhtlemise suhtes. Ankeetküsitluse tulemusi analüüsiti kvantitatiivselt ja kvalitatiivselt. Uuringu tulemusena selgus, et noorte hoiakud teise rahvusrühma suhtes olid pärast projekti positiivsemad, kuid eri rahvusrühmadel ja eri aspektides eri määral. Teadlikult ja täpselt korraldatud intensiivsetel mängustatud koostöötegevustel võib olla potentsiaali eri rahvusest noorte lähendamisel. Summary

The level of ethnic identity, the measure of its actualization, and the nature of ethnic attitudes that reflect the attitude of Russians to the ethno-cultural diversity of public space are considered on the basis of data from representative national research and researches in Tatarstan and Sacha (Yakutia). It is concluded that the high values of ethnic identity and the ethnic solidarity (formed on its basis) indicate the most important role of culture in the formation of all-Russian unity. The actualization of ethnic identity and interest in protecting ethnic and cultural diversity vary at the Federal districts: the highest values were obtained in the North Caucasus Federal district. Also, the risks of possible inter-ethnic and inter-religious tensions in the North Caucasus Federal district are perceived more acutely than in the Russian Federation on average. Orientations that recognize the right of all Russian peoples to state support for their cultures and religions are very widely represented, but at the same time alternative orientations that are aimed at priority support for the culture and religion of the Russian majority are also supported in public opinion. Research shows the trend of participation of ethnic identity of Russians in the formation of state-civil unity; there is a consensus in the society in the field of interethnic relations. Along with the actualization of ethnic identity, all-Russians have a high level of ethnic tolerance; however, violations of justice against the people or faith can be a destabilizing factor in inter-ethnic relations.

In multicultural societies, life brings many pitfalls. Ethnic attitudes and stereotypes, which influence the behavior of the majority society towards minorities, are deeply rooted in every society. These attitudes and stereotypes do not shy away from medical staff who must provide care to clients of different ethnicities by their cultural, social, and spiritual needs. This thesis aimed to ascertain whether ethnic attitudes and stereotypes influence the nursing care of Roma and Vietnamese ethnic minorities, what factors influence the emergence of attitudes towards selected ethnic minorities, and whether the approach of nurses to nursing care of Roma and Vietnamese minorities is and where are differences. Hypotheses: H1: The negative attitudes of nurses towards the Roma minority based on their different attitudes to life rather than on based on their different physical appearance. H2: Sisters' negative attitudes towards the Vietnamese minority arise from their different attitudes to life, rather than from their different physical appearance. H3: In nursing care, nurses take a more positive attitude towards the Vietnamese minority than towards the Roma minority. H4: Nurses with stereotypes of the Roma minority in nursing care try to have minimal physical contact with clients of this ethnic group than nurses without stereotypes. H5: University-educated nurses, based on greater knowledge, are less influenced by ethnic attitudes manifested in nursing care for clients of ethnic minorities than secondary-educated nurses. Quantitative research was used for the implementation of the research survey and the elaboration of the practical part of the diploma thesis. The method of questioning in the form of a questionnaire with a set of closed questions was chosen. 216 questionnaires were used for statistical processing. The selection criteria were persons working in the position of general nurses of inpatient departments in five medical facilities in the South Bohemian Region. From the available results of the research survey, it was found that general nurses are widely aware of the existence of ethnic attitudes and stereotypes. It was shown that these attitudes have been formed to a large extent since childhood in the family and the emergence of the respondents attitudes was significantly influenced by personal experience with ethnicity. According to the obtained results, university-educated nurses are more influenced by ethnic attitudes than secondary school-educated nurses, nevertheless, they state that studying at a university has influenced their attitude towards selected minorities, especially they report obtaining more information. Furthermore, the survey found that the approach of nurses in the provision of nursing care to the Roma and Vietnamese minorities is different, respondents state a more positive attitude and approach to the Vietnamese minority than to the Roma. The nurses express their negative attitudes mainly by inappropriate statements and thoughts about members of these ethnic groups and also by an effort for minimal physical contact. H1-the hypothesis was confirmed. H2-the hypothesis was not confirmed. H3-the hypothesis was confirmed. H4-the hypothesis was confirmed. H5-the hypothesis was not confirmed. The results showed that ethnic attitudes in the provision of nursing care affect almost half of the respondents and in the case of ethnic stereotypes only one third of the respondents. These attitudes have been formed to a large extent since childhood in the family and to a large extent the personal experience of the respondents with ethnicity. University-educated nurses are more influenced by ethnic attitudes than high school-educated nurses. This thesis can be used as a tool to achieve greater awareness of nurses about this issue or as a basis for creating presentations for professional conferences in order to gradually reduce the influence of ethnic attitudes and stereotypes on the provision of nursing care.

