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Understanding the mechanism for DNA mutations is a key concept in most genetics and microbiology courses. In addition, understanding that most mutations occur prior to exposure to selection is an important yet often difficult concept for students to grasp. We developed an undergraduate laboratory activity on mutation mechanisms based on the classic experiment from Luria and Delbrück. The activity uses Escherichia coli as the model organism and the antibiotic streptomycin for selection. Students gain hands-on experience with an important experiment in genetics, and the laboratory contains an investigative component in having students calculate mutation rate for streptomycin resistance and in having the students design a follow-up experiment. E. coli has a knockout collection available, and we used a wild-type strain and a Δ

In Workers Like All the Rest of Them, Elizabeth Quay Hutchison recounts the long struggle for domestic workers’ recognition and rights in Chile across the twentieth century. Hutchison traces the legal and social history of domestic workers and their rights, outlining their transition from slavery to servitude. For most of the twentieth century, domestic service remained one of the key “underdeveloped” sectors in Chile’s modernizing economy. Hutchison argues that the predominance of women in that underpaid, underregulated labor sector provides one key to persistent gender and class inequality. Through archival research, firsthand accounts, and interviews with veteran activists, Hutchison challenges domestic workers’ exclusion from Chilean history and reveals how and under what conditions they mobilized for change, forging alliances with everyone from Catholic Church leaders and legislators to feminists and political party leaders. Hutchison contributes to a growing global conversation among activists and scholars about domestic workers’ rights, providing a lens for understanding how the changing structure of domestic work and worker activism has both perpetuated and challenged forms of ethnic, gender, and social inequality.

In a summer 2018 interview conducted for this special issue of RHR, the US-born lesbian feminist artist, activist, and scholar Margaret Randall reflects on the Cuban Revolution’s achievements and shortcomings in the arena of women’s and sexuality rights. What have women and sexual minorities contributed to Cuba’s experiment in radical equality, and what remains to be done? How has feminism—in all its variety—shaped the aspirations of Cuban men and women, and what have US feminists learned from their efforts? What makes gender justice happen, and who or what constitutes barriers to change?

In recent years, the life course perspective has received increasing support from researchers across a number of behavioral science disciplines. The purpose of this article is to examine the relevance to social work of selected findings of the last 15 years of empirical investigation of life course concepts and themes. This discussion is organized around five basic concepts (cohorts, transitions, trajectories, life events, and turning points) and six interrelated themes (interplay of human lives and historical time, timing of lives, linked or interdependent lives, human agency in making choices, diversity in life course trajectories, and developmental risk and protection). Implications of life course theory and research for social work are overviewed.

The past decade has seen growth in the international and interdisciplinary literature about competency-based education (CBE). With the passage of the Council on Social Work Education’s Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards (EPAS) in 2008, the U.S. social work education enterprise joined other professional groups in embracing CBE. This article analyzes the positions of both proponents and critics of CBE. It reviews the core competencies for social work identified in the EPAS and explores challenges and opportunities that CBE and the competencies present to feminist pedagogy. It concludes with a classroom exercise that is used to integrate feminist pedagogy and the core competencies.

The regulation of labor relations and social rights substantially changed workers’ lives over the course of the 20th century. Domestic service, however, was only poorly and belatedly protected under labor law, and its incorporation proceeded in a slow, ambiguous, and nonlinear manner. The specific ways in which domestic service regulation emerged in Chile and Argentina, respectively, offer insight into this process and also present some important contrasts, despite the nations’ geographic proximity. In Chile, although the rights recognized for household workers were limited, the Labor Code of 1931 included an article on domestic service. In Argentina, the first comprehensive regulation for this sector was a special statute sanctioned by decree in 1956. In both cases, the “special” nature of such regulation was attributed to the place of domestic service in family life. As domestic labor was reconceptualized through legislative reform in each country, household workers gradually came to enjoy some, but not all, of the rights guaranteed to other workers.

