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Resumen El objetivo del trabajo es descubrir los errores frecuentes y específicos de los aprendientes sinohablantes de español como lengua extranjera cuando usan conectores discursivos en los textos escritos. Para ello, se consideran los fundamentos metodológicos del análisis de corpus de aprendices desarrollado por Ramos (2016), así como el análisis de errores de Corder (1971). Los resultados cuantifican los errores y presentan una clasificación de estos, a la vez que ofrecen un principio de explicación de los mecanismos que propician su producción. De esta manera, los resultados pueden ser de utilidad para anticipar las dificultades que presentan los estudiantes; asimismo, permitiría diseñar una implantación didáctica y producir un material adaptado a ellos. Abstract The paper aims to discover the frequent and specific errors of Chinese-speaking learners of Spanish as a foreign language when using discourse markers in written texts. For this purpose, the methodological foundations of the corpus analysis of learners developed by Ramos (2016) are considered, as well as Corder’s (1971) error analysis. The results quantify the errors and present a classification of these, while offering a beginning explanation of the mechanisms that lead to their production. In this way, the results can be useful for anticipating the difficulties encountered by learners, as well as for designing a didactic implementation and producing material adapted to them. Resumo O objectivo do artigo é descobrir os erros frequentes e específicos dos aprendizes sino-espanholes de espanhol como língua estrangeira quando utilizam conectores discursivos em textos escritos. Para este efeito, são considerados os fundamentos metodológicos da análise do corpus de aprendentes desenvolvida por Ramos (2016), bem como a análise de erros de Corder (1971). Os resultados quantificam os erros e apresentam uma classificação destes, assim como oferecem um início de explicação dos mecanismos que conduzem à sua produção. Desta forma, os resultados podem ser úteis para antecipar as dificuldades encontradas pelos alunos, bem como para conceber uma implementação didáctica e produzir material adaptado aos mesmos.

In this article, the error analysis for designed test and definite integral in employing uniform experimental design is analogically developed on basis of midpoint rule in rectangle method for assessing definite integral through conducting discretized sampling approximately. It concluded that the discrete sampling-point by means of good lattice point in the evaluations of definite integral and maximum value of a function is promised with higher accuracy, and the predicted entire error of this uniform sampling point method for above problems decreases with the number of sampling points significantly

International audience; The computation of Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) in floating-point arithmetic is inexact due to roundings, and for some applications it can prove very useful to know a tight bound on the final error. Although it can be almost attained by specifically built input values, the best known error bound for the Cooley-Tukey FFT seems to be much larger than most actually obtained errors. Also, interval arithmetic can be used to compute a bound on the error committed with a given set of input values, but it is in general considered hampered with large overestimation. We report results of intensive computations to test the two approaches, in order to estimate the numerical performance of state-of-the-art bounds. Surprisingly enough, we observe that while interval arithmetic-based bounds are overestimated, they remain, in our computations, tighter than general known bounds.

This paper presents the implementation and experimental evaluation of a short-packet physical-layer network coding (PNC) system. Implementation of short-packet PNC systems is challenging. First, short packets may have only a few pilot symbols for synchronization and channel estimation purposes. Increasing the number of pilots increases the overhead; decreasing the number of pilots, on the other hand, degrades the packet error rate performance. Second, many short-packet systems are meant for applications with very stringent delay requirements. Employing advanced but complex PNC channel decoding may result in unacceptable delay due to the processing delay. This work presents a low-complexity and low-overhead physical-layer design of OFDM-based short-packet PNC systems, implemented over the software-defined radio platform. Our design makes use of only a small number of pilots (without separate OFDM preamble symbols) to address issues such as slot synchronization, packet detection, carrier frequency offsets, and mismatched channel state information. Our design employs reduced-complexity XOR channel decoding based code-aided parameter estimation (that includes synchronization and channel estimation) to compensate for the limitations imposed by having a small number of pilots. This is the first demonstration that provides a practical framework for applying PNC to short-packet communications.

Este artículo surge de la asignatura Errores en ELE impartida en el Máster de Enseñanza de español de la Universidad Masaryk de Brno, República Checa. Su objetivo principal es mostrar cómo se puede aprovechar el análisis de errores léxicos como herramienta en la formación de futuros profesores de ELE, en este caso, checos y eslovacos. Para conseguir este objetivo, en primer lugar, se repasan brevemente las corrientes que han investigado el error dentro del aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras: el Análisis Contrastivo, el Análisis de Errores y los estudios de Interlengua. En segundo lugar, se analiza un corpus de textos escritos por aprendientes de ELE según la metodología del Análisis de Errores (Corder, 1967), como actividad semicontrolada para los estudiantes del Máster. En tercer lugar, se clasifican tipológicamente los errores encontrados y se discute la posible conexión entre la formación que reciben los aprendientes y los errores cometidos. A partir de los resultados del análisis, se reflexiona sobre la utilidad que puede tener el análisis de estos errores no solo para la formación de profesores no nativos de ELE, sino también para comprender mejor la enseñanza del vocabulario. This paper arises from the subject Errors in Spanish as a Foreign Language, taught in the Master of Teaching Spanish at Masaryk University of Brno, Czech Republic. Its main objective is to show how the analysis of lexical errors can be used as a tool in the training of non‑native teachers of Spanish, in this case, Czech and Slovak. To achieve this goal, firstly, the paper presents a brief review of the trends that have investigated errors in foreign language learning, such as contrastive analysis, error analysis and interlanguage studies. Secondly, it analyzes a corpus of texts written by learners of Spanish according to the error analysis methodology (Corder, 1967), as an activity for the Master students. Thirdly, it shows a typological classification of different lexical errors found in the texts and it reflects on the possible connection between mistakes and teaching methodology. Based on the results of the analysis, the paper discusses the usefulness of the analysis of these errors not only for the training of non‑native teachers of Spanish as a foreign language, but also for a better understanding of vocabulary teaching.