Roma children are often segregated within the Serbian education system: They are disproportionally placed in special schools or put in ethnically homogeneous classrooms. Even in nonsegregated environments, they face everyday discrimination—an 80% dropout rate from elementary school testifies to that. Being a stigmatized minority might contribute to negative social identity, manifested in reversed in-group–out-group preferences. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated (a) if Roma children exhibit implicit/explicit preference for the majority group, and compared their preferences with those of majority children; (b) if these preferences differ in two age groups (second/third and seventh-grade elementary school); and (c) if they relate to academic self-efficacy. A total of 89 children completed the implicit associations test (IAT) test, three measures of explicit ethnic preference (semantic differential, feeling thermometer, and social distance), and a measure of academic self-efficacy. While Serbian children showed consistent explicit and implicit in-group preference, in Roma, we found out-group preferences on both sets of measures. Age-wise, the older group of Roma showed less explicit out-group preferences only in social distance, but not in other measures; the older children showed higher implicit out-group preference (Roma), and slightly lower implicit in-group preference (Serbs), in comparison with the younger. Finally, implicit, but not explicit, out-group preference predicted lower academic self-efficacy in Roma. Our findings demonstrate that out-group preference in Roma children is a robust phenomenon, and that implicit preference is stronger with age. This implies that schooling alone will not reduce negative social identity and that the minority children need to be strategically empowered.

Based on research conducted in eight Russian regions, trust and ethnic attitudes are analyzed as parts of regional social capital. It is concluded that in communities with a high level of ethnicity bonding (according to R. Putnam), social capital helps to sustain their cultural identity, while bridging social capital creates the conditions for the formation of the civil society. Intra-ethnic trust, ethnic solidarity, actualized ethnic identity and ethnopolitical mobilization are analyzed as parts of the bonding social capital. Inter-ethnic and generalized trust, trust in neighbors and colleagues, ethnic tolerance and readiness for the integration of migrants are considered as elements of bridging social capital. Ethnic diversity of Russian society can be converted into social capital, however, these processes occur unevenly in different regions. Ethnic solidarity is the most influential element of bonding social capital, it is made manifest from 70% in Tatarstan to 95% in Astrakhan region. Bridging social capital is more differentiated. For example, figures for such elements as trust in neighbors and colleagues and readiness for the integration of migrants in Moscow and Moscow region are much lower than in other regions. At the same time, it is in Moscow that generalized trust as the key element of the bridging social capital is actively involved in the formation of ethnic tolerance. In order for the democracy attitudes and civil structures to be successfully established in the regional communities, there should be a balance between intra-ethnic and inter-ethnic trust together with high level of confidence in the regional and local governments, as well as in the judiciary system. But the development of the civic culture is still lagging behind the cultural level of inter-ethnic trust: in all the regions under analysis, confidence in regional and local authorities is below the level of the inter-ethnic trust.

American relations with Greece and Turkey; Cyprus issues; domestic legislation to effect economic foreign policy; ethnic groups' influence in policy formulation; relations between Greek-Americans and Carter Administration; decision to repeal arms embargo against Turkey; ethnic group disenchantment with Carter Administration; assessment of ethnic politics

The present study examined the effects of antiprejudice norms on children’s ethnic attitudes by taking their antiprejudice motivations into account. In a sample of 767 native Dutch preadolescents we found evidence for both an internal and an external motivation to be nonprejudiced which were, respectively, positively versus negatively related to children’s out-group attitudes. Overall, children’s norm perceptions were linked to more positive ethnic attitudes, and this relation was partly explained by their internal antiprejudice motivation. Some normative aspects were found be less effective (moral rule to be nice and honest) than others (equality message) by stimulating an external motivation rather than undermining it and stimulating an internal one. Distinguishing between different normative sources further showed that parents and peers were more influential than teachers. Our findings underline the importance of including motivations in research on norms and out-group attitudes.

В статье раскрывается проблема, связанная с существующими на сегодняшний день этническими установками и стереотипами среди молодежи. В настоящее время в современном обществе происходят динамические изменения, тесно связанные со спецификой межэтнического взаимодействия. При этом представление человека о той или иной национальности в существенной мере детерминировано имеющимися у него этническими установками и стереотипами. В результате эмпирического исследования установлено, что существует связь между некоторыми показателями, отражающими этнические стереотипы и установки в русской молодежной среде по отношению к представителям украинской национальности., The article discusses the problem associated with current ethnic attitudes and stereotypes among the youth. At present, dynamic changes are taking place in modern society, closely related to the specifics of interethnic interaction. At the same time, a person’s idea of a particular nationality is determined by ethnic attitudes and stereotypes to a significant extent. As a result of the empirical study it has been found that there is a connection between some indicators reflecting ethnic stereotypes and attitudes among the Russian youth towards the representatives of the Ukrainian nationality., Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, №7(61) (2017)

This study explored ethnic awareness, self-identification, and ethnic attitudes in 104 Italian, Chinese, and African pupils aged 4- 5, attending to ethnically homogeneous and heterogeneous kindergarten schools. Hypotheses: Pupils will be able to show ethnic awareness and self-identification, and pupils attending heterogeneous schools will express positive attitudes toward outgroup more than the others according to the “contact hypothesis” ( Sagone, 2003 ). Measures: Clark & Clark's Doll Paradigm and rewards allocation tasks were used. Results all pupils correctly identified themselves with the ethnic group which they belong to and recognized the ethnicity of the dolls; in addition, Chinese and White Italian pupils attending to homogeneous schools showed ingroup favoritism more than the other pupils.

