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In the current discourse surrounding economic and societal growth, much emphasis has been placed on the role and impact of digitalization. Despite this trend, research exploring the ecological implications of the digital economy remains scarce. To fill this research gap, our study aimed to investigate the correlation between the digital economy and carbon emissions, specifically examining the moderating impact of environmental regulations. For empirical analysis, we utilize the CRITIC methodology to establish a thorough set of indicators that can evaluate the performance of China’s digital economy. According to our empirical results, the digital economy seems to exert a moderating influence on the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and this negative impact is more pronounced in affluent and densely populated regions of China. The effectiveness of digitalization in reducing pollution can be enhanced by the enforcement of environmental regulations. This paper elucidates the potential mechanisms via which the digital economy affects carbon dioxide emissions, and constructs a framework for the mechanisms via which the digital economy affects the environment by influencing the carbon dioxide emissions, providing a new way for enterprises and governments to participate in environmental protection and expanding the content of research related to the digital economy.

Based on a difference-in-differences model, this study examines the effect of environmental regulation on the market competitiveness of heavily polluting enterprises, their mechanisms, and the space for effective implementation. Which all listed heavily polluting enterprises between 2010 and 2019 are included as the experimental group, and all other firms in the same industries listed on the Chinese stock market as the control group. The results indicate that environmental regulations have significantly increased the market competitiveness of heavily polluting enterprises in China. Furthermore, China’s New Environmental Protection Law (NEPL) has improved the market competitiveness of heavily polluting enterprises through strategic, flexible mitigation effects. Finally, the NEPL in regions with eastern or non-state enterprises has a significant impact on market competitiveness. The government should further improve laws and regulations for environmental protection, increase environmental regulations, and apply policies based on the differences in heavily polluting enterprises.

As one of the environmental governance tools used to achieve green and low-carbon development in China, the ability of carbon emission trading schemes (CETS) to promote the green transition of enterprises is key to assessing the effectiveness of their implementation. Therefore, this paper used the panel data of China A-share listed heavy-polluting enterprises from 2010 to 2019, adopted the super-SBM model and GML index to measure the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of enterprises as an indicator of green transition, and further employed a staggered difference-in-difference model (DID) based on propensity score matching (PSM) to investigate the impact and mechanism of CETS on the green transition of enterprises. The results revealed that CETS significantly improved the green development efficiency of heavy-polluting enterprises and promoted green transition. In addition, the promotion was more pronounced among enterprises with weak cost transfer abilities, low levels of financing constraints, and high-quality internal control systems as well as in areas with high environmental enforcement intensity. More importantly, the mechanism analysis showed that heavy-polluting enterprises mainly chose to increase green technological innovation, especially substantive green technological innovation, and accelerated productive capital renewal to achieve their green transition targets. This study provides empirical evidence for improving the construction of the national carbon emission trading market and promoting the green transition and low-carbon development of heavy-polluting enterprises.

La Corporación Autónoma Regional de la Frontera Nororiental (CORPONOR) en la subdirección de desarrollo sectorial sostenible que se divide en distintas áreas con funciones designadas, de las cuales la de vertimientos es la encargada de realizar acciones de evaluación, seguimiento y respuestas a denuncias a permisos de vertimiento otorgados y/o en trámite y que a su vez es el área encargada de realizar la aprobación de los planes de saneamiento y manejo de vertimiento (PSMV) presentados por los municipios y entidades prestadoras del servicio de alcantarillado público. El presente informe tiene como objetivo exponer las funciones ejercidas en la corporación y el planteamiento de un plan de mejora en las deficiencias encontradas en el marco de las prácticas laborales para optar por el título de ingeniero ambiental. La elaboración del plan de mejora busca mitigar las falencias que suceden durante el trámite de un permiso de vertimiento ambiental; al final del plan de mejora se establece una lista de chequeo con la cual se busca brindar facilidad a los solicitantes de los permisos, brindando una herramienta para la recolección de los documentos necesarios en el proceso de solicitud. “La Corporación Autónoma Regional de la Frontera Nororiental” (CORPONOR) in the subdirection of sustainable sectorial development is divided into different areas, where the discharge area is in charge of carrying out evaluation actions, follow-up and responses to complaints about discharge permits granted and/or in process and which in turn is the area in charge of approving the sanitation and discharge management plans (PSMV) presented by the municipalities and public sewerage service providers. The purpose of this report is to present the functions carried out by myself and the proposal of an improvement plan for the deficiencies found in the framework of work practices, to obtain the title of environmental engineer. The development of the improvement plan aims to mitigate the shortcomings that occur during the process of obtaining an environmental discharge permit. At the end of the improvement plan, a checklist is established to provide ease for the permit applicants, providing a tool for collecting the necessary documents in the application process. Ingeniero Ambiental http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Pregrado

Green technology innovation can bring about dual benefits, i.e., technological progress and energy conservation, as well as emission reduction, which are regarded as effective means to achieve economic development and environmental protection. The influencing factors of green technology innovation have been studied from multiple angles. In order to promote the level of green technology innovation in China from a new perspective, this paper selected human capital as the independent variable, and empirically investigated the direct impact of educational and healthy human capital on green technology innovation, based on the panel data of 30 Chinese provinces (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Tibet) from 2006 to 2016. Meanwhile, considering the current environmental policy system in China, this paper took environmental regulations as moderating variables, and analyzed the moderating role of three environmental regulations, namely, command-and-control environmental regulations, market-incentivized environmental regulations, and public voluntary environmental regulations, in the impact of human capital on green technology innovation. It was found that (1) educational human capital, with a three-period lag, and healthy human capital significantly promotes green technology innovation; (2) command-and-control environmental regulations, with a one-period lag, and market-incentivized environmental regulations promote green technology innovation, while public voluntary environmental regulations have an insignificant impact on green technology innovation; (3) the moderating effect of command-and-control and market-incentivized environmental regulations in the impact of human capital on green technology innovation is not significant. For public voluntary environmental regulations, the moderating effect between educational human capital and green technology innovation is significantly negative, while the moderating effect of healthy human capital on green technology innovation is not significant.