Kinase cascades and the modification of proteins by phosphorylation are major mechanisms for cell signaling and communication, and evolution of these signaling pathways can contribute to new developmental or environmental response pathways. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinase Ime2 has been well characterized for its role in meiosis. However, recent studies have revealed alternative functions for Ime2 in both S. cerevisiae and other fungi. In the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, the IME2 homolog (ime-2) is not required for meiosis. Here we determine that ime-2 interacts genetically with a transcription factor vib-1 during nonself recognition and programmed cell death (PCD). Mutations in vib-1 (Δvib-1) suppress PCD due to nonself recognition events; however, a Δvib-1 Δime-2 mutant restored wild-type levels of cell death. A role for ime-2 in the post-translational processing and localization of a mitochondrial matrix protein was identified, which may implicate mitochondria in N. crassa nonself recognition and PCD. Further, Δvib-1 strains do not produce extracellular proteases, but protease secretion reverted to near wild-type levels in a Δvib-1 Δime-2 strain. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the VIB-1 protein is phosphorylated at several sites, including a site that matches the IME-2 consensus. The genetic and biochemical data for ime-2 and vib-1 indicate that IME-2 is a negative regulator of VIB-1 and suggest parallel negative regulation by IME-2 of a cell death pathway in N. crassa that functions in concert with the VIB-1 cell death pathway. Thus, IME2 kinase function has evolved following the divergence of S. cerevisiae and N. crassa and provides insight into the evolution of kinases and their regulatory targets.

Social movement theory and research has paid little attention to the role of spirituality and religion in social movement mobilization. This article reviews the existing literature on the role of spirituality and religion in progressive social movements, with emphasis on movements developed in the United Sates. The analysis is framed by three strains of contemporary theorizing about social movements: the political opportunities perspective, the mobilizing structures perspective, and the cultural framing perspectives. The article also examines recent suggestions that the emotional and spiritual dimensions are left out of these three perspectives. The analysis suggests that religious institutions provide rich resources for progressive movement mobilization, and that both religious and nonreligious spirituality can provide motivation for progressive movement involvement.

This article examines the unique history of household workers’ activism in Chile from the 1950s to the 1990 transition to democracy, drawing on archival and oral sources to argue that key alliances with the Catholic Church, Center and Left parties, and feminist organizations transformed the legal, social, and political identities of Chilean empleadas (servants). Building on associations formed by the Young Catholic Worker in the early 1950s, household worker activists forged key political alliances in their struggle for increased labor protection prior to the 1973 military coup. Under dictatorship, household worker activists kept a low profile until a new alliance with Chilean feminists reinvigorated their activism in the struggle against dictatorship.

Meiosis is a highly regulated process in eukaryotic species. The filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa has been shown to be missing homologs of a number of meiotic initiation genes conserved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but has three homologs of the well-characterized middle meiotic transcriptional regulator NDT80. In this study, we evaluated the role of all three NDT80 homologs in the formation of female reproductive structures, sexual development, and meiosis. We found that none of the NDT80 homologs were required for meiosis and that even the triple mutant was unaffected. However, strains containing mutations in NCU09915 (fsd-1) were defective in female sexual development and ascospore maturation. vib-1 was a major regulator of protoperithecial development in N. crassa, and double mutants carrying deletions of both vib-1 (NCU03725) and fsd-1 exhibited a synergistic effect on the timing of female reproductive structure (protoperithecia) formation. We further evaluated the role of the N. crassa homolog of IME2, a kinase involved in initiation of meiosis in S. cerevisiae. Strains containing mutations in ime-2 showed unregulated development of protoperithecia. Genetic analysis indicated that mutations in vib-1 were epistatic to ime-2, suggesting that IME-2 may negatively regulate VIB-1 activity. Our data indicate that the IME2/NDT80 pathway is not involved in meiosis in N. crassa, but rather regulates the formation of female reproductive structures.

This article reconstructs the origins and effects of radical Catholic activism on the expansion of household workers' associations in Chile during the Cold War. Joining the efforts of local priests affiliated with the Juventud Obrera Católica (JOC) in the 1950s, a generation of live-in household workers in Santiago and other urban centers nurtured a sizable movement for empleadas domésticas that was unique in the Americas—the JOC de Empleadas—which joined housing and vocational services with a lay Catholic movement to advance empleadas' labor rights. Impacted by both the radicalization of their religious leadership and the revolutionary politics of the period, the Catholic household workers' movement of the 1960s turned increasingly to union organizing and legislative reform to advance its agenda, pressing for greater recognition and regulation of domestic service as a matter of labor rights. Through its focus on the Catholic Church as a transnational and hegemonic actor in the mobilization of household workers, and on the changing discourse of domestic service as “labor,” this article challenges the persistent stereotype of Latin American Catholicism in relation to workers' movements prior to Vatican II.

Heterokaryon incompatibility (HI) is a nonself recognition phenomenon occurring in filamentous fungi that is important for limiting resource plundering and restricting viral transfer between strains. Nonself recognition and HI occurs during hyphal fusion between strains that differ athetloci. If two strains undergo hyphal fusion, but differ in allelic specificity at ahetlocus, the fusion cell is compartmentalized and undergoes a rapid programmed cell death (PCD). Incompatible heterokaryons show a macroscopic phenotype of slow growth and diminished conidiation, and a microscopic phenotype of hyphal compartmentation and cell death. To understand processes associated with HI and PCD, we used whole-genome microarrays forNeurospora crassato assess transcriptional differences associated with induction of HI mediated by differences inhet-c pin-chaplotype. Our data show that HI is a dynamic and transcriptionally active process. The production of reactive oxygen species is implicated in the execution of HI and PCD inN. crassa, as are several genes involved in phosphatidylinositol and calcium signalling pathways. However, genes encoding mammalian homologues of caspases or apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) are not required for HI or programmed cell death. These data indicate that PCD during HI occurs via a novel and possibly fungal-specific mechanism, making this pathway an attractive drug target for control of fungal infections.

This study surveyed social work educators about the importance of multiple intelligences for social work practice and social work education. The sample consisted of 91 faculty members who responded to an online survey that asked them to rate the importance of 7 intelligences (linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, and intrapersonal) for overall social work practice, culturally competent practice, and social work education content areas. Interpersonal, intrapersonal, and linguistic intelligences were endorsed as the most important intelligences for social work practice and education; bodily-kinesthetic, musical and spatial intelligences for culturally competent social work practice. Implications for social work education and future work in this new area are recommended.

Social work educators on both the undergraduate and graduate levels are constantly challenged with the need to convey general knowledge and theoretical frameworks concerning social justice and human behavior to students, while helping them to develop empathy and understanding of individuals in specific situations. Although textbooks adequately convey the general and theoretical, they often do not provide comprehensive discussion of the individual situation making it difficult for students to acquire empathy for, and an understanding of, individuals in diverse situations. Thus, educators must find creative methods of engendering not only the necessary breadth of theoretical knowledge, but also an adequate depth of understanding of the individual in his or her unique situation. One innovate educational method of particular relevance to social work educators is the incorporation of contemporary fiction and non-fiction literature into social justice and human behavior courses. The use of contemporary literatu...

The life course perspective, an emerging interdisciplinary perspective, has potential for helping social workers bridge their micro and macro worlds. This article provides an overview of the empirical and theoretical roots of the life course perspective and its basic concepts and major themes. Five basic concepts are defined and discussed: cohorts, transitions, trajectories, life events, and turning points. Six major themes that are emerging from interdisciplinary research are examined: interplay of human lives and historical time, timing of lives, linked or interdependent lives, human agency in making choices, diversity in life course trajectories, and developmental risk and protection. Strengths and limitations of the perspective for use by social workers are discussed and connections are made to narrative approaches to practice.

BGPI : équipe 5; International audience; Understanding the genetic and molecular bases of the ability to distinguish self from nonself (allorecognition) and mechanisms underlying evolution of allorecognition systems is an important endeavor for understanding cases where it becomes dysfunctional, such as in autoimmune disorders. In filamentous fungi, allorecognition can result in vegetative or heterokaryon incompatibility, which is a type of programmed cell death that occurs following fusion of genetically different cells. Allorecognition is genetically controlled by het loci, with coexpression of any combination of incompatible alleles triggering vegetative incompatibility. Herein, we identified, characterized, and inferred the evolutionary history of candidate het loci in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. As characterized het loci encode proteins carrying an HET domain, we annotated HET domain genes in 25 isolates from a natural population along with the N. crassa reference genome using resequencing data. Because allorecognition systems can be affected by frequency-dependent selection favoring rare alleles (i.e., balancing selection), we mined resequencing data for HET domain loci whose alleles displayed elevated levels of variability, excess of intermediate frequency alleles, and deep gene genealogies. From these analyses, 34 HET domain loci were identified as likely to be under balancing selection. Using transformation, incompatibility assays and genetic analyses, we determined that one of these candidates functioned as a het locus (het-e). The het-e locus has three divergent allelic groups that showed signatures of positive selection, intra-and intergroup recombination, and trans-species polymorphism. Our findings represent a compelling case of balancing selection functioning on multiple alleles across multiple loci potentially involved in allorecognition.

For the past century in the United States, the welfare of children has been considered a legitimate concern of government, but recent analyses have been critical of the efforts of the public child welfare system. This paper places the contemporary child welfare system, and its failures, in a sociocultural context, from an international perspective. The social construction of childhood is analyzed, and the ways that this construction marks children as a class in need of protection are discussed. Recent global demographic changes that affect the welfare of children are presented. Policies to secure the welfare of children are placed first in historical context, and then analyzed as they currently exist in fragmented late-industrial societies with multiple sites of authority. Following this analysis, future policy directions are recommended.