The virtual element method (VEM) is a Galerkin approximation method that extends the finite element method to polytopal meshes. In this paper, we present two different conforming virtual element formulations for the numerical approximation of the Stokes problem that work on polygonal meshes.The velocity vector field is approximated in the virtual element spaces of the two formulations, while the pressure variable is approximated through discontinuous polynomials. Both formulations are inf-sup stable and convergent with optimal convergence rates in the $L^2$ and energy norm. We assess the effectiveness of these numerical approximations by investigating their behavior on a representative benchmark problem. The observed convergence rates are in accordance with the theoretical expectations and a weak form of the zero-divergence constraint is satisfied at the machine precision level.

International audience; We devise and analyze two-hybrid high-order (HHO) methods for the numerical approximation of the biharmonic problem. The methods support polyhedral meshes, rely on the primal formulation of the problem, and deliver $O(h^{k+1})$ $H^2$-error estimates when using polynomials of order $k\ge0$ to approximate the normal derivative on the mesh (inter)faces. Both HHO methods hinge on a stabilization in the spirit of Lehrenfeld--Sch\"oberl for second-order PDEs. The cell unknowns are polynomials of order $(k+2)$ that can be eliminated locally by means of static condensation. The face unknowns approximating the trace of the solution on the mesh (inter)faces are polynomials of order $(k+1)$ in the first HHO method which is valid in dimension two and uses an original stabilization involving the canonical hybrid finite element, and they are of order $(k+2)$ for the second HHO method which is valid in arbitrary dimension and uses only $L^2$-orthogonal projections in the stabilization. A comparative discussion with the weak Galerkin methods from the literature is provided, highlighting the close connections and the improvements proposed herein. Additionally, we show how the two HHO methods can be combined with a Nitsche-like boundary-penalty technique to weakly enforce the boundary conditions. An originality in the devised Nitsche's technique is to avoid any penalty parameter that must be large enough. Finally, numerical results showcase the efficiency of the proposed methods and indicate that the HHO methods can generally outperform discontinuous Galerkin methods and even be competitive with $C^0$-interior penalty methods on triangular meshes.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the students’ errors in composition writing. Theoretical Framework: This study is anchored to Corder’s (1974) model of error analysis in order to identify errors of the learners in their composition writing. The errors were discussed in five stages: collection of data containing errors, classification of errors, identification of errors, disclosure and evaluation of errors. Design/Methodology/Approach: The descriptive approach was used using qualitative and quantitative data since the study analyzed the errors committed by the students in composition writing. Moreover, descriptive design was used since the profile of the respondents in terms of sex was described. Lastly, error analysis was used in identifying the errors committed by the students in the writing of their autobiography. Findings: The study found that the Second Language Learners have committed numerous errors under mechanical, grammatical and structural categories such as: misspelling, lack of punctuation marks, errors in capitalization, wrong tense of verb, wrong subject and verb agreement, missing prepositions, fragments, faulty parallelism and comma splice. Research, Practical & Social Implications: This study has implications to language teaching and learning. Language professors should always incorporate lessons in grammar in all language courses. Further, the language learners should be more exposed to multiple writing tasks to enhance their writing skills. Originality/ Value: Development of an evidence-based English remedial program to improve the English proficiency and academic writing skills of second language learners in higher institutions.

We construct HDG methods based on the diffusive flux formulation of the convected acoustic wave equation.We mostly describe the HDG+ method which involves different polynomial degrees for approximating the unknowns, hence leading to a more efficient method with a super-convergencelike behaviour. A detailed analysis of the methods including local and global well-posedness, as well as convergence estimates is carried out. The HDG+ method is also compared with a more conventional HDG method to demonstrate its effectiveness.

This paper is devoted to proposing an approximate numerical algorithm based on the use of the state parameterization technique in order to find the solution to the optimal control problem (OCP). An explicit formula for new shifted wavelet (NSW) functions is constructed. A new formula that expresses the first-order derivative of the NSW in terms of their original NSW is established. The development of our suggested numerical algorithms begins with the extraction of a new operational matrix of derivative from this derivative formula. The expansion’s convergence study is performed in detail, and some illustrative examples of OCP are displayed. The proposed algorithm is compared with the exact one and some other methods in the literature. This confirms the accuracy and the high efficiency of the presented algorithm.

A camera-based visiometer is a promising atmospheric visibility measurement tool because it can meet some specific demands such as the need for visibility monitoring in a strong way, whereas traditional instruments, such as forward scatter-type sensors and transmissometers, can hardly be widely utilized due to their high cost. The camera-based method is used to measure visibility by recording the luminance contrast of the objects in an image. However, lacking standard conditions, they can hardly obtain absolute measurements even with blackbody objects. In this paper, the errors caused by nonstandard conditions in camera-based visiometers with two artificial black bodies are analyzed. The results show that the luminance contrasts of the two blackbodies are highly dependent on the environmental radiance distribution. The nonuniform sky illuminance can cause a large error in the blackbody contrast estimations, leading to substantial visibility measurement errors. A method based on a support vector machine (SVM) is proposed to classify the visibility under nonstandard conditions to ensure the reliability of the camera-based visiometer. A classification accuracy of 96.77% was achieved for the data containing images depicting different illumination conditions (e.g., a clear sky, cloudy sky, and overcast). The results show that the classifier based on the SVM is an effective and reliable method to estimate visibility under complex conditions.