The article analyzes the processes that determine the nature of inter-ethnic communications in Sochi on the basis of the conducted sociological studies, and examines inter-ethnic attitudes of the citizens. Inter-ethnic communications are understood in the context of this work as interpersonal and intergroup relations of people in everyday practice. Inter-ethnic relations within the framework of the constructivist approach are viewed through the prism of the interrelations of ethnic groups and the state, ethnic majority and minorities, and mechanisms of power distribution between ethnic groups and elites. As a basis for measuring social distance, the Bogardus social distance scale is used, which allows to determine the degree of psychological readiness for rapprochement or, conversely, the rejection of people of a different nationality. Based on the analysis of the empirical data of our study, the circumstances and situations that determine the processes of inter-ethnic communication of the groups inhabiting Sochi were revealed, which can contribute to the development of a resource or conflictogenic potential of polyethnicity. Inter-ethnic concord and peaceful resolution of contradictions in the region are driven by its historically formed multinationality, state ideology and public discourse, which provides conditions for concord between the groups with different interests and daily behavior. A relatively high level of favorable inter-ethnic attitudes has been found, quite open and tolerant attitude towards inter-ethnic contacts, but despite high tolerance, half of the population has strong anti-immigrant sentiments and growing protective geopolitical sentiments. This is related to the emergence or exacerbation of problems that actualize public frustrations and xenophobic sentiments of the population. These include: socio-economic differentiation, tense situation on the Georgian-Abkhaz and Georgian-South Ossetian borders, anxiety about the announcement of Sochi as the host city of the 2014 Olympics, the changing context of the migration situation, which violates the existing ethnic division of labor, exacerbates inter-group rivalry. Nevertheless, the positive balance in the Sochi region prevails. The success of maintaining such positive trend in the dynamics of the balance of inter-ethnic relations depends on which practices will be more in demand to solve a number of ongoing issues.

The article will endeavor to build a causal model of ethnic attitudes of students in grades 8 to 12 from a great Transylvanian city with a large Hungarian population. The theoretical model built at the beginning of the study was tested applying multivariate statistical techniques to data of a survey of about 2500 teenagers. My results show that attitudes about the rights of members of minorities are attributable to both individual and contextual factors. On the one hand, gender, cognitive constraints and selfesteem play an important role in this attitudinal make up. On the other hand, the relative positions on in-group and out-group in the special context of interaction – in my case the classroom – are playing important parts in determining how strong the biases will be.

The present study examined native Dutch adolescents’ motivations to regulate their out-group prejudice, and tested the relations with their ethnic attitudes and the perceived multicultural norms of their friends and parents. Three types of anti-prejudice motivation were assessed using a slightly adapted version of the Motivation to be Nonprejudiced Scale (MNPS; Legault et al., 2007): a strongly self-determined motivation (involving an intrinsic appreciation of out-groups and a personal endorsement of equality and out-group acceptance), a weakly self-determined motivation (including concerns with negative reactions from self and others), and amotivation (the absence of a clear motivation). Only the strongly self-determined motivation was consistently related to less negative ethnic attitudes, and it partly mediated the link between the perceived norms and these attitudes. The perceived norms of the friends were positively associated with the weakly self-determined motivation but the latter was not effective. Practical implications are discussed

Психологический Vademecum: Витебщина Л. С. Выготского : сборник научных статей. - Витебск : ВГУ имени П. М. Машерова, 2016. - С. 238-247. - Библиогр.: с. 246-247 (20 назв.)., В документе основное внимание уделяется сопоставлению национальной идентичности между будущими учителями в Словакии и Сербии = The paper is focusing on the comparison of the national identity construct between future teachers in Slo-vakia and Serbia. The National Identity Scale NAIT (Čorkalo, Kamenov, 1998) was used for measuring na-tional identity. The research sample included 163 students with Slovak nationality and 163 Serbian national-ity students (N – 326). The total number included 12% men and 88% women. Within both researched groups, the intercultural comparation analyses evaluated the parameters of a gross score from a questionnaire and an exploration factor solution of the construct. The research findings indicate that the Slovak future teachers show higher level and consistency of national identity. At the same time, our research proves that Slovak stu-dent teachers’ national awareness is encouraged mainly by the feeling of patriotism, Serbian students are more stimulated by the feeling of nationalism. The results are discussed in the context of future teacher train-ing from the perspective of focusing on tolerance and multiculturalism.