The stress of environmental regulations, sustainable development objectives, and global warming is becoming more prominent now. Most studies conclude that the industrial sector is largely at fault and under tremendous pressure to address these climate change issues. This study highlights the significance of green innovation to Chinese firms in mitigating these conservational challenges, and the study probes the association between green innovation and absorptive capacity. Additionally, board capital (the social and human capital of directors) and environmental regulation—both drivers of green innovation—are explored as moderators between green innovation and absorptive capacity. With appropriate econometric methods and theoretical support from the natural resource-based review, the resource dependency theory, and the Porter hypothesis, the results indicate the positive relationship between green innovation and absorptive capacity. They also reveal board capital and environmental regulation as positive moderators, emphasizing their significance to green innovation. This study offers several suggestions and directives for stakeholders, such as businesses, policymakers, and governments, to foster green innovation for greater profitability, minimizing negative industrial consequences.

The paper scrutinizes the impact of environmental regulation on export of the Russian regions by employing the Gravity Model and PPML. Environmental regulations of trading partners have a negative impact on export flows, but export of regions with high share of environmentally sensitive goods in export structure is even enhanced as a result of the ecological requirements.

From the simplest items we use to the most complex ones, electronics are everywhere and in everything. However, the escalating demand for electronics has a serious toll on the environment. Thus, the electronics industry has been the focus of legislation for a long time. As a matter of fact, electronics are among the seven priority key value chains identified by the European Union on the way to becoming the world’s first climate-neutral continent by 2050. In this sense, this thesis aims to investigate the role of environmental legislation in the green transition of the electronics industry by trying to understand how companies operating in this industry evaluate the measures introduced by the legislation. This was done through both in-depth interviews with representatives from 11 different companies of all sizes (large, medium- and small-sized, and start-up companies) and 2 regulatory agencies, and also group discussions with experts and managers in the field. Although the research started from a point of evaluating the legislation either a driver or a barrier in green transition, the empirical findings indicated that environmental regulations are too complex tools to be considered only in terms of these aspects. Results showed that considering regulations as a driver or barrier is directly related to the size of the companies and the opportunities they have. However, the solution to the challenges faced by the companies is often beyond their own capabilities, and related to external factors, mostly legislators. All companies interviewed within the scope of the study agree that environmental regulations can contribute to green transformation. One thing is certain, however, that the way to ensure this effectiveness is through a transparent and inclusive communication between the lawmakers and the industry.

The relationship between income and pollution is contested, yet wealth alone is insufficient to regulate emissions, which necessitates environmental regulations. Even if inadequate environmental laws may overcome market failures produced by pollution’s negative externality, a thorough examination of their function in pollution management is critical. This research takes a step forward in offering a fresh viewpoint on the function of environmental laws in pollution reduction for BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) nations to better understand the role of environmental regulations in CO2 emission mitigation. The research presented here uses panel data econometric methodologies to achieve this goal, using data from 1995 to 2018. In addition, to provide country-specific findings, the research employs a completely modified ordinary least squares estimator. Environmental laws provide a beneficial influence in reducing carbon emissions. According to the empirical findings, the present environmental regulation positively meets pollution reduction objectives in chosen nations. The environment Kuznets curve (EKC) between pollution and income is controlled by environmental restrictions. Climate change mitigation in BRICS nations is driven by strong environmental policies and economic growth.

Stimuli-responsive hydrogels are smart materials that respond to variations caused by external stimuli and that are currently exploited for biomedical applications such as biosensing, drug delivery and tissue engineering. The development of stimuli-responsive hydrogels with defined user control is relevant to realize materials with advanced properties. Recently, our group reported firefly luciferin-inspired hydrogel matrices for 3D cell culture. This platform exhibited advantages like rapid gelation rate and tunability of mechanical and biological properties. However, this first molecular design did not allow fine control of the gelation onset, which restricts application as a cell-encapsulating matrice with injectable and processable properties. In this article, we endow the firefly luciferin-inspired hydrogels with redox-triggering capability, to overcome the limitations of the previous system and to widen its application range. We achieve this goal by introducing protected macromers as hydrogel polymeric precursors that can be activated in the presence of a mild reductant, to trigger gel formation in situ with a high degree of control. We demonstrate that the regulation of molecular parameters (e.g., structure of the protecting group, reductant type) and environmental parameters (e.g., pH, temperature) of the deprotection reaction can be exploited to modulate materials properties. This redox-triggerable system enables precise control over gelation onset and kinetics, thus facilitating its utilization as an injectable hydrogel without negatively impacting its cytocompatibility. Our findings expand the current toolkit of chemically-based stimuli-responsive hydrogels.

There is a close connection between export trade and environmental regulations. How to realize the green development of export trade under the constraint of environmental regulation policy is a controversial topic in both theoretical research and practice. Considering the leading role of Zhejiang export trade in China, based on the extended gravity model, this paper attempts to explore the impact of environmental regulations on export trade using the panel data of Zhejiang Province together with that of 18 major “Belt and Road” trading countries (regions) from 2004 to 2016. It provides a theoretical basis for promoting the coordinated development of environmental protection and export trade. This not only has theoretical and practical significance for various regions in China but also for other countries and regions in the world when formulating environmental regulation standards and implementation intensity. The empirical results show that there is a U-shaped relationship between environmental regulations and the development of export trade; namely, the former suppresses the latter before promotion happens. Specifically, environmental regulation could increase the cost of export products and curb the development of export trade in the short term. On the other hand, it encourages enterprises to carry out technological innovation and improve efficiency and competitiveness, thus contributing to the development of export trade in the long term.

Recent economic theory and international evidence have established that innovations with environmental benefits (green innovations) are crucially important to increase resource efficiency and accelerate the transition to a circular economy. However, robust empirical evidence on what factors drive green innovations at firm-level is limited and inconclusive. To help fill this evidence gap, we designed and used a unified econometric framework to quantify the impact of a comprehensive set of factors on the propensity of firms to introduce innovations with environmental benefits. Such factors include environmental regulations, innovation-inputs, firm-specific characteristics, spillovers from other green innovators, public funding, and co-operation for innovation activities. We distinguished and examined innovations with environmental benefits obtained within the firm and innovations with environmental benefits obtained during the consumption of goods or services by the end user. In addition to average effects across all firms, we also uncovered specific effects for different groups of firms and industries. The results indicate that environmental regulations, in-house R&D, and acquisition of capital assets are important factors that enable firms to introduce green innovations. These results have implications for designing policies aiming at enabling more firms to introduce green innovations and thus accelerate the transition to a circular economy and a more sustainable long-term growth.

