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Colombia is considered a pioneer in inclusive recycling in Latin America and the state-led formalisation policies are considered a referent for the socio-economic inclusion of waste pickers beyond the region. Nevertheless, more than 60,000 waste pickers in Colombia are struggling to remain in place despite these inclusive recycling and formalisation policies. This paper examines the implementation of formalisation policies and their consequences for the population of waste pickers by comparing evidence from two Colombian cities: Bogotá and Cartagena de Indias. The paper draws on extensive qualitative community-based research methodology with waste pickers in both cities guided by an interdisciplinary epistemological position to support Colombian waste pickers’ political struggle for recognition from a theoretical reflection. This paper shows how formalisation policies became a mechanism of manifold dispossessions in both cities. This paper categorises three forms of enclosures faced by waste pickers: (a) material and socio-economic; (b) bodily and spatial; and (c) political and organisational. Finally, this paper concludes by urging to consider the situated social, political, and cultural facets of waste pickers’ labour to enhance grassroots reflections on how to achieve greater levels of social justice and inclusion.

Colombia is considered a pioneer in inclusive recycling in Latin America and the state-led formalisation policies are considered a referent for the socio-economic inclusion of waste pickers beyond the region. Nevertheless, more than 60,000 waste pickers in Colombia are struggling to remain in place despite these inclusive recycling and formalisation policies. This paper examines the implementation of formalisation policies and their consequences for the population of waste pickers by comparing evidence from two Colombian cities: Bogotá and Cartagena de Indias. The paper draws on extensive qualitative community-based research methodology with waste pickers in both cities guided by an interdisciplinary epistemological position to support Colombian waste pickers’ political struggle for recognition from a theoretical reflection. This paper shows how formalisation policies became a mechanism of manifold dispossessions in both cities. This paper categorises three forms of enclosures faced by waste pickers: (a) material and socio-economic; (b) bodily and spatial; and (c) political and organisational. Finally, this paper concludes by urging to consider the situated social, political, and cultural facets of waste pickers’ labour to enhance grassroots reflections on how to achieve greater levels of social justice and inclusion.

Este trabajo tiene por objeto presentar el sitio megalítico de La Torre-La Janera, ubicado en el Bajo Guadiana (Huelva). Su investigación ha integrado varias técnicas de muestreo, análisis y documentación: prospecciones, geoarqueología, tecnologías de información geográfica y fotogrametría. Los resultados más destacados han sido: a) la constatación de una gran cantidad y variedad de megalitos (menhires, dólmenes, túmulos, cistas y recintos) de diferentes periodos crono-culturales construidos en grauvaca, parte de ellos novedosos en la zona; b) la presencia de monumentos que integran afloramientos como elementos arquitectónicos y simbólicos; c) la probable sincronía entre los menhires y las estructuras funerarias. Su investigación contribuye al avance del conocimiento del megalitismo en la península ibérica, abriendo futuras líneas de estudio, nuevas problemáticas y otras vías de interpretación sobre la génesis y complejidad de la monumentalidad prehistórica, Research on the megalithic site of La Torre-La Janera, located in the Lower Guadiana (Huelva), has integrated several non-invasive techniques of sampling, analysis and documentation: prospections, geoarchaeology, geographic information technologies and photogrammetry. The most important results have been: a) the discovery of a large number of various types of megaliths (standing-stones, dolmens, mounds, cists and enclosures) from different chrono-cultural periods built in greywacke, some of which are new to the area; b) the presence of monuments integrating outcrops as architectural and symbolic elements; c) the probable synchrony between standing-stones and funerary structures. This research contributes to the advancement of the knowledge of the megalithism in the Iberian Peninsula, opening up future lines of study, new problems and other ways of interpreting the genesis and complexity of prehistoric monumentality.

V sklopu magistrske naloge smo raziskali kako vzdrževanje konstantne temperature v delovnem območju 3D tiskanja vpliva na kakovost izdelkov iz zahtevnejših materialov. V prvi fazi potrebujemo kvalitetno ohišje za 3D tiskalnik. Ohišje omogoča hitrejše ogrevanje delovnega prostora, preprečuje požar, zaščiti tiskalnik in izdelek pred nečistočami iz okolice. Prav tako zmanjša hrup tiskalnika. Nadalje potrebujemo grelec za dodatno ogrevanje prostora, ko je to potrebno. Izziv je zagotavljanje optimalne temperature in nizke vlažnost zraka v delovnem prostoru tiskalnika. V ta namen smo zasnovali modul, ki bo nenehno nadzoroval in krmilil ti dve veličini. S tem bomo povečali kakovost izdelkov oziroma zagotovili boljše pogoje za izdelavo. V sklopu metodologije predstavimo zasnovo različnih konceptov, preračune in simulacije, ki jih tudi eksperimentalno preverimo. Na podlagi kriterijev izberemo najustreznejši koncept in ga v naslednji fazi izdelamo. Opišemo postopek priprave sistema za programiranje mikrokrmilnika Arduino in elektro vezav posameznih komponent. Ob pomoči modula za krmiljenje temperature, ohišja in IR grelca smo v območju delovnega prostora tiskalnika zagotovili konstantno temperature v območju 1 °C ter nizko vlažnost, ki znaša okoli 20 %. Kakovost tiskanja zahtevnejših se je po pričakovanjih izboljšala. As part of the MSc thesis, we investigated how maintaining a constant temperature in the 3D printing working area affects the quality of products made from more complex materials. In the first phase, we need a quality housing for the 3D printer. The enclosure allows for faster heating of the work area, prevents fire, protects the printer and the product from impurities from the surroundings. It also reduces the noise of the printer. Furthermore, we need a heater for additional heating of the room when needed. The challenge is to ensure optimum temperature and low humidity in the printer's workspace. To this end, we have designed a module that will continuously monitor and control these two variables. This will increase the quality of the products or ensure better production conditions. As part of the methodology, we present the design of various concepts, calculations and simulations, which are also experimentally verified. Based on the criteria, we select the most appropriate concept and produce it in the next phase. We describe the process of preparing the system for programming the Arduino microcontroller and the electrical connections of the individual components. With the help of the temperature control module, the housing and the IR heater, we have ensured a constant temperature in the range of 1 °C and a low humidity of around 20 % in the working area of the printer. As expected, the print quality of the more demanding prints has improved.

Aux portes des Vosges méridionales, le massif granitique du Saint-Mont, se dresse comme un élément fort du paysage. Occupé depuis la fin de l’Antiquité jusqu’à la Révolution française, il semble d’abord regrouper un habitat, puis devient un pôle religieux de première importance en Austrasie. Le monasterium Habendum est fondé au VIIe siècle, selon les sources hagiographiques dans un castrum dit ruiné, dans la « solitude des Vosges ». Des aménagements dans les pentes renvoient prudemment à cette notion de castrum : un système d’enceintes composées de plusieurs murs construits en pierre sèche, couronnant le massif sur plusieurs niveaux. Ce site de hauteur offre ici l’opportunité d’aborder les questions liées aux techniques de construction, mal connues du point de vue archéologique, par le biais d’une étude architecturale des structures analysées dans leur contexte topographique d’implantation. At the gates of the southern Vosges, the site of Saint-Mont, a granite massif, stands out as a strong element of the landscape. Occupied since the late Antiquity, until the French Revolution, it first seems gathering a habitat, then becomes an important religious center in Austrasia. The monasterium Habendum was founded in the 7th century, according to the hagiographies, in a ruined castrum, in the solitude of Vosges mountains. Walls in the slopes cautiously refers to this notion of castrum: an enclosures system composed of several walls built in dry stone, crowning the massif on many levels. Through the architectural study of these structures, and the environmental study of their implemantation context, numerous datas have feed this construction technique still understood from an archaeological point of view.

Recent study of Vlaho in Pelagonia confirms that it is the earliest known Neolithic settlement in North Macedonia. Multidisciplinary research of the architecture and material reveals a complex enclosure site dating to the seventh millennium BC, with dozens of ditches, daub buildings, white painted pottery and domesticated plants and animals.