The present study examined native Dutch adolescents’ motivations to regulate their out-group prejudice, and tested the relations with their ethnic attitudes and the perceived multicultural norms of their friends and parents. Three types of anti-prejudice motivation were assessed using a slightly adapted version of the Motivation to be Nonprejudiced Scale (MNPS; Legault et al., 2007): a strongly self-determined motivation (involving an intrinsic appreciation of out-groups and a personal endorsement of equality and out-group acceptance), a weakly self-determined motivation (including concerns with negative reactions from self and others), and amotivation (the absence of a clear motivation). Only the strongly self-determined motivation was consistently related to less negative ethnic attitudes, and it partly mediated the link between the perceived norms and these attitudes. The perceived norms of the friends were positively associated with the weakly self-determined motivation but the latter was not effective. Practical implications are discussed

Many theoretical models have contributed to the field of intergroup relations, but the concept of social tolerance is still very ambiguous despite huge progress in social psychology and related fields in the recent 50 years. The concept seems too complicated and researchers prefer to analyze tolerance/ intolerance components: stereotypes, prejudice, perception biases and social discrimination which seem to be more one-dimensional and available for the study. At the same time, without such data social policy in ethnic integration cannot be well goal-directed. Social and personality psychology lack integrated criteria for the assessment of ethnic tolerance/intolerance and the above-mentioned one-dimensional partial measures of ethnic tolerance cannot compensate this deficit, since they reveal only some aspects of intergroup attitudes. The elaboration of such a holistic personality measure for the assessment of intergroup relations in Latvia was the goal of this work1. The fivestage process of scale development has been used. Results have shown that a valid and reliable instrument for ethnic tolerance assessment has been elaborated. The model of elaboration could be applied in all countries Несмотря на значительный прогресс в социальной психологии в последние 50 лет, понятие «социальная толерантность» остается весьма туманным. Для исследователей оно выглядит слишком комплексным, и они предпочитают анализировать отдельные аспекты этой толерантности – стереотипы, предрассудки, искажения восприятия, социальную дискриминацию, которые выглядят более одномерными и доступными для изучения. В то же время представляется, что без сведений о терпимости/нетерпимости к разным социальным группам в целом невозможно целенаправленно строить социальную политику, направленную на гуманистическую интеграцию общества. В психологии личности и социальной психологии на сегодняшний день отсутствуют интегрированные критерии для оценки, в частности этнической толерантности, и известные одномерные и частные показатели такой толерантности не могут компенсировать дефицит в этой области. Целью данной статьи была разработка методики целостной диагностики межэтнических установок как личностной диспозиции в Латвии. Разработка такой методики представляла процесс из пяти этапов, в результате чего создана валидная и надежная шкала измерения этнической толерантности. Данная модель разработки шкалы толерантности может быть использована в любой стране с учетом конкретного социально-культурного контекста

Introducción; Las revistas y las compañías cinematográficas a principios del siglo XX; El relato, el mito y la sociedad; La estructura; La Frontera; El paisaje; La línea; La misión; La misión como lo mexicano; El “padre”; La misión como moda; El indio; La relación simbólica entre el indio y el paisaje; Anastomosis del indio y el mexicano; La mujer india y el romanticismo; La mujer; La rosa; La disoluta; Ranchwoman o cowgirl; El mexicano; Lo masculino; Death or Victory: las guerras plásticas; El sombrero la pistola y el caballo; El hombre de la frontera; Fuentes Un rompecabezas alegórico aborda la representación de lo mexicano en el anuncio y el cartel de cine estadunidenses entre 1907 y 1920 la llamada era del progreso . Gracias a un trabajo de archivo profundo y riguroso se muestra cómo la cinematografía emerge como un contenedor de todos los cambios sociales, económicos, científicos y culturales de la época, y cómo se construye una concepción de la mexicanidad con el ensamblaje de varios mitos importantes. A partir de la gráf ica puede inferirse la noción que un pueblo construye de otra cultura. En este caso, Un rompecabezas alegórico aborda la representación de lo mexicano en el anuncio y el cartel de cine estadunidenses entre 1907 y 1920 —la llamada “era del progreso”. Gracias a un trabajo de archivo profundo y riguroso se muestra cómo la cinematografía emerge como un contenedor de todos los cambios sociales, económicos, científ icos y culturales de la época, y cómo se construye una concepción de la mexicanidad con el ensamblaje de varios mitos importantes: “la frontera”, “la misión”, “el indio”, “la mujer” y el personaje del “mexicano”. La visión que de nosotros creó el cine mezcla símbolos en constante interrelación dinámica con la sociedad del momento que, en conjunto, integran este rompecabezas alegórico, cuyas piezas son intercambiables y simultáneas aun hoy en día, pues tienen consecuencias sobre la idea que sigue conservando la cultura estadunidense acerca de lo mexicano como construcción cultural.

