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Rechtsstaatlichkeit und gender equality sind in der Europäischen Union (EU) in Artikel 2 des Vertrages von Lissabon (EUV) als Grundwerte der Union verankert. Jüngst wurde die Auszahlung von EU-Mitteln in der Richtlinie 2020/2092 an die Einhaltung der Rechtsstaatlichkeit gekoppelt. Im Rahmen der umstrittenen Justizreform in Polen leitete die Europäische Kommission zudem erstmalig ein Rechtsstaatlichkeitsverfahren nach Artikel 7 EUV ein, um die Werte der EU zu schützen. Doch das darin gewährte Gleichstellungsgebot stößt an seine Grenzen, wo Kompetenzen zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten und der Union aufgeteilt sind und der Zugang zur Politikgestaltung betroffen ist. Letzterer ist für die stetige Neudefinition von Geschlecht von Bedeutung. Dies wird am Beispiel des Gender-Quality-Aktivismus und der aktuellen Justizreform in Polen deutlich. Die in diesem Zusammenhang erfolgten Entscheidungen des Gerichtshofes der EU können nur punktuell eingreifen, sind jedoch kein Garant für eine nachhaltige politische und gesellschaftliche Berücksichtigung von gender equality., Open Gender Journal, Vol. 6 (2022): Open Gender Journal

Additional file 3. Germination medium and standard growth solution used in the study for hydroponic growth of Arabidopsis to obtain root material.

Additional file 2. Bar graphs and heat maps showing the differences in extractability of individual lipid classes from flowers, roots, siliques, stems, seedlings and seeds of Arabidopsis.

Additional file 3. Germination medium and standard growth solution used in the study for hydroponic growth of Arabidopsis to obtain root material.

We report the case of a consanguineous couple who lost four pregnancies associated with skeletal dysplasia. Radiological examination of one fetus was inconclusive. Parental exome sequencing showed that both parents were heterozygous for a novel missense variant, p.(Pro133Leu), in the SLC35D1 gene encoding a nucleotide sugar transporter. The affected fetus was homozygous for the variant. The radiological features were reviewed, and being similar, but atypical, the phenotype was classified as a ‘Schneckenbecken-like dysplasia.’ The effect of the missense change was assessed using protein modelling techniques and indicated alterations in the mouth of the solute channel. A detailed biochemical investigation of SLC35D1 transport function and that of the missense variant p.(Pro133Leu) revealed that SLC35D1 acts as a general UDP-sugar transporter and that the p.(Pro133Leu) mutation resulted in a significant decrease in transport activity. The reduced transport activity observed for p.(Pro133Leu) was contrasted with in vitro activity for SLC35D1 p.(Thr65Pro), the loss-of-function mutation was associated with Schneckenbecken dysplasia. The functional classification of SLC35D1 as a general nucleotide sugar transporter of the endoplasmic reticulum suggests an expanded role for this transporter beyond chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis to a variety of important glycosylation reactions occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Pectin is a major component of primary cell walls and performs a plethora of functions crucial for plant growth, development and plant-defense responses. Despite the importance of pectic polysaccharides their biosynthesis is poorly understood. Several genes have been implicated in pectin biosynthesis by mutant analysis, but biochemical activity has been shown for very few. We used reverse genetics and biochemical analysis to study members of Glycosyltransferase Family 92 (GT92) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemical analysis gave detailed insight into the properties of GALS1 (Galactan synthase 1) and showed galactan synthase activity of GALS2 and GALS3. All proteins are responsible for adding galactose onto existing galactose residues attached to the rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) backbone. Significant GALS activity was observed with galactopentaose as acceptor but longer acceptors are favored. Overexpression of the GALS proteins in Arabidopsis resulted in accumulation of unbranched β-1, 4-galactan. Plants in which all three genes were inactivated had no detectable β-1, 4-galactan, and surprisingly these plants exhibited no obvious developmental phenotypes under standard growth conditions. RG-I in the triple mutants retained branching indicating that the initial Gal substitutions on the RG-I backbone are added by enzymes different from GALS.

Additional file 2. Monosaccharide composition of stem cell walls of engineered lines. Alcohol-insoluble residue (AIR) of stem cell walls of W- (A) and X- (B) engineered lines, hydrolyzed with trifluoroacetic acid, and analyzed by HPAEC-PAD. Bars: SD, n = 3.

Additional file 1. Phenotypes of W5 and X5 engineered lines.

Additional file 4. Summary of jStack constructs.