Refereed/Peer-reviewed Growing public concerns about sustainability and adopting environmentally responsible practices increase risks as well as opportunities for firms and banks. It is unclear whether being environmentally responsible matters for unlisted firms, which are significant contributors to the degradation of the environment but which are not under strict scrutiny like public listed firms. Using a sample of 3915 firms from developing economies, we investigate whether the superior environmental performance of unlisted firms leads them to better loan conditions. After controlling for endogeneity and sample selection bias, we find that firms with better environmental performance received approximately 6.4% higher loans (as a ratio of total sales) and that this effect is more prominent in small and medium firms. This finding supports an information asymmetry view of agency costs. Our results, however, show that environmental performance does not affect loan duration and collateral requirement, indicating no spillover economic effect of corporate environmental performance on loan conditions. This partially supports a new perspective of legitimacy theory in relation to the ‘greenwash strategy’. Overall, our study shows that strategically engaged environmental activities that are integrated with core business objectives represent an important business strategy for firms to enhance credit access.

The notion of achieving environmental sustainability through project management has gradually attracted the attention of scholars in recent years. This study explores the influence mechanism of a project manager’s perception of environmental regulations on their environmentally sustainable project management practice. Employing a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, this study firstly establishes a conceptual model of interviews with project managers, proposes hypotheses based on the conceptual model, and ultimately carries out hypothesis testing using the questionnaire data. The results show that (i) project managers’ perceptions of environmental regulations can directly promote their environmentally sustainable project management practice; (ii) project managers’ affective commitment to change plays a partial mediating role in the above relationship; and (iii) in the aforementioned mediation relationship, both cost and time constraints have a negative moderating effect. This study provides new evidence for institutional theory at the micro level and expands the theoretical research perspective in the field of project management. We suggest that construction companies incorporate environmental performance into the performance appraisal of project managers and strengthen green construction training for employees.

Resource-based cities (RBCs) are not only important for ensuring national resource and energy security, but they also face serious ecological and environmental problems. To achieve China’s carbon peaking and neutrality goals in the coming years, RBCs’ achievement of a low-carbon transformation has become increasingly significant. The core of this study is an investigation as to whether governance, including environmental regulations, can facilitate the low-carbon transformation of RBCs. Based on RBC data from 2003 to 2019, we establish a dynamic panel model to research the influence and mechanism of environmental regulations on low-carbon transformation. We found that China’s environmental regulations facilitate a low-carbon transformation in RBCs. Mechanism analysis identified that the environmental regulations facilitate the low-carbon transformation in RBCs by strengthening foreign direct investment, enhancing green technology innovation and promoting industrial structure upgrading. Heterogeneity analysis found that the environmental regulations play a greater role in facilitating the low-carbon transformation of RBCs in regions with more developed economies and less dependence on resources. Our research provides theoretical and policy implications for environmental regulations for the low-carbon transformation of RBCs in China, applicable to other resource-based areas.

Introduction. The article addresses the problem of irrational treatment of solid municipal, production and consumption waste in Russia, as well as the prospects of using secondary raw materials in the construction of buildings. The research is focused on environmental standards, environmental certification systems in the construction industry, as well as recycled materials. The study encompasses the construction of buildings using recycled materials, taking into account the requirements set in environmental standards. Materials and methods. The article presents several types of secondary raw materials and an overview of sustainable approaches to the construction of buildings using recycled materials in Russia and abroad. Most widely spread construction technologies, used to build houses using secondary raw materials, are described. An environmentally friendly facility constructed in Russia using secondary raw materials is described as an illustration. Results. The state of the Russian legislative framework governing the treatment of solid municipal, construction, and consumption waste and the requirements of international and Russian environmental standards applicable to buildings are analyzed. The percent ratio of waste management actions is determined in relation to other requirements set by environmental certification systems applicable to real estate items. Conclusions. A new classification of construction products made of secondary raw materials is presented. Conclusions are made about the feasibility of reusing solid household, industrial and consumption waste in the construction industry. The need to revise environmental standards in Russia is identified. The Russian environmental standards should have a larger number of criteria determining the rational treatment of solid municipal, construction, and consumption waste as well as the use of products made of secondary raw materials.

As climate change becomes an increasingly greater global concern, reducing net emissions has grown to be the key objective when building new infrastructure. Currently, infrastructure project planning tools use simulations and analytical modeling to forecast gas emissions and lifecycle costs. Such tools can be costly or do not combine the two facets intuitively. The goal of this capstone group is to create a cohesive, accessible tool that will take user input of a building to determine its effect on the environment while taking finances into consideration. Using a similar, preexisting tool from University of Virginia, the new tool will be built with location specific policies and up-to-date prices of resources based on data from nationwide databases. This tool will ask for user input in an excel spreadsheet. Results will appear on the same slide that will give the user insight into the financial investment, estimated lifetime cost, as well as the estimated impact of lifetime carbon emissions. Then I will take a look at regulation in the United States electric utility industry and how its response to scientific findings regarding climate change and sustainability will continue to be a driving force for social innovation as well as technological.

Ha sido evidente que en muchos casos de lluvias torrenciales, los sistemas de alcantarillado y manejo de aguas pluviales colapsan, ocasionando con ello, dificultades a la infraestructura urbana, es así como cien de 116 municipios de Cundinamarca – Colombia han experimentado eventos de lluvias extremas generando inundaciones, afectaciones en predios, caídas de puentes y demás sucesos que llegaron a una magnitud tal, que la gobernación del departamento de Cundinamarca ha declarado en estado de calamidad pública, priorizando en algunos municipios; siendo la principal razón una inadecuada planeación de los proyectos hidráulicos e hidrológicos (Redación Infobae, 2021), fruto de la no adaptabilidad de los sistemas frente a los factores ambientales para el control de escorrentía. Estos errores de planeación perjudican la captación en cuencas urbanas hasta su disposición final, produciendo impactos en la calidad del agua e hidrológicos. Ante esta situación, se debe considerar nuevas estrategias que contemple una reposición de los sistemas de aguas pluviales dentro de la protección medioambiental. Este estudio plantea un enfoque alternativo e integrado a la gestión de aguas pluviales en zonas urbanas, producto de la revisión y análisis de malas prácticas de ingeniería hidráulica, y contemplando la variable impacto ambiental, tanto en la formulación, como en el desarrollo y operación de este tipo de sistemas de infraestructura. Esta revisión tendrá como referencia la gestión de aguas pluviales en el sector de La Bajada del municipio de Cajicá, Cundinamarca. It has been evident that in many cases of torrential rains, the sewage and rainwater management systems collapse, causing difficulties to the urban infrastructure. Thus, one hundred of 116 municipalities of Cundinamarca - Colombia have experienced extreme rainfall events generating floods, damage to properties, collapse of bridges and other events that reached such a magnitude that the government of the department of Cundinamarca has declared a state of public calamity, prioritizing some municipalities; the main reason being inadequate planning of hydraulic and hydrological projects (Redación Infobae, 2021), due to the lack of adaptability of the systems to environmental factors for runoff control. These planning errors impair catchment in urban watersheds until its final disposal, producing impacts on water quality and hydrology. In view of this situation, new strategies should be considered that contemplate the replacement of stormwater systems within the framework of environmental protection. This study proposes an alternative and integrated approach to stormwater management in urban areas, as a result of the review and analysis of bad hydraulic engineering practices, and considering the environmental impact variable, both in the formulation, development and operation of this type of infrastructure systems. This review will have as reference the management of rainwater in the La Bajada sector of the municipality of Cajicá, Cundinamarca. Pregrado