The purposes of researches - to estimate implicit ethnic attitudes by direct and indirect methods, to determine the accordance of two types measuring, to investigate influence of task type used in an experiment, on the results of measuring, as well as to determine a presence or communication between recent episodic events and chronologic correlations of ethnic attitudes. Method of the implicit measuring - an evaluative priming (EPT) carried out with the use of different SOA intervals, explicit methods of research are G.Soldatova-s types of ethnic identity, G.Soldatova-s index of tolerance, E.Bogardus scale of social distance. During five stages of researches received results open some aspects of implicit measuring, its correlation with the results of self-reports on different SOA intervals, connection of implicit measuring with emotional valence of episodic events of participants and other indexes, presenting a contribution to the decision of implicit measuring application problem for study of different social constructs, {"references":["Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R.\n(1986). -On the automatic activation of attitudes.- Journal of Personality\nand Social Psychology 50: 229-238.","De Hower, J. (2006). What are implicit measures and why are we using\nthem? In: R.W. Wiers & A.W. Stacy (ed.), The handbook of implicit cognition and addiction, 11-28. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers.","Petty, R. E., Wheeler C.S., and Tormala Z. L. (2003), \"Persuasion and\nAttitude Change,\" in Handbook of Psychology, Vol. 5, Personality and\nSocial Psychology, ed.Theodore Millon and Melvin J. 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Sanders (Eds.), Cognition and motor processes (pp. 245-293). Berlin: Springer.","Bargh, J. A. (1989). Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic\ninfluence in social perception and cognition. In Uleman, J. S., & Bargh,\nJ. A. (Eds.), Unintended Thought (pp. 3-51). New York: The Guilford\nPress.\n[10] Logan, G. D. (1989). Automaticity and cognitive control. In J. S.\nUleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 52-74). New\nYork: Guilford Press.\n[11] Coane J.H., Balota D. A. (2009) Priming the Holiday Spirit: Persistent\nActivation due to Extra-Experimental Experiences, Psychon Bull Rev.\n2009 December; 16(6): 1124-1128.\n[12] Plotka, I., Igonin, D., Blumenau, N. (2008). Emotional priming in the\nstudying of ethnic attitudes: evidence in difference for type of experimental tasks. In: The science of psychology in the changing world, 86-90. Moscow-Daugavpils: MCUPE&DU. (In Russian).\n[13] Plotka I., Igonin D., Blumenau N. (2009). Research of the ethnic\nattitudes by the method of emotional priming. In: Proceedings of the 50.\nInternational scientific conference of Daugavpils University, 282-294.\nDaugavpils: Daugavpils University \"Saule\". (In Russian).\n[14] Plotka I., Igonin D., Blumenau, N., Bambulaka, M., & Ozola, E. (2010).\nModern technologies in a social and psychological research: implicit\nmethods of studying the ethnic attitudes. Professional Studies: Theory\nand Practice, 6 (pp. 166-174). ISSN 1822-3648\n[15] Plotka, I., Blumenau, N., Igonin, D., Bambulaka, M., Ozola, E., &\nSimane, L. (2011).Implicit Methods of Attitudes Research: the Modern\nApproach to Education and Training of Specialists in Social Sciences.\nProfessional Studies: Theory and Practice, 2012/9, Šiaulių valstybin÷\nkolegija, Šiauliai 2012, ISSN 1822-3648, lpp. 104-111\n[16] Soldatova G.U., Psychology of ethnic tensions. M., 1998.\n[17] Hines, T. (1990). An odd effect: Lengthened reaction times for\njudgements about odd digits. Memory and Cognition, 18, 40–46.\n[18] Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). 'Implicit measures in social\ncognition research: Their meaning and uses.' Annual Review of\nPsychology 54: 297–327.\n[19] Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and\ncontrolled components. Journal of Personality and Social\nPsychology,56, 5-18.\n[20] Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. (1995) 'Implicit social cognition:\nAttitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.' Psychological Review 102: 4-\n27.\n[21] Gawronski, B., Bodenhausen, G.V. (2007). 'Unraveling the processes\nunderlying evaluation: Attitudes from the perspective of the APE\nmodel.' Social Cognition 25: 687-717.\n[22] B.A.Nosek, Y. Bar-Anan, A Comparative Investigation of Seven\nImplicit Measures of Social Cognition, 2012, Electronic copy available\nat: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2074556\n[23] Masson M. Isaak M., Masked priming of words and nonwords in a\nnaming task: Further evidence for a nonlexical basis for priming\nMemory & Cognition, 1999, 27 (3), 399-412\n[24] Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2006). Reducing automatically-activated\nracial prejudice through implicit evaluative conditioning. Personality\nand Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 421-433.\n[25] Rudman L.A. Implicit Measures for Social and Personality Psychology.\nSAGE Publications, 2011, pp. 96\n[26] Ferguson C.J. An Effect Size Primer: A Guide for Clinicians and\nResearchers, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice © 2009,\nAmerican Psychological Association 2009, Electronic copy available at:\nhttp://www.tamiu.edu/\n[27] Wittenbrink B. , Judd C. M., and Park B. Evidence for Racial Prejudice\nat the Implicit Level and Its Relationship With Questionnaire Measures.\nJournal of Personality and Social Psychology 1997, Vol. 72, No. 2, 262-\n274р.\n[28] Naccache, L., Blandin, E., & Dehaene, S. (2002). Unconscious masked\npriming depends on temporal attention. Psychological Science, 13, 416-\n424."]}