Methane (CH4) is recognized as the second most important greenhouse gas. An accurate and precise monitoring of methane gas globally has a vital role in studying the carbon cycle and global warming. The spaceborne integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar is one of the most effective payload for methane detection. The simulation and optimization of the lidar system parameters can create an important base for the development of spaceborne payloads. However, previous IPDA lidar simulations have mostly used standard atmospheric models at simulation conditions, and to the best of our knowledge, there is no literature yet which applies a wavelength optimization to the IPDA system. In this study, we have investigated the relationship between the IPDA lidar system, based on wavelength optimization, and error measurement for CH4 column-averaged concentration. By selecting the wavelengths with the lowest comprehensive error as on-line and off-line, the error has been minimized by 10 ppb approximately relative to before optimization. We have proposed an IPDA simulation model at real atmospheric conditions, combining with ERA-5 reanalysis data, to simulate methane concentration globally, and present the distribution of errors. Finally, after the optimization of the lidar system parameters, we have ensured that the maximum inversion error for CH4 measurement is less than 10 ppb, to provide a reference for designing spaceborne IPDA lidar systems for high-precision CH4 column-averaged concentration detection.

In order to verify the accuracy and applicability of the discrete element method (DEM) in dealing with geometrically large deformations of continuous plate structures, both a single-parameter analysis and an orthogonal design method were adopted to analyze the displacement responses of the plate structures and were compared with those calculated using the finite element method (FEM). The single-parameter change condition involved the thickness-to-width ratio, elastic modulus, or Poisson’s ratio, while the multi-parameter change included boundary conditions, dimensions, load forms, thickness-to-width ratio, elastic modulus, and Poisson’s ratio. The results showed that displacements of the target locations were basically identical to those obtained according to FEM, with a maximum error of less than 5% under the single-parameter change condition. The maximum displacement error of the plate structures calculated using the DEM and FEM, respectively, was 4.212%, and the mean error and extreme difference of error parameters were 2.633% and 2.184%, respectively. These results indicate that the displacements of the plate structures calculated using the DEM were highly consistent with those obtained according to the FEM. Additionally, single-parameter changes and multi-parameter changes barely influenced the accuracy and suitability of the DEM in solving displacement response problems of plate structures. Therefore, the DEM is applicable in terms of dealing with displacement response problems of plate structures.

In this paper, a novel second-order method based on a change of variable and the symmetrical and repeated quadrature formula is presented for numerical solving second kind Volterra integral equations with non-smooth solutions. Applying the discrete Grönwall inequality with weak singularity, the convergence orderO(N−2)inL∞norm is proved, where N refers to the number of time steps. Numerical results are conducted to verify the efficiency and accuracy of the method.

This article describes an approximation technique based on fractional order Bernstein wavelets for the numerical simulations of fractional oscillation equations under variable order, and the fractional order Bernstein wavelets are derived by means of fractional Bernstein polynomials. The oscillation equation describes electrical circuits and exhibits a wide range of nonlinear dynamical behaviors. The proposed variable order model is of current interest in a lot of application areas in engineering and applied sciences. The purpose of this study is to analyze the behavior of the fractional force-free and forced oscillation equations under the variable-order fractional operator. The basic idea behind using the approximation technique is that it converts the proposed model into non-linear algebraic equations with the help of collocation nodes for easy computation. Different cases of the proposed model are examined under the selected variable order parameters for the first time in order to show the precision and performance of the mentioned scheme. The dynamic behavior and results are presented via tables and graphs to ensure the validity of the mentioned scheme. Further, the behavior of the obtained solutions for the variable order is also depicted. From the calculated results, it is observed that the mentioned scheme is extremely simple and efficient for examining the behavior of nonlinear random (constant or variable) order fractional models occurring in engineering and science., This is a preprint of a paper whose final and definite form is published Open Access in 'Mathematics' at [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11112503]

Measurement accuracy is essential for the all-fiber optic current sensor. Angle errors of axis alignment in the fusion processing affect the measurement accuracy with different modulation and demodulation methods. The relationship between observed and theoretical values has been analyzed with sinusoidal modulation and square modulation, respectively. The error and the error tolerance are computed with different demodulations based on the application of measurement and protection. The four demodulations are ordered based on the complexity and the error tolerance requirement. The open-loop demodulation scheme of the all-fiber optic current sensor can be applied for the protection application because it can be easily achieved. For the measurement application, the closed-loop feedback demodulation is recommended when the current is to be measured significantly; Otherwise, the harmonic division demodulation could meet the requirements of the system.

Multi-term variable-order fractional differential equations (VO-FDEs) are considered to be one of the tools to illustrate the behavior of transient-regime real-life phenomena precisely. The analytical solutions of VO-FDEs are generally very hard to obtain. Therefore, in this study, an approximation method for the solution of multi-term VO-FDEs is proposed using shifted Chebyshev polynomials of the third kind (SCP3). The method employs the operational matrices of SCP3 to proximate the VO-FDEs with a system of algebraic equations. The solution of which also yields the approximate result for the multi-term VO-FDE. An error analysis is also included. The SCP3 method is examined on several examples demonstrating the precision and prowess of the method.

This study reports the dominant linguistic errors in the written composition of Grade 7 Hiligaynon-speaking students in one of the public secondary schools in the Philippines. Following the initial implementation of the MTB-MLE policy, it attempts to identify the structures of English, especially in the domains of morphology and syntax that may have been influenced by the students’ mother tongue. More significantly, it identifies the sources of errors made by students. Questionnaires that contained narrative essay topics were distributed among the respondents for personal narrative writing. Errors were identified, categorized, described, and explained using error analysis method. Forty-four categories of errors were classified to find out the sources of morpho-syntactic errors, dominant errors and weak areas that occurred in written compositions. In terms of surface structures, errors had been identified including addition of unnecessary article, omission of verb, misinformation in word class and misordering of major constituents in sentences. The study identified three sources which triggered learners’ errors: intralingual, interlingual and communicative strategy. However, the majority of the errors were attributed to intralingual sources which mainly resulted from lack of grammatical and lexical knowledge and faulty sentence formation.

The paper aims to discover the frequent and specific errors of Chinese-speaking learners of Spanish as a foreign language when using discourse markers in written texts. For this purpose, the methodological foundations of the corpus analysis of learners developed by Ramos (2016) are considered, as well as Corder's (1971) error analysis. The results quantify the errors and present a classification of these, while offering a beginning explanation of the mechanisms that lead to their production. In this way, the results can be useful for anticipating the difficulties encountered by learners, as well as for designing a didactic implementation and producing material adapted to them., El objetivo del trabajo es descubrir los errores frecuentes y específicos de los aprendientes sinohablantes de español como lengua extranjera cuando usan conectores discursivos en los textos escritos. Para ello, se consideran los fundamentos metodológicos del análisis de corpus de aprendices desarrollado por Ramos (2016), así como el análisis de errores de Corder (1971). Los resultados cuantifican los errores y presentan una clasificación de estos, a la vez que ofrecen un principio de explicación de los mecanismos que propician su producción. De esta manera, los resultados pueden ser de utilidad para anticipar las dificultades que presentan los estudiantes; asimismo, permitiría diseñar una implantación didáctica y producir un material adaptado a ellos., O objectivo do artigo é descobrir os erros frequentes e específicos dos aprendizes sino-espanholes de espanhol como língua estrangeira quando utilizam conectores discursivos em textos escritos. Para este efeito, são considerados os fundamentos metodológicos da análise do corpus de aprendentes desenvolvida por Ramos (2016), bem como a análise de erros de Corder (1971). Os resultados quantificam os erros e apresentam uma classificação destes, assim como oferecem um início de explicação dos mecanismos que conduzem à sua produção. Desta forma, os resultados podem ser úteis para antecipar as dificuldades encontradas pelos alunos, bem como para conceber uma implementação didáctica e produzir material adaptado aos mesmos.

Under simply supported plate (SSP) boundary conditions, a numerical method based on the higher-order Legendre polynomial approximation was studied and developed for fourth-order problems with variable coefficients. We first divide the SSP boundary conditions into two types, namely, forced boundary conditions and natural boundary conditions. According to the forced boundary conditions, an appropriate Sobolev space is defined, and a variational formulation and a discrete scheme associated with the original problem are established. Then, the existence and uniqueness of this weak solution and approximate solution are proved. By using the Céa lemma and the tensor Jacobian polynomial approximation, we further obtain the error estimation for the numerical solutions. In addition, we use the orthogonality of Legendre polynomials to construct a set of effective basis functions and derive the equivalent tensor product linear system associated with the discrete scheme, respectively. Finally, some numerical tests were carried out to validate our algorithm and theoretical analysis.

The problems of students' blunders in translating narrative text sparked this study. This study was carried out at SMKN 5 Padang during the 2021/2022 academic year. Many pupils struggle to translate effectively in classroom teaching and learning activities. The descriptive qualitative method was employed in this study. The sample of the population in this study was 34 students, the population was students in the tenth grade second semester of SMK 5 Padang, and the researcher took samples in the X Teknik Instalasi Tenaga Listrik 1. which comprised of 34 students using cluster random sampling. A recall text was translated as an instrument in this study. The researcher discovered five sorts of errors produced by students in translating English narrative text into Indonesian language based on data received from a test given to students. There are five types of errors: omission errors, blend errors, addition errors, misformation errors, and misordering errors.

Two main topics are addressed in the present paper, first, a rigorous qualitative study of a second-order reaction–diffusion problem with non-linear diffusion and cubic-type reactions, as well as inhomogeneous dynamic boundary conditions. Under certain assumptions about the input data: gd(t,x), gfr(t,x), U0(x) and ζ0(x), we prove the well-posedness (the existence, a priori estimates, regularity and uniqueness) of a solution in the space Wp1,2(Q)×Wp1,2(Σ). Here, we extend previous results, enabling new mathematical models to be more suitable to describe the complexity of a wide class of different physical phenomena of life sciences, including moving interface problems, material sciences, digital image processing, automatic vehicle detection and tracking, the spread of an epidemic infection, semantic image segmentation including U-Net neural networks, etc. The second goal is to develop an iterative splitting scheme, corresponding to the non-linear second-order reaction–diffusion problem. Results relating to the convergence of the approximation scheme and error estimation are also established. On the basis of the proposed numerical scheme, we formulate the algorithm alg-frac_sec-ord_dbc, which represents a delicate challenge for our future works. The benefit of such a method could simplify the process of numerical computation.

The label-less characteristics of real vehicle data make engineering modeling and capacity identification of lithium-ion batteries face great challenges. Different from ideal laboratory data, the raw data collected from vehicle driving cycles have a great adverse impact on effective modeling and capacity identification of lithium-ion batteries due to the randomness and unpredictability of vehicle driving conditions, sampling frequency, sampling resolution, data loss, and other factors. Therefore, data cleaning and optimization is processed and the capacity of a battery pack is identified subsequently in combination with the improved two-point method. The current available capacity is obtained by a Fuzzy Kalman filter optimization capacity estimation curve, making use of the charging and discharging data segments. This algorithm is integrated into a new energy big data cloud platform. The results show that the identification algorithm of capacity is applied successfully from academic to engineering fields by charge and discharge mutual verification, and that life expectancy meets the engineering requirements.

Machine learning algorithms are powerful tools in Bayesian uncertainty quantification (UQ) of inverse problems. Unfortunately, when using these algorithms medical imaging practitioners are faced with the challenging task of manually defining neural networks that can handle complicated inputs such as acoustic data. This task needs to be replicated for different receiver types or configurations since these change the dimensionality of the input. We propose to first transform the data using the adjoint operator —ex: time reversal in photoacoustic imaging (PAI) or back-projection in computer tomography (CT) imaging — then continue posterior inference using the adjoint data as an input now that it has been standardized to the size of the unknown model. This adjoint preprocessing technique has been used in previous works but with minimal discussion on if it is biased. In this work, we prove that conditioning on adjoint data is unbiased for a certain class of inverse problems. We then demonstrate with two medical imaging examples (PAI and CT) that adjoints enable two things: Firstly, adjoints partially undo the physics of the forward operator resulting in faster convergence of a learned Bayesian UQ technique. Secondly, the algorithm is now robust to changes in the observed data caused by different transducer subsampling in PAI and number of angles in CT. Our adjoint-based Bayesian inference method results in point estimates that are faster to compute than traditional baselines and show higher SSIM metrics, while also providing validated UQ.