Un sistema de alcantarillado sanitario, es el encargado de recolectar, transportar y disponer las aguas residuales de una población a una fuente receptora o una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales. En el caso de una “PTARD” se encarga del tratamiento de aguas residuales, éste consiste en una serie de procesos físicos, químicos y biológicos que tienen como objetivo eliminar o minimizar los contaminantes que se encuentran presentes en los vertimientos que se generan en actividades domésticas y/o industriales. Este proyecto propone el diseño de un alcantarillado sanitario y una PTARD para el corregimiento de La Herradura, jurisdicción del Municipio de Bolívar en el departamento del Valle del Cauca, para una población futura de 849 habitantes. Actualmente esta población que se localiza en el valle geográfico del rio cauca, no cuenta con un sistema de alcantarillado y su posterior tratamiento de las aguas residuales. Las viviendas disponen sus residuos líquidos a través de letrinas o pozos sépticos, que contaminan las aguas subterráneas. Este municipio del norte del valle del cauca se localiza aproximadamente a 120 kilómetros de Cali y el corregimiento de La Herradura a 10 minutos del casco urbano del municipio de Bolívar. Para la propuesta de diseño, fue necesario buscar mediante información primaria y secundaria, los parámetros de operación y cantidades de aguas residuales a tratar y de población; se identificaron procesos y/u operaciones que se pueden llevar a cabo con el fin de optimizar el sistema de la PTARD. Una vez realizada la propuesta de diseño de alcantarillado y de la PTARD para una vida útil de 25 años, se deben realizar los procesos correspondientes a la remoción de la carga contaminante de las aguas residuales, cumplir con la normatividad ambiental vigente y proporcionar calidad de vida a la población, teniendo en cuenta que se debe cumplir con los artículos 79 y 80 de la Constitución Política de nuestro país, en donde se establecen como obligación del Estado, proteger la diversidad e integridad del ambiente, prevenir y controlar los factores de deterioro ambiental y exigir la reparación de los daños causados, siendo el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, fijar parámetros y los valores, haciendo cumplir los vertimientos puntuales a las aguas superficiales y a los sistemas de alcantarillado público, y por otro lado, dictar regulaciones tendientes a controlar y reducir la contaminación hídrica en todo el territorio nacional. Lograr cumplir con los objetivos del corregimiento de La Herradura en el municipio de Bolívar Valle del Cauca, es promover y dirigir el trabajo de proteger el recurso hídrico de la población, a través de la optimización de los sistemas de tratamiento y garantizar a las personas agua potable. Los parámetros mínimos a cumplir son los descritos en el artículo 8 de la Resolución 631 de 2015. El tratamiento empleado para la remoción de la carga de agua residual doméstica, se conformó por un tratamiento preliminar seguido de un tratamiento biológico: • Tratamiento preliminar: Rejillas gruesas y medias, canaleta Parshall, trampa de grasas y lecho de secado de arena. • Tratamiento biológico: Tanque séptico, filtro anaeróbico de flujo ascendente y filtro percolador. Tabla de Contenido Introducción Palabras claves 5 Tabla de Contenido 6 Lista de Tablas 9 Lista de Figuras 12 Objetivos 15 Capítulo 1 Marco de Referencia 16 1.1. Marco Teórico. 16 1.1.1. Núcleos pequeños y descentralizados.. 16 1.1.2. Centros poblados pequeños. 16 1.1.3. Fuentes de aguas residuales.. 17 1.1.4. Constituyentes del agua residual. 17 1.1.5. Constituyentes físicos.. 17 1.1.6. Constituyentes químicos.. 17 1.1.7. Constituyentes biológicos.. 19 1.1.8. Red de alcantarillado.. 20 1.1.9. Elementos complementarios del alcantarillado.: 21 1.1.9.1. Pozos de inspección. 21 1.1.11. Tratamiento Preliminar. 22 1.1.12. Tratamiento Primario. 23 1.1.13. Tratamiento Secundario.. 24 1.1.14. Tratamiento Terciario. 24 1.2. Marco Legal 25 Capítulo 2 Metodologia 30 2.1. Descripción del lugar de investigación.. 30 2.2. Estudio de Población. a. 30 2.3. Método Aritmético. 31 2.4. Método Geométrico. 31 2.5. Método Exponencial o Logarítmico. 31 2.6. Período de diseño.. 32 2.7. Asignación del Nivel de Complejidad.. 32 2.8. Dotación Neta Máxima.. 33 2.9. Dotación Bruta.: 33 2.10. Dotación futura bruta (Df bruta). 34 2.11. Caudal medio diario (Qmd). 34 2.12. Caudal máximo diario (QMD). 34 2.13. Caudal máximo horario (QMH) 35 2.14. Diseño del sistema de alcantarillado sanitario 35 2.15. Caudal Residual Doméstico.. 35 2.16. Dotación neta.. 36 2.17. Coeficiente de retorno.. 37 2.18. Caudal medio diario de aguas residuales (QMD).. 37 2.19. Conexiones erradas (QCE). 37 2.20. Infiltración (QINF). 38 2.21. Caudal máximo horario (QMH). 38 2.22. Factor de mayoración (F). 39 2.23. Caudal de diseño. 39 2.24. Diámetro interno real mínimo (RAS 2000 D.3.2.6). 39 2.25. Velocidad mínima (RAS 2000 D.3.2.7). 40 2.26. Velocidad máxima (RAS 2000 D.3.2.8). 40 2.27. Pendiente mínima (RAS 2000 D.3.2.9). 40 2.28. Pendiente máxima (RAS 2000 D.3.2.10).. 40 2.29. Profundidad hidráulica máxima (RAS 2000 D.3.2.11). 41 2.30. Profundidad mínima a la cota clave (RAS 2000 D.3.2.12).. 41 2.31. Diseño de tuberías.. 41 2.32. Ecuaciones de diseño.. 41 2.33. Parámetros de diseño de las tuberías. 43 2.34. Pozos de inspección. 44 2.35. Ubicación. 44 2.36. Parámetros de diseño 44 2.36.1. Diámetro.. 44 2.36.2. Profundidad. 45 2.36.3. Diámetro de acceso. 45 2.36.4. Distancia entre pozos. 45 2.37. Selección del tipo de tratamiento. 45 Capítulo 3 Memoria de cálculo población, dotación y demanda 47 3.1. Temperatura media anual. 47 3.2. Censo poblacional. 47 3.2.1. Cálculo de la proyección de la población. 47 3.2.2. Cálculo de la dotación y demanda. 48 3.2.2.1. Nivel de complejidad.. 48 3.2.2.2. Dotación bruta, (Db). 49 3.2.2.3. Dotación futura bruta (Df bruta). 50 3.2.2.4. Caudal medio diario (Qmd). 50 3.2.2.5. Caudal máximo diario (QMD). 51 3.2.2.6. Caudal máximo horario (QMH) 52 Capítulo 4 Caudal de aguas residuales domesticas – caudal de diseño. 54 4.1. Agua residual doméstica. 54 Capítulo 5 Memoria Técnica Alcantarillado Sanitario 61 Capítulo 6 Selección de Tecnología para el Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales Domésticas - SELTAR 64 6.1.1. Caracterización presuntiva. 64 6.1.2. Biodegradabilidad del agua residual. 65 6.1.3. Aplicación metodología SELTAR. 66 6.1.4. Balance de cargas, selección de tecnología. 70 Capítulo 7 Diseño Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales Domésticas 73 7.1. Diseño hidráulico planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas. 73 7.2. Rejillas gruesas, medias y canaleta Parshall. 73 7.3. Rejillas gruesas. 74 7.4. Trampa de grasas. 109 7.5. Tanque séptico. 117 7.6. Filtro anaeróbico de flujo ascendente. 123 7.7. Filtro percolador de flujo descendente. 130 7.8. Lecho de secado de arena. 137 7.9. Estructura de llegada (Caja) y salida (cabezal de entrega). 144 Capítulo 8 Presupuesto 145 Conclusiones y recomendaciones. 149 Bibliografía 150 Anexos 153 A sanitary sewer system is responsible for collecting, transporting and disposing of wastewater from a population to a receiving source or a wastewater treatment plant. In the case of a "WWTP" it is responsible for the treatment of wastewater, this consists of a series of physical, chemical and biological processes that aim to eliminate or minimize the contaminants that are present in the discharges that are generated in domestic activities. and/or industrial. This project proposes the design of a sanitary sewer system and a WWTP for the village of La Herradura, jurisdiction of the Municipality of Bolívar in the department of Valley of Cauca, for a future population of 849 inhabitants. Currently, this population, which is located in the geographical valley of Cauca River, does not have a sewage system and its subsequent treatment of wastewater. Households dispose of their liquid waste through latrines or septic tanks, which contaminate groundwater. This municipality in the north of Valley of Cauca is located approximately 120 kilometers from Cali and the district of La Herradura, 10 minutes from the urban area of ​​the municipality of Bolívar. For the design proposal, it was necessary to search through primary and secondary information, the operating parameters and amounts of wastewater to be treated and population; processes and/or operations that can be carried out in order to optimize the WWTP system were identified. Once the design proposal for the sewage system and the WWTP for a useful life of 25 years has been made, the processes corresponding to the removal of the contaminant load from the wastewater must be carried out, comply with current environmental regulations and provide quality of life. to the population, taking into account that articles 79 and 80 of the Political Constitution of our country must be complied with, where it is established as an obligation of the State, to protect the diversity and integrity of the environment, prevent and control the factors of environmental deterioration and demand the repair of the damage caused, being the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development, to set parameters and values, enforcing punctual discharges to surface waters and public sewage systems, and on the other hand, to dictate regulations tending to control and reduce water pollution throughout the national territory. Achieving compliance with the objectives of the township of La Herradura in the municipality of Bolívar Valley of Cauca, is to promote and direct the work of protecting the population's water resource, through the optimization of treatment systems and guarantee people clean water. The minimum parameters to be met are those described in article 8 of Resolution 631 of 2015. The treatment used for the removal of the domestic wastewater load was made up of a preliminary treatment followed by a biological treatment: • Preliminary treatment: Coarse and medium grids, Parshall flume, grease trap and sand drying bed. • Biological treatment: Septic tank, upflow anaerobic filter and trickling filter. Pregrado

