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Montages are logical, orderly arrangements of electroencephalographic derivations or channels that are created to display activity over the entire head and to provide lateralizing and localizing information. Most often, bipolar and referential montages are used for routine electroencephalographic recordings. Common average and Laplacian montages can also be helpful in some situations. Because each type of montage has certain strengths and limitations, the ACNS guidelines recommend the use of multiple classes of montages for each electroencephalographic recording. A variety of factors need to be considered for localization by scalp electroencephalogram, but in clinical practice, a three-step approach can be used to localize an interictal epileptiform discharge by visual inspection using a standard set of scalp electrodes and conventional montages. The ACNS guideline provides a number of standard and suggested montages, but, depending on the clinical situation, additional montages can be designed using the electrodes within the 10-20 system or by placing additional electrodes.

A wide range of materials has been considered to repair cranial defects. In the field of cranioplasty, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based bone cements and modifications through the inclusion of copper doped tricalcium phosphate (Cu-TCP) particles have been already investigated. On the other hand, aliphatic polyesters such as poly(&epsilon, caprolactone) (PCL) and polylactic acid (PLA) have been frequently investigated to make scaffolds for cranial bone regeneration. Accordingly, the aim of the current research was to design and fabricate customized hybrid devices for the repair of large cranial defects integrating the reverse engineering approach with additive manufacturing, The hybrid device consisted of a 3D additive manufactured polyester porous structures infiltrated with PMMA/Cu-TCP (97.5/2.5 w/w) bone cement. Temperature profiles were first evaluated for 3D hybrid devices (PCL/PMMA, PLA/PMMA, PCL/PMMA/Cu-TCP and PLA/PMMA/Cu-TCP). Peak temperatures recorded for hybrid PCL/PMMA and PCL/PMMA/Cu-TCP were significantly lower than those found for the PLA-based ones. Virtual and physical models of customized devices for large cranial defect were developed to assess the feasibility of the proposed technical solutions. A theoretical analysis was preliminarily performed on the entire head model trying to simulate severe impact conditions for people with the customized hybrid device (PCL/PMMA/Cu-TCP) (i.e., a rigid sphere impacting the implant region of the head). Results from finite element analysis (FEA) provided information on the different components of the model.

Recently, interest in MR-only treatment planning using synthetic CTs (synCTs) has grown rapidly in radiation therapy. However, developing class solutions for medical images that contain atypical anatomy remains a major limitation. In this paper, we propose a novel spatial attention-guided generative adversarial network (attention-GAN) model to generate accurate synCTs using T1-weighted MRI images as the input to address atypical anatomy. Experimental results on fifteen brain cancer patients show that attention-GAN outperformed existing synCT models and achieved an average MAE of 85.223±12.08, 232.41±60.86, 246.38±42.67 Hounsfield units between synCT and CT-SIM across the entire head, bone and air regions, respectively. Qualitative analysis shows that attention-GAN has the ability to use spatially focused areas to better handle outliers, areas with complex anatomy or post-surgical regions, and thus offer strong potential for supporting near real-time MR-only treatment planning.

To better understand head injuries, human head finite element (FE) models have been reported in the literature. In scenarios where the head is directly impacted and measurements of head accelerations are not available, a high-quality skull model, as well as a high-quality brain model, is needed to predict the effect of impact on the brain through the skull. Furthermore, predicting cranial bone fractures requires comprehensively validated skull models. Lastly, high-quality meshes for both the skull and brain are needed for accurate strain/stress predictions across the entire head. Hence, we adopted a multi-block approach to develop hexahedral meshes for the brain, skull, and scalp simultaneously, a first approach in its kind. We then validated our model against experimental data of brain pressures (Nahum et al., 1977 ) and comprehensive skull responses (Yoganandan et al., 1995 , Yoganandan et al., 2004 , and Raymond et al., 2009 ). We concluded that a human head FE model was developed with capabilities to predict blunt- and ballistic-impact-induced skull fractures and pressure-related brain injuries.

Background This study aims at identifying orthodontic activities with the highest frequency of unfavorable/awkward and static postures held over a period of more than 4 s based on kinematic analysis. Moreover, a separate analysis of static postures for orthodontic and non-orthodontic activities serves to evaluate the duration for which these particular postures are assumed. Methods In total, 21 (13f/8 m) orthodontists (age: 31.5 ± 3.8 years) participated in this study. CUELA, a personal measurement system, was used to collect kinematic data for all orthodontic activities in a working day. Angle values of the head and torso were evaluated in accordance with ergonomic standards. Only those postures that were held statically for 4 s and longer were selected for further analysis. Alongside the kinematic analysis, the activities performed on-site were also subject to a detailed computerized analysis. The synchronization of data collected from both measurements arranges the patterns of posture found chronologically and in conjunction with the orthodontic activities performed ((I) “treatment” (II) “office” and (III) “other activities”). Results For (I) we observed an anterior inclination of the head and torso area as well as a twist of the head and neck area to the right. We found anterior back inclination and lateral back torsion to the right for (II) and (III). If, furthermore, we differentiate the duration of static postures, there are primarily short to medium-term (4–30s) static postures identified for (I). Also, categories (II) and (III) predominantly demonstrate static back postures with a duration of up to 30 s. With regard to (II) we observed that the back is ventrally inclined for 10.1% of the total activity duration. Conclusions During treatment static strains are observed in the entire head and torso area. On the contrary, static postures prevalent in the torso area are essential for activities of the other categories, particularly office work. These findings allow for a careful selection of unfavorable and static postures for each of the activities performed and help to develop specific preventive measures.