V diplomskem delu je najprej teoretično predstavljenih nekaj orodij kakovosti in metoda 8D. Zatem sledi analiza vseh napak, ki se v proizvodnem procesu elektromotorjev dogajajo in so predmet reklamacij. Izmed vseh odkritih napak smo izluščili dve napaki, ki se pojavljata najbolj množično, in eno napako, ki je definirana kot kritična napaka, če se pojavi med obratovanjem. Izbrane tri napake smo analizirali po metodi 8D in uporabili vsa v teoretičnem delu predstavljena orodja kakovosti. Po vpeljanih korektivnih ukrepih smo njihov učinek ocenili in predlagali izboljšave. Ukrep se je nato tudi standardiziral in predstavil ostalim podjetjem v sklopu korporacije. Na koncu je predstavljen napredek, ki se je zgodil od pojava napake do standardizacije ukrepa. In the diploma thesis, some quality tools and the 8D method are first theoretically presented. This is followed by an analysis of all errors that occur in the production process of electric motors and are the subject of customer complaints. From all those considered, we have chosen 2 errors that occur most frequently and one error that can potentially endanger the health and life of people. We analysed the selected errors using the 8D method, using all the quality tools presented in the theoretical part. After the implemented corrective measures, we evaluated their effect and proposed improvements. The measure was then standardized and presented to the parent company abroad. At the end is presented the progress that occurred from the occurrence of the error to the standardization of the measure.

Este es un resumen de la tesis doctoral realizada por Jésica López Hernández bajo la dirección del Dr. Rafael Valencia García, la Dra. Ángela Almela Sánchez-Lafuente y el Dr. Fernando Molina Molina. La defensa tuvo lugar el día 18 de mayo de 2022 en la Facultad de Letras de la Universidad de Murcia, con un tribunal compuesto por el Dr. Pascual Cantos Gómez (Universidad de Murcia), la Dra. Gema Alcaraz Mármol (Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha) y el Dr. Mario Andrés Paredes Valverde (Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Teziutlán). La tesis obtuvo la calificación de sobresaliente cum laude otorgada por unanimidad y mención de doctorado internacional. This is a summary of the Ph.D. thesis written by Jésica López Hernández at University of Murcia under the supervision of Ph.D. Rafael Valencia García, Ph.D. Ángela Almela Sánchez-Lafuente and Ph.D. Fernando Molina Molina. The author was examined on May 18th, 2022 by a committee formed by Ph.D. Pascual Cantos Gómez (University of de Murcia), Ph.D. Gema Alcaraz Mármol (University of Castilla-La Mancha) and Ph.D. Mario Andrés Paredes Valverde (Higher Technological Institute of Teziutlán). The Ph.D. thesis was awarded an excellent grade and Cum Laude honours and the international mention. Esta tesis doctoral ha sido financiada por el Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte de España a través de las Ayudas para la formación de profesorado universitario (FPU), del Programa Estatal de Promoción del Talento y su Empleabilidad, con referencia FPU16/03324. También ha sido apoyada por la Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) a través del proyecto LaTe4PSP (PID2019-107652RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033).

Since the graduates of English education department are expected to be educators, errors that are still prevalent in their research articles need to be acknowledgedas teaching what is essentially flawed language use may lead to damaging results.Therefore, the aim of this research is to inspectprevalent morphological and syntactical errors in undergraduate research articles from English education department and determine the factors causing the errors. The results of the study show that errors are found at both morphological and syntactical levels. The morphological level includes inflection, derivation, preposition, article, possessive determiner, quantifier determiner, copula be, and pronoun. Meanwhile, the syntactical level includes passive voice, tense, infinitive, noun phrase, adverbial clause, adjectival clause, auxiliary, and subject-verb agreement. As for the source of errors, both interlingual and intralingual factors are attributed to causing such errors.This study highlights the process of error classification andthe trend of frequently-made errors, including their commonality within the EFL context. Several suggestions are also offered in order that English learners can be more attentive to their writings. Keywords:error analysis, morpheme, syntax, research article, undergraduate

This study is aimed to find out the types of errors made by the presenters of thesis proposal seminar based on Communicative Effect Taxonomy and to find out whether or not global errors of Communicative Effect Taxonomy made by the presenters of thesis proposal seminar significantly hinder communication between the presenters and the audiences. This study used qualitative approach since the data of this study was taken from 4 students’ presentations which were in the form of words rather than number and statistic. This study revealed that there were 188 errors committed by the students in which 179 and 9 erroneous utterances fall under local error and global error respectively. The local errors consist of 45 lexical errors, 93 morphological errors, and 41 syntactical errors. The global errors consist of 2 wrong order of major constituents, 1 missing, wrong, or misplaced sentence connectors, 1 missing, wrong, or misplaced sentence connectors, and 5 uncategorized global errors. As for the effect of global error to the audience, the writer found out that the global errors did not significantly hinder communication to the audience. Keywords: Error Analysis, thesis proposal seminar, Communicative Effect Taxonomy

Introduction Analysing morbidity and using this to improve the quality of patient care is an important component of clinical governance. Several methods of data collection and clinical analysis have been suggested, but to date none have been widely adopted. Method All adult patients sustaining facial fractures were prospectively identified between 01 March 2019 and 28 February 2020, and matched to those who required a return to theatre for surgical complications. Morbidity resulting in a return to theatre was determined using the Clavien-Dindo classification and the Northwestern University error ascribing method. Results During this period, return to theatre occurred for 33/285 (11.6%) procedures and 23/173 (13.3%) of patients being treated for facial fractures. According to the 27 procedures discussed, Clavien-Dindo Grade IIIb was most commonly found (20/27). Error in judgement (13/35) and nature of disease (12/35) were ascribed as the most common causes of error. Presence of a consultant was associated with increased odds of a return to theatre (p=0.014). Conclusions Standardised national data collection of morbidity and error is required for comparisons of outcomes within a single institution or between institutions. This is the first paper to utilise these widely used methods of morbidity analysis for facial fracture surgery. We would recommend further development of an error analysis method that is more specific to those complications from facial fracture surgery.