This article presents the current state of research on the Early Neolithic settlement enclosures in the Eastern Balkans (ca. 6200/6000–5500 cal. BC), with a focus set on the ditch-digging practices. A large database was accumulated in the last decade during surface surveys, large-scale excavations, and geomagnetic prospection, demonstrating conclusively that ditch enclosures were indeed a tradition rather than an exception. In the Eastern Balkans, enclosures consist mostly of single or multiple ditches and rarely a combination of ditch and wooden, emplectum, or a stone wall. Moreover, some sites existed long enough that the development of the settlement pattern demanded also changes in the enclosures’ layout and/or design. Most of the settlements were enclosed as early as their initial stages. However, no enclosure features have been identified at the earliest Neolithic sites in the area even though this might reflect biased research strategies.

[ES] El presente trabajo tiene como objeto el cálculo estructural de un edificio industrial dedicado al mecanizado de piezas metálicas, con una superficie de 2475 m2 y situado en el polígono ¿El colador¿ de la localidad de Onda (Castellón), junto con el desarrollo de tres instalaciones: instalación eléctrica de baja tensión, fotovoltaica de autoconsumo e instalación de protección contra incendios. Para ello, se resolverán los problemas técnicos y económicos para llevar a cabo la edificación y dotarla de servicios necesarios como lo son el eléctrico y la seguridad contra incendios, además de proporcionar una fuente de energía renovable que reduzca el coste energético., [EN] The purpose of this paper is the structural calculation of an industrial building dedicated to the machining of metal pieces, with an area of ¿¿2475 m2 and located in the industrial estate "El colador" in the town of Onda (Castellón), together with the development of three installations: low voltage electrical installation, self-consumption photovoltaic and fire protection installation. For this, technical and economic problems will be solved to carry out the building and provide it with the necessary services such as electricity and fire safety, in addition to providing a renewable energy source that reduces energy costs.

Gilles Deleuze, in 1985, at the University of Paris, in a course entitled Michel Foucault: The historical formations, in which he taught a total of 08 classes with the proposal of trying to answer what knowledge is, tried to show it as something formed from discourses (statement regimes) and from what is visible (visibilities), which, in the Archeology of Knowledge, Foucault (2002) called a non-discursive field, system or domain. In this article, we analyze three images of feminist movements/manifestations with the goal of trying to see what types of enclosures they mobilized and are mobilizing against. We also try to understand the driving force that illuminates these movements/manifestations, performing a look conversion process to capture the statement and, therefore, also the visibility, to reflect on the interrelation of the visible with the sayable on women’s conducts conduction, produced historically. The analysis therefore is managed by the theoretical/procedural postulates of The Archeology of Knowledge, but inspired by Deleuze's reading of the mentioned work. Researchers such as Margareth Rago, Tânia Navarro Swain, Krüger Junior, among others, also contribute to the reflections that are made. Gilles Deleuze, em 1985, na Universidade de Paris, num curso intitulado Michel Foucault: As formações históricas, em que ministrou um total de 08 aulas com a proposta de tentar responder o que o que é o saber, procurou mostrá-lo como algo formado a partir de discursos (regimes de enunciados) e a partir do que é visível (as visibilidades), o que, na Arqueologia do Saber, Foucault denominou de campo, sistema ou domínio não-discursivo. Neste artigo, analisamos três imagens de manifestações feministas com o objetivo de tentar ver contra quais tipos de enclausuramentos elas se mobilizaram e se mobilizam. Procuramos, ainda, tentar perceber a força motriz que ilumina essas manifestações, efetuando um processo de conversão do olhar para captar o enunciado e, logo, também, a visibilidade, para refletir sobre a inter-relação do visível com o dizível sobre a condução de condutas das mulheres, produzidas historicamente. A análise atende, pois, aos pressupostos teórico/procedimentais de A Arqueologia do Saber, mas inspirada na leitura de Deleuze sobre a referida obra. Contribuem, também, para as reflexões realizadas, pesquisadores como Margareth Rago, Tânia Navarro Swain, Krüger Junior, dentre outros.

In this study, the mixed convection heat transfer of the air inside a truncated cone enclosure with aspect ratio of (0.75, 1.75, 2, 2.45 and 2.65) with centered triangle obstacle height varying by (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 20 cm) and the heated wall inclination angles of (20o, 30o, 40o, 50o, 60o), the Richardson number in the range of (7 to 11) was investigated numerically. The results are addressed to automotive a suggested solar container with titled solar collector. The heat transfer from the heat source (inclined solar collector) of the enclosure walls is investigated for mixed convection as interaction of the forced convection flow between the inlet and outlet port in the bottom wall. The parameters of heat source, Reynolds number, obstacle height, enclosure aspect ratio, and left and right walls titled angles are considered in this work. The numerical simulation of the problem is carried out using commercial CFD code. The results are given in terms of the streamlines, isothermal, and the enclosure Nusselt number that characterizes the heat transfer from the heat source and from the interior fluid to the enclosure walls, respectively. The results show that the interaction of the main flow and the flow at the heated walls and the buoyancy force at the heated walls increased by using a triangular obstacle and by increasing the obstacle heights, it increased by 20% when using obstacle at position of (h=5 cm). Also, it is found that the Nu increased with increasing Re and the wall heat flux. The Nu increased with increasing Ri in the case of using (h=0 and 5 cm) but it decreased slightly in the other cases and showed that the minimum value of Nu present at a heated wall inclination of θ=50o but the maximum value at θ=30o. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/090420

Our work brings an approach to the landscape of Corduba’s funerary areas during the High Imperial Period, subjected to the vicissitudes of a living city which alternated moments of expansion and contraction. This landscape probably was also object of strong speculation, given the sacrifice involved in dedicating suburban land of enormous economic potential for funerary purposes, and the consequent high price of loci. At this respect, we believe to have detected clear examples of well-planned divisions of the terrain into lots in the form of enclosures, occasionally reinforced by mensurae sepulcri. All this is analyzed through two especially significant sepulcreta recently excavated., Este trabajo ofrece una aproximación al paisaje de las áreas funerarias cordubenses de época altoimperial, sometidas a los vaivenes propios de una ciudad viva, en expansión y contracción alternas según las épocas, y objeto más que posible de especulación supuesto el sacrificio que representaba dedicar terrenos suburbanos de enorme potencial económico a fines funerarios y el alto precio consecuente de los loci. Creemos, de hecho, haber detectado ejemplos claros de lotizaciones bien planificadas en forma de recintos y acotados reforzados de forma ocasional mediante el uso de mensurae sepulcri, que analizamos a través de dos sepulcreta especialmente significativos excavados hace solo unos años.

Generally, most of the electronic equipments need a metallic enclosure in order to mechanically protect and electrically shield the interior printed circuit boards (PCBs) and subsystems. But in practical situations, the apertures or slots of various forms are essential parts of the shielding enclosure for thermal dissipation, CD-ROMs, connectors, I/O cabling and so on. The performance of shielding enclosures for high-speed digital systems is compromised by these inevitable discontinuities on enclosure. To minimize the electromagnetic interferences and susceptibility risks by these discontinuities, the shielding enclosures with apertures should be designed based on thorough analysis about the electromagnetic coupling mechanism through apertures. In this paper, the effect of apertures and oblique incident plane wave on shielding effectiveness of the enclosure is studied with the Circuital Approach, and the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method, the simulated SE data are verified by experimental technique. Good agreements are found between these approaches.

This paper analyzes the water appropriation and concentration in the extraction of mineral deposits in the Andean Páramo. Behind the process of territorial dispossession lies the appropriation, concentration, and delimitation of water used for mineral extraction that restricts and prevents its flow for everyday activities -material and symbolic- aimed at production and consumption. In this sense, the analysis exposes the underlying control and domination over water in the process of dispossession caused by mining activity, in the Andean Páramo, as a way of usurping the common good and imposing the hegemonic social metabolism in terms of capital accumulation and opposing the means and ways of life of the communities linked to the páramo and water., El presente trabajo analiza la apropiación y la concentración de agua en la extracción de yacimientos minerales en el páramo andino. En el proceso de desposesión territorial subyace la apropiación, concentración y delimitación de agua para la extracción de minerales que restringe e impide su fluidez para el desenvolvimiento de actividades —materiales y simbólicas— productivas y consuntivas. En este sentido, el análisis expone el control y dominio del agua subyacente en el proceso de desposesión de la actividad minera en el páramo andino como vía de usurpación del bien común e imposición del metabolismo social hegemónico en función de la acumulación de capital y en contra de los medios y modos de vida de las comunidades vinculadas al páramo y el agua.