La opción de grado en su modalidad de Pasantía Empresarial se desarrolló realizando las actividades técnicas e ingenieriles propias bajo el cargo de Inspector de Interventoría para el Contrato de Interventoría AIM No. 155 de 2018 – Proyecto No. 059 de 2017 cuyo objeto es: CONTROL MEDIANTE INTERVENTORÍA TÉCNICA, LEGAL, ADMINISTRATIVA, FINANCIERA Y AMBIENTAL AL MEJORAMIENTO DE LA VÍA PRINCIPAL QUE CONDUCE DESDE INTERSECCIÓN FUNDADORES HASTA ACCESO CIUDAD PORFÍA EN EL MUNICIPIO DE VILLAVICENCIO, META ETAPA 02. The degree option in its Business Internship modality was developed by carrying out its own technical and engineering activities under the position of Audit Inspector for the AIM Audit Contract No. one hundred fifty five of Two thousand and eighteen – Project No. zero fifty nine of two thousand seventeen whose purpose is: CONTROL THROUGH TECHNICAL, LEGAL, ADMINISTRATIVE, FINANCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE MAIN ROAD THAT LEADS FROM THE FUNDADORES INTERSECTION TO THE CIUDAD PORFÍA ACCESS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF VILLAVICENCIO, META STAGE zero two. http://www.ustavillavicencio.edu.co/home/index.php/unidades/extension-y-proyeccion/investigacion Pregrado

In this paper we present the idea of a case study designed to examine the effectiveness of those regulations that aim at combating air pollution. We believe that the specific situation we encountered in one of the most contaminated regions of Poland provides an unique research opportunity to shed some light on the question of estimation of effectiveness of law and to develop and refine the highly debated theory of wicked problems. Because our research project is at the preliminary stage, our claims and observations are still tentative.