本研究は、日本人EFL学習者のパラグラフ・ライティングにおける因果関係の語用論言語学的エラーを探るものである。語用論言語学的エラーとは、語用論的影響力が言語化された場合の食い違いによって引き起こされる言語の問題を指す。大学 2年生が書いた 53の英語パラグラフを、接続副詞の使用に焦点を当てて調べた。接続副詞は、文・節・句を論理的につなぐものであり、書き手が示したい原因と結果の関係を記述する上で重要な役割を果たしている。また、語彙や構文などの間違いのほかに、副詞のsoの使用頻度が therefore や as a result よりも高いことがわかった。このことから、副詞の so を使うことで、語用論的に誤った意味が伝わり、因果関係が損なわれている惧れがあることも示唆された。本研究では、これらの語用論的な誤りの原因についても考察し、接続詞soに関する教授インプットの不足、soの用法の多様性、そしてsoとそれに対応する日本語表現との類似点などが指摘された。 This study explores the Japanese English as second language learners’ pragmalinguistic errors in the use of conjunction so, which may lead to incorrect cause-and-effect relationships in their English paragraph writings. Pragmalinguistic errors refer to a linguistic problem caused by differences in the linguistic encoding of pragmatic force. Fifty-three English paragraphs written by university sophomores were examined with focus on the use of conjunctions and conjunctive adverbials. Conjunctive adverbials logically connect sentences, clauses, and phrases and play a significant role in describing the relationship between a cause and an effect that writers intend to show. Besides lexical, syntactic, and other mistakes, it was found that students used a conjunction so more frequently than therefore and as a result. However, their usage of so often conveyed pragmatically wrong meanings, which led to impairment of cause-and-effect relationships in their writings. The study also discusses the possible causes of these pragmalinguistic errors: i.e., less instructional input of conjunction so, various meanings and usage of so, and some similarities between so and Japanese counterpart expressions.

The error characterization of rainfall products of spaceborne radar is essential for better applications of radar data, such as multisource precipitation data fusion and hydrological modeling. In this study, we analyzed the error of the near-surface rainfall product of the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) on the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) and modeled it based on ground C-band dual-polarization radar (CDP) data with optimization rainfall retrieval. The comparison results show that the near-surface rainfall data were overestimated by light rain and slightly underestimated by heavy rain. The error of near-surface rainfall of the DPR was modeled as an additive model according to the comparison results. The systematic error of near-surface rainfall was in the form of a quadratic polynomial, while the systematic error of stratiform precipitation was smaller than that of convective precipitation. The random error was modeled as a Gaussian distribution centered from −1 to 0 mm h−1. The standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution of convective precipitation was 1.71 mm h−1, and the standard deviation of stratiform precipitation was 1.18 mm h−1, which is smaller than that of convective precipitation. In view of the precipitation retrieval algorithm of DPR, the error causes were analyzed from the reflectivity factor (Z) and the drop size distribution (DSD) parameters (Dm, Nw). The high accuracy of the reflectivity factor measurement results in a small systematic error. Importantly, the negative bias of Nw was very obvious when the rain type was convective precipitation, resulting in a large random error. Significance Statement This study first compares the total and different rain types of near-surface rainfall measured by DPR and ground-based radar CDP, then separates the error of DPR near-surface rainfall into systematic and random errors and analyzes the possible causes of the error. The purpose of this study is to better apply the error model to applications such as optimal data fusion and hydrological modeling, and the analysis of the error can also provide a basis for improving the spaceborne precipitation retrieval algorithm.

A previously reported time-series ratio method for retrieving soil moisture information from Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) measurements is updated to improve the algorithm used for excluding CYGNSS measurements from the time series, thereby improving the algorithm's computational efficiency while eliminating the requirement for contemporary soil moisture information from Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP). Daily CYGNSS soil moisture estimates are retrieved and presented on a 36-km grid over the 27-month period January 2018-May 2020 and show an overall root mean square error ≈4.46%, an overall correlation for all attempted retrievals of ≈80.53%, and an average correlation for individual pixels of 48.61% relative to SMAP using the updated time-series algorithm. An analysis of the errors of the updated algorithm is also provided as a function of surface properties.

This paper presents a new block diagram for defining a dynamic error in instruments for measuring the angular position of moving objects. The diagram proposes a new concept for investigating dynamic error characteristics as well as for compiling algorithms, inventing methods, and employing means for elimination of the dynamic error as independent component. Based on that concept, a system for measuring the roll, pitch, trim, and heel of moving objects has been developed. The system features high accuracy ensured through a combination of the capacities of different micro-electromechanical sensors that are unified into a shared platform with a specific algorithm used to determine and eliminate a real-time dynamic error. In addition, the paper presents the results from experimental research work. The results confirm the large operational capacity of the proposed concept concerning measurement accuracy.