In this paper, we explore relations between race, capital and wildlife conservation in the town of Hoedspruit and its surroundings, which has developed into one of the main centres of the lucrative and rapidly growing ‘wildlife economy’ in South Africa. Behind its image as a shining ‘green’ example of wildlife-based development is a highly unequal and racialised state of affairs that is deeply unsustainable. At the core of these dynamics are private wildlife reserves, high-end nature-based tourism and gated ‘wildlife estates’, which have further consolidated land into private, mostly white, ownership. In addition to contestations about the building of a shopping mall and land claims, Hoedspruit’s wildlife economy is dependent upon black labourers who commute daily from former homeland areas. Municipal efforts to mediate this situation by building affordable housing, have been thwarted by several wealthy inhabitants and property developers. We build on Mbembe’s ‘logic of enclosure’ to argue that the wildlife economy and its ‘green’ image perpetuate and reinvent older forms of colonial and apartheid geographies of segregation, in effect creating a form of ‘new green apartheid’. While physical-geographical enclosures are at the centre of the wildlife economy, we show that they are reinforced by class and racial enclosures and ideological enclosures, the latter consisting of both the belief in the market as a natural solution for social and environmental causes and apartheid as an historical era that has now ended. We conclude that Hoedspruit serves as an important example of the regressive and unsustainable forms of development that the wildlife economy in South Africa can create.

In this paper, we explore relations between race, capital and wildlife conservation in the town of Hoedspruit and its surroundings, which has developed into one of the main centres of the lucrative and rapidly growing ‘wildlife economy’ in South Africa. Behind its image as a shining ‘green’ example of wildlife-based development is a highly unequal and racialised state of affairs that is deeply unsustainable. At the core of these dynamics are private wildlife reserves, high-end nature-based tourism and gated ‘wildlife estates’, which have further consolidated land into private, mostly white, ownership. In addition to contestations about the building of a shopping mall and land claims, Hoedspruit’s wildlife economy is dependent upon black labourers who commute daily from former homeland areas. Municipal efforts to mediate this situation by building affordable housing, have been thwarted by several wealthy inhabitants and property developers. We build on Mbembe’s ‘logic of enclosure’ to argue that the wildlife economy and its ‘green’ image perpetuate and reinvent older forms of colonial and apartheid geographies of segregation, in effect creating a form of ‘new green apartheid’. While physical-geographical enclosures are at the centre of the wildlife economy, we show that they are reinforced by class and racial enclosures and ideological enclosures, the latter consisting of both the belief in the market as a natural solution for social and environmental causes and apartheid as an historical era that has now ended. We conclude that Hoedspruit serves as an important example of the regressive and unsustainable forms of development that the wildlife economy in South Africa can create.

Authors would like to thank Ataturk University, ATASAM, Isik University, OPAM, and the Ministry of Development for the funding and support. East Anatolian Observatory's DAG telescope, with its 4m diameter primary mirror and VIS/IR observation capability, Eastern Anatolian Observatory's 4m diameter class DAG telescope, with VIS/IR observation capability, will be located on the Konakll-Karaya summit at an altitude of 3170 m, near the city of Erzurum, Turkey. DAG contains both active optics (aO) and adaptive optics (AO) systems. With the enclosure assembly nearly done, and the dummy mirror integration including the M1 cell integration performed at the end of 2021; DAG telescope's AIV is planned to take place by the end of May/2022 and the Provisional Acceptance by November/2022. DAG is equipped with an in-flange derotator-KORAY (K-mirror Optical RelAY) that will direct the light to the seeing limited Nasmyth platform containing TROIA (TuRkish adaptive Optics system for Infrared Astronomy). The scientific instruments that DAG will receive in 2022, are but not limited to, a stellar coronagraph and a 30"NIR diffraction limited camera. In his paper, a global status update and expected optical performance characteristics will be presented. The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) WOS:000865326800025

ilustraciones La investigación busca identificar y analizar la generación de valor que los recicladores realizan a través de su labor y los procesos de cercamiento de lo común en la gestión integral de residuos sólidos con inclusión social para la ciudad de Bogotá (1991 – 2021). El enfoque metodológico se nutre de dos elementos: la perspectiva constructivista de la teoría fundamentada y la perspectiva feminista para el análisis de realidades socioeconómicas. A través de un ejercicio de triangulación de la información y de métodos (análisis histórico y de información secundaria, entrevistas, grupos focales, trabajo de campo) se examinó la información cualitativa y cuantitativa. El análisis evidencia una constante amenaza para la población recicladora que se materializa a través de cercamientos caracterizados como: i) espacial y corporal, ii) social, organizativo y político y iii) económico y técnico-operativo. A la luz de las categorías entramados comunitarios y horizontes internos, la trayectoria de lucha de los recicladores se aborda como herramienta analítica de producción de lo común. Ante la necesidad de encontrar soluciones alternativas que superen la dicotomía entre lo privado y lo público, el mercado y el Estado, lo común aporta elementos para ampliar la perspectiva teórica y práctica de la economía; así como para proponer recomendaciones de política pública que procuran superar la forma liberal de la política y en cambio plantean formas comunitarias de pensar y actuar políticamente para el beneficio colectivo. (Texto tomado de la fuente). The research seeks to identify and analyze the generation of value that waste pickers carry out through their work and the processes of enclosing the common in the integrated solid waste management with social inclusion in Bogota (1991 - 2021). The methodological approach draws on two elements: the constructivist perspective of grounded theory and the feminist perspective for the analysis of socioeconomic realities. Through an exercise of the triangulation of information and methods (historical analysis and secondary information, interviews, focus groups, field work) qualitative and quantitative information was examined. The analysis shows a constant threat to the recycling population that materializes through enclosures characterized as i) spatial and corporal, ii) social, organizational, and political and iii) economic and technical-operative. In the light of the categories of community frameworks and internal horizons, the waste pickers' trajectory of struggle is approached as an analytical tool for producing the common. Faced with the need to find alternative solutions that overcome the dichotomy between the private and the public, the market, and the State, the common provides elements to broaden the theoretical and practical perspective of the economy; As well as to propose public policy recommendations that seek to overcome the liberal form of politics and instead propose community ways of thinking and acting politically for the collective benefit. Incluye anexos Doctorado Doctor en Ciencias Económicas Economía pública

[ES] El proyecto se inicia con el estudio del sistema productivo del establecimiento y la elaboración de una distribución en planta (layout de bloques). A partir de ahí, se seleccionará la tipología de estructura metálica más conveniente, así como el polígono y la parcela en la que se ubicará la misma. Una vez realizados los cálculos y estudios pertinentes, se elabora una breve memoria descriptiva con las soluciones adoptadas para estructura, cerramientos y cimentaciones, así como sus correspondientes anejos de cálculo, mediciones y presupuesto, y delineación de planos con los detalles de todos los elementos., [CAT] El projecte s’inicia amb l’estudi del sistema productiu de l’establiment i l’elaboració d’una distribució en planta (layout de blocs). A partir d’ací, se seleccionarà la tipologia d’estructura metàl·lica més convenient, així com el polígon i la parcel·la en la qual se situarà la mateixa. Una vegada realitzats els càlculs i estudis pertinents, s’elabora una breu memòria descriptiva amb les solucions adoptades per a estructura, tancaments i fonamentacions, així com els seus corresponents annexos de càlcul, mesuraments i pressupost, i delineació de plans amb els detalls de tots els elements., [EN] The project begins with the study of the productive system of the establishment and the elaboration of a plant distribution (block layout). From there, the most convenient type o metallic structure will be selected, as well as the polygon and the plot in which it will be located. Once the pertinent calculations and studies have been carried out, a brief descriptive report is prepared with the solutions adopted for the structure, enclosures and foundations, as well as their corresponding calculation annexes, measurements and budget, and delineation of plans with the detail of all the elements.