This study analyzes whether the rigor of environmental regulations encourages industrial companies in developed and emerging countries to invest in Green Innovation (GI), and what is the impact on financial performance. The sample was composed of 159 industrial companies, listed in the Financial Times’ 500 largest companies by market value in 2015. For the analysis, Structural Equation Modeling was used to verify the relationship between the variables. The main results were that the strictness of the countries’ environmental regulations, and the size of the companies had a statistically significant positive impact only on construct GI2, composed of the variables Global Compact and environmental investments. Countries competitiveness did not positively influence companies’ GI efforts, and the degree of internationalization of companies had no significant effect on any of the GI constructs. Furthermore, the efforts of companies in GI do not reflect positively on their financial performance. RESUMO Este estudo analisou a relação entre o grau de severidade das regulamentações ambientais e a competitividade internacional dos países com os esforços em Inovação Verde (IV) e o desempenho financeiro de empresas do setor industrial de Países Desenvolvidos (PD) e Países em Desenvolvimento (PED). A amostra consistiu em 159 empresas industriais, listadas nas 500 maiores empresas do Financial Times por valor de mercado em 2015. Para a análise, utilizou-se a Modelagem de Equações Estruturais para verificar a relação entre as variáveis. Os principais resultados foram que o rigor das regulamentações ambientais dos países e o tamanho das empresas tiveram um impacto positivo estatisticamente significativo apenas no construto IV2, composto pelas variáveis Pacto Global e investimentos ambientais. A competitividade dos países não influenciou positivamente os esforços em IV das empresas, e o grau de internacionalização das empresas não teve efeito significativo sobre nenhum dos construtos de IV. Ademais, os esforços das empresas em IV não refletem positivamente no seu desempenho financeiro.

Environmental regulations have a certain impact on regional green technology innovation affected by regional differences. Using the panel data of 30 provincial-level administrative regions in China (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) from 2011 to 2019, we consider China’s new environmental protection law (NEPL) as a quasi-natural experiment to evaluate the impact of environmental regulation on green technology innovation in a difference-in-differences (DID) framework and further analyze the influences of regional differences. The results indicate that environmental regulations can promote regional green technology innovation, and that regional differences have a significant impact on this issue. Furthermore, environmental regulations in regions with high and low levels of economic development and education, and regions with medium and low levels of energy consumption have a significant impact on green technology innovation. The government should reasonably formulate environmental regulation policies on the basis of regional differences, encourage cross-regional exchanges and cooperation, and more efficiently stimulate regional green technology innovation to achieve sustainable development.

Green innovation has significant implications for firms’ financial, environmental, and social performance. However, its externalities may inhibit the proactive involvement of firms in such initiatives. In this study, we examined the roles of two types of managerial ties (i.e., business and political) in green innovation and further investigated the moderating effects of two types of contextual factors (i.e., environmental regulations and competitive intensity). By conducting an empirical study using survey data from 218 samples, we confirm that business ties positively affect green innovation while political ties have an inverted U-shaped effect. Moreover, the relationship between managerial ties and green innovation is contingent on specific context settings. Our results show that the environmental regulations enforced by the government strengthen both the effects of business and political ties, while the competitive intensity has no effect on the relationship between business ties and green innovation; however, it sharpens the curvilinear effect of political ties.

Based on the background of China’s “carbon neutral” policy and the booming digitalization, how does environmental regulation affect green economy performance? The existing literature has studied the impact of energy consumption on green economic performance. However, the literature has ignored the impact of carbon dioxide emissions on China’s green economy performance. In this regard, this research uses the non-radial distance function (NDDF) to calculate the green economic performance of China’s prefecture-level cities, and uses the dynamic panel threshold model and the systematic GMM method to study the nonlinear impacts and mechanisms of environmental regulation, digital development, technological innovation, and industrial structure upgrade on green economic performance. The panel data set contains 228 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2019. The following findings are established: first, after adding carbon dioxide emissions to China’s green economy performance, the environmental performance was reduced, and the green economy performance was also reduced. Second, the impact of environmental regulations on green economic performance has a double-threshold effect, with threshold values of −0.267 and 3.602, and this double-threshold effect has temporal and regional heterogeneity. Third, environmental regulations of different intensities have a single-threshold effect between digital development, technological innovation, and industrial structure upgrade, with threshold values of 2.955, 3.957, and 2.249, respectively. Fourth, digital development, technological innovation, and industrial structure upgrade promote green economic performance. Fifth, environmental regulation acts on green economic performance through the transmission of digitalization, technological innovation, and industrial structure upgrade. Based on these empirical findings, this research suggests that Chinese local governments should appropriately increase the intensity of environmental regulations, strengthen the digital application and technological innovation, and promote the upgrading of industrial structure to achieve the improvement of urban green economic performance.

In this study, we used a difference-in-difference (DID) approach to analyze the effect of environmental regulation on corporate tax avoidance behavior based on China’s carbon emissions trading pilot policy of 2013. Our findings were as follows: (1) Environmental regulation has led companies to adopt further tax evasion behaviors. Furthermore, the core conclusion was confirmed after a series of robust and endogenous tests, such as parallel trends and PSM-DID (propensity score matching-difference-in-difference). (2) Environmental regulations increase tax avoidance activities by reducing corporate cash flows. (3) The influence of environmental regulation on firm tax evasion is highly pronounced among non-state-owned enterprises, big-scale enterprises, and enterprises with a high degree of industry competition.

China’s rapid industrialization has led to massive resource consumption, and the country has recently been highlighted as the World’s top carbon emitter. To pursue a sustainable economy via environmental upgrading, reductions in carbon emission levels are of great concern. The carbon emission reduction policy (CETP) is an environmental regulation aimed at cutting emissions and achieving environmental protection. Based on panel data of pilot and non-pilot regions, this study investigated the policy impact of the CETP on carbon emission reduction through difference-in-differences (DID). The findings, based on pooled OLS (ordinary least squares) and LSDV (least square dummy variable) regressions, revealed that the carbon emissions of the pilot regions (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangdong, Chongqing, and Hubei) had reduced by 12 percent more than the non-pilot regions. Thus, this implies that the CETP causes environmental upgrading. The results were further verified using a number of robustness checks, including parallel trends, placebo test, Granger causality test, and DID regression with a longer sample period. Based on the study findings, it was concluded that to achieve higher upgrade levels related to the environment, the CETP needs to be encouraged and improved for nationwide implementation. Furthermore, sustainable economic development in China also needs strict environmental regulations and policy measures.