Historians have regularly assumed the transparency of census statistics on women’s employment in Chile, which suggest a steady decline in female employment -particulary in industry- from the late nineteenth through the early twentieth century. Arguing that quantitative sources are like other historical documents social constructions, this article first explores the limitations of the Chilean census as an accurate measure of female economic activity. The article hen shows how, because the progressive "modernization" of the census implied substantive changes in the collection and interpretation of census data, women’s economic activity became increasingly invisible as the century progressed. This critical reading of census materials allows us both to question contemporary assumptions about women’s economic participation and to examine the changing notions of labor that were integral to the formation of state labor and welfare policies in early twentieth-century Chile

This article examines the phenomenon of female prostitution in early-twentieth-century urban Chile through the lens of the labor press, in which the growth of female prostitution was consistently linked to industrial employers and their factories. Labor movements appropriated the symbol of the working-class prostitute for the rhetoric of class struggle and buttressed organizers' promise of a future in which women sold neither their labor nor their bodies for economic survival. Labor's primary concern was not with prostitutes themselves, but with the prostitution of labor: the usurpation of masculine roles and responsibilities by the agents of industrial capitalism.

This entry provides a brief history of social work's changing knowledge base about human behavior and identifies the current knowledge base as multidimensional, multispherical, multicultural, multidirectional, multidisciplinary, and multitheoretical. It provides an overview of eight broad theoretical perspectives currently used in social work: systems, conflict, rational choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, social behavioral, and humanistic perspectives. Each perspective is analyzed in terms of its central ideas, practice implications, and empirical evidence. The entry ends with a brief discussion of trends and directions.

Los movimientos sociales en Chile experimentaron cambios radicales en la etapa de la Guerra Fría, volcándose hacia las políticas de reforma y revolución y buscando desde el Estado respuestas a sus demandas sociales. Organizadas en pequeños gremios y asociaciones católicas durante el siglo xx, el movimiento de mujeres ocupadas en el servicio doméstico -- las empleadas o “trabajadoras de casa particular” -- también buscaron nuevas alianzas en esta época, fortaleciendo lazos con los partidos y con el movimiento de mujeres que se apoderó bajo la dictadura. Esta investigación analiza el surgimiento de aquellas alianzas y sus frutos: debates sobre proyectos de ley, expansión regional del movimiento, y identidades gremiales y de género dentro del movimiento de las TCP. Basado tanto en trabajo archivistico como en historias orales con las dirigentas del movimiento, este artículo brinda conocimientos sobre las TCP desde la perspectiva de historia laboral y de género. Social movements went through radical swings in Cold War Chile, taking up reformist and revolutionary politics and seeking responses to their movements’ demands from the State. Organized in small unions and Catholic associations over the course of the twentieth century, women employed in domestic service – known as empleadas or “household workers” – also sought out new allies in this period, strengthening ties with political parties and with the women’s movement that had grown more powerful under dictatorship. This investigation analyzes the emergence these alliances and their results: it examines debates over new laws, the regional expansion of empleadas’ associations, as well as women’s occupational and gender identity within the household workers’ movement. Drawing on archival sources, as well as oral histories with the movement’s leaders, this article deepens our understanding of household workers from the perspective of labor and gender history.

The Chile Reader makes available a rich variety of documents spanning more than five hundred years of Chilean history. Most of the selections are by Chileans; many have never before appeared in English. The history of Chile is rendered from diverse perspectives, including those of Mapuche Indians and Spanish colonists, peasants and aristocrats, feminists and military strongmen, entrepreneurs and workers, and priests and poets. Among the many selections are interviews, travel diaries, letters, diplomatic cables, cartoons, photographs, and song lyrics. Texts and images, each introduced by the editors, provide insights into the ways that Chile's unique geography has shaped its national identity, the country's unusually violent colonial history, and the stable but autocratic republic that emerged after independence from Spain. They shed light on Chile's role in the world economy, the social impact of economic modernization, and the enduring problems of deep inequality. The Reader also covers Chile's bold experiments with reform and revolution, its subsequent descent into one of Latin America's most ruthless Cold War dictatorships, and its much-admired transition to democracy and a market economy in the years since dictatorship.

Filamentous fungal hyphal networks can be formed by intercellular interactions within and between fungal colonies. However, intercellular interactions can be restricted by a self/nonself recognition mechanism, such that networks can only be formed between colonies that are identical at all self/nonself recognition (het) loci. Hyphal fusion between fungal colonies that are nonself results in the rapid induction of programmed cell death (PCD) in the fusion compartment and subtending cells. Although PCD in fungi exhibits some morphological similarities with apoptotic cell death, the genetic regulation of PCD appears to be unique. Self/nonself recognition loci have been cloned in the model fungal systems Podospora anserina and Neurospora crassa and have revealed that self/nonself recognition loci often involve both allelic and nonallelic interactions, show evolutionary features consistent with their selection for recognition and have implicated a filamentous fungal-specific protein domain (termed HET) in the induction of PCD.