Root phenotypes of NbPAGR-silenced and TRV-infected unsilenced control plants. (A) Roots of NbPAGR-silenced plants are shorter than those of control plants and were discolored. (B) Roots of NbPAGR-silenced and control plants were measured and were found to be significantly shorter in s * p

The approximate mass (kDa) of each monosaccharide residue in RG-I purified from 35S::PAGR-YFP and wild type (Col-0) plants. (DOCX 44 kb)

Additional images of in vitro pollen germination assays showing reduced germination rates in pollen from pagr-1 and pagr-2 heterozygous plants compared to the wild type. Scale bars are 100Â Îźm. (PPTX 1073 kb)

Tissue specific microarray data heat map depicting the relative expression level of PAGR in various tissues throughout growth and development. Publicly available data was retrieved and displayed using the Arabidopsis eFP browser ( http://bar.utoronto.ca/efp/cgi-bin/efpWeb.cgi ) [23]. (PPTX 235 kb)

Sequential extraction of cell wall material from NbPAGR-silenced Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Cell wall material from NbPAGR-silenced and control plants was sequentially extracted with CDTA, sodium carbonate, 1 M KOH and 4 M KOH. The monosaccharide composition of the extracted and residual materials was then analyzed. Cell wall polysaccharides with reduced galactan and increased glucuronic acid content in PAGR-silenced plants were extracted with the CDTA and sodium carbonate fractions. *: p

Additional images of in vitro pollen germination assays showing reduced germination rates in pollen from pagr-1 and pagr-2 heterozygous plants compared to the wild type. Scale bars are 100Â Îźm. (PPTX 1073 kb)

Sequential extraction of cell walls from 35S:PAGR-YFP expressing Arabidopsis seedlings. Cell wall material from was sequentially extracted with CDTA, sodium carbonate, and 4 M KOH. The monosaccharide composition of the extracted and residual materials was then analyzed. Cell wall polysaccharides with increased arabinan content were extracted in the CDTA fraction. *: p

The approximate mass (kDa) of each monosaccharide residue in RG-I from NbPAGR-silenced and control N. benthamiana plants. (DOCX 39 kb)

Root phenotypes of NbPAGR-silenced and TRV-infected unsilenced control plants. (A) Roots of NbPAGR-silenced plants are shorter than those of control plants and were discolored. (B) Roots of NbPAGR-silenced and control plants were measured and were found to be significantly shorter in s * p

Sequential extraction of cell walls from 35S:PAGR-YFP expressing Arabidopsis seedlings. Cell wall material from was sequentially extracted with CDTA, sodium carbonate, and 4 M KOH. The monosaccharide composition of the extracted and residual materials was then analyzed. Cell wall polysaccharides with increased arabinan content were extracted in the CDTA fraction. *: p

Multiple amino acid sequence alignment of the Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana, Selaginella moellendorfii and Physcomitrella patens orthologs of PAGR. * identical amino acids, : conserved substitutions, . semi-conserved substitutions. (PPTX 36 kb)

Grass cell wall properties influence food, feed, and biofuel feedstock usage efficiency. The glucuronoarabinoxylan of grass cell walls is esterified with the phenylpropanoid-derived hydroxycinnamic acids ferulic acid (FA) and para-coumaric acid (p-CA). Feruloyl esters undergo oxidative coupling with neighboring phenylpropanoids on glucuronoarabinoxylan and lignin. Examination of rice (Oryza sativa) mutants in a grass-expanded and -diverged clade of BAHD acyl-coenzyme A-utilizing transferases identified four mutants with altered cell wall FA or p-CA contents. Here, we report on the effects of overexpressing one of these genes, OsAt10 (LOC_Os06g39390), in rice. An activation-tagged line, OsAT10-D1, shows a 60% reduction in matrix polysaccharide-bound FA and an approximately 300% increase in p-CA in young leaf tissue but no discernible phenotypic alterations in vegetative development, lignin content, or lignin composition. Two additional independent OsAt10 overexpression lines show similar changes in FA and p-CA content. Cell wall fractionation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry experiments isolate the cell wall alterations in the mutant to ester conjugates of a five-carbon sugar with p-CA and FA. These results suggest that OsAT10 is a p-coumaroyl coenzyme A transferase involved in glucuronoarabinoxylan modification. Biomass from OsAT10-D1 exhibits a 20% to 40% increase in saccharification yield depending on the assay. Thus, OsAt10 is an attractive target for improving grass cell wall quality for fuel and animal feed.