Research on intergroup attitudes in children has focused on contact with out-group peers but neglected the role of adults. This cross-sectional self-report study examined the association between the ethnic attitudes of 174 minority (Turkish- and Moroccan–Dutch) preadolescents (ages 9–13) and the perceived interpersonal relationships with their (native Dutch) majority group teachers. Majority classmates (97 native Dutch children) were included as a control group. Analyses showed that Turkish and Moroccan students who had better relationships with their Dutch teacher had more positive attitudes toward the Dutch out-group, especially in relatively segregated classrooms. The positive aspect of the relationship (‘closeness’) was more important than the negative aspect (‘conflict’). The link between out-group attitudes and the relationship with majority teachers was not significant for the majority students. Findings show that contact theory can be applied to interactions between children and important adults, and that student-teacher relationships can contribute to more harmonious ethnic relations.

Research on intergroup attitudes in children has focused on contact with out-group peers but neglected the role of adults. This cross-sectional self-report study examined the association between the ethnic attitudes of 174 minority (Turkish- and Moroccan–Dutch) preadolescents (ages 9–13) and the perceived interpersonal relationships with their (native Dutch) majority group teachers. Majority classmates (97 native Dutch children) were included as a control group. Analyses showed that Turkish and Moroccan students who had better relationships with their Dutch teacher had more positive attitudes toward the Dutch out-group, especially in relatively segregated classrooms. The positive aspect of the relationship (‘closeness’) was more important than the negative aspect (‘conflict’). The link between out-group attitudes and the relationship with majority teachers was not significant for the majority students. Findings show that contact theory can be applied to interactions between children and important adults, and that student-teacher relationships can contribute to more harmonious ethnic relations.

Tolerance is a tool for achieving a social cohesion, particularly, among individuals and groups with different values. The aim is to study the characteristics of the ethnic tolerance, the inhabitants of Latvia. The ethnic tolerance is taught as a set of conscious and unconscious orientations of the individual in social interaction and inter-ethnic communication. It uses the tools of empirical studies of the ethnic tolerance which allows to identify the explicitly and implicitly levels of the emotional component of Latvia's residents. Explicit measurements were made using the techniques of self-report which revealed the index of the ethnic tolerance and the ethnic identity of the participants. The implicit component was studied using methods based on the effect of the emotional priming. During the processing of the results, there were calculated indicators of the positive and negative implicit attitudes towards members of their own and other ethnicity as well as the explicit parameters of the ethnic tolerance and the ethnic identity of Latvia-s residents. The implicit measurements of the ratio of neighboring ethnic groups against each other showed a mutual negative attitude whereas the explicit measurements indicate a neutral attitude. The data obtained contribute to a further study of the ethnic tolerance of Latvia's residents., {"references":["Alum( B.A. Beedenue e coepemennylo coquarampo ncuxo.noewo. MHHCK: ACAP, 2005, pp 768.","CarmaTosa, F.Y., & Illatireposa, JLA. Ilcuxoduaenocmuica mo.nepanmnocmu Ruzinocmu. M: Cmbica, 2008, pp. 172.","Robinson, J., Witenberg, R., & Sanson, A. The socialization of tolerance. In the M. Augoustinos & K. J. Reynolds (Eds.), Understand-ing prejudice, racism and social conflict London: Sage, 2001, pp. 73-88.","Bap,Imep I.JI. CoquansnaR ncwco.noeuR manepanmnocmu. 143,4. Camcr¬HeTep6yprcKoro pmsepcirre-ra , 2005, pp. 120.","Bogampesa, C.K., & Konecos,\tTanepanmnocms. Beedenue e\nnpo6nehty. M: H3,1t. MOCKOBCKOTO HCHXOTIOTO-COIHa.MHOTO HHCTHTyTa,\n2003, pp. 240.","I'pe'wo II.K. Pa3.numuR: om mepnumocmu x ky.abmype manepanmnocmu. M: 143,1t. POCCHrICKOTO yimsepcinem Appic6m Hapogos, 2006, pp. 415.","Osis, J., & Ose L., Petijumos balstitas stratekijas tolerances veicinrsanai. Tolerance: individuat un sociala dimensija. Riga: Dialogi.lv, 2006.","Apine, I., & Volkovs, V. Slavi Latvija. Riga: IU \"Macibu apgads\" ,1998.","Dribins, Leo Etniskas un nacionalas minoritates Eiropa: vesture un mfisdienas. Riga: Eiropas Padomes Informacijas birojs, 2004.\n[10] Pnap,ItoH, B. 3. Tanepanmnocms — dopoea x Atupy , CII6.: Bow* 2001. pp. 304.\n[11] Hermes A.B. MenmansnaR manepanmnocms. Becminc YpanbcKoro mexcpernoxaabHoro HH-Ta oftecTs liar( 2002 N21 c.53\n[12] Illicypwrosa, H. H. KoenumuenaR c.nomnocms lam ocnoea manepanmnoeo MblUtleHUR BeK TailepaHTHOCTH : HarIH0- Hy6JIHHHCTHileCKHil BeCTHHK. 2003. N2 5. pp. 44-51.\n[13] Petty, R. E., & Brinol, P., DeMarree K. G. Self-certainty: Parallels to attitude certainty. In the International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 7, 2007, pp. 159-188.\n[14] Rudman L.A. Implicit Measures for Social and Personality Psychology. SAGE Publications, 2011, pp. 96.\n[15] Rudman, L. A., Phelan, J. E., & Heppen, J. Developmental sources of implicit attitudes. In Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2007, 33(12), pp. 1700-1713.\n[16] Gawronski, B., Payne B.K. Handbook of implicit social cognition. Measurement, theory, and applications. The Guilford Press: New York, London, 2010, pp. 594.\n[17] Tajfel H., Turner J.C. The social identity theory of intergroup behavior Psychology of intergroup relations. Chicago, 1986, pp. 7-24.\n[18] Berry J.W., Poortinga Y.H., Segall M.H., Dasen P.R. Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. Cambridge, 1992.\n[19] JIe6egesa H.M. Teopemuico-Atemodo.noeumeacue ocnoest ucc.nedoeanuR 3mnumecicat udenmumnocmu u manepanmnocmu e no.nuky.abmypnbtx peeuonax Poccuu u CHF. In the 14,21eirrwmocri, H TonepairrHocm. Hog pen. H.M. JIe6egesoil. M., 2002;\n[20] Congwrosa F.Y., Illatireposa JI.A., Hpoico4mesa T.I0., Kpasgosa O.A. lIpaxmukyht no ncuxoduaenocmuxe u ucc.nedoeanwo manepanmnocmu M., 2003.\n[21] Snyder, M. Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. In a Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1974, 30(4), 526-537.\n[22] Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S. & Schooler, T. Y. A model of dual attitudes. In the Psychological Review, 2000, 107, 101-126 pp.\n[23] Plotka I., Igonin D., Blumenau, N., Bambulaka, M., & Ozola, E. Modern technologies in a social and psychological research: implicit methods of studying the ethnic attitudes. In a Professional Studies: Theory and Practice, 6. — 2010. —166-174 pp.\n[24] 111.aorrim, I'., & gal:41,1,210B, C. Coomnowenue umn.nuqumnsvc u 3xcn.augumnbtx 3ninumeacux cmepeomunoe y pyccxux u nehtuee. HoBropog: HWY, 2006.\n[25] Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and uses. In a Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 2003. pp. 297-327.\n[26] Karpinski A. Hilton J. L. Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test. In a Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 81(5), Nov 2001, 774-788."]}