The effects of climate change are already impacting people’s quality of life worldwide. Evidence highlights the urgency in action to counteract this on-going process. Europe aims at fostering the green transition becoming climate neutral by 2050. The envisioned pathway encompasses an overhaul of the energy system including an increase in renewable energy production and end-user energy efficiency. The EU further recognizes the fundamental role of citizens and communities in addressing an effective transition. Within this framework, energy communities (EC) and peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading are emerging as new opportunities for boosting green technologies in renewable energy and the smart grid sector, and for rising citizens’ awareness of the theme. However, the implementation of P2P ECs in Europe entails complex legal challenges that cannot be solved only through sector-specific regulation. This open letter critically presents the experience gained in the H2020 NRG2peers project about the knowledge advancement in the regulatory context of the project pilot sites. These are located in four EU ecosystems (from innovators to laggards) that are: the Netherlands, Spain, Slovenia, and Italy. Each EC involved in the NRG2peers project is thus facing different challenges related to its specific socio-economic condition and energy market framework. These barriers need to be overcome and new tools will be delivered during the NRG2peers project. Moving from the lessons learnt at the pilot sites, both roadmaps at the regulatory level and an advisory app are under development to support the uptake of the next generation of European peer-to-peer Energy Communities.

The demand for sustainability on this earth is more prominent than ever. The global climate crisis affects everyone, and the movie industry's massive annual emissions are certain. However, the movie industry has not yet been investigated in-depth nor held accountable for its environmental impact. In the literature, environmental regulations of powerful institutions, such as the European Union, have been influential for sustainable change. Hence, this thesis will examine the interface of project-based organizations, environmental regulations, and sustainable practices through an exploratory approach. Precisely, this thesis aims to examine the influence of environmental regulations on project-based industries, using the example of the European movie industry with a focus on Germany and Italy. The research questions focus on the aspects of pressures and impacting factors along the supply chains of moviemaking. Lastly, it is also examined how stakeholders are affected by EU regulations. Data is gathered through a qualitative approach, using semi-structured interviews, and analyzed through the theoretical frame of institutional and stakeholder theory. The results of this study reveal that there is currently no specific impact of EU regulations on sustainable practices in the movie industry. Also, currently, no EU laws affect the defined stakeholders in the film business. Instead, it could be found that national legislation and infrastructure, private sector engagement, and organizations' self-commitment are impacting the industry to become more sustainable. Moreover, the movie industry's structural factor as project-based affects cooperation, communication, and laws for sustainability. This thesis serves as a groundwork for further research and practical implementations for sustainable filmmaking.

Экологическая повестка затрагивает не только вопросы национальной политики и организации производства, но и аспекты, связанные с экспортно-импортными операциями. Исследовательская работа приходит к выводу, что экологическое регулирование стран партнеров – вызов для российских региональных экспортеров. Определены регионы, наиболее «чувствительные» к мерам экологического регулирования и сформулированы рекомендации по поддержанию их международной конкурентоспособности. The environmental agenda influences not only national policy and production, but also export-import operations. The work concludes: environmental regulation of partner countries is a challenge for Russian regional exporters. The most “sensitive” to environmental regulation measures regions are identified and recommendations are formulated to maintain their level of international competitiveness.

Coal-dependent industries are the economic pillar of many countries; however, their contribution to air pollution also restricts long-term economic development. While the negative effects of environmental regulations on coal-dependent industries has attracted much attention, the health effects of such regulations remains barely quantitatively studied. Our study is based on a quasi-natural experiment created by a command-and-control policy in China’s cement industry, whereby cement enterprises are forced to stop production for a specific period of time every year. This paper adopted DID methods and found that direct pollution control measures for coal-dependent industries could significantly improve residents’ health levels and that the resultant reduction in medical expenditures could save 456.8 RMB yuan per capita per year. Additionally, our mechanism analysis found that the COPP is beneficial to residents’ health in that it reduces air pollution and sewage treatment rates. This means that pollution from coal-dependent industries has a large and underestimated impact on residents’ health. Environmental regulation of the coal-dependent industry could greatly improve the health of residents.

Today, Algeria is aware of the dangers of environmental pollution and the decrease of environmental awareness in its society, and what results in the spread of epidemics and disease outbreaks. As an integral part of the global system, Algeria is striving to develop harmonious environmental policies and seeks to become closer to other Mediterranean countries to build alliances and effective frameworks so as to receive help to establish an international and national legal system for the protection of environment in Algeria. Without doubt, Algeria’s view of the future of the environment is consistent with the orientations of the developed world. The promotion of environmental policy is one of the most important priorities that the state seeks to achieve through its ratification of most international agreements and the attempt to reach a basic support to promote the environmental situation in Algeria.

Submerged ship surfaces are often inhabited by diverse sessile and sedentary marine organisms, which can directly impact vessel operations and increase the likelihood of non-indigenous species (NIS) establishment and impacts. Ship in-water cleaning (IWC) systems are now being incorporated into biofouling policy, and rigorous, transparent, and predictive verification testing is vital to regulatory success. Performance criteria for IWC approval should focus on environmental protection goals by including: qualified and independent testing; quantitative, robust, and statistically sound data, rather than qualitative observations; water sampling at all critical control points to characterize the release of harmful materials, including dissolved and particulate biocides; measurable and protective endpoints, rather than percent reductions; determinations of presence or absence of macro-organisms, irrespective of species origins or physiological state; and appropriately trained IWC operators.

The potential effect of implementing environmental regulations on economic growth has been a controversial issue for a long time. Environmental regulations may impact on economic growth by reconstructing the economic structure. With the intention of exploring the nature of this mechanism, it is important to understand the internal inter-relation of the three parties, requiring data from a large economy experiencing the transition in economic structure. This paper selects panel data for 30 provinces in China from 2008–2019, constructs a PVAR model, and empirically examines the dynamic relationship among environmental regulation, economic structure reconstruction, and economic growth. The results demonstrate that there is a two-way effect between environmental regulation and economic growth. In other words, environmental regulation has a “U” shape effect on economic growth, which first inhibits and then promotes economic growth, while economic growth has a strong and then weak promotion effect on environmental regulation. Economic growth has a short-term negative impact on economic structure reconstruction, whereas economic restructuring has a long-term beneficial impact on environmental regulation. Therefore, the government should reasonably set the intensity of regulation and optimize the path of economic restructuring to deal with the relationship between environmental regulation, economic structure reconstruction, and economic growth.

