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Temeljna svrha ove doktorske disertacije je doprinijeti boljem razumijevanju različitih čimbenika i pokazatelja koji su povezani s većom učinkovitosti škola te dati preliminarni uvid u stanje učinkovitosti osnovnih škola u Republici Hrvatskoj. U radu se polazi od detaljnog prikaza i analize teorijskih rasprava i empirijskih istraživanja učinkovitosti škola u međunarodnom i nacionalnom kontekstu sukladno kojem se izdvajaju temeljne karakteristike učinkovitosti škola kroz prikaz i opis ključnih čimbenika i pokazatelja učinkovitosti izdvojenih u dosadašnjim istraživanjima. S obzirom da se škola u ovom istraživanju definira i objašnjava u kontekstu sustavskog pristupa organizaciji u radu su izdvojeni temeljni pristupi konceptualizaciji učinkovitosti s posebnim naglaskom na pitanja vezana uz opće karakteristike i funkcioniranje učinkovitih škola. Učinkovitost škola se definira sukladno različitim kriterijima za procjenu učinkovitosti kao što su produktivnost, adaptibilnost, uključenost, kontinuitet, upravljanje kvalitetom, zadovoljstvo, suradnja s dionicima. Sukladno odabranim kriterijima za procjenu učinkovitosti izrađen je teorijsko – empirijski model kao polazište za provedeno empirijsko istraživanje. Pritom su se operacionalizirala različita kontekstualna obilježja škola, opća obilježja škola (školski ulazi), školski procesi te pokazatelji učinkovitosti (školski izlazi). S obzirom na navedeno, učinkovitost škola se u ovom istraživanju procjenjivala na temelju različitih skupina pokazatelja, odnosno na temelju procjene učinkovitosti različitih aspekata djelovanja škola: Učinkovitog djelovanja škole usmjerenog na uspjeh učenika, Učinkovitog odgojnog djelovanja škole usmjerenog na disciplinu učenika, Učinkovitog djelovanje škole usmjereno na vrednovanje rada, Učinkovitog djelovanja škole usmjerenog na obogaćivanje školskog kurikuluma, Učinkovitog društveno – javnog djelovanja škole, Učinkovitog djelovanja škole usmjerenog na suradnju, Učinkovitog djelovanja škole usmjerenog na zadovoljstvo zaposlenika i korisnika. S obzirom na postavljeni teorijsko – empirijski model, u ovom su se istraživanju najprije opisala kontekstualna i opća obilježja osnovnih škola u Republici Hrvatskoj, a zatim se opisalo stanje učinkovitosti osnovnih škola u Republici Hrvatskoj na temelju odabranih pokazatelja. Nadalje, ispitalo se postoje li razlike (odnosno povezanost) u učinkovitosti osnovnih škola u Republici Hrvatskoj s obzirom na kontekstualna i opća obilježja škola, a potom se utvrdilo postoji li razlika u učinkovitosti osnovnih škola u Republici Hrvatskoj s obzirom na dominantni tip školskog vođenja kao odabrane varijable školskog procesa. Osnovnu jedinicu analize u ovom istraživanju činile su osnovne škole u Republici Hrvatskoj. Populaciju su činile sve matične osnovne škole u RH, a uzorak istraživanja 56 osnovnih matičnih škola u RH. U istraživanju se primijenio postupak anketiranja za kolektiranje podataka. Korišten je novokonstruiran Upitnik za prikupljanje objektivnih pokazatelja učinkovitosti i obilježja škola. Obrada podataka izvršila se pomoću Statističkog programa za društvene znanosti (IBM SPSS, 20.0.). Nalazi istraživanja pokazali su kako većina ispitanih osnovnih škola u RH pripada skupini više učinkovitih škola, nešto manji broj ispitanih škola pripada skupini srednje učinkovitih škola, a niti jedna škola iz uzorka ne pripada skupini niže učinkovitih škola. Također se pokazalo kako postoji statistički značajna razlika u učinkovitosti pojedinih aspekata djelovanja škola i u ukupnoj učinkovitosti osnovnih škola u RH s obzirom na pojedina kontekstualna i opća obilježja škola kao što su osnivač, okružje rada, status škole, veličina škole, broj smjena u školi, broj učenika na jednog učitelja u školi, postotak učenika putnika, postotak učenika koji koriste subvencije, stručna zastupljenost u predmetnoj nastavi, postotak unaprijeđenih učitelja u razrednoj nastavi, postotak unaprijeđenih učitelja u predmetnoj nastavi, oblici odgojno-obrazovnog rada koji se provode u školama, opremljenost škole te pribavljanje dodatnih financijskih sredstava. Nadalje, pokazalo se kako postoji statistički značajna razlika u učinkovitosti osnovnih škola u RH s obzirom na dominantni tip školskog vođenja, odnosno kako su škole u kojima je dominantno zastupljeno distribuirano školsko vođenje učinkovitije u djelovanju škole usmjerenom na zadovoljstvo zaposlenika i korisnika. Također se pokazalo kako među odabranim moderatorima (kontekstualnim i općim obilježjima škola) nema statistički značajnih moderatora na značajnost razlike između škola s različitim dominantnim tipom školskog vođenja i pokazatelja učinkovitosti škola. Rezultati provedenog istraživanja ukazuju na potrebu za podizanjem razine učinkovitosti hrvatskih osnovnih škola kroz unapređenje rada škola u svim promatranim aspektima djelovanja, a posebice u onim aspektima u kojima se pokazala niža razina učinkovitosti (sukladno svakoj promatranoj školi). Pritom se prvenstveno misli na osnaživanje smjeru boljeg razumijevanja temeljnih čimbenika koji doprinose većoj učinkovitosti škola, prepoznavanja i razumijevanja ključnih pokazatelja učinkovitosti te u konačnici na ukazivanje na najznačajnije aspekte djelovanja škole koji doprinose većoj učinkovitosti škola. Rezultati istraživanja također ukazuju na nužnost ujednačavanja uvjeta rada hrvatskih osnovnih škola, prvenstveno u pogledu osiguravanja dostatnih financijskih sredstava za funkcioniranje škole u svim aspektima djelovanja, posebice kroz bolju podršku školama od strane osnivača te osiguravanja temeljnih prostornih i kadrovskih preduvjeta za odvijanje odgojno-obrazovnog procesa. Sukladno nalazima istraživanja izdvajaju se smjernice i preporuke istraživačima i sudionicima odgojno – obrazovnog procesa, kao i nadležnim institucijama i kreatorima obrazovnih politika na nacionalnoj razini., The main purpose of this doctoral thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the various factors and indicators associated with higher school effectiveness, as well as to provide a preliminary insight into the present state of effectiveness of primary schools in the Republic of Croatia. The thesis begins with a detailed overview and analysis of theoretical discussions and empirical research on school effectiveness in the international and national context. The analysis indicated the main characteristics of school effectiveness as well as its key factors and indicators. In this research school is defined and explained in the context of the system approach to work organization, therefore, the thesis outlines the main approaches to the conceptualization of effectiveness with special emphasis on issues related to general characteristics and functioning of effective schools. School effectiveness is defined in line with different criteria for effectiveness assessment such as productivity, adaptability, involvement, continuity, quality management, satisfaction, collaboration with the stakeholders. In accordance with the selected effectiveness criteria, a theoretical - empirical model was created as a starting point for the empirical research. Subsequently, different contextual features of schools, general school features (school inputs), school processes and performance indicators (school outputs) were operationalized. In view of the above mentioned, school effectiveness has been asessed based on different groups of indicators, i.e. on the basis of the effectiveness assessment of different aspects of school activities: Effective school performance focused on students outcomes, Effective school performance focused on pupil discipline, Effective school performance focused on evaluation, Effective school performance focused on enriching the school curriculum, Effective socio - public performance of the school, Effective school performance focused on cooperation, Effective school performance focused on employee satisfaction. In line with the established theoretical - empirical model, this doctoral thesis described the contextual and general features of primary schools in the Republic of Croatia, and then the present state of elementary schools’ effectiveness based on the selected indicators. Furthermore, it examined whether there are differences in the effectiveness of primary schools in the Republic of Croatia, given the contextual and general characteristics of the school, as well whether there are differences in the effectiveness of primary schools in the Republic of Croatia with regard to the dominant type of school leadership (selected variable of school processes). The basic unit of analysis in this research consisted of primary schools in the Republic of Croatia. The population consisted of all central primary schools in Croatia, and the research involved a sample of 56 central primary schools. The survey method was used to collect the data and the newly constructed Questionnaire for Collecting Objective Efficiency Indicators and School Characteristics was distributed. The data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS, 20.0.). The research results have shown that most of the primary schools in the Republic of Croatia involved in this research belong to a group of more effective schools, and to a lesser extent to the moderately effective school group. None of the schools in the sample belong to a group of lower effective schools. Furthermore, there is a statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of certain aspects of school performance and the overall effectiveness of primary schools with regard to the contextual and general features of schools such as founder, location, school status, school size, number of shifts in