Dissertação de Mestrado em Relações Interculturais apresentada à Universidade Aberta No presente estudo vamos analisar o desenvolvimento do favoritismo endogrupal e do “derogation” (desvalorização) exogrupal em relação a grupos nacionais (portugueses como endogrupo e cabo-verdianos, brasileiros e chineses como exogrupos) em crianças portuguesas com idades compreendidas entre os 6 e os 10 anos (60 participantes com 6/7 anos e 60 participantes com 9/10 anos). O primeiro objectivo desta investigação consistiu em examinar se o favoritismo endogrupal e o “derogation” exogrupal variam em função de grupos etários. Partimos da ideia de que os grupos etários evidenciariam preferência endogrupal. Já em relação à negatividade exogrupal era esperado que fosse menos evidente. O segundo objectivo deste estudo foi examinar se o favoritismo endogrupal e o “derogation” exogrupal seriam relativamente independentes, ou se estariam reciprocamente relacionados, de modo que percepções positivas do endogrupo nacional estivessem associadas com percepções negativas dos exogrupos nacionais (em particular, cabo-verdianos, brasileiros e chineses). Os resultados confirmaram as hipóteses, assim em ambos os grupos etários as crianças evidenciaram preferência endogrupal, a negatividade do exogrupo, foi apenas menos evidente para o exogrupo brasileiros e não para os restantes (cabo-verdianos e chineses). Relativamente à relação entre a preferência pelo endogrupo e a negatividade do exogrupo verificou-se que estas são relativamente independentes. Assim verificou-se que o favoritismo endogrupal não está relacionado com a desvalorização exogrupal, ou seja, percepções positivas do endogrupo não estão relacionadas com percepções negativas dos exogrupos. In the present study we are going to analyze the development of the ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation in relation to national groups (Portuguese as ingroup and Cape-Verdeans, Brazilian and Chinese as outgroups) in Portuguese children with ages between 6 and 10 years (60 participants with 6/7 years and 60 participants with 9/10 years). The first aim of this research was to examine whether the ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation changes according to the age groups. We started from the idea that the age groups would show ingroup preference. However in relation to negativity outgroup it was expected to be less evident. The second aim of this study was to examine if the ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation would be relatively independent, or if they would be related to each other, so that positive perceptions of national ingroup were associated with negative perceptions of national outgroups (in particular, Cape-Verde, Brazilian and Chinese). In a nut Shell, the results confirmed the hypotheses, and in both age groups, the children showed ingroup preference, the negativism of the outgroup was less obvious in the Brazilian group but not in the others (Cape-Verdeans and Chinese). Regarding the relation between the preference for the ingroup and the negativity of the outgroup we realized that these are relatively independent. As a result, we found that the ingroup favoritism is not related with outgroup derogation, it means that, positive perceptions of the ingroup are not related with negative perceptions of the outgroups.