[EN] Synthetic computed tomography (CT) images derived from magnetic resonance images (MRI) are of interest for radiotherapy planning and positron emission tomography (PET) attenuation correction. In recent years, deep learning implementations have demonstrated improvement over atlasbased and segmentation-based methods. Nevertheless, several open questions remain to be addressed, such as which is the best of MRI sequences and neural network architectures. In this work, we compared the performance of different combinations of two common MRI sequences (T1- and T2-weighted), and three state-of-the-art neural networks designed for medical image processing (Vnet, HighRes3dNet and ScaleNet). The experiments were conducted on brain datasets from a public database. Our results suggest that T1 images perform better than T2, but the results further improve when combining both sequences. The lowest mean average error over the entire head (MAE = 101.76 ± 10.4 HU) was achieved combining T1 and T2 scans with HighRes3dNet. All tested deep learning models achieved significantly lower MAE (p < 0.01) than a well-known atlas-based method., This work was supported by the Spanish Government grants TEC2016-79884-C2 and RTC-2016-5186-1, and by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)

Thalamocortical connections are altered following very preterm birth but it is unknown whether structural and functional alterations are linked and how they contribute to neurodevelopmental deficits. We used a multimodal approach in 27 very preterm and 35 term-born children and adolescents aged 10–16 years: Structural thalamocortical connectivity was quantified with two measures derived from probabilistic tractography of diffusion tensor data, namely the volume of thalamic segments with cortical connections and mean fractional anisotropy (FA) within the respective segments. High-density sleep EEG was recorded and sleep spindles were identified at each electrode. Sleep spindle density and integrated spindle activity (ISA) were calculated to quantify functional thalamocortical connectivity. In term-born participants, the volume of the global thalamic segment with cortical connections was strongly related to sleep spindles across the entire head (mean r = .53 ± .10; range = 0.35 to 0.78). Regionally, the volume of the thalamic segment connecting to frontal brain regions correlated with sleep spindle density in two clusters of electrodes over fronto-temporal brain regions (.42 ± .06; 0.35 to 0.51 and 0.43 ± .08; 0.35 to 0.62) and the volume of the thalamic segment connecting to parietal brain regions correlated with sleep spindle density over parietal brain regions (mean r = .43 ± .07; 0.35 to 0.61). In very preterm participants, the volume of the thalamic segments was not associated with sleep spindles. In the very preterm group, mean FA within the global thalamic segment was negatively correlated with ISA over a cluster of frontal and temporo-occipital brain regions (mean r = −.53 ± .07; −.41 to −.72). No association between mean FA and ISA was found in the term-born group. With this multimodal study protocol, we identified a potential misalignment between structural and functional thalamocortical connectivity in children and adolescents born very preterm. Eventually, this may shed further light on the neuronal mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental sequelae of preterm birth., NeuroImage, 215, ISSN:1053-8119, ISSN:1095-9572

Detailed computational anatomical models of the entire head are needed for accurate in silico modeling in a variety of transcranial stimulation applications. Models from different subjects help to understand and account for population variability. To this end, we have developed a new library of head models of 20 individuals, segmented from co-aligned multi-modal medical image data. The acquired image modalities allow to accurately model tissues with different material properties, such as electrical conductivity or spatially varying acoustic properties. The usefulness of the models is illustrated for two example applications.

KEY POINTS A healthy 50-year-old woman presented with acute onset of the worst headache of her life. She characterized the headache as constant, pulsating and over her entire head. It was associated with photophobia and fever without visual changes and neck stiffness. On examination, the patient was

Headaches often suddenly attack and this causes disruption to the various activities that are being carried out by ours. Headaches are pain in the head that can occur gradually or appear instantly almost unexpectedly. Headaches that appear can be felt light, heavy, and the area can be felt in the entire head or only in certain areas. There are many ways to deal with headaches, such as get some medication or get some massage therapy at certain points area, depending kind of headaches. However, the use of pain medication usually only has a short-term impact, so that at any time this headache reappears. Yoga therapy is an alternative in dealing with this headache. Yoga is indeed known as an alternative healing for certain diseases, one of them is headache. Although there is no exact and in-depth research on this issue, but some yoga movements are said to be able to deal with headaches, especially for those who often experience this headache attack at the wrong time, for example.

Background Manual paired‐point registration for navigated ENT‐surgery is prone to human errors; automatic surface registration is often caught in local minima. Methods Anatomical features of the human occiput are integrated into an algorithm for surface registration. A vector force field is defined between the patient and operating room datasets; registration is facilitated through gradient‐based vector field analysis optimization of an energy function. The method is validated exemplarily on patient surface data provided by a mechanically positioned A‐mode ultrasound sensor. Results Successful registrations were achieved within the entire parameter space, as well as from positions of local minima that were found by the Gaussian fields algorithm for surface registration. Sub‐millimetric registration error was measured in clinically relevant anatomical areas on the anterior skull and within the generally accepted margin of 1.5 mm for the entire head. Conclusion The satisfactory behavior of this approach potentially suggests a wider clinical integration.