Based on the provincial panel data of China from 2004 to 2020, this paper uses the empirical model of mediating effect to theoretically analyze and empirically test the mechanism of environmental regulation affecting pollution emissions, and the mediating effect of manufacturing technology’s progress. The study of this paper found that the improvement of pollution treatment technology is not the only technical means to reduce the level of pollution emissions. The progress of manufacturing production technology has a crucial role in promoting the reduction of pollution emissions. The high-quality development of the manufacturing industry and the improvement of the production technology level means that pollution emissions can be effectively reduced from the source. At the same time, although environmental regulation can have a significant positive impact on reducing pollution emissions, the progress of manufacturing production technology is a crucial intermediary variable for environmental regulation to promote pollution reduction. The above research conclusions have passed the influence mechanism test of this paper. Through the heterogeneity test, this study also found that in the stage of higher manufacturing development scale and technology level, manufacturing technology progress’ intermediary role as an environmental regulation affecting pollution emissions, is more apparent, and the role of environmental regulation in promoting pollution reduction is more prominent. The degree of effect increases with the improvement of the production technology level of the manufacturing industry. After the robustness test, the research conclusion of this paper is still valid. According to the conclusions of the research, this paper puts forward policy suggestions that should be oriented to promote the upgrade of manufacturing technology, introduce environmental regulation policies, support manufacturing enterprises to increase the innovative application of energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies, and vigorously develop and expand high-tech manufacturing.

In China, air pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution, has become increasingly serious with the rapid economic growth that has occurred over the past 40 years. This paper aims to introduce PM2.5 pollution as a constraint in the environmental efficiency research framework through the use of panel data covering the Chinese provinces from 2001–2018. PM2.5 environmental efficiency is measured with the slack-based measure (SBM)-Undesirable-variable returns-to-scale (VRS) model, and the results show that the average PM2.5 environmental efficiency score is 0.702, which indicates inefficiency, and is U-shaped over time. The PM2.5 environmental efficiency scores are unbalanced across the eight regions and 30 provinces of China. Additionally, the relationship between PM2.5 environmental efficiency and its influencing factors is examined with a tobit model, and the empirical findings indicate that the relationship between economic development and PM2.5 environmental efficiency is an inverted U, which is the opposite of the traditional environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). In addition, technological innovation, trade dependency, and regional development each have a significantly positive effect on PM2.5 environmental efficiency. However, environmental regulations, the industrial structure, and population density have significantly negative effects on PM2.5 environmental efficiency. Finally, this paper fails to prove that foreign direct investment (FDI) has created a PM2.5 “pollution haven” in China.

With the increasingly obvious restriction of the ecological environment on economic development, environmental regulations are widely used to achieve “green production,” that is, to improve green total factor productivity (GTFP). First, through the econometric model, it can be concluded that command-based environmental regulations could improve GTFP, while market-based environmental regulations have no significant impact on GTFP. Unlike traditional econometric models, machine learning has no specific data requirements and research assumptions. We use Lasso regression to verify the above results by obtaining the optimal tuning parameter. Furthermore, considering that the leap of China’s economy is inseparable from foreign direct investment (FDI), we use FDI as a threshold variable. The threshold model results showe that when the intensity of FDI in China ranges between 1.2492 and 1.588, both types of environmental regulations can significantly promote GTFP. These conclusions passed the robustness test. Given the differences in economy and resource endowment among different regions in China, a regional heterogeneity test is conducted. The results show that the current environmental regulations in eastern and central China have no significant impact on GTFP. However, when the intensity of FDI in central China is greater than 3.6868, environmental regulations have a significant promoting effect on GTFP. In western China, when FDI intensity ranges between 1.3950 and 1.5880, market-based environmental regulations can significantly promote GTFP. Further, the path test of the mediation effect model reveals that command-based environmental regulations reduce GTFP by reducing FDI. The above conclusions provide empirical data for the intensity of FDI in different regions of China to improve GTFP.

This paper aims to investigate the impact of environmental regulations on trade patterns, in terms of trade in environmental goods listed in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Environmental goods are defined here as those that enable sustainable growth and reduce pollution from human activity. For this reason, issues on environmental goods can be put at the forefront to analyze the linkage between environmental regulations and trade flows in the perspective of international institutions. Within the framework of a gravity model, panel data on 112 exporter countries and 53 importer countries is used at a bilateral level over the period of 1989–2013 to gain an understanding of this trade-environmental regulation nexus. This paper proxies the environmental policies by employing the z-score, which includes three comprehensive environmental indicators. The findings indicate that the strict environmental policies impede the trade, and this effect is greater in terms of the environmental goods listed in APEC compared to the ones listed in OECD. Finally, although these stringent environmental regulations reduce the trade flows, they can help to foster the demand for environmentally-friendly products.

This research analyzed the impact of environmental regulations and their power in suppressing tourism carbon emissions. The results showed that: (1) four types of environmental regulations had significant inhibiting effects on tourism carbon emissions, but different types of regulations had varying effects; and (2) environmental regulations had a significant time lag effect on tourism carbon emissions. The decay rates of the environmental regulation effects were dissimilar for supervisory management, market incentives, command and control, and public participation; and (3) environmental regulations had dissimilar influences on tourism carbon emissions at the regional level. Government agencies should choose differentiated environmental regulation tools, attach great importance to the time-lag effect of environmental regulations on tourism carbon emissions, and establish systems and mechanisms of public participation in environmental matters.

As the largest carbon dioxide emitter, China is working towards the direction of a green economy. As an irreplaceable part of establishing a green economy, the low-carbon city pilot (LCCP) policy is implemented in many large cities in China, and the scope of implementation will be further expanded. However, to date, there has been an absence of empirical studies basing on prefecture-level cities about the evaluation of China’s LCCP policy. Evaluating and optimizing the LCCP policy is constructive to achieve the goal of China’s green economic transition. In this paper, we evaluated the effect of the LCCP policy on China’s low-carbon economic transition by using the difference-in-difference (DID) approach which can effectively alleviate endogenous problems and better evaluate this effect and the panel data of 210 prefecture-level cities in China from 2008 to 2016. The empirical analysis revealed that the LCCP policy inhibited China’s low-carbