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Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus, 1758. Tropical Two-wing Flyingfish. To about 24 cm (9.4 in) TL (Parin 2003). Circumglobal; western Pacific Ocean north to Japan (Aizawa in Nakabo 2002); Todos Santos (23��24.6���N, 110��13.8���W), southern Baja California (John Snow, pers. comm. to M.L.) to Chile (Peque��o 1989), including Islas Gal��pagos (Grove and Lavenberg 1997). Primarily oceanic, also neritic (Watson in Moser 1996); depth: surface to 20 m (66 ft) (Robertson and Allen 2002)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Parin, N. V. (2003) An annotated catalogue of fish-like vertebrates and fishes of the seas of Russia and adjacent countries: Part 3. Orders Perciformes (excluding suborders Gobioidei, Zoarcoidei and Stichaeoidei) and Tetraodontiformes. Journal of Ichthyology, 43, S 1 - S 40.","Nakabo, T. (Ed.). (2002) Fishes of Japan with Pictorial Keys to the Species. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Pequeno R., G. (1989) Peces de Chile lista sistematica revisada y comentada. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia, 24, 1 - 132.","Grove, J. S. & Lavenberg, R. J. (1997) The Fishes of the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford.","Moser, H. G. (Ed.). (1996) The early stages of fishes in the California Current region. CALCOFI Atlas, No. 33.","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2002) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific: an information system. CD-ROM. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama."]}

Exocoetus monocirrhus Richardson, 1846. Barbel Flyingfish. To 23 cm (9.1 in) TL (Aizawa in Nakabo 2002). Circumglobal (Shakhovskoy 2018); western Pacific Ocean north to Japan (Aizawa in Nakabo 2002); southern Baja California (25��22���N, 113��08���W) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California) to northern Peru (Chirichigno and V��lez 1998), including Islas Gal��pagos (Grove and Lavenberg 1997). Surface to 20 m (66 ft) (Robertson and Allen 2002). Characterized as Indo-Pacific in Fricke et al. (2020)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Nakabo, T. (Ed.). (2002) Fishes of Japan with Pictorial Keys to the Species. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Shakhovskoy, I. B. (2018) Specific features of distribution in the World Ocean of some flyingfishes of the genera Exocoetus, Hirundichthys and Cypselurus (Exocoetidae). FishTaxa, 3, 40 - 80.","Chirichigno, F. N. & Velez D, J. (1998) Clave para identificaticar los peces marinos del Peru (segunda edicion, revisada y actualizada). Instituto de Mar de Peru Publicacion Especial.","Grove, J. S. & Lavenberg, R. J. (1997) The Fishes of the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford.","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2002) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific: an information system. CD-ROM. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.","Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & van der Laan, R. (Eds). 2020. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, Reference. Available from: http: // researcharchive. calacademy. org / research / ichthyology / catalog / fishcatmain. asp (accessed 17 April 2021)."]}

A checklist of the flying fishes found in the waters off Socotra Archipelago, northwestern part of the Indian Ocean, is provided based on published and original data. Thirteen species from five genera occur in the study area, and four more species found nearby. Keys for the species identification are provided. The type specimen of Exocoetus socotranus Steindachner, 1902 was examined and is determined to be a junior synonym of Cypselurus naresii (Günther, 1889).

Anisakidosis is an infection caused mainly by Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809), Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) Gibson, 1983 and very low frequency around the world by Contracaecum osculatum (Rudolphi, 1802) Baylis, 1920 and Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802). In Peru, Deardorff & Overstreet, 1982 en has been identified in Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758, but there is no record of the morphometric characteristics of third instar larval stages in smaller teleost fishes. Given the importance of the flying fish Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus, 1758 in the trophic chain of C. hippurus, we believe that this fish would have a very important role in the biological cycle of Hysterothylacium sp. as a paratenic host. The objective of the present work was to identify the morphometric characteristics of the nematode larvae found in E. volitans and to determine their prevalence (P), mean intensity (IM) and mean abundance (AM). The sample consisted of 51 specimens of E. volitans, which were acquired in the fishing terminal of the district of Ventanilla, Callao. The collection and identification was done applying conventional methods and techniques. The presence of third stage larvae of Hysterothylacium sp. in gills and intestine is located mainly in the visceral surface and muscle tissue of E. volitans. Infected fish showed a prevalence of 90% (46/51), mean intensity of 58 with an intensity range of (1 - 1720) and a mean abundance of 52.11. Third stage larvae of Hysterothylacium sp. and parasitic indexes in E. volitans are identified for the first time in Peru.

Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus 1758 ���Tropical two-wing flyingfish Taxonomy. First record from Lebanon as Exocetus volitans, L. by Gruvel (1931: 86). Distribution. Circumglobal in tropical through temperate seas (including Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea). Conservation. IUCN: Global (LC: 28 January 2013); Med. (DD: 14 November 2007). Capture and threats: Unknown. Occurrence: Unknown. Low priority for conservation action. Remarks. This record from Gruvel is doubtful as the species has not been recorded from neighboring countries (Golani 2005; Ali 2018; Froese and Pauly 2019)., Published as part of Bariche, Michel & Fricke, Ronald, 2020, The marine ichthyofauna of Lebanon: an annotated checklist, history, biogeography, and conservation status, pp. 1-157 in Zootaxa 4775 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4775.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3983887, {"references":["Gruvel, A. (1931) Les Etats de Syrie. Richesses marines et fluviales. Exploitation actuelle-Avenir. Societe d'Editions Geographiques, Maritimes et Coloniale, 453 pp.","Golani, D. (2005) Checklist of the Mediterranean fishes of Israel. Zootaxa, 947 (1), 1 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 947.1.1","Ali, M. (2018) An updated checklist of the marine fishes from Syria with emphasis on alien species. Mediterranean Marine Science, 19 (2), 388 - 393. https: // doi. org / 10.12681 / mms. 15850"]}

Exocoetus monocirrhus Richardson 1846 —Barbel flyingfish Status at New Ireland. First recorded from off Kavieng, New Ireland by Parin & Shakhovskoy (2000: S50). Distribution and habitat. New Ireland: 2.—General distribution: East Africa, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands and Panama, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Epipelagic in oceanic waters, 0–20 m depth. Marine., Published as part of Andréfouët, Serge, Chen, Wei-Jen, Kinch, Jeff, Mana, Ralph, Russell, Barry C., Tully, Dean & White, William T., 2019, Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 810 new records, pp. 1-360 in Zootaxa 4588 (1) on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4588.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2988163, {"references":["Parin, N. V. & Shakhovskoy, I. B. (2000) A review of the flying fish genus Exocoetus (Exocoetidae) with descriptions of two new species from the southern Pacific Ocean. Journal of Ichthyology, 40 (Supplement 1), S 31 - S 63."]}

Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus 1758 —Tropical two-wing flyingfish Status at New Ireland. First recorded from Carteret Harbour, New Ireland as Exocoetus evolans by Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes (1847: 138–144); subsequently reported as Exocoetus volitans by Munro (1958: 139). Distribution and habitat. New Ireland: 3.—General distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and warm temperate seas. Epipelagic in oceanic waters, 0–20 m depth. Marine., Published as part of Andréfouët, Serge, Chen, Wei-Jen, Kinch, Jeff, Mana, Ralph, Russell, Barry C., Tully, Dean & White, William T., 2019, Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 810 new records, pp. 1-360 in Zootaxa 4588 (1) on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4588.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2988163, {"references":["Cuvier, G. L. C. F. D. & Valenciennes, A. (1847) Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome dix-neuvieme. Suite du livre dix-neuvieme. Brochets ou Lucioides. Livre vingtieme. De quelques familles de Malacopterygiens, intermediaires entre les Brochets et les Clupes. P. Bertrand, Paris, xix + 544 + 6 pp., pls. 554 - 590. [Author: Valenciennes.]","Munro, I. S. R. (1958) The fishes of the New Guinea region. Fishery Bulletin, Territory of Papua and New Guinea, Port Moresby, 1, 97 - 369."]}