school, pupil - teacher ratio, percentage of the pupils who travel, percentage of pupils using subsidies, the number of teachers with the necessary expertise in their field, percentage of promoted teachers, forms of educational work being carried out in schools, school equipment and obtaining additional financial resources. Furthermore, there is a statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of primary schools in the Republic of Croatia with regard to the dominant type of school leadership, i.e., the schools where the distributed school leadership is more dominant are more effective in terms of employee and user satisfaction. It has also been shown that among the selected moderators (contextual and general features of the school) there are no statistically significant moderators on the significance of differences between schools with different dominant types of school management and school performance indicators. The results of the conducted research indicate the need to improve the level of effectiveness of Croatian primary schools by enhancing all observed aspects of their work, especially those which indicate a lower level of effectiveness (regarding each observed school). This primarily entails empowering the principals and other key stakeholders involved in the educational process so as to better understand the underlying factors that contribute to greater school effectiveness, to recognize and understand the key performance indicators, and ultimately to address the most important aspects of school work contributing to higher school effectiveness. Research results also point to the necessity of equalizing the working conditions in Croatian primary schools, especially with regard to providing sufficient financial resources for the functioning of the school in all aspects. This should be done through providing better support to schools by the founders and ensuring the basic infrastructural and human prerequisites for the educational process. The obtained research results provided a basis for development of guidelines and recommendations for researchers and participants in the educational process as well as the competent institutions and policy makers at the national level.

The success of purchasing and supply management (PSM) largely depends on PSM professionals' skills levels. Past research assumed that one universal PSM professional type exists, and they have proposed one-size-fits-all PSM skillsets. However, PSM professionals have different objectives. Based on the data of an extensive survey conducted amongst European PSM professionals (n = 366), this study presents skillsets for seven objectives (reducing costs and improving delivery, quality, sustainability, strategic competitive advantage, supplier satisfaction and innovation). A differentiation is made between “necessary” and “sufficient” conditions for each objective's effectiveness. Within a new PSM-skills taxonomy, a hierarchy of skills is detected as one of the first categories that provide quantitative evidence that soft skills or personal skills are necessary conditions for carrying out hard skills or professional skills. Based on the proposed skillsets, university educators and firm trainers can draft teaching plans that support the intended outcome, while individual PSM professionals may get an orientation on how to develop their skills further.

School effectiveness research (SER) and bi/multilingual education research have been largely developed as separate research paradigms. Hence, SER research does not facilitate clear conclusions on bi/multilingual (the term ‘multilingual’ is used henceforth) education and its effectiveness. Despite the intensification of multilingual education research over the last four decades, only a few authors and studies have focused on offering a compact overview of what factors need to be in place for the programs to be effective. These works are neither recent nor systematic. In this article, we aim to contribute to this research gap by systematically reviewing the research evidence on specific factors explaining multilingual student success in multilingual education programs. The findings of this systematic literature review integrate the current evidence regarding the critical factors conducive to student success in multilingual education. The results reveal that the reviewed studies mostly discussed school level factors and only occasionally talked about state/regional or individual level factors. We also underscore the critical role of leadership in making multilingual education successful. The implications of this review are twofold: by using a conceptual framework to discuss the success factors, the interdependence of the variables shaping multilingual education is highlighted, while the results collect the latest evidence for decision makers in multilingual education.

The paper is devoted to the correlation between the employees’ significant professional characteristics and the effectiveness of their performance in social spheres implying interpersonal relations. The representatives of different social sectors were surveyed including the managers of different levels in education, health care and social services. The research methods combine the test-questionnaires by V. V. Stolin, S. R. Panteleyev, R. Shvartser, M. Yerusalem, B. Romek V. M. Morosanova, R. R. Sagiev, as well as the author’s questionnaire for evaluating the professional effectiveness level. The research findings reveal the statistically significant correlation between professional effectiveness in the given spheres and stress resistance, social courage, tolerance to uncertainty, social-communication skills, positive self-attitude, absence of self-condemnation and failures avoidance. However, in other aspects the correlation between the professional levels and competences differ depending on the professional spheres. In author’s opinion, the research outcomes need some additional consideration and investigation.

This study applies a plastic approach to the analysis of shear at a joint or interface in reinforced concrete. Push-off tests have been used historically to investigate combinations of shear and compression across an interface in reinforced concrete. Recent work by the authors has shown that such tests can also be modified to model combinations of shear and tension; as is often found at critical interfaces such as joints in reinforced concrete structures. New experimental results are presented for modified push-off tests subject to a range of combinations of shear and tension. These results, along with a number of historical results reported in the literature are analysed using the upper bound theory of plasticity for interface shear. It is shown that the behaviour predicted by the upper bound theory is consistent with the new experimental results for an initially uncracked concrete interface subject to combinations of shear and tension. Effectiveness factors for the plastic analysis indicated by the experimental results are proposed.

National audience; Un moteur de recherche e-commerce vise à fournir un accès rapide et efficace à des produits qui correspondent aux besoins et aux préférences de l'utilisateur parmi une liste de produits similaires ou étroitement liés. Nous avons participé à la campagne d'évaluation « Living Lab for Information Retrieval » qui proposait une tâche de recherche de produits évaluée par des utilisateurs réels lors de scénarios de recherche réelle sur un site de e-commerce. L'évaluation expérimentale a montré des résultats prometteurs de notre modèle. Dans ce papier, nous proposons une analyse des fichiers logs issus de notre modèle afin d'identifier des facteurs d'efficacité liés à la requête et aux produits. L'objectif de cette étude est d'ouvrir des pistes de recherche pour la formalisation de modèles de recherche de produits. ABSTRACT. E-commerce product retrieval aims to provide a quick and efficient access to products that fit user's needs and preferences among a tail of similar or closely related products. We participated to the " Living Lab for Information Retrieval " evaluation campaign devoted to a product search task in which real users evaluated par-ticipants' retrieval models in real search scenarios on e-commerce websites. The experimental evaluation has shown encouraging results for our proposed model. In this paper, we conduct an analysis of users' feeadback with respect to the clicks obtained by our model. The goal of the paper is therefore to identify the effectiveness factors underlying the user's queries and the retrieved products in order to open perspectives in the formalization of product search models. MOTS-CLÉS : Recherche d'information, recherche de produits, facteurs d'efficacité

A novel approach to the modeling of mass transfer in rotary kilns has been described (Heydenrych et al, 2001). It considers the mass transfer to occur by the inclusion of gas in the interparticle voids in between the particles that move concentrically with the kiln. By doing so, the rate of mass transfer was found to be dependent on bed fill and the ratio of reaction rate constant to angular velocity (k/ ). The model was found to be valid at slow to medium fast reactions. For fast reactions it under-predicted mass transfer. Therefore in this paper, the model will be extended to include diffusion effects. An additional dimensionless number is necessary then to describe the system. This can either be a Peclet number (R2/De) or a Thiele modulus (kR2/De)1/2. The solution of the 2-dimensional partial differential equations that describe the extended model gives a handle on the effect of scale-up in rotary kilns. For industrial-scale kilns, the Peclet number is large, which means that diffusion within the lower (passive) layer of the bed is unimportant for slower rates. With high reaction rates, iso-concentration lines are closely stacked near the surface of the bed, implying that it is important to model the active layer rather than the bed as a whole in these circumstances. However, the stiff differential equations are not easily solved then, and other methods of solution are advisable.

The paper is devoted to the correlation between the employees’ significant professional characteristics and the effectiveness of their performance in social spheres implying interpersonal relations. The representatives of different social sectors were surveyed including the managers of different levels in education, health care and social services. The research methods combine the test-questionnaires by V. V. Stolin, S. R. Panteleyev, R. Shvartser, M. Yerusalem, B. Romek V. M. Morosanova, R. R. Sagiev, as well as the author’s questionnaire for evaluating the professional effectiveness level. The research findings reveal the statistically significant correlation between professional effectiveness in the given spheres and stress resistance, social courage, tolerance to uncertainty, social-communication skills, positive self-attitude, absence of self-condemnation and failures avoidance. However, in other aspects the correlation between the professional levels and competences differ depending on the professional spheres. In author’s opinion, the research outcomes need some additional consideration and investigation Статья посвящена описанию исследования корреляций профессионально важных качеств и эффективности профессиональной деятельности работников области «Человек – Человек». В исследовании приняли участие представители различных сфер занятости: образования, здравоохранения, обслуживания, а также менеджеры разных уровней. В качестве методической основы работы были использованы тест-опросник самоотношения В. В. Столина, С. Р. Пантелеева, тест самоэффективности Р. Шварцера, М. Ерусалема и В. Ромека, тест-опросник оценки социально-коммуникативной компетентности Е. И. Рогова, опросник «Стиль саморегуляции поведения – ССП–98» В. М. Моросановой, Р. Р. Сагиева, а также бланк-опросник оценки уровня эффективности трудовой деятельности, разработанный автором статьи и прошедший экспертную проверку, которую осуществляли ведущие специалисты и руководители из разных отраслей. Результаты исследования показали статистически значимую корреляцию эффективности деятельности работников области «Человек – Человек» и таких их профессионально важных качеств, как стрессоустойчивость, терпимость к неопределенности, социальная смелость, социально-коммуникативные способности, позитивное самоотношение, отсутствие тенденции к самообвинению иизбеганию неудач. Востальном корреляции уровня икачества профессионализма и профессиональных компетенций у разных специальностей отличаются. Одним из ценных промежуточных итогов исследования, с точки зрения автора, являются полученные данные о высокой корреляции между степенью эффективности деятельности медицинских работников и их неуверенностью в себе, неумением планировать; а также между эффективностью косметологов-визажистов и их конформностью, отсутствием самоинтереса и инициативы в социальных контактах. Подобный материал пока не рассматривался ни одним ученым и требует дополнительного изучения.

A avaliação de desempenho na Administração Pública, é regida pela Lei nº66-B/2007 de 28 de Dezembro e designada por SIADAP, é um modelo integrado de gestão dos desempenhos que se traduz num processo complexo de alinhamento de objectivos (do topo para a base) que requer um sério planeamento, e cujo sucesso pode ser facilmente posto em causa se não for percepcionado como eficaz pelas partes intervenientes. Através da revisão de literatura efectuada, identificaram-se factores que os autores consideraram como necessários para que um sistema de avaliação e um processo de avaliação sejam percepcionados pelos avaliados como eficazes. Este projecto desenvolve-se num Instituto Universitário Público, onde se quer aferir, à luz da revisão de literatura efectuada, os factores que os avaliados consideram mais críticos e mais influentes para o seu desempenho e que de certa forma podem comprometer a sua percepção de eficácia do processo de avaliação. A metodologia utilizada foi o Estudo de Caso, uma vez que se pretende descrever uma situação em contexto real, tendo para isso, utilizado diferentes técnicas de recolha e análise de dados. Os resultados obtidos, comprovam que a ausência dos factores que se identificaram na revisão de literatura, condicionam a percepção de eficácia dos avaliados para com o processo de avaliação. The Performance Appraisal in Public Administration, is governed by Law nº66-B/2007 of 28th December and called SIADAP, is an integrated management model of performance that translates into a complex process of alignment of goals (from top to bottom) which requires serious planning, and whose success can easily be undermined if it is not perceived as effective by the parties. Through literature review conducted, we identified the factors that the authors considered as necessary for a performance appraisal system and the process are perceived by assessed as effective. This project is developed in a Public University Institute, where we want to assess, in light of the literature review carried out, the factors considered by workers has most critical and most influential for their performance and that somehow can undermine their sense of efficacy of the evaluation process. The methodology was the Case Study, because we intend to describe a situation in a real context, and for this, used different techniques for collecting and analyzing data. The results prove that the absence of factors that were identified in the literature review, determine the perceived effectiveness of the individuals toward the evaluation process.

Kadangi tėvai susiduria su sunkumais bendraudami su vaiku ir jį auklėdami, jiems reikalingos tėvystės įgūdžių stiprinimo ir lavinimo programos. [...] Straipsnio tikslas yra apžvelgti svarbiausius tėvystės įgūdžių lavinimo programų efektyvumui įtaką darančius veiksnius. Tyrimo metodu pasirinkta mokslinės literatūros apžvalga ir analizė. Apžvelgus užsienio literatūrą, galima išskirti tris svarbiausias tėvams skirtų programų efektyvumo veiksnių grupes: tai (1) pačios programos ypatumai, (2) dalyvio, jo šeimos charakteristikos ir (3) programą organizuojančio asmens ypatumai. Be to, įvairių literatūros šaltinių analizė leidžia kelti kelias prielaidas: tėvystės įgūdžių lavinimo programa efektyvesnė tuomet, kai (1) ji dalyviams siūlo kuo įvairesnių žinių, papildomų praktinėmis užduotimis, padeda tėvams atrasti ir išnaudoti jų asmenines ir bendravimo su vaiku stiprybes, netrikdo dalyvių dėmesio papildomomis paslaugomis ir maksimaliai įtraukia į susitikimus; (2) dalyviai yra motyvuoti ir pasiryžę keistis, programos pobūdis atitinka jų bendruosius poreikius ir specifinius lūkesčius, šeimos kultūrines vertybes; (3) programos susitikimų organizatorius siekia palaikyti šiltus santykius su programos dalyviais ir pasižymi įvairiomis asmenybės savybėmis, palankiomis nuoširdžiam bendravimui su tėvais. When nowadays‘ parents are confronted with varying difficulties related to communication with children and their nurture, a big need for parenting skills‘ improving programs emerges. Various programs, which differ in theoretical background, purposes, purposive groups, teaching or learning models and / or contents, can be found in scientific and practical literature. One of the most frequent questions for parents and professionals is that which program is related with the most vivid changes in parents, i. e., which is the most effective one. The aim of this paper is to review the most important factors for the effectiveness of parenting skills‘ improving programs. The review and analysis of scientific literature were chosen as a method for this paper. Following the foreign scientific literature, three major groups of factors for the effectiveness of parenting skills‘ improving programs were indicated: (1) the peculiarities of the program itself, (2) the characteristics of participant or his family, and (3) the peculiarities of person who organizes meetings for parents. Some additional tendencies were also found: it’s likely that the effectiveness of the program is more possible when (1) various types of knowledge and practical tasks are introduced to participants, they have a possibility to discover their personal strengths in communicating with children, to pay their entire attention to the program (no additional service is suggested) and take part in as many meetings as possible; (2) participants are motivated for changes, the model of the program satisfies the cultural values of the family, their general needs and specific expectations; (3) the meetings’ person searches for any possibilities for close relationships with participants and has a variety of personality traits that are necessary for sincere communication.

A novel approach to the modeling of mass transfer in rotary kilns has been described (Heydenrych et al, 2001). It considers the mass transfer to occur by the inclusion of gas in the interparticle voids in between the particles that move concentrically with the kiln. By doing so, the rate of mass transfer was found to be dependent on bed fill and the ratio of reaction rate constant to angular velocity (k/ ). The model was found to be valid at slow to medium fast reactions. For fast reactions it under-predicted mass transfer. Therefore in this paper, the model will be extended to include diffusion effects. An additional dimensionless number is necessary then to describe the system. This can either be a Peclet number (R2/De) or a Thiele modulus (kR2/De)1/2. The solution of the 2-dimensional partial differential equations that describe the extended model gives a handle on the effect of scale-up in rotary kilns. For industrial-scale kilns, the Peclet number is large, which means that diffusion within the lower (passive) layer of the bed is unimportant for slower rates. With high reaction rates, iso-concentration lines are closely stacked near the surface of the bed, implying that it is important to model the active layer rather than the bed as a whole in these circumstances. However, the stiff differential equations are not easily solved then, and other methods of solution are advisable.