The own-race (ORB) bias in face recognition is the well- known phenomenon that people are generally more accurate at recognizing and discriminating faces of their own race than any other race. The mechanisms driving the bias, however, are unclear. This series of four dissertation experiments examined the inappropriate cue utilization hypothesis in conjunction with the contact theory as the best explanation for the ORB. Experiment 1 investigated the cues that Asians and Caucasians use to describe same- race and cross-race faces. Asians mentioned the presence/ absence of an eyelid crease more did Caucasians, who more often mentioned iris color when describing faces. Further, Asians and Caucasians used these respective cues more frequently to describe same-race than cross-race faces. Experiment 2 employed two recognition memory tasks to examine whether individuals are sensitive to the natural ranges of variability for different aspects of the eye region on different races. Results imply that people are sensitive to the greater range of variability for iris color on Caucasians over Asians and to the greater range of variability for the presence/absence of eyelid creases on Asians over Caucasians. Experiment 3 used multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses to determine the facial features that Asians and Caucasians attend to most often when judging the similarity between faces. Results indicate that Asians and Caucasians both rely most heavily on race and gender when comparing faces. Also, all participants place equal importance on iris color, while Asians place greater importance on eyelids than do Caucasians. Interracial contact analyses further show that Asians higher on interracial contact have MDS solutions that more closely resemble the Caucasian MDS solutions. Lastly, Experiment 4 trained participants to attend to features appropriate for cross-race face discrimination in attempt to mitigate the ORB. Although the training did not affect participants' ORB, attending participants to the race of faces did increase the discriminability of all faces. These four experiments imply that the ORB may be driven by individuals lacking the experience with attending to those cues most appropriate for cross-race discrimination

The present study examined native Dutch adolescents’ motivations to regulate their out-group prejudice, and tested the relations with their ethnic attitudes and the perceived multicultural norms of their friends and parents. Three types of anti-prejudice motivation were assessed using a slightly adapted version of the Motivation to be Nonprejudiced Scale (MNPS; Legault et al., 2007): a strongly self-determined motivation (involving an intrinsic appreciation of out-groups and a personal endorsement of equality and out-group acceptance), a weakly self-determined motivation (including concerns with negative reactions from self and others), and amotivation (the absence of a clear motivation). Only the strongly self-determined motivation was consistently related to less negative ethnic attitudes, and it partly mediated the link between the perceived norms and these attitudes. The perceived norms of the friends were positively associated with the weakly self-determined motivation but the latter was not effective. Practical implications are discussed

Background: The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina ended in 1995 with numerous casualties and serious material loss. Under the terms of Dayton Agreement, Croats and Muslims in Central Bosnia who were at war with each other, consented to peaceful coexistence and collaboration. However, how feasible were these agreements? We assume that a measure of social distance between the two nations may indicate their readiness to accomplish some of these goals.Aims: To assess the average ethnic distance that Croats and Muslims express towards each other, and towards nations not directly involved in the conflict. To examine whether there is a difference in the expressed ethnic distance in relation to high/low war traumatization.Methods: Participants were 202 high school students from Vitez (Croats) and Travnik (Muslims) who completed the following measures: traumatic war experience scale, ethnic distance scale, graphic form of ethnic attitudes scale, questionnaire on feasibility of peaceful coexistence between Muslims and Croats in Bosnia.Results: All participants experienced a considerable number of traumatic war events, and expressed extreme ethnic distance. Croats express greater distance towards Muslims than vice versa, and this grows significantly in relation to higher war traumatization. This effect was not significant in the case of Muslim participants.Conclusions: Although exposure to a higher number of traumatic events has an unequal effect on ethnic distance, members of both nations express considerable distance towards each other, which might indicate certain problems in attempting to achieve peaceful coexistence.

The study and measurement of attitudes toward racial and ethnic groups are important parts of the field of cross-cultural psychology. The present study examined a theory of racial attitudes, that of symbolic racism, and several demographic variables. The sample population consisted of 575 Caucasians and 122 Far-East Asian college students. Results indicated that Symbolic Racism is a unique theoretical construct, that Caucasian students were less racially biased than their Asian peers, and that group differences in racial attitudes existed across religious affiliation, number of reported interracial friendships, and gender.