A new species from the extinct ant genus Eocenomyrma, E. groehnisp. nov., is described based on worker from the Baltic amber (Late Eocene, Priabonian stage, 33.9–37.2 Ma). It the most resembles E. orthospina Dlussky et Radchenko, 2006 by shape of the propodeal spines and by the general appearance, but well differs from the latter by structure of the frontal carinae, which merging with the rugae that extend to the occipital margin; in contrary, the frontal carinae in E. orthospina are short, curve outwards and merge with the rugae, which surround antennal sockets. Additionally, entire head dorsum in E. groehni covered by the slightly sinuous longitudinal rugae, but in E. orthospina the only frons is with the not coarse longitudinal, slightly sinuous rugae, but the lateral parts of the head dorsum and occiput are with reticulation.

Chemical detection is key to various behaviours in both marine and terrestrial animals. Marine species, though highly diverse, have been underrepresented so far in studies on chemosensory systems, and our knowledge mostly concerns the detection of airborne cues. A broader comparative approach is therefore desirable. Marine annelid worms with their rich behavioural repertoire represent attractive models for chemosensory studies. Here, we study the marine wormPlatynereis dumeriliito provide the first comprehensive study of head chemosensory organ physiology in an annelid. By combining microfluidics and calcium imaging, we record neuronal activity in the entire head of early juveniles upon chemical stimulation. We find thatPlatynereisuses four types of organs to detect stimuli such as alcohols, esters, amino acids and sugars. Antennae, but not nuchal organs or palps as generally hypothesised in annelids, are the main chemosensory organs. We report chemically-evoked activity in possible downstream brain regions including the mushroom bodies, which are anatomically and molecularly similar to insect mushroom bodies. We conclude that chemosensation is a major sensory modality for marine annelids, and propose earlyPlatynereisjuveniles as a model to study annelid chemosensory systems.

As children develop, they differ from adults in a number of important ways, including anatomy, metabolism, immune system, and the extent of myelination of the nervous system. As a consequence, equivalent exposures to radiation from mobile phones result in different doses to specific tissues in children compared with adults. Higher doses are likely to have more severe implications in the young. A young child’s skull is not only smaller and thinner than an adult’s, but also has dielectric characteristics closer to those of soft tissues, probably due to a higher water content. The young skull better matches the electromagnetic characteristics of the skin and brain. As a result, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations confirm field penetration and higher specific absorption rate (SAR) in deeper structures in the young brain. If the peak spatial SAR (psSAR) is modeled in the entire head, as current testing standards recommend, the results for adults and children are equivalent. Our anatomically based evaluations rely on FDTD simulations of different tissues within the brain and confirm that the psSAR in a child’s brain is higher than in an adult’s brain.

While the acquisition and analysis of 3D faces has been an active area of research for decades, it is still a complex and demanding task to accurately model the entire head and ears. Having accurate models would for example enable virtual design of hearing devices. In this paper, we describe a complete framework for surface registration of complete human heads where the result is point correspondence with a very high number of points. The method is based on a volumetric and multi-scale non-rigid registration of signed distance fields. The method is evaluated on a set of 30 human heads and the results are convincing. The output can for example be used to compute statistical shape models. The accuracy of predicted anatomical landmarks is on the level of experienced human operators.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a surface-based registration method based on a low-cost, hand-held Sense three-dimensional (3D) scanner in image-guided neurosurgery system. METHODS The scanner was calibrated prior and fixed on a tripod before registration. During registration, a part of the head surface was scanned at first and the spatial position of the adapter was recorded. Then the scanner was taken off from the tripod and the entire head surface was scanned by moving the scanner around the patient's head. All the scan points were aligned to the recorded spatial position to form a unique point cloud of the head by the automatic mosaic function of the scanner. The coordinates of the scan points were transformed from the device space to the adapter space by a calibration matrix, and then to the patient space. A 2-step patient-to-image registration method was then performed to register the patient space to the image space. RESULTS The experimental results showed that the mean target registration error of 15 targets on the surface of the phantom was 1.61±0.09 mm. In a clinical experiment, the mean target registration error of 7 targets on the patient's head surface was 2.50±0.31 mm, which was sufficient to meet clinical requirements. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to use the Sense 3D scanner for patient-to-image registration, and the low-cost Sense 3D scanner can take the place of the current used scanner in the image-guided neurosurgery system.

In many cases, when we present a video to users, we present sound too. Hence, the senses of sight and hearing are stimulated, improving the users' sensation of presence. In addition, recently, several virtual reality systems using wind have been built to enhance this sense of presence. If we use wind, users do not need to use additional devices for sensing presence because in such cases, we can present them with non-contact sensations. Therefore, wind-based systems do not hamper an improvement in the sense of presence. In fact, some studies have concluded that presenting wind and video simultaneously improves the sense of presence. However, in these studies, wind sources were arranged rather sparsely. In this sparse arrangement, we are not sure whether a precise environment can be reproduced. Therefore, we have examined the perception of wind direction by the entire head.

Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) from focal head impact is the most common form of TBI in humans. Animal models, however, typically use direct impact to the exposed dura or skull, or blast to the entire head. We present a detailed characterization of a novel overpressure blast system to create focal closed-head mild TBI in mice. A high-pressure air pulse limited to a 7.5 mm diameter area on the left side of the head overlying the forebrain is delivered to anesthetized mice. The mouse eyes and ears are shielded, and its head and body are cushioned to minimize movement. This approach creates mild TBI by a pressure wave that acts on the brain, with minimal accompanying head acceleration-deceleration. A single 20-psi blast yields no functional deficits or brain injury, while a single 25-40 psi blast yields only slight motor deficits and brain damage. By contrast, a single 50-60 psi blast produces significant visual, motor, and neuropsychiatric impairments and axonal damage and microglial activation in major fiber tracts, but no contusive brain injury. This model thus reproduces the widespread axonal injury and functional impairments characteristic of closed-head mild TBI, without the complications of systemic or ocular blast effects or head acceleration that typically occur in other blast or impact models of closed-skull mild TBI. Accordingly, our model provides a simple way to examine the biomechanics, pathophysiology, and functional deficits that result from TBI and can serve as a reliable platform for testing therapies that reduce brain pathology and deficits.

The benefit of hyperthermia as a potent modifier of radiotherapy has been well established and more recently also the combination with chemotherapy was shown beneficial. Also for head and neck cancer, the impact of hyperthermia has been clinically demonstrated by a number of clinical trials. Unfortunately, the technology applied in these studies provided only limited thermal dose control, and the devices used only allowed treatment of target regions close to the skin. Over the last decade, we developed the technology for deep and controlled hyperthermia that allows treatment of the entire head and neck region. Our strategy involves focused microwave heating combined with 3D patient-specific electromagnetic and thermal simulations for conformal, reproducible and adaptive hyperthermia application. Validation of our strategy has been performed by 3D thermal dose assessment based on invasively placed temperature sensors combined with the 3D patient specific simulations. In this paper, we review the phase III clinical evidence for hyperthermia in head and neck tumors, as well as the heating and dosimetry technology applied in these studies. Next, we describe the development, clinical implementation and validation of 3D guided deep hyperthermia with the HYPERcollar, and its second generation, i.e. the HYPERcollar3D. Lastly, we discuss early clinical results and provide an outlook for this technology.

The most uncertain input parameters that often considered for calibration in water distribution system hydraulic model are pipe roughness coefficients and nodal demands. Both pipe roughness coefficients and nodal demands are considered to be calibrated in the calibration process, which works alternately. The calibration model was formulated as a constrained optimization problem. The entire head losses under different loading conditions are introduced in the objective function to guide the calibration direction, which can make consistent calibration effects on different loading conditions. The calibration model uses real-coded genetic algorithm along with a general network solver (EPANET 2.0) to adjust pipe roughness coefficients and nodal demands multipliers until the preset criteria are meet. The approach was applied in the calibration of a real-life water distribution system hydraulic model in China, which takes three loading conditions (max, min and average hour) into consider. The results show that the approach works well in achieving good calibration results, which match field observation in a reasonable level and meet engineering requirements.

PRESENTATION A 62-year-old woman’s dermatologic difficulties were compounded when light treatment for psoriasis spurred pemphigus foliaceus; an occurrence very rarely noted in the medical literature. She presented with an erythematous, crusted eruption involving her entire head and neck and most of her trunk. The lesions developed several months after consecutive exposures to narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy for chronic plaque psoriasis (Figure 1).

The scorpionfish Scorpaena decemradiata n. sp. is described from off the coast of Israel in the Gulf of Aqaba, northern Red Sea. The new species is similar to S. porcus Linnaeus, 1758, but is characterized by dorsal fin spines XII, soft dorsal fin rays 10 (the last divided at base); pectoral fin rays 16, uppermost branched pectoral fin ray is the second; lacrimal with 2 spines over maxilla that point at nearly right angle from each other, the posterior pointing ventrally and slightly anteriorly; occipital pit well developed; anteriormost mandibular lateral-line pores small, separated; scales ctenoid; 59-62 scale rows in longitudinal series; scales absent on chest and pectoral fin base; and cirri developed over entire head and body, but no cirri on lower jaw. An updated checklist of the species of the genus Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758 and a key to the species of the eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea are presented.

1 The method employed by the Indian false vampire bat Megaderma lyra (body mass about 40 g) to detect and capture prey from the surface of an artificial pond in an outdoor enclosure was studied. Frogs (Rana tigerina) (body mass about 10 g) were used as prey. The bats exhibited searching flights at the surface of the water for a few minutes in darkness, detected a stationary frog with its head jutting out of the water, and with a dart captured the frog in the mouth after hovering over it for about 2 s. The detected frogs did not show any movement when the bats hovered over them. 2 When a freshly killed frog alone was available and pinned with its head protruding out of the surface of the water, the bats captured it after making fewer numbers of attempts in a shorter period of time compared with the capture of live frogs. The number of attempts and time taken to capture a frog increased when the frog's eyeballs alone were exposed above the water surface, and the bats failed to detect frogs when their entire head was submerged just below the water. 3 Sound and video recordings showed that M. lyra continuously emitted faint ultrasounds while making searching flights at the pond. Apparently the bats made ‘early’ and ‘late’ detections, with higher repetition rates of sound emission in the case of the latter. A final buzz before capturing prey was not recorded and the change in the duration of emitted sounds during approach and after capturing the frog was marginal. The second harmonic at 43.6 kHz (SD 3.5 kHz) was more dominant and the duration was 1.0 ms (SD 0.2 ms). 4 It is clear that M. lyra uses echolocation to detect and capture prey from the water surface. A comparison is made with an earlier report on M. lyra catching prey from the ground by a passive acoustic location.