The learner’s syntactical error analyses have long been interested in the second and foreign language researchers. This study aimed at investigating the syntactical error types, the form of error, and the frequencies of these errors that occurred in the sixth-semester student presentation on the conversation class at the English Literature Study Program in Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia. To achieve the objectives, the data were collected from the learner’s transcribed speech. The sampling of non-probability was used to select the classroom and participant’s characteristics. These data were collected by video recording, non- participant observation techniques, and documents. To classify the learner’s syntactical errors, Politzer Ramirez’s (1973) syntactical errors taxonomy was adopted. Further, the qualitative method was applied in this study. Based on the result of the analysis, there were 64 syntactical errors uttered by the learner. The results of the analysis were then categorized into three forms: phrases, clauses, and sentences. The results of this study showed that the learner often made the syntactical error in the form of sentences. That was 32 errors (50%). Furthermore, the study found that the amount of confusion was the most commonly uttered as the type of error (26,56%). The learner often got confused to make the right use between the number and the subject mentioned. Thus, the findings indicated that even though the learner considered as the best; yet the learner still possibly made some errors. Therefore, lecturers or instructors should raise the students’ syntactical error awareness. So that it could improve the student’ speaking skills in their level of English.Keywords: error analysis, syntactical error, conversation class, speaking skillsAbstrakAnalisis kesalahan sintaksis siswa telah lama menjadi hal yang menarik bagi peneliti bahasa kedua dan asing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki jenis kesalahan sintaksis, bentuk kesalahan, dan frekuensi kesalahan tersebut pada presentasi siswa semester enam pada kelas percakapan di Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia. Untuk mencapai tujuannya, data dikumpulkan dari presentasi siswa yang telah ditranskripsikan. Sampling non-probabilitas diterapkan untuk memilih karakteristik kelas dan partisipan. Data tersebut dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik perekaman video, pengamatan non-partisipan, dan dokumen. Untuk mengklasifikasikan kesalahan sintaksis mahasiswa, taksonomi kesalahan sintaksis Politzer dan Ramirez (1973) diadopsi. Lebih lanjut, metode kualitatif diterapkan dalam penelitian ini. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, terdapat 64 kesalahan sintaksis yang ditemukan pada presentasi siswa. Hasil analisis kemudian dikategorikan dalam tiga bentuk, yakni frase, klausa, dan kalimat. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa siswa sering membuat kesalahan sintaksis dalam bentuk kalimat, yakni 32 kesalahan (50%). Lebih jauh, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ‘number of confusion’ merupakan jenis kesalahan yang sering diujarkan, yakni 26,56%. Pembelajar sering mengalami kebingungan dalam menggunakan antara nomor dan subjek yang disebutkan. Dengan demikian, temuan menunjukkan bahwa meskipun mahasiswa dianggap yang terbaik masih membuat beberapa kesalahan. Oleh karena itu, dosen atau instruktur harus meningkatkan kesadaran kesalahan sintaksis mahasiswa sehingga hal ini dapat meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara siswa di tingkat bahasa Inggris mereka.Kata kunci: analisis kesalahan, kesalahan sintaksis, kelas percakapan, keterampilan berbicara

This study presents a quintic B-spline collocation method (QBSCM) for finding the numerical solution of non-linear Bratu-type boundary value problems (BVPs). The error analysis of the QBSCM is studied, and it provides fourth-order convergence results. QBSCM is applied on two numerical examples to exhibit the proficiency and order of convergence. Obtain results of the QBSCM are compared with other existing methods available in the literature.

The final publication is available at https://doi.org/10.1515/anly-2022-1104., This paper considers several approximate operators used in a particle method based on a Voronoi diagram. We introduce and study our approximate operators on gradient and Laplace operators. We derive error estimates for these approximate operators by applying our weight functions. The key idea of deriving our error estimates is to divide the integration region into a ring-shaped area and some areas. In the appendix, we give an exemplary application of the main results of this paper.

As one of the most important greenhouse gases, water vapor plays a vital role in various weather and climate processes. In recent years, a near-infrared ratio technique based on satellite images has become a research hotspot in the field of precipitable water vapor (PWV) monitoring. This study proposes a Level 2A PWV data retrieval method based on Sentinel-2 images (S2-L2A), which considers land-cover types and is more suitable for local areas. The radiative transfer model MODTRAN 5 is used to simulate the atmospheric radiative transfer process and obtain lookup tables (LUTs) for PWV retrieval. The spatial distribution of S2-L2A PWV is validated using Global Positioning System (GPS), Terra-MODIS PWV product (MOD05), and Level 2A product provided by ESA (ESA-L2A), while the time series results are evaluated using MOD05. Results show that the PWV retrieved by S2-L2A is both highly correlated and has low bias with the three PWV products, and is closer to the reference data than the MOD05 and ESA-L2A PWV. The relative PWV value in the morning is: bare soil > vegetation-covered area > construction land; as the elevation increases, the PWV value decreases. This study also analyzes the error distribution of the PWV data retrieved by S2-L2A, and finds that inversion error increases with AOT value, but decreases with elevation and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Compared with the three water vapor products, the PWV data retrieved by the proposed method has high accuracy and can provide large-scale and high-spatial-resolution PWV data for many research fields, such as agriculture and meteorology.

Machine learning has been used in hydrological applications for decades, and recently, it was proven to be more efficient than sophisticated physically based modelling techniques. In addition, it has been used in hybrid frameworks that combine hydrological and machine learning models. The concept behind the latter is the use of machine learning as a filter that advances the performance of the hydrological model. In this study, we employed such a hybrid approach but with a different perspective and objective. Machine learning was used as a tool for analyzing the error of hydrological models in an effort to understand the source and the attributes of systematic modelling errors. Three hydrological models were applied to three different case studies. The results of these models were analyzed with a recurrent neural network and with the k-nearest neighbours algorithm. Most of the systematic errors were detected, but certain types of errors, including conditional systematic errors, passed unnoticed, leading to an overestimation of the confidence of some erroneously simulated values. This is an issue that needs to be considered when using machine learning as a filter in hybrid networks. The effect of conditional systematic errors can be reduced by naively combining the simulations (mean values) of two or more hydrological models. This simple technique reduces the magnitude of conditional systematic errors and makes them more discoverable to machine learning models.