This article reports on a study of the characteristics, experiences, and scholarly productivity of a group of 96 successful female social work scholars and compares them to a group of 130 successful male social work scholars. It presents information on the supports and barriers for women in academe and offers insights into the quality of the women's professional lives.

Thirty years after the 1960s child protection movement, the United States is said to face a “child protection emergency.” Separation of child protection investigation from family services, and assignment of the investigation function to police, is recommended by some child welfare scholars as partial solution to the emergency. This paper explores the historical context and current ingredients of the child welfare crisis. After reviewing our national experience with the separation of income maintenance and social services in public welfare, the authors advise caution in the separation of investigative and service functions in child protection.

Sources for the study of the history of women in Latin America’s national period grew exponentially in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, both in the English-speaking world and, to a lesser extent, in Latin America itself. Fueled by women’s movements and the growing presence of female scholars in the humanities and social sciences in the 1960s, early research on Latin American women focused on women, religion, and the family in colonial period—partly in a search for the “origins” of gender inequalities evident in the present day. Studies of women in the national period, by contrast, emphasized women’s participation in family, economy, and politics, documenting women’s contributions to social change in Latin America and the Caribbean, particularly in the arenas of female employment, education, and suffrage. At the height of the cold war, scholarly attention focused predictably on women’s (and feminists’) extraordinary presence in antiauthoritarian struggles and the promise of socialist revolutions for greater gender equality, generating considerable interest in questions of gender identity and state–society relations in the process of state formation and national development. Finally, a wave of North American scholarship inspired by the questions and methods linked to gender analysis in the 1990s made the study of women and gender an intrinsic part of broader historiographical concerns with Latin American economic, political, and cultural development in the national period. One result of this development is that works not centrally concerned with “women’s history” regularly incorporate women as historical subjects and consider the importance of gender relations to the broader topic under examination, often in research ranging from US–Latin American relations and the history of medicine to agricultural production and historical memory. Women’s history has, in this respect, become ubiquitous, particularly in the English-language scholarship on modern Latin America. This North–South imbalance, as well as the greater distribution of English-language compared to Latin American publications, is certainly reflected in this bibliography, which privileges research by US scholars. This selection also documents the relatively lesser attention scholars have granted to the relationship between gender and racial/ethnic hierarchies as well as female religious identity and participation in the modern period. This bibliography nevertheless builds on this rapid and diverse historiographical development to offer a selection of significant historical works for the study of Latin American women after independence.

In this study we examined the amount and the correlates of scholarly productivity among more than 1,500 graduates of social work doctoral programs. Findings reflected the skewed patterns of productivity found in previous studies of social work scholarship. Interestingly, almost half of all career conference presentations and journal publications were directed to non-social-work audiences or readerships. Different correlates of productivity were identified for social work and for non-social-work contributions. The implications of these findings are discussed, and priorities for continuing investigations concerning the profession's scholarly performance are suggested.

The recognition that ensuring the welfare of children is not possible without addressing the welfare of their female caregivers is notably missing from the child welfare literature. This article seeks to correct this omission by analyzing the welfare of children in the context of societal structures for caregiving. The author places the gender analysis of child welfare in historical context, discusses current themes of gender bias, and analyzes the impact of child welfare policy and practice on several categories of women. Policy implications and practice guidelines for improving the well-being of children are discussed.

Social justice is recognized as a core value of social work, and justice-oriented social work has roots in the early history of the profession. However, controversies exist about the meaning of social justice and the most appropriate theoretical approach for justice-oriented social work. There are also challenges in translating conceptualizations of social justice into practice. Although social research was a method of promoting social justice in the early settlement houses, contemporary guidance is limited on using social work research as a tool for promoting social justice. There are also controversies about the best pedagogy for teaching about social justice in social work education programs. In recent years social work scholars have expanded the conversation about social justice to include environmental justice and global social justice.

This article analyzes the definitional dilemma surrounding child maltreatment. Four interrelated purposes for definition are discussed: social policy, legal regulations, research, and case management. Following examination of the relationship between theoretical perspectives and attempts to define child maltreatment, major issues including who shall define, determining factors in definition, breadth of definition, and developmental level of the child are delineated. A narrowing of the definition is recommended to develop greater compatibility between the definition of the problem and the service system solution.