We report the newly developed Micro-CT, which allows us to observe the individual animal over a long experimental period and to compare changes in pulp tissue in relation to growth and aging without considering individual differences. Further, we used pathological examination to prove similar the result observing from Micro-CT. We have examined wound healing of teeth after pulpotomy in rats, and could clearly observe histopathological changes in the affected teeth and the absorption of temporary filling material and pulp capping agents. In cases with breakage of the dental crown, the CT images agreed with the pathological observations, and it was possible to estimate the time of breakage. In vivo Micro-CT is possible to apply in continuous recording of small experimental animals, such as rats, under anesthesia and the result is sufficiently high. High-quality image was obtained in of the entire head region of the rat. It was suggested that this method can be used for long-term continuous observation of changes in the teeth conditions after pulpotomy in experimental animals. We report the newly developed Micro-CT, which allows us to observe the individual animal over a long experimental period and to compare changes in pulp tissue in relation to growth and aging without considering individual differences.

To study brain mechanisms of memory scan, we have measured event-related potentials (ERPs) during the execution of a Sternberg task concerned with movement directions of random dot patterns (RDPs). Five healthy male subjects participated in the experiment. Event-related potentials were recorded at 20 electrode positions over the entire head. A prominent positive ERP component peaking at 380–390 ms known as P300 was observed in the parietal region after the presentation of the probe moving random dot pattern, whereas the P300 was not observed after the presentation of a control stationary RDP. On the other hand, a positive ERP component peaking at 127 ms was commonly observed in the occipital region after the presentation of both moving and control stationary RDPs. These findings suggest that P300 may reflect cortical activities related to the memory scan of movement directions of RDP.

116.The present study was aimed at testing a novel idea, that rather than maximizing theirdistance from a predator during close-distance encounters, prey species are better offmoving directly or diagonally toward the predator in order to increase the relative speedand confine the attack to a single available clashing point. We used two tamed barnowls Tyto alba to measure the rate of attack success in relation to the direction of preymovement. A dead mouse or chick was used to simulate the prey, pulled to variousdirections by means of a transparent string during the owl’s attack. Both owls showed ahigh success rate in catching stationary compared with moving food items (90% and21%, respectively). Success was higher when the prey moved directly away, rather thantowards the owls (50% and 18%, respectively). Strikingly, these owls had 0% success incatching food items that were pulled sideways. This failure to catch prey that movesideways may reflect constraints in postural head movements in aerial raptors thatcannot move the eyes but rather move the entire head in tracking prey. So far there isno evidence that defensive behavior in terrestrial prey species takes advantage of theabove escape directions to lower rates of predator success. However, birds seem toadjust their defensive tactics in the vertical domain by taking-off at a steep angle, thusmoving diagonally toward the direction of an approaching aerial predator. Thesepreliminary findings warrant further studies in barn owls and other predators, in bothfield and laboratory settings, to uncover fine predator head movements during hunting,the corresponding defensive behavior of the prey, and the adaptive significance of thesebehaviors.D. Eilam (correspondence) and E. Shifferman, Department of Zoology, Tel-AvivUniversity, Ramat-Aviv 69 978, Israel. E-mail: eilam@post.tau.ac.il

For accurate simulation studies on distribution of electromagnetic field induced by Trancranial Magnetic Stimulation, a real human head conductivity model with deep cerebral structure was reconstructed from MRI raw data, by using of MIMICS and ANSYS. This model reflects geometric structural information of Scalp, Skull, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), Gray Matter, White Matter, Cerebellum, Ventricle and Eye-balls. The ventricular structure has relatively higher conductivity, whose effect on induced field could not be neglected. This paper mainly introduces the method to establish the ventricle part of the entire head model, which is used for ANSYS low-frequency magnetic simulation, while the way to generate other parts is similar and accomplished. On the platform of-fered here, study on specific individual subject would be easy and practicable. Deep structures will be produced vectorial in the future work.

Most jaw muscles are complex, multipennate with multiple components. The morphologic heterogeneity of masticatory muscles reflects their functions. We hypothesized that the volume of masticatory muscles changes between jaw closing and opening, and that there is a difference in the volume change among the muscles. Magnetic resonance images of the entire head were obtained in ten normal young adult subjects before and after maximum jaw opening. The volume changes of the masseter, medial, and lateral pterygoid muscles were measured. Only slight changes were seen in the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles. The lateral pterygoid muscle, however, significantly decreased its volume during jaw opening. The results provide normative values of muscle volume in living subjects, and suggest that the volume changes differ among jaw muscles.