The first part of the review of the four-winged flying fishes of the genus Cypselurus is presented, and shows that seven species belonging to two genera were mixed under the name Cypselurus (Zonocypselurus) hexazona, none of which is identical to Exocoetus hexazona Bleeker. A new subgenus of flying fish (Amustotrogon subgen. nov.) and four new species (Cheilopogon marisrubri, Cheilopogon katherinae, Cypselurus bosha, Cypselurus olpar) are described. The validity of Cypselurus formosus Kotthaus, 1969 is reinstated (as Cheilopogon (Amustotrogon) formosus). Three subspecies of Cheilopogon formosus are recognized: Ch. formosus formosus, Ch. f. pseudospilopterus subsp. nov. and Ch. f. andamanicus subsp. nov. Morphology of species and subspecies at different stages of ontogeny is described. Maps of their geographical distribution are presented. A key for identification of flying fish taxa described in the work is included.

* Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) – Flying gurnard; Cabrinha-de-leque ①, ②③ Wirtz el al. (2008) considered this as a doubtful record for Madeira., Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

□ Exocoetus obtusirostris Günther, 1866 – Oceanic two-wing flyingfish; ①, Peixe-voador ②, ③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 42, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

□ Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus, 1758 – Tropical two-wing flyingfish; Peixe-voador, ②, Voador ③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 42, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

The phylogeny of the flyingfish family Exocoetidae is studied cladistically, using 41 morphological characters encompassing early life history, and external and internal features. The monophyly of the family is supported by 10 synapomorphies. Within the family,Oxyporhamphus is the sister group to all other genera, the monophyly of the latter being defined by 10 synapomorphies.Fodiator is the sister group of genera characterized by the presence of chin barbels in juveniles.Parexocoetus is the sister group ofExocoetus, Cypselurus, Prognichthys andHirundichthys, the latter being defined by four synapomorphies. In the latter group,Exocoetus is the sister group of the other three genera. The phylogeny of the Exocoetidae is characterized by the stepwise upgrading of gliding capability, with sequential modifications of the caudal, pectoral and pelvic fins. The subfamily Oxyporhamphinae is resurrected.