Este trabajo tiene por objeto presentar el sitio megalítico de La Torre-La Janera, ubicado en el Bajo Guadiana (Huelva). Su investigación ha integrado varias técnicas de muestreo, análisis y documentación: prospecciones, geoarqueología, tecnologías de información geográfica y fotogrametría. Los resultados más destacados han sido: a) la constatación de una gran cantidad y variedad de megalitos (menhires, dólmenes, túmulos, cistas y recintos) de diferentes periodos crono-culturales construidos en grauvaca, parte de ellos novedosos en la zona; b) la presencia de monumentos que integran afloramientos como elementos arquitectónicos y simbólicos; c) la probable sincronía entre los menhires y las estructuras funerarias. Su investigación contribuye al avance del conocimiento del megalitismo en la península ibérica, abriendo futuras líneas de estudio, nuevas problemáticas y otras vías de interpretación sobre la génesis y complejidad de la monumentalidad prehistórica Research on the megalithic site of La Torre-La Janera, located in the Lower Guadiana (Huelva), has integrated several non-invasive techniques of sampling, analysis and documentation: prospections, geoarchaeology, geographic information technologies and photogrammetry. The most important results have been: a) the discovery of a large number of various types of megaliths (standing-stones, dolmens, mounds, cists and enclosures) from different chrono-cultural periods built in greywacke, some of which are new to the area; b) the presence of monuments integrating outcrops as architectural and symbolic elements; c) the probable synchrony between standing-stones and funerary structures. This research contributes to the advancement of the knowledge of the megalithism in the Iberian Peninsula, opening up future lines of study, new problems and other ways of interpreting the genesis and complexity of prehistoric monumentality.

El artículo explora la pervivencia de los usos comunales durante los siglos XVI y XVII. Los mecanismos fueron la privatización temporal de los recursos concejiles (desacoto de bellotas, usufructo de dehesas, baldíos, ejidos y extremos) y de bienes comunales, como los aprovechamiento de pastos en los baldíos; el disfrute de suertes de tierras comunales o bienes de propios en régimen de usufructo, e incluso la bellota residual de la montanera dentro de propiedades privadas. Las restricciones nacieron de la presión de los poderosos, en forma de usurpaciones ilegales, pero también de la presión de las clases populares que alentaron la privatización de espacios públicos, como las enclosures en las tierras del alfoz, o el reparto de abesanas y criaderos en las dehesas. El asiento de colmenas y la búsqueda de rozas y pastos, en los baldíos de Niebla, permitió la creación de alcarías o núcleos semipermanentes. Las urgencias fiscales y la cerrazón de las aldeas, incapaces de crear normas de distribución civilizadas de las comunidades de pasto de origen medieval, limitaron los usos comunales. Por ello, los aldeanos se vieron privados de los antiguos derechos a pastorear, cazar y cortar maderas y corchos y fueron limitados, asimismo, los derechos de espigueo y rastrojera. La pérdida progresiva de los bienes comunales y de propios y, por ende, de los usos comunales, vinieron de una concatenación de impulsos: a la extenuante presión impositiva, se unió la labor usurpadora de los poderosos, y también la presión ejercida por las clases humildes, The article explores the survival of communal uses during the 16th and 17th centuries. The mechanisms were the temporary privatisation of council resources (desecration of acorns, usufruct of pastures, wastelands, ejidos and ends) and of communal goods, such as the use of pastures in the wastelands; the use of lots of communal lands or property of their own in a usufruct regime, and even the residual acorn of the montanera within private properties. The restrictions arose from the pressure of the powerful, in the form of illegal usurpations, but also from the pressure of the popular classes that encouraged the privatisation of public spaces, such as the enclosures in the lands of the alfoz, or the distribution of abesanas and hatcheries in the pastures. The settlement of beehives and the search for slashes and pastures, in the Niebla wastelands, led to the creation of alcarías or semi-permanent nuclei. The fiscal urgencies and the closed-mindedness of the villages, incapable of creating civilized rules for the distribution of the pasture communities of medieval origin, limited communal uses. As a result, the villagers were deprived of the ancient rights to graze, hunt and cut wood and cork, and the rights to glean and stubble were also limited. The progressive loss of communal and property assets and, therefore, of communal uses, came from a concatenation of impulses: the strenuous tax pressure was joined by the usurping work of the powerful, and also the pressure exerted by the lower classes

An in-situ study combined with an integrated biomarker response was used to evaluate the impact of agricultural effluents in the physiological responses of Nile tilapia reared in cages and enclosures of water reservoirs in North Benin. Fish were distributed in fish farming systems at two sites: Songhai located outside the cotton basin and Batran located in the most productive commune. They were sampled for blood and organs before (BST), during (DST) and after (AST) pesticide treatment. Pesticide residues were analysed in water, sediments and fish muscles. Several biomarkers were investigated related to the immune (peroxidase, lysozyme and complement activities, superoxide anion production) and reproductive (sex steroids and vitellogenin levels) responses as well as neurotoxicity (cholinesterase activity) and tissue alterations. Biomarkers were assessed and analysed via the integrated biomarker response (IBR). The results showed that Batran water reservoir was a more harmful ecosystem for fish than Songhai one, especially by depressing some immune and reproductive functions in relation to a higher-level of pesticide contamination. They also demonstrated that the contact of fish to sediments in enclosures aggravated the pesticide burden on fish. Therefore, using males as bioindicators would improve the sensitivity of the used biomarkers since males seemed more affected than females especially due to pesticide estrogenic induction impacting their reproductive system.

Resumo: Pretendemos analisar alguns embates de gênero no interior da Igreja Católica para compreender a institucionalização da clausura feminina no século XIII. A ideia de morte para as coisas terrenas, quando as mulheres ingressavam nas clausuras e passavam à condição de religiosas clarissas, é debatida por meio de documentos do período moderno nos conventos de Portugal e da América Portuguesa. São verificadas ainda as representações discursivas acerca da clausura e a percepção de desvios claustrais que propiciavam mulheres com religiosidade diversa do instituído pela Igreja e pelas relações patriarcais. Abstract: This article aims at analyzing some gender discussions inside the Catholic Church to the understanding of the institutionalization of female enclosure by the Christian Church in the XIIIth century. The idea of death to earthly subjects when women entered into enclosure and turned into the condition of religious Clarrisses is treated by analyzing documents from the modern period in the convents of Portugal and the Portuguese America. This discursive representations about the enclosures and the perception of cloistral deviations which permitted women with a religiosity diverse from the instituted by the Church and by the patriarchal relations are also treated. Resumen: Se pretende analizar algunos choques de género dentro de la Iglesia Católica para comprender la institucionalización del claustro femenino en el siglo XIII. La idea de la muerte por las cosas terrenales, cuando las mujeres entraban en los claustros y pasaban a la condición de Clarisas, se debate a través de documentos de la época moderna en los conventos de Portugal y América portuguesa. También se verifican las representaciones discursivas sobre el claustro y la percepción de desviaciones en los claustros que dotaron a las mujeres de una religiosidad diferente a la establecida por la Iglesia y las relaciones patriarcales.

Post-filosofie, N. 13 (2020): Anno 13. Numero 13. Ontologie del presente pandemico

Introduction. The articlecompares the heat engineering properties of construction materials: high-strength concrete, ordinary concrete, and two concrete samples containing a vegetable additive, dried stem fragments of hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi). The first sample contains the additive in the crushed form, while the second contains the additive in the form of tubes. The research to estimate heat conduction in the four samples under unsteady conditions. Materials and methods. The thermal diffusivity of two samples with plant additive is determined using a comparative physical experiment. When determining the thermal properties, the accumulating component of the enclosure is taken into account what leads to a long delay in the temperature variation over time. DS18B20 digital temperature sensors connected to an Arduino Uno board were used to measure the temperature. The experiment was carried out in the Challenge 250 chamber at an initial temperature of 20 ºС. Then the chamber temperature was lowered to 0 ºС within 30 minutes. In the next period, the temperature dropped from 0 ºС to –10 ºС. The data obtained are of interest for improving the energy efficiency of buildings. Results. The experiments showed that the tubular-hogweed sample is close to high-strength concrete by its heat engineering properties. The material thermal diffusivity affects the amplitude of temperature fluctuations and the accumulating capacity of the wall. Conclusions. It is established experimentally that at lower thermal diffusivity of a hogweed-containing sample, the amplitude of temperature fluctuations increases. This indicates a greater time lag, just as in the case of a high-strength concrete sample. When using the hogweed as an additive, we obtain a heat-resistant minimum-cost material for enclosures. Considering an issue of the energy efficiency in construction and existing additives to concrete, the researchers have reached the conclusion that it is efficient to use the dried hogweed as the plant additive.