The cuticle is a complex aliphatic polymeric layer connected to the cell wall and covers surfaces of all aerial plant organs. The cuticle prevents nonstomatal water loss, regulates gas exchange, and acts as a barrier against pathogen infection. The cuticle is synthesized by epidermal cells and predominantly consists of an aliphatic polymer matrix (cutin) and intracuticular and epicuticular waxes. Cutin monomers are primarily C(16) and C(18) unsubstituted, ω-hydroxy, and α,ω-dicarboxylic fatty acids. Phenolics such as ferulate and p-coumarate esters also contribute to a minor extent to the cutin polymer. Here, we present the characterization of a novel acyl-coenzyme A (CoA)-dependent acyl-transferase that is encoded by a gene designated Deficient in Cutin Ferulate (DCF). The DCF protein is responsible for the feruloylation of ω-hydroxy fatty acids incorporated into the cutin polymer of aerial Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) organs. The enzyme specifically transfers hydroxycinnamic acids using ω-hydroxy fatty acids as acyl acceptors and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoAs, preferentially feruloyl-CoA and sinapoyl-CoA, as acyl donors in vitro. Arabidopsis mutant lines carrying DCF loss-of-function alleles are devoid of rosette leaf cutin ferulate and exhibit a 50% reduction in ferulic acid content in stem insoluble residues. DCF is specifically expressed in the epidermis throughout all green Arabidopsis organs. The DCF protein localizes to the cytosol, suggesting that the feruloylation of cutin monomers takes place in the cytoplasm.

This event will address how global ideas of gender are changing in the contemporary world and examine the ways in which ‘gender‘ can be understood as an artifact of the biocentrism that structures the modern Eurocentric worldview. The discussants will also comment on the ‘transing‘ of gender as a practice of freedom and analyze the backlash of the global anti-gender movement—its political nature, funding, and dissemination—as well as responses to this movement from feminist and LGBTQIA* activists and academics. Tamara Adrian is a Venezuelan lawyer who graduated with highest honors from the Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, with a doctoral degree with highest honors from the University Paris 2. She also has degrees in comparative law (Paris), economics and law (HKS), and management (HKS). Adrian is currently a professor of law at the Universidad Central de Venezuela and the Universidad Metropolitana, and a guest professor in the doctoral program in the Universidad de Antioquia (Colombia). Adrian is the first transgender woman elected as National Parliamentarian in Venezuela (2015) and the second on the American continent. An international human-rights activist in women’s rights and LGBTI rights, she has vast experience with the UN, OAS, and other international bodies. Adrian is the international president of the 17 May (IDAHOT) and co-president of the BOD of Global Action for Trans Equality. She is member of the BOD of WPATH, All Out, Plafam, and ICASO, as well as a member of the steering committee of the World Movement for Democracy. She is also a member of the scientific committee of the Unesco Chair on Sexual Health and Human Rights and of the legal committee of the World Association of Sexual Health (WAS). Julia Ehrt (she/her) became the executive director at ILGA World in November 2021. She previously served as the organisation’s director of programs, developing ILGA World ‘s programmatic work and managing the program team. A widely respected LGBTI activist and community leader, Ehrt served previously as the executive director of Transgender Europe, where she contributed significantly to how trans issues are perceived and debated today in Europe and beyond. She served as a founding steering committee member of the International Trans Fund (ITF) until 2019 and is currently a board member of the Association for Womens’ Rights in Development (AWID). Ehrt is a signatory to the Yogyakarta Principles plus 10. Susan Stryker is Professor Emerita of Gender and Women’s Studies at the University of Arizona. Since retiring, she has been Presidential Fellow and Visiting Professor of Gender, Women’s, and Sexuality Studies at Yale University (2019-2020) Barbara Lee Distinguished Chair in Women’s Leadership, Mills College (2020-2022), and Stanford University Humanities Center External Faculty Fellow (2022-23). She continues to serve as executive editor of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly, and as co-editor of the Duke University Press book series ASTERISK: gender, trans-, and all that comes after. Stryker is the author of Transgender History: The Roots of Today’s Revolution (2008, 2017), co-editor of the two-volume Transgender Studies Reader (2006, 2013) and The Transgender Studies Reader Remix (2022), as well as co-director of the Emmy-winning documentary film Screaming Queens: The Riot at Compton’s Cafeteria (2005). She is currently working to complete her book manuscript, Changing Gender, and developing a variety of film and television projects. Moderated by Moira Fradinger, Associate Professor of Comparative Literature, Yale University, and Alumna, American Academy in Berlin; and Berit Ebert, Vice President of Programs, American Academy in Berlin Trans: Here, Now, and Hereafter, discussion, ICI Berlin, 30 June 2022, video recording, mp4, 01:30:32