In view of the difficulties regarding that airborne navigation equipment relies on imports and the expensive domestic high-precision navigation equipment in the manufacturing field of Chinese navigable aircraft, a dual-antenna GNSS (global navigation satellite system)/MINS (micro-inertial navigation system) integrated navigation system was developed to implement high-precision and high-reliability airborne integrated navigation equipment. First, the state equation and measurement equation of the system were established based on the classical discrete Kalman filter principle. Second, according to the characteristics of the MEMS (micro-electric-mechanical system), the IMU (inertial measurement unit) is not sensitive to Earth rotation to realize self-alignment; the magnetometer, accelerometer and dual-antenna GNSS are utilized for reliable attitude initial alignment. Finally, flight status identification was implemented by the different satellite data, accelerometer and gyroscope parameters of the aircraft in different states. The test results shown that the RMS (root mean square) of the pitch angle and roll angle error of the testing system are less than 0.05° and the heading angle error RMS is less than 0.15° under the indoor static condition. A UAV flight test was carried out to test the navigation effect of the equipment upon aircraft take-off, climbing, turning, cruising and other states, and to verify the effectiveness of the system algorithm.

Deep-learning techniques have enabled a breakthrough in robustness and execution time in automated cell detection in live fluorescence microscopy datasets. However, the heterogeneity, dimensionality and ever-growing size of 3D+time datasets challenge the evaluation of measurements. Here we propose a quality score for the accuracy of cell segmentation maps that is detector-independent and does not need any groundtruth nor priors on object appearance. Our method learns the dynamic parameters of each cell to detect inconsistencies in local displacements induced by segmentation errors. Using simulations that approximate the dynamics of cellular aggregates, we demonstrate the score ability to rank the performance of detectors up to 40% of false positives. On live volumetric imaging of organoids, our score is able to appropriately rank two stateof-the-art pre-trained deep-learning detectors (Stardist3D and Cellpose).; Les techniques d'apprentissage profond ont permis une percée dans la robustesse et le temps d'exécution de la détection automatisée des cellules dans les ensembles de données de microscopie à fluorescence en direct. Cependant, l'hétérogénéité, la dimensionnalité et la taille toujours croissante des ensembles de données 3D+temps compliquent l'évaluation des mesures. Nous proposons ici un score de qualité pour la précision des cartes de segmentation cellulaire qui est indépendant du détecteur et ne nécessite aucune vérité de base ni aucun a priori sur l'apparence de l'objet. Notre méthode apprend les paramètres dynamiques de chaque cellule pour détecter les incohérences dans les déplacements locaux induits par les erreurs de segmentation. En utilisant des simulations qui se rapprochent de la dynamique des agrégats cellulaires, nous démontrons la capacité du score à classer la performance des détecteurs jusqu'à 40% de faux positifs. Sur l'imagerie volumétrique en direct d'organoïdes, notre score est capable de classer de manière appropriée deux détecteurs d'apprentissage profond pré-entraînés de l'état de l'art (Stardist3D et Cellpose).

We establish first-order convergence of the implicit Euler scheme for the quasilinear Maxwell equations with Kerr-type material laws. We only impose regularity assumption which are in accordance with the newly established wellposed theory for the PDE system. In recent literure CFL conditions had to be imposed on full discretizations of this system even for implicit time integration schemes. In our results on the semi- discretization, the time step size is only restricted by the $\mathcal{H}^3$-norm $r_0$ of the initial fields, and the solutions of the scheme are bounded by $c(r_0)$. We thus expect to obtain full discretization results without CFL condition in future work. The estimates are shown by an intricate iterative procedure inspired by the methods used in the wellposedness theory of the PDE.

In this work, we study discrete minimizers of the Ginzburg–Landau energy in finite element spaces. Special focus is given to the influence of the Ginzburg–Landau parameter $\kappa$. This parameter is of physical interest as large values can trigger the appearance of vortex lattices. Since the vortices have to be resolved on sufficiently fine computational meshes, it is important to translate the size of $\kappa$ into a mesh resolution condition, which can be done through error estimates that are explicit with respect to $\kappa$ and the spatial mesh width $h$. For that, we first work in an abstract framework for a general class of discrete spaces, where we present convergence results in a problem-adapted $\kappa$-weighted norm. Afterwards we apply our findings to Lagrangian finite elements and a particular generalized finite element construction. In numerical experiments we confirm that our derived $L^2$- and $H^1$-error estimates are indeed optimal in $\kappa$ and $h$.

Considering the research question "Are students aware of their errors when writing online using English as a foreign language?", 94 pre-service teachers completed a questionnaire that included simple sentences with common errors for them to identify. In the second part of the questionnaire, they were asked whether they were conscious of these errors and also about the resources they usually employ to clarify their doubts. This has allowed us to verify that most students are aware of those errors, but also that they have doubts and resort to different online resources for clarification. Results suggest that we need to provide our students with resources to help them clarify their doubts. In doing so, we should consider factors such as the influence of online environment and sustained attention in e-learning, which seem to be important when working with the needs of these students.

This paper is dedicated to the full discretization of linear wave equations, where the space discretization is carried out with a discontinuous Galerkin method on spatial meshes which are locally refined or have a large wave speed on only a small part of the mesh. Such small local structures lead to a strong CFL condition in explicit time integration schemes causing a severe loss in efficiency. For these problems, various local time-stepping schemes have been proposed in the literature in the last years and have been shown to be very efficient. Here, we construct a quite general class of local time integration methods containing local time-stepping and locally implicit methods as special cases. For these two variants we prove stability and optimal convergence rates in space and time.