1. The review is concerned mainly with exocoetid flying fish, because little reliable information is available concerning other groups. 2. Adult flying fish are of variable size (150–500 mm maximum length) and may be broadly divided into two categories: ‘two-wingers’ (e.g.Fodiator, Exocoetus, Parexocoetus) in which the enlarged pectoral fins make up most of the lifting surfaces, and ‘four-wingers’ (e.g.Cypsilurus, Hirundichthys) in which both pectoral and pelvic fins are hypertrophied. 3. The pectoral girdle of flying fish is considerably enlarged by comparison with most teleosts, the coracoid and scapula being particularly hypertrophied. 4. The pectoral fins are controlled by two groups of muscles, the lateral muscles that extend the wings, and the medial muscles that furl them. Both groups appear from external appearances to be red (aerobic) muscles. 5. A general picture of the flight of an adult four-wing flying fish is presented: fish swim toward the surface at very high speed (< 30 body lengths s-1) with the lateral fins furled, leap through the water surface at a shallow angle, accelerate to take-off speed by taxiing with the lateral fins expanded and the tail beating in the water at up to 50 beats s-1, and enter a free flight that may be prolonged by further taxiing. 6. Flying fish do not flap their wings to gain lift, but a whirring noise oroduced during take-off is possibly due to fluttering caused by the coupling together of the contraction of the axial muscles in the production of tail movements, and the action of the pectoral muscles in moving the pectoral fin rays. Alternatively, the noise may be due to a passive, flag-like function of the wings, stemming from their relatively rigid leading edges and flexible trailing edges. 7. Flying fish grow in slightly (but significantly) negatively allometric fashion, becoming slimmer with increased body length. On the other hand, wingloading has a markedly positive allometric relationship with standard length because flying fish cannot increase relative wingspan during growth, but have to narrow the wings to improve performance as they fly at greater speeds. Wingloading of flying fish is similar to that of birds and bats, and the largest of flying fish exhibit wingloadings similar to cormorants and pelicans. 8. The expanded, flat pelvic fins of four-wingers have evolved, not to increase wing area, but to function as ‘tailplanes’ or ‘stabilizers’ well behing the centre of gravity, with an area some 20–35% of the total lateral fin area, and an angle of incidence less than that of the cambered pectoral fins. 9. Flying fish start to exhibit flight at a length of around 50 mm; at smaller sizes surface tension is of importance, limiting flying fish to simple leaps with the fins held against the body by surface tension. Evidence is presented to indicate that smaller flying fish gain positive benefits to their swimming performance from possession of expanded lateral fins. 10. For a flying fish of 0.3 m standard length, significant reduction of drag by ground effect will take place at heights below about 0.5 m, prolonging flights and helping take-off. 11. Flying fish are in general limited to surface waters warmer than 20–23 °C. Evidence is presented to show that it is unlikely that flying fish are capable of flight at temperatures below 20 °C because of fundamental limitations of muscle function. 12. The most recent cladistic analysis supports the view that flying fish evolved from half-beak-like ancestors. They probably developed from elongate epipelagic fishes with hypocercal tails that helped them to swim quickly in the near-surface high-drag zone. 13. Flying fish probably fly mainly to escape from predators, particularly dolphin-fishes (Coryphaena hippurus) and ommastrephid squid. An alternative hypothesis of energy conservation is rejected; other possibilities (e.g. migration between food-poor and food-rich areas) are at present supported by limited evidence.

Pennella sagitta (L.) is redescribed from fresh specimens recovered from Histrio histrio (L.) and from material in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. A small, delicate parasitic copepod, P. sagitta is shown to be a valid species, found only on fishes of the family Antennariidae. Attempts of earlier workers to synonymize P. diodontis with P. sagitta are rejected, and the distinguishing features of both species are presented. A neotype is proposed from material described herein, due to a lack of the original holotype. A provisional review of the genus Pennella Oken, 1816 is provided, and the taxonomic status of 31 species is discussed. Pennella exocoetus is described from material in museum collections. Seven species, P. balaenoptera, P. diodontis, P. exocoetus, P.filosa, P. instructa, P. makaira and P. sagitta are considered as valid members of the genus. The remaining species are reduced to synonymy with valid species or accorded the status of species inquirendae.

Exocoetus volitans [spec. nov.] Exocoetus. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 321. @/D. 14. P. 15. V. 6. A. 13. C. 15. Art. gen. 8. syn. 18. spec. 35. Exocoetus. @/D. 13. P. 17. V. 6. A. 11. C. 15. Gron. mus. 1. n. 27. Exocoetus. @/D. 13. P. 17. V. 7. A. - - C. - - Habitat in alto Pelago, Europaeo & Americano, a Coryphaenis exagitatus ad sclopeti jactum ex aquis evolans gregarius, praeda fit Aquilae Pha�tontis; an Selaw Israelitarum, jubente Auctore coryphaenas pellere hos ad littus, uti statuit Rudbeck. fil.?, Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 316, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Exocoetus [gen. nov.] Caput squamosum. Os edenrulum: maxillis utroque latere connexis. Membr. branch. radiis X. Corpus albicans. Abdomen angulatum. Pinnae pectorales maximae, volatiles radiis antice carinatis., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 316, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206