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Honeybees (Apis mellifera) provide pollination services that are crucial for food crops and agriculture. However, declines in insect pollinators, including honeybees, have raised concerns worldwide. Diseases and parasites are among the major factors affecting pollinator health. In particular, the devastating invasive parasitic mite (Varroa distructor) has the greatest impact globally; this parasitic mite has also an indirect negative impact by spreading viral diseases either through the saliva or through weakening bees' immune system, thus leading to the reactivation of latent viral infections. Unraveling the health status of honeybees and the diversity of viral diseases is extremely important for managing diseases and improving the health of the colonies. In this respect, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies are useful tools for metagenomic studies and to characterize the virome associated to honeybees. In the present work, we used the High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) approach to examine the RNA virome from different pooled samples from diseased honey beescollected in Italy. Total RNA was purified using TRI zol reagent and used to construct Illumina TruSeq RNA libraries, which were then sequenced by 2 × 100 bp paired-end reads, generating more than 30 million reads for each library. Bioinformatic analyses showed the occurrence of several viruses belonging to different genera, such as Ifla virus, Triato virus, Sinai virus, Partiti virus, Adenovirus, phycodna virus, Ilar virus, Capillo virus, and others unclassified. The number of detected viruses in our samples was remarkable, suggesting that viruses could be one of the major threats to the Italian apiculture. Furthermore, the application of HTS technology proved to be a very successful and rapid tool for discovering viruses in honeybees.

International audience; Increase in food demand, mainly due to population growth and diet changes, is putting an increasing pressure on food system and food security. In this framework, food losses and wastes (FLW) together create one of the main causes of food systems unsustainability. The two differ on the fact that food losses refer to the part of food that is lost along the supply chain before reaching final consumer while food waste represents the waste of food by final consumer. This paper focuses on the role of demographic, social and economic factors affecting household behavior related to food waste (FW) and explores some factors which can play an important role in tackling food waste issue in the case of Turkey. The paper is based on an online survey with150 Turkish respondents in January-March 2015. The sample was not gender balanced since71% of them were females. About two fifths of the respondents (38%) belong to the age group 35-44 years and 62% of the sample has a high level of education (master and PhD).The fact that the majority of the respondents are employees (70% of the sample) in the big cities of Turkey shows how the pace of the metropolitan life structure affects consumer food consumption habits and orient purchases towards supermarkets. The results of the survey show that still 95% of the respondents are responsible of FW and 90% think that food waste increases during the month of Ramadan. Nevertheless, about 50% of respondents declared the willingness to throw less away and ask for better information about the negative impacts of food waste on the environment and on the economy. Preventing bread waste campaign of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock was launched in 2013 in order to increase consciousness of the society towards bread waste which is quite important in Turkey. Similarly, there are some other initiatives on both national and local level with the objective of informing people about the food waste, sustainable food consumption and reuse of the food through food recipes.

In recent decades, the confluence of different global and domestic drivers has led to progressive and unpredictable changes in the functioning and structure of agri-food markets worldwide. Given the unsustainability of the current agri-food production, processing, distribution and consumption patterns, and the inadequate governance of the whole food system, the transition to sustainable agriculture and food systems has become crucial to effectively manage a global agri-food market able in supporting expected population growth and ensuring universal access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for all. Based on a critical review of the existing international literature, the paper seeks to understand the evolutionary paths of sustainability issues within agri-food markets by analyzing their drivers and trends. An extensive analysis was conducted highlighting the development and importance of the body of knowledge on the most important sustainability transition frameworks, focusing mainly on the relationship between markets, trade, food and nutrition security, and other emerging issues within agri-food markets. Finally, the study makes suggestions to extend the research in order to improve basic knowledge and to identify opportunities to design meaningful actions that can shape agri-food markets and foster their transition to sustainability.