Introduction: the article suggests a method for determining a thermal resistance of small and large-sized areas (one-dimensional and multidimensional problems) of wall enclosure. The subject of the study is the thermal resistance of homogeneous scalar medium (homogeneous wall enclosure). The aim is the determination of thermal resistance of a wall structure for areas of arbitrary dimension (by the coordinates xi, where 1 ≤ i ≤ d and d is the area dimension) filled with a scalar (homogeneous and isotropic) heat-conducting medium. Materials and methods: the article used the following physical laws: Fourier law (the value of the heat flow when transferring heat through thermal conductivity) and continuity condition for the heat flow rate leading to the thermal conductivity equation. Results: this method extends the standard definition of thermal resistance. The research proved that the active thermal resistance does not increase with increasing of the area dimension (for example, when switching from a thin shell or plate to a rectangle with length and width of the same order of magnitude). That is the sense of geometric inclusion, i.e., increase of the dimension of an area filled with a homogeneous isotropic medium. Evident expressions are obtained for the determination of active, reactive, and total thermal resistance. It is proved that the total resistance is higher than the active resistance since the reactive resistance is positive, and the wall possesses an ability to suppress the temperature fluctuations and accumulate/give up the heat. Conclusions: the appearance of an additional wall dimension (comparable length-to-thickness ratio) does not increase its active resistance. In the general case, the total thermal resistance exceeds the active thermal resistance no more than four times. Geometric inclusions must be considered in the calculation of wall enclosures that are variant from one-dimensional bodies.

This study evaluated the effects of exclsoures (EXs) on restoring woody species diversity and carbon stocks over the adjacent degraded open grazing land (DOGL). Two proximate sites were purposively selected. Then, systematic sampling method was employed. A total of sixty plots were surveyed for both tree/shrub inventory and soil sampling purposes. Overall, 49 woody species belonging to 45 genera and 28 families were identified, it comprising 46 woody species in the EX and 26 woody species in the DOGL. Species richness, Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were significantly higher in the EXs than DOGL. The total carbon stock was significantly higher in EXs (61.3 Mg C ha−1, it ranged from 54.3 to 68.3 Mg C ha−1) than DOGL (40.4 Mg C ha−1, it ranged from 35.1 to 45.7 Mg C ha−1). The conversion of the DOGL to EXs enhanced soil organic carbon and aboveground biomass carbon stock by 38 and 197% at the age of 12 years, respectively. Woody species diversity, abundance and richness were positively correlated with biomass and soil organic carbon stocks. This study revealed that EXs assisted with enrichment planting can be considered as a viable woody species recovery and carbon sequestration strategy. Abbreviations: EXs: Exclosures; DOGL: Degraded open grazing land: REDD+: Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest degradation plus; SOC: Soil organic carbon; dbh: Diameter at breast height; AGB: Aboveground biomass; BGB: Belowground biomass.

Introduction. When building residential, public and administrative buildings of various spatial structural designs (monolithic, precast-monolithic, precast, etc.), it is common practice to design self-sustaining (non-structural) outer walls within a storey. Developing and using new design and fabrication solutions of multilayer industrial-made wall panels in modern construction practice makes actual the issue of improving methods of their calculation in different stages of maintenance and under various sorts and combinations of loads and effects. However, there is an infinite variety of possible loading levels in practice and, therefore, the same variety of design approaches would be required. This is obviously unacceptable for engineering calculations, hence it is necessary to provide a monolithic matrix bond of layers, both technologically and structurally, which can provide a generalized approach to the calculation of multilayer enclosing structures in accordance with current design standards. Materials and methods. The article describes structural features of a multilayer wall panel made of structural concrete with the middle layer of concrete with low thermal conductivity and monolithic bond of layers. These features have an influence on creation of a design model and a calculation procedure in the stages of transportation, installation and maintenance. Results. The article has examined the structures described above in the sense of design parameters that provide their competitive advantages in strength and maintenance as compared with conventional mass-built enclosures. Conclusions. The studies demonstrate that when combining loads of force and non-force character, stresses in the considered structure do not exceed allowable values in all the stages what proves the prospects of using the multilayer panels with monolithic bond of layers for erection of various-purpose frame-panel buildings.

Située à 700 m à l’ouest de la voie romaine de Chartres-Autricum à Orléans-Cenabum, l’exploitation agropastorale de “ Villeneuve ” à Poupry (Eure-et-Loir) est créée au plus tard dans la seconde moitié du ier s. ap. J.-C. et abandonnée à la fin du iie s. ou au début du iiie s. ap. J.-C. La fouille et l’étude du mobilier archéologique ont permis de distinguer trois phases d’occupation. La première est caractérisée par l’établissement d’un premier enclos fossoyé d’1,4 ha. Son réaménagement à la fin du ier-début du iie s. matérialise la phase suivante. La phase III (milieu iie-début iiie s.) est définie par la désaffection progressive des fossés d’enclos. Le bâti, essentiellement en matériaux périssables, évolue au gré de ces transformations. Si les constructions à vocation agricole semblent avoir été clairement repérées, l’identification de celles à vocation résidentielle pose plus de problème. De même, l’ensemble de fosses 1156 est problématique : fosses d’extraction et/ou fosses à fumure/fumière. Located 700 m west of the Roman road from Chartres-Autricum to Orléans-Cenabum, the agropastoral farm of “Villeneuve” in Poupry (Eure-et-Loir, France) was created in the second half of the 1st century AD at the latest, and abandoned at the end of the 2nd or at the beginning of the 3rd century AD. The excavation and the study of the archaeological furniture made it possible to distinguish three phases of occupation. The first one is characterized by the construction of a first 1,4 ha excavated enclosure. Its redevelopment at the end of the 1st or the beginning of the 2nd century AD materializes the next phase. The third phase (mid 2nd-early 3rd century AD) is defined by the gradual disaffection of the enclosure ditches. The spatial organization, mainly in perishable materials, evolves according these transformations. If agricultural buildings seem to have been clearly identified, the identification of the residential ones is more difficult. Similarly, the set of pits 1156 is problematic: extraction and/or manure pits?

National audience; Cet article se propose d’étudier la question des pratiques d’Open Data du secteur public, présentant des configurations techno-politiques variables, comme une incarnation concrète des « Communs » de la connaissance. Un modèle synthétique d’étude des enclosures persistantes et des modèles de gouvernance dans différentes situations, portant sur l’ensemble du cycle de vie de ce type de données, est proposé. À travers deux ethnographies spécifiques, cette mise en regard révèle l’importance du projet sociopolitique au-delà des enjeux de l’ingénierie de l’action publique.This article intends to study Open Data platforms in the public sector, identified by variable techno-political configurations, as a concrete embodiment of the “Commons” of knowledge. A synthetic model for the study of persistent enclosures and governance models in different situations and covering the entire life cycle of this type of data is highlighted. With the support of two specific ethnographies, this comparison shed light on the centrality of the socio-political project beyond the challenges of public action engineering.

[ES] El proyecto abarca el estudio de la tipología mínima exigible a las pistas de pádel y la elaboración de una distribución en planta (layout de bloques). A partir de ahí, se seleccionará la tipología de estructura metálica más conveniente, así como el polígono y la parcela en la que se ubicará la misma. Una vez realizados los cálculos y estudios pertinentes, se elabora una breve memoria descriptiva con las soluciones adoptadas para estructura, cerramientos y cimentaciones, así como sus correspondientes anejos de cálculo, mediciones y presupuesto, y delineación de planos con los detalles de todos los elementos., [CA] El projecte abasta l'estudi de la tipologia mínima exigible a les pistes de pàdel i l'elaboració d'una distribució en planta (layout de blocs). A partir d'ací, se seleccionarà la tipologia d'estructura metàl·lica més convenient, així com el polígon i la parcel·la en la qual se situarà la mateixa. Una vegada realitzats els càlculs i estudis pertinents, s'elabora una breu memòria descriptiva amb les solucions adoptades per a estructura, tancaments i fonamentacions, així com els seus corresponents annexos de càlcul, mesuraments i pressupost, i delineació de plans amb els detalls de tots els elements, [EN] The project includes the study of the minimum typology required for the paddle courts and the elaboration of a floor plan layout (block layout). From there, the most suitable type of metal structure will be selected, as well as the polygon and the plot on which it will be located. Once the relevant calculations and studies have been carried out, a brief descriptive report is drawn up with the solutions adopted for the structure, enclosures and foundations, as well as the corresponding annexes for calculations, measurements and budget, and the drawing of plans with the details of all the elements.

Main type of settlements in the prehistory of the Adriatic are hillforts and as such have been a focus of most prehistoric settlement research. Given their nature and their visible position in the landscape, they remain an emblem of prehistory. This is also evident in Northern Dalmatia, a predominantly karst relief. Several examples of different sites have been documented through various archaeological methods, such as analysis of areal and satellite imagery and field survey. These sites are not positioned on hills and other strategic positions. Hence such sites remained unmentioned throughout earlier archaeological research. Furthermore, they have never been the focus of local population as can be seen in their lack of toponyms inspired by archaeological remains. Here we will show different examples of said sites recorded in the aforementioned area from the period of late prehistory. They are characterized by position on flat ground or on gentle hill slopes and they are lacking defensive elements such as ramparts. They also do not have rich cultural layers, even though there are surface finds. What can these examples show? Land use in later prehistory is not limited to hillforts and other strategic positions but is much wider in character.

The IEC 61000-4-21 and IEEE 299.1 documents report similar but not equal procedures to measure the shielding effectiveness (SE) of enclosures through the use of reverberation chambers. In this article, it is shown that these two measurement procedures can be merged in a single, enhanced, one. In particular, it is shown that the evaluation of the SE of enclosure in Annex H of IEC 61000-4-21, which exploits only mechanical stirring, can be improved by using the hybrid stirring, which includes also the frequency stirring, thus increasing the number of uncorrelated samples. On the other hand, it is shown that at low frequencies the evaluation of the SE of enclosures based on the definition in IEEE 299.1 can be improved through the use of the maximum values of measured powers rather than the average ones. The single, enhanced, proposed procedure provides more prudent SE values than the two standards at the low frequencies, especially for standard IEEE 299.1. The presented measurement approach is supported by results obtained in three different laboratories.

The beginning of the middle Neolithic (from 4700 BCE onward) saw the development of new cultural changes in the upper Seine basin: the appearance of monumental burial places reserved for a handful of people marked the emergence of social elites which did not exist before. It was also in this period that the first enclosures appeared, usually delimited by a palisade trench and a discontinuous ditch.Located mainly in the valleys, these sites are less than five acres in area. Some seem to have been possible settlements, but others seem to have hosted periodical, ceremonial and/or festive gatherings.Enclosures increased in number in the second part of the middle Neolithic (from 4300 BCE onward), just when dug funerary monuments were disappearing; they attest to a significant growth in enclosed areas, usually between 12 and 25 acres, and sometimes up to 50-75 acres. The enclosures not only gained in size and complexity and in some cases acquired a defensive function. Buildings are sometimes located inside the enclosures, but their significance—everyday dwelling or places of exceptional events—remains a topic of discussion. Some of these enclosures also—in a second phase?—acquired a funerary function, with simple burials but no monuments.In the current state of research, the enclosures dating from the recent Neolithic (3500 to 2900 BCE) are few in number but highly diversified, ranging from small palisaded enclosures of less than 3 acres to gigantic constructions sometimes reaching 125 acres in area. The enclosures are larger than the earlier constructions, but the most significant among them gained in size and complexity, with a probably defensive and undoubtedly ostentatious brief. The numerous family and communal buildings inside the enclosure attest to the great variety of functions of these central sites, probably linked to their strategic position.Over and above functional issues, we should bear in mind the collective character of these constructions, whose building involved, for the largest among them, complex and major works and the mobilisation of large communities. Enclosures then seem to disappear from the landscape, giving way to other, notably funerary, monuments of a considerably smaller scale, possibly due to communities being more isolated.

Article 1 of Vol. 7, No 1, Water politics, violence, and injustice:experiences from Brazil, Guatemala, and Mexico,Jose Esteban Castro (Ed.),Karina Kloster (Org.),Newcastle upon Tyne and Mexico City, March 2020 The objective of this article is to analyze the conflicts arising from the construction ofdams for water supply or irrigation in the Brazilian Northeast. It first discusses the AcauãDam, built between 1999 and 2002 in Agreste da Paraiba, State of Paraiba (PB), Brazil,which directly affected around one thousand families and represents an emblematiccase of human rights violations against the people affected by dams in Brazil. Thetheoretical approach is grounded on the concepts of “accumulation by spoliation” and“land and water grabbing” to better understand the case and see it as part of a significanttotality linked to the contemporary phenomenon of enclosures”, which are understoodas a process that is permanently re-enacted. This study led us to identify two importantnew developments in Paraiba: the arrival of the waters of the São Francisco River, andthe construction of the Acauã-Araçagi Channel, which indicate the emergence of a newprocess of “water enclosure” by public authorities and agro-hydro-businesses. Thisprocess represents a form of “water security” that contradicts the official rhetoric aboutthe necessity and importance of these waterworks for society, and rather replicateshistories of extractivism recorded in several Latin American countries, in a context ofexpanded capital accumulation.

Background. The research topic is relevant due to the fact that in Russian historiography until now has not conducted an analysis of the dynamics of agrarian legislation in England of the Tudor era (1485–1603). A special study of this legislation will make it possible to better understand the mechanisms of the economic and social policy of the absolute monarchy in the era of the decay of feudalism and the genesis of capitalism. The purpose of the work is based on the results of a study of domestic and English historians of agrarian legislation of the early Tudors to trace the further development of agrarian legislation in the middle and second half of the XVI century. Materials and methods. When fulfilling the tasks in the context of the dialectical method of cognition, using analysis and synthesis, a study was carried out of the content of parliamentary statutes in relation to enclosures, royal proclamations and other sources, as well as special literature of domestic and English-speaking authors. This approach allowed us to trace the dynamics of the agrarian legislation of the English monarchs of the Tudor dynasty. Results. The content of parliamentary statutes and royal proclamations on containment of enclosures was investigated, which allowed to determine both the reasons for their substantial changes and the changes themselves, as well as to determine their social consequences for the English village of the early Modern period. Conclusions. Parliamentary statutes, royal proclamations regarding enclosures were generally aimed at restricting landlords from the conversion of arable land to peasants with their subsequent eviction. They contained provisions prescribing the conversion of pastures to arable land, limiting the size of manorial housekeeping, farms, the number of sheep, etc. The latest Elizabethan agrarian laws were more detailed, including a number of new points that reflected the agrarian realities in the country. The cabinet of Elizabeth I Tudor begins to realize the need for economic methods of regulating the enclosure process, but also the need to preserve and develop sheep husbandry. This determined the preservation of loopholes in the laws for fencers. It was this, and not only their poor performance by local officials, as was previously believed, that caused the process of enclosing peasant lands with the evacuation of the peasants themselves, to continue. At the same time, agricultural legislation restrained the pace of this process. It encouraged landlords more often to resort to legal methods of evicting peasants, in particular, by increasing fain, as well as conclude fencing agreements with their peasants. All these factors contributed to the transition from a system of open fields to a separate system of husbandry parts’ the peasantry and the creation of economic conditions for the spread of farming, and hence the transition to capitalist methods of management.

This article examines the impact of the commons on economic inequality in the eighteenth-century rural society of the Ardennes in the Duchy of Luxembourg. A unique set of cadastral sources provides an opportunity to quantify the distribution of the income derived from the commons on the level of households. More precisely, we ask if and how the distribution of common land rights diminished or strengthened existing inequalities in private land use. This brings more direct empirical evidence to bear on the historiographical observation that commons were not institutions that generally and automatically improved equality among rural societies. Indeed, in contrast, there were substantial differences not only between community members and outsiders, but also between the commoners themselves. The following case study brings the socially differential use of common rights to the fore as an important indicator for rural inequality, hence contributing to historical research on rural inequality and commons.

This paper provides a description of the computational approach for quick calculation of noise propagation in enclosed rooms. The main concern of these calculations is to determine the impact of provided modifications that reduce the negative aspects of increased noise levels in enclosed production areas. For this purpose, an algorithm was created based on the calculation of direct and scattered propagation of acoustic sound, which serves as the basis of the program on the LabVIEW platform and thanks to which the calculations were carried out in the production laboratory. The calculated values of the sound pressure levels for numerous variants of sound insulation adjustments were subsequently verified by measuring with a noise measuring device. The applied modifications reduced the sound pressure level at the operator's site by 7.1 dB (A). Článek přináší popis výpočetního přístupu pro rychlý výpočet šíření hluku v uzavřených prostorech. Hlavním úkolem těchto výpočtů je zjistit dopad provedených úprav, které snižují negativní aspekty zvýšené hladiny hluku v uzavřených výrobních prostorech. Za tímto účelem byl vytvořen algoritmus, který pracuje na základě výpočtu přímé a rozptýlené šíření akustického zvuku. Základ programu byl vytvořen na platformě LabVIEW a byly v něm představeny výpočty šíření zvuku ve výrobní laboratoři. Vypočtené hodnoty hladin akustického tlaku pro četné varianty úprav zvukové izolace byly následně ověřeny měřením pomocí zařízení pro měření hluku. Použité úpravy snížily hladinu akustického tlaku v místě obsluhy o 7,1 dB (A).

The quest for precious metals and trade routes during the early modern period fundamentally changed the world. What was the global impact of the large deposits of silver and gold which existed in the Americas? In this chapter, we take a global view. We find that in Europe, England and the Netherlands benefited the most. By contrast, the colonizers par excellence, Spain and Portugal, were unable to profit from their colonial expansion. In Latin America, the exploitation of precious mineral resources enabled the geographic expansion of the empire. The direct impact on other parts of the world was negligible; but the long-term political consequences of European presence shaped the world as we know it today.

This paper presents the results of an international research aimed at investigating the ancient landscape of the Mali Kras plateau, a sector of northern Istria (southwestern Slovenia). The remains of two main protohistoric hill forts, Mali Kras and Socerb, and a few minor sites were already reported from this area. A cemetery, associated with Socerb hill fort, was in use between the sixth century BC and the first century AD. Airborne LiDAR remote sensing of Mali Kras plateau has allowed to identify several unknown archaeological features, ranging from approximately square features (30 × 30 m) to larger enclosures with different shapes, very long linear features and stone mounds. The elaboration and digitization of high-definition remote sensing data compared with historical cartography, field surveys, targeted small-scale excavations and thermoluminescence dating have been performed in order to decode the complex archaeological palimpsest. The square structures can be attributed to Middle-Recent Bronze Age on the basis of pottery finds. These structures are located close to natural passages from the plateau to the gulf of Trieste, in areas with low visibility and scarcity of soil, which were traditionally used for grazing activities. The other identified enclosures, some of them sharing a similar chronology, were also probably used for pastoral activities but for other purposes since their shape and size are different. Two main long drystone walls define the southeastern sector of Mali Kras plateau in correspondence of the most accessible entrance to the area. The preliminary data and comparisons with similar structures suggest these walls could correspond to protohistoric linear boundaries built to delimit grazing or agricultural areas under direct control of the nearby settlements. The enclosures identified at Mali Kras plateau, most probably connected to herding activities, and perhaps the long linear walls too, could reflect the development of new husbandry practices in the Middle-Recent Bronze Age in the karst areas of the north Adriatic hinterland, such as observed in the alpine territory.

Our work brings an approach to the landscape of Corduba’s funerary areas during the High Imperial Period, subjected to the vicissitudes of a living city which alternated moments of expansion and contraction. This landscape probably was also object of strong speculation, given the sacrifice involved in dedicating suburban land of enormous economic potential for funerary purposes, and the consequent high price of loci. At this respect, we believe to have detected clear examples of well-planned divisions of the terrain into lots in the form of enclosures, occasionally reinforced by mensurae sepulcri. All this is analyzed through two especially significant sepulcreta recently excavated. Este trabajo ofrece una aproximación al paisaje de las áreas funerarias cordubenses de época altoimperial, sometidas a los vaivenes propios de una ciudad viva, en expansión y contracción alternas según las épocas, y objeto más que posible de especulación supuesto el sacrificio que representaba dedicar terrenos suburbanos de enorme potencial económico a fines funerarios y el alto precio consecuente de los loci. Creemos, de hecho, haber detectado ejemplos claros de lotizaciones bien planificadas en forma de recintos y acotados reforzados de forma ocasional mediante el uso de mensurae sepulcri, que analizamos a través de dos sepulcreta especialmente significativos excavados hace solo unos años.

There is a vast literature on the effects of land inequality and agrarian reforms, but little on the origins of this inequality. We exploit a new and unique parish-level database of land inequality in Denmark, from 1682 to 1895, during which period there was comprehensive land reform and enclosure. We demonstrate that inequality increased after land reform in areas with more productive land, measured using contemporary tax assessments. We instrument for land quality using glacial and post glacial sediment soil types. We propose a mechanism whereby agrarian reforms allowed areas with better soil quality to realize greater productivity gains. Malthusian mechanisms and internal migration then led to greater population increases in more fertile areas, leading to a larger share of smallholders and landless laborers. We present evidence for this mechanism in part from population density revealed by censuses. After the reforms, the geographical pattern of inequality remained strikingly constant, although population and inequality continued to grow throughout the nineteenth century.

[ES] El presente documento corresponde al trabajo de fin de grado de José Román Bolta, estudiante del grado de ingeniería en tecnologías industriales de la escuela superior de ingenieros industriales de la universidad politécnica de valencia. El objeto último de este Tfg es el estudio, diseño y cálculo estructural de una nave industrial destinada al sector alimentario cuyo fin será la elaboración automática de productos de bollería industrial. Dicha nave dispondrá de tres líneas de producción y en total tendrá una superficie de 5000m2, [EN] This document corresponds to the end-of-degree work of José Román Bolta, student of the degree in engineering in industrial technologies at the Higher School of Industrial Engineers of the Polytechnic University of Valencia. The final objective of this Tfg is the study, design and structural calculation of an industrial warehouse for the food sector, the purpose of which will be the automatic production of industrial bakery products. This warehouse will have three production lines and in total will have an area of ¿¿5000m2

Establishing the lower limit of the Turkic period in the Altai region and the earliest archaeological monuments characteristic of this period presents a complex task for archaeological research. Radiocarbon dates obtained from Bulan-Koby and Kok-Pash type burials dating to the pre-Turkic period suggest an upper limit of around the middle of the 6th century AD. Around this time, or perhaps a little earlier, in the late 5th – early 6th centuries, square stone enclosures appear in the same region. The greatest difference in the grave goods of these different types of monument is that stirrups are found in stone enclosures, whereas none are recorded in Bulan-Koby type monuments. The next stage in the development of the material culture of the Turkic period from the second half of the 6th century, is marked by the distribution of ornaments made in heraldic style. Likewise, after the middle of the 6th century, Kudyrge type burials appear, which are similar to the Bulan-Koby type monuments inasmuch as the inventory of finds includes both stirrups and artistic heraldic ornaments. We know from Chinese chronicles that some historical events can be extrapolated to archaeological sites. In this case, it is important to mention the resettlement of ‘500 Ashina families’ to the Altai in 460 CE, where they formed the core of the Turkic community. We suggest that the use of stelae at square stone enclosures uncharacteristic of the preceding period are associated with this group. After the formation of the Turkic Khaganate, the practice of erecting enclosures with stelae, and human burials with horses in them became widespread throughout the Eurasian steppe testifying to the significance of the Altai population in the formation of the wider Turkic community.

Nous proposons une introduction aux communs de la connaissance qui s’appuie sur une tentative de définir les communs eux-mêmes, pour évaluer ensuite ce qui s’y rapporte dans les domaines intangibles du savoir et du numérique. Il apparaît difficile d’avoir une définition canonique des communs. Malgré un corpus scientifique en augmentation rapide, il subsiste des approches différentes selon les pays, les régions, les cultures... Mais cela est certainement un bienfait : les communs sont avant tout le résultat d’une expérience vécue. L’article présente différentes approches des communs, à la fois dans les débats théoriques et dans les pratiques des mouvements associés au partage de ressources. Il documente le passage d’une théorie appliquée à des ressources localisées vers des pratiques coopératives élargies grâce au numérique. We propose an introduction to the knowledge commons based on an attempt to define the commons themselves, and then evaluate how they are related to the intangible fields of knowledge and the digital. It seems difficult to settle on a canonical definition of the commons. Despite a rapidly growing scientific corpus, there are still different approaches according to countries, regions, cultures... But this is certainly a benefit : the commons are above all the result of lived experience. The article presents different approaches to the commons, both in theoretical debates and in the practices of movements associated with resource sharing. It documents the shift from theory mainly concerned with localized resources to cooperative practices expanded through digital technology. Se propone una introducción a los bienes comunes del conocimiento, basada en un intento de definir los bienes comunes, y en la evaluación de la relación de estos con los campos intangibles del conocimiento y lo digital. No resulta fácil establecer una definición canónica de los bienes comunes. A pesar del rápido crecimiento del corpus científico, todavía existen diferentes enfoques, según los países, las regiones, y las diferentes culturas.... Esta diversidad resulta beneficiosa ya que los bienes comunes ante todo son el resultado de una experiencia vivida. El texto presenta diferentes enfoques de los bienes comunes, tanto en los debates teóricos como en las prácticas de los movimientos asociados con el intercambio de recursos. A la vez, analiza el paso de una teoría aplicada a los recursos localizados hacia determinadas prácticas cooperativas, posibilitadas por la tecnología digital. Finalmente, se propone una bibliografía que permite profundizar en esta introducción a los bienes comunes.

The right of enclosure obtained ex gratia offers the possibility of analyzing the aims of those who undertook that system in the Eighteenth century. Their main goal was to divide with legal permission a public property in order to work it in private interest. The capitalistic intervention shows itself from the investment required to carry out the enclosure and the quest of higher returns from the land. Geographically enclosures are mainly located in Western Andalusia and their aim was to grow olive trees, vine and grassland. La concesión de cerramiento conseguido por la vía de Gracia proporciona la posibilidad de analizar las motivaciones de quienes los emprendían en el siglo XVIII. El principal objetivo era el de separar legalmente un bien de su uso común para explotarlo en beneficio privado. La intervención capitalista se nota por la inversión necesaria para realizar el cerramiento y la búsqueda de mayor beneficio en el cultivo. Geográficamente los cerramientos se localizan en su mayoría en Andalucía occidental y su objeto es el cultivo de olivo, vid y dehesa.

Thermal analysis of tissue phantoms subjected to short pulse laser irradiation has been presented. The transient radiative transfer equation (RTE) has been solved using a novel separation of variables-based discrete transfer method (DTM) recently developed by the present authors (Nirgudkar et al. [21]). As an advancement, the solution of RTE has been coupled with Pennes’ bioheat transfer equation for determining the temperature distribution. Homogenous as well as phantoms embedded with optical inhomogeneity have been considered. The numerical model has been verified against the results available in the literature. This study clearly reveals the influence of the nature of the embedded inhomogeneity and its relative contrast on the resultant temperature distribution inside the body of the tissue phantom.

National audience; La notion de Communs est parfois considérée comme difficile d’approche, car elle embrasse un nombre très diversifié de champs et d’objets : communs naturels, communs numériques, communs urbains, etc. Il est néanmoins possible de dégager une logique d’ensemble à condition de prendre du recul et de replacer la question des Communs dans une histoire longue. Après avoir subi une éclipse sévère depuis le début du 19ème siècle, les Communs font aujourd’hui l’objet d’une redécouverte académique, suite aux travaux de la chercheuse américaine Elinor Ostrom, lauréate du prix Nobel d’Economie en 2009. Ses analyses sur les « Common pool Resources » ont contribué à ouvrir de nouvelles voies pour penser les Communs, loin de l’image traditionnelle de la « Tragédie des Communs » dans laquelle l’économie dominante avait cherché à les enfermer. Depuis, les Communs font aussi l’objet de nombreuses réappropriations citoyennes, revendiqués par des mouvements sociaux dans de nombreux pays. Issus d’abord du mouvement altermondialiste, le registre des Communs est employé aussi bien par des activistes du numérique que par des courants municipalistes. À terme, c’est aussi l’émergence des Communs comme une nouvelle catégorie d’action publique qui constitue un enjeu déterminant, dont on peut commencer à voir des concrétisations dans des pays comme l’Italie ou l’Espagne.

[ES] El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado (TFG) consiste en el diseño de un establecimiento industrial dedicado a la fabricación de cajas de cartón. Dicho establecimiento está formado por dos naves; una principal, compuesta por pórticos de nudos rígidos a dos aguas, y una adosada, compuesta por pórticos de nudos rígidos a un agua. En total, el establecimiento industrial ocupa una superficie de 1950 m2. Para el diseño del citado establecimiento, se ha hecho uso del software para Arquitectura, Ingeniería y Construcción CYPE Ingenieros. En concreto, se han utilizado los programas de Generador de pórticos, CYPE 3D, CYPECAD y Arquímedes de la versión 2019 de CYPE Ingenieros. Además, mediante su uso se ha tenido en cuenta la normativa recogida en el Código Técnico de la Edificación (CTE). El presente proyecto está compuesto por cuatro documentos: Una memoria descriptiva, en la que se identifican y explican los diferentes elementos que forman el establecimiento industrial; un anexo de cálculo, en el que se recogen los cálculos y comprobaciones realizadas en el diseño del establecimiento; un presupuesto, donde se recoge el presupuesto estimado del coste del establecimiento y los planos, donde se detallan los diferentes elementos del edificio., [EN] This Final Degree Project (TFG) consists of the design of an industrial plant dedicated to the manufacture of cardboard boxes. This establishment is made up of two warehouses; a main one, made up of porticoes with rigid knots to two waters, and an adjoining one, made up of porticoes with rigid knots to one water. In total, the industrial establishment occupies an area of 1950 m2. For the design of this establishment, use has been made of the software for Architecture, Engineering and Construction CYPE Ingenieros. Specifically, the Gantry Generator, CYPE 3D, CYPECAD and Archimedes programs of the 2019 version of CYPE Ingenieros have been used. In addition, its use has taken into account the regulations contained in the Technical Building Code (CTE). This project consists of four documents: A descriptive report, which identifies and explains the different elements that make up the industrial establishment; a calculation annex, which includes the calculations and checks carried out in the design of the establishment; a budget, which includes the estimated budget of the cost of the establishment and the plans, detailing the different elements of the building., [CA] El present Treball de Fi de Grau (TFG) consisteix en el disseny d'un establiment industrial dedicat a la fabricació de caixes de cartó. Aquest establiment està format per dues naus; una principal, composta per pòrtics de nusos rígids a dues aigües, i una adossada, composta per pòrtics de nusos rígids a una aigua. En total, l'establiment industrial ocupa una superfície de 1950 m2 . Per al disseny del citat establiment, s'ha fet ús del software per a Arquitectura, Enginyeria i Construcció CYPE Enginyers. En concret, s'han utilitzat els programes de Generador de pòrtics, CYPE 3D, CYPECAD i Arquimedes de la versió 2019 de CYPE Enginyers. A més, mitjançant el seu ús s'ha tingut en compte la normativa recollida en el Codi Tècnic de l'Edificació (CTE). El present projecte està compost per quatre documents: Una memòria descriptiva, en la qual s'identifiquen i expliquen els diferents elements que formen l'establiment industrial; un annex de càlcul, en el qual es recullen els càlculs i comprovacions realitzades en el disseny de l'establiment; un pressupost, on es recull el pressupost estimat del cost de l'establiment i els plans, on es detallen els diferents elements de l'edifici.

The aim of this thesis is to problematise and investigate relationships between living trees and earthen settlement enclosures, mainly termed ráth and commonly used by Gaelic society in medieval Ireland (c. 8th – 17th century). For many centuries, the enduring ráth has been an inevitable host to a wide variety of flora, especially trees, and fauna, which must be brought to bear on how we view these monuments in their past and present landscapes. Trees are presented and interpreted in this thesis as material culture, with agency, in the dialogue of Gaelic society with nature. Drawing mainly on the results of field-based investigation of a corpus of treed settlement enclosures in the four provinces of Ireland, combined with a review of the emic portrayal of trees in Gaelic historical and literary sources, relationships between people, trees, the ráth, and to a lesser extent the moated site, are investigated. Actor-Network theory is used to examine those relationships as a meaningful network of objects, ideas and texts. The value of trees as a practical resource is well attested in Gaelic literature, but trees also had an important cultural role in the Gaelic world-view as living entities imbued with symbolic and ideological attributes. Hazel, for example, was valued for its rods and nuts and ideologically associated with wisdom, kingship and hospitality. The remarkable survival of thousands of medieval earthen settlement enclosures in the Irish landscape is testimony to a long-lived culture of their curation and management. It is argued that the roles of trees, as important actors in the life-histories of enclosures, were fundamental to the sustained use of this common settlement form. Furthermore, it is proposed that the symbolic significance of the association between trees and the ráth, best exemplified by the bile ráth (the venerable tree of enclosures), was important to expressions of authority and identity among Gaelic elites. The principal finding of this thesis is that considerations of the roles of the ráth should be broadened to include the potential of this settlement form as a place where trees were intentionally planted and managed for utility and aesthetic purposes. 2022-08-23