There are various recommendations about keeping operating gowns sterile, but the validity of these recommendations has not been definitively established. The purpose of this study was to use bacterial cultures to identify which areas of operating gowns are vulnerable to infection and which are safe against infection, as well as to find ways to improve bacterial identification and to prevent contamination. There were statistically significant differences according to year, as follows: F1, F4, B1, and B3. Based on 2009's results, when assisting with putting on OR gowns, we wore sterile gloves, sterile vests, and helmet-shaped hats which cover the entire head area to prevent rear area infections. Also, we performed bacterial identification immediately after finishing operations in 2010. The results showed that in this study, the areas of F1, F4, B1, B3, and B4 exhibited significant differences in bacterial identification.

The purpose of this study was threefold: to estimate the organ doses and effective doses (EDs) for seven neurovascular imaging protocols, to study the effect of beam collimation on ED, and to derive protocol-specific dose-area product (DAP)-to-ED conversion factors.A cone-beam CT system was used to measure the organ doses for seven neurovascular imaging protocols. Two datasets were obtained: seven protocols without beam collimation (FOV, entire head) and four with beam collimation (FOV, from the base to the top of the skull). Measurements were performed on an adult male anthropomorphic phantom with 20 metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) detectors placed in selected organs. The DAP values were recorded from the console. The EDs of five protocols were also estimated using Monte Carlo simulations software. The ED values were computed by multiplying measured organ doses to corresponding International Commission on Radiological Protection tissue-weighting factors.Without collimation, the EDs ranged from 0.16 to 1.6 mSv, and the DAP-to-ED conversion factors ranged from 0.035 to 0.076 mSv/Gy·cm(2). For the four protocols investigated with beam collimation, the ED was reduced by a factor of approximately 2, and the DAP-to-ED conversion factors were reduced by approximately 30%. For the five protocols also estimated with the Monte Carlo method, the estimated EDs were in agreement (20% deviation) with those determined by the MOSFET method.We have estimated ED for standard adult neuroimaging protocols in a 3D rotational angiography system. Our results provide a simple means of ED estimation using DAP console readings.

Clinical studies have established a strong benefit from adjuvant mild hyperthermia to radio- and chemotherapy for many tumor sites, including the head and neck. The recently developed HYPERcollar allows applying local radiofrequency hyperthermia to tumors in the entire head and neck. Treatment quality is optimized using a combination of electromagnetic and temperature simulators and assessed using invasively placed thermometers. To replace the current invasive thermometry, we are investigating if magnetic resonance (MR) measurements can be exploited for continuous and 3D thermal dose assessment during treatment. In this study, we designed an MR compatible laboratory prototype applicator. We showed that the laboratory prototype applicator, based on re-designed patch antennas, enables MR guided focused heating and allows effective mitigating of image distortion. Hence, we conclude that hybrid MR-hyperthermia treatment in the head and neck region is feasible. The novel hybrid laboratory prototype further allows thorough investigation of patient and systems induced imaging distortions in preparation of the design of a clinical applicator.

A 75-day study was conducted to determine the effect of starvation on classical and truss parameters in Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (Sauvage and Dabry). Truss dimensions of almost the entire head and trunk region as well as the abdomen were increased significantly through feeding or starvation (P

The aims of the present study were, first to develop a new method for evaluating sperm hyperactivation (HA) based on sperm head axis angle deviation, and second to apply this method in scoring selected sperm populations during capacitation. This was made possible by improving our original superimposed image analysis system (SIAS). The new option on the system enables us to determine the real angular deviation of the entire head in successive superimposed frames. The entire procedure for each spermatozoon requires 10-20 sec, according to the frame/rate utilized. A clear cut-off between the values of hyperactivated, transitional and non-hyperactivated spermatozoa was found at 11 and 21 frames/sec. However, at 6 frames/sec, a partial overlap between the three classes was found. We defined sperm activity as follows. At 11 frames/sec, hyperactivated: angle sumor = 405 degrees; transitional: 200 degreesor = angle sum405 degrees. At 21 frames/sec, hyperactivated: angle sumor = 760 degrees; transitional: 350 degreesor = angle sum760 degrees. The results, in agreement with previous research, show the peaks of activity at 3 h, dropping to a minimum at 6 h. This phenomenon was significantly more evident in fertile compared with subfertile semen samples.

Summary Geometric morphometries are a set of recently developed techniques in the study of biological forms. In this paper these techniques are used in the characterisation of shape changes of the cranial region during growth of the Adriatic sturgeon Acipenser naccarii. Species identification in sturgeons is sometimes difficult, biased by morphological plasticity, by individual variability, complicated by human intervention and manipulation, such as aquaculture, hybridisation, pollution and shape changes during growth (allometry). Characteristic changes in head morphology during subadult growth concern the relative shortening and the lateral stretching of the entire head region. These and other observed shape changes were never previously visualised nor reported in the literature. Geometric morphometries is proposed as a good candidate to became the universal methodology in the morphometrical analysis of sturgeons.

A pituitary adenoma was diagnosed via histopathologic examination in an aged female Dumeril's ground boa, Acrantophis dumerili. The snake exhibited postural abnormalities, dull mentation, and poor muscle tone prior to death. Pituitary neoplasms appear to occur very rarely in reptiles, but may be underreported if the pituitary gland is not routinely examined. This report illustrates the importance of submitting the brain or entire head for microscopic evaluation.

The myth of rachipagus twins is hereby exploded-the myth, not the rachipagus! In a review of over 1,200 cases of conjoined twins, one classic example of rachipagus was found-two complete infants with dorsal union of the entire head and trunk, with roentgenograms showing clearly visible bony union of the vertebral arches from T6 to L3. After the typical case was discovered, 20 dorsal parasitic twins were reevaluated and reclassified as rachipagus. Two had extensive vertebral fusion and 18 were united in the dorsal midline, all with a meningocele, vertebral anomaly, and/or bony or neural connection. A theory of the embryologic origin of these twins is proposed: two embryonic discs located on diametrically opposing aspects of a single amniotic cavity becoming united in the area of the closing neural folds. This again raises the controversy concerning "fission or fusion" in conjoined twins.

Iatrogenic comminution of the phalangeal head during management of phalangeal neck fractures has not been previously investigated.To investigate the causes and outcomes of this particular iatrogenic complication.A database of phalangeal neck fractures over a six-year period (2006 to 2011) was reviewed for this iatrogenic complication. Special attention was devoted to documenting the cause and pattern of comminution of the phalangeal head, as well as the outcome in range of motion.Of 152 cases treated during the study period, there were five (two children and three adults) with comminution. Two patterns of comminution were encountered: splitting and fragmentation of the phalangeal head. The complication occurred during open reduction and K-wire fixation, or during closed reduction in the emergency room. The outcome was generally poor and worse in patients with fragmentation of the entire head. Two of the five cases ultimately resulted in medicolegal claims.Comminution of the phalangeal head is a serious iatrogenic complication that may occur during the management of phalangeal neck fractures. Awareness of this complication is important and attempts should be made to avoid it.La comminution iatrogène de la tête de la phalange pendant la prise en charge de fractures de la phalange distale n’a jamais été examinée auparavant.Explorer les causes et les issues de cette complication iatrogène.Les chercheurs ont analysé une base de données sur les fractures de la phalange distale sur une période de six ans (2006 à 2011) pour dépister cette complication iatrogène. Ils se sont attardés à étayer la cause et le profil de la comminution de la tête de la phalange, ainsi que l’issue de l’amplitude de mouvement.Sur les 152 cas traités pendant la période de l’étude, cinq (deux enfants et trois adultes) ont présenté une comminution. Il y avait deux profils de comminution : une fente et une fragmentation de la tête de la phalange. La complication s’est produite pendant la réduction ouverte et la fixation par broche de Kirschner, ou pendant la réduction fermée à l’urgence. L’issue était généralement médiocre, et pire encore chez les patients présentant une fragmentation de toute la tête de la phalange. Deux des cinq cas ont donné lieu à des réclamations médicolégales.La comminution de la tête de la phalange est une complication iatrogène qui peut se produire pendant la prise en charge des fractures de la phalange distale. Il est important de connaître cette complication et de tenter de l’éviter.

A study was carried out on the analysis of thermal conductiveness of wax carvers by means of the two-dimensional finite element method.The results obtained were as follows:1. A comparison of the temperature at the tip of the 1 mm width and the 2 mm width waxcarvers revealed that changes in the temperature occured more rapidly in 1 mm width wax carversthan 2 mm width wax carvers.2. Thermal changes at the tip of wax carvers showed that as the heat moved to the tip of waxcarvers, thermal changes became faster. When the heating area is far from the tip, thermal changeswere seen to be slow.3. In both types of wax carvers, when heat was applied up to 10 mm from the tipof the head, the entire head was found to become uniformly the same temperature.4. A comparison between when both heads were heated at the same temperature andwhenthey were both heated at different working temperatures while wax covered was conducted. It wasseen that the working temperature of the 2 mm width wax carver lasted longer than that of the 1 mmwidth wax carver.5. According to the result we obtained, it was concluded that it is necessary to choose a waxcarver which has been heated from the 10 mm range to the tip of the wax carver and can maintainthe proper range of working temperatures for the specific purpose encountered.

✓ Although hair removal prior to neurosurgery may increase the risk of infection, the practice of shaving the patient's entire head is still common, particularly in implant surgery. The authors describe a technique for implanting a deep brain stimulation electrode without shaving the patient's hair and present a retrospective analysis of 261 implantations in 221 cases.

This study examined differences in particle release due to various types of human activity and two types of head covering. The number of particles released from female subjects while clothed in a selected garment and different head and face coverings during five types of movements was statistically analyzed. Results indicated that the complete coverage hood, which enclosed the entire head and face, was more effective in containing particle release from head and face areas at minimal activity levels than was the traditional hood. However, at maximum activity involving arm and body twist movements, both hoods were similar in terms of controlling particle contamination from head and face areas.

Phalotris is a genus of Neotropical snakes with secretive habits that is poorly represented in collections. We describe a new species of Phalotris belonging to the bilineatus group from near Filadelfia in the Dry Chaco of Paraguay. The new species differs from P. lemniscatus and P. spegazzinii by having wider white and black neck collars, a wider black transverse ring in the anal region, and different coloration of the black dorsolateral lines. It differs from P. multipunctatus in the presence of a caudal ring, wider white and black neck collars, and having the entire head black without white marks. In addition, the new species is the only member of the bilineatus group with the black ventral coloration reduced to scattered dots. The new species is described based on three road-killed specimens found since 1995. The new species is currently considered endemic to xerophytic areas of the Paraguayan Chaco. Five species of Phalotris are now known to occur in Paraguay.

A new high-resolution MR protocol for the combined assessment of neurovascular arterial anatomy and subsequent evaluation of inflammatory disease in cranial vessels walls has been investigated. First-pass contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) in combination with parallel imaging at high field permits the depiction of the neurovascular geometry with large coverage, including the aortic arch, supraaortic vessels, and almost the entire head, with high, submillimeter detail. Utilizing the remaining contrast agent, postcontrast T1-weighted turbo spin-echo (TSE) imaging was used to generate late enhancement images of the vessel walls to assess the morphology and potential inflammatory changes in cranial arteries with high in-plane (195 × 260 μm2) spatial resolution. As a result, a combined analysis of neurovascular arterial anatomy as well as cranial vessel wall inflammations could be achieved in less than 45 minutes in all studies. The feasibility and clinical value for the diagnosis of rheumatologic diseases and simultaneous arteriosclerotic involvement was demonstrated in seven patients with suspected giant cell arteritis (GCA). Excellent CE-MRA image quality could be achieved and even vascular geometry of small superficial cranial arteries could be successfully visualized using single dose (0.1 mmol/kg) contrast agent administration and a dedicated phased-array head and neck coil at 3T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Although hair removal prior to neurosurgery may increase the risk of infection, the practice of shaving the patient's entire head is still common, particularly in implant surgery. The authors describe a technique for implanting a deep brain stimulation electrode without shaving the patient's hair and present a retrospective analysis of 261 implantations in 221 cases.

This paper presents Langwidere, a facial animation system that integrates hierarchical spline modeling with simulated muscles based upon local area surface deformations. The multi-level shape representation of a hierarchical spline provides control over the extent of deformations, while at the same time reducing the amount of data needed to define the surface. The facial model is constructed from a single closed surface defining the entire head and internal structures of the mouth cavity. Simulated muscles are attached to various levels of the surface with more rudimentary levels substituting for bone such as the skull and jaw. The combination of a hierarchical model and simulated muscles provides a smooth surface with precise and flexible control over surface shape. >

We wish to thank Dr. Wierzbicka for the interesting comments to the paper ‘‘Open partial horizontal laryngectomies: a proposal for classification by the working committee on nomenclature of the European Laryngological Society’’ by Succo et al. [1]. Its declared aim, as well as that of the other ELS classifications on oncologic subjects published in the past years [2–4] is to create a common platform for sharing surgical data among the greatest number of institutions worldwide. In this sense, the specific intent of our working committee was to keep the classification as easy as possible, including only well-known, standardized, and widely accepted procedures, reproducible among the entire head and neck surgical community. Clearly, this is required to make choices among the dozens of types of open partial laryngectomies described in the literature, focusing on those that, in our opinion, still play a pivotal role between the two extremes of transoral microsurgery on one hand, and total laryngectomy on the other. Among the many less common types of open partial laryngectomies, horizontal glottectomy, described in 1978 by Calearo and Teatini [5] (who were both, by the way, strictly linked to our laryngological school), definitely represents a procedure that is nowadays quite limited in its application since it has been overshadowed, for the reported indications, by transoral laser microsurgery and radiotherapy. Nevertheless, we are perfectly aware of the fact that any classification of surgical procedures should be regarded as a temporary tool that is being continuously reshaped and modified whenever consistent limits in its application should become evident in the future among the head and neck cancer community.

Dissection of temportal bone is essential for training in otology. Human temporal bones, if for different reasons are not available, an animal model like Ram Head may be used for surgical dissection training of the temporal bones. In Ram model the entire head is used as head of removing the temporal bone. Ram Head is advantageous for its easy access and anatomical similarity with human temporal bones.

P300 recordings were made from males at high risk (HR) for alcoholism and low-risk (LR) controls, participating in a visual go/no go reaction time paradigm. The go (button press) and no go (inhibit response) stimuli were large and small forms of the same letters. The LR group had significantly larger go than no go P300 amplitudes in the central, parietal, and temporal regions; the HR group manifested no response differences in any region. In the LR group compared to the HR group, both go and no go response amplitudes were larger over the entire head; no group differences in latencies were observed in any region. Surface energy magnitudes paralleled P300 amplitudes and were also larger in the LR group during both go and no go trials. Our findings indicate that HR individuals manifest widespread P300 amplitude deficits while performing a simple information-processing paradigm. These deficits, which may reflect genetic influences, preceded the onset of alcoholism and may function as a phenotypic marker for its development.

In 2008, a woman entered an Ontario courtroom to give evidence at a preliminary inquiry involving childhood sexual assault charges against her uncle and cousin. She sought to testify while wearing a niqab, a garment that conceals the entire head and face, leaving only an opening for the eyes. The court was asked to decide the novel question whether it could accommodate the Muslim veil in a system of justice that provided the accused with a right to face his accuser. The Supreme Court of Canada divided three ways, with justices disagreeing deeply both about the analysis for determining whether to permit a witness to wear the niqab, and the values and interests at play in this analysis.

This interactive feature presents the case of a 54-year-old woman with a history of mild, intermittent headaches who awoke from sleep with a squeezing, stabbing pain around her entire head. Test your diagnostic and therapeutic skills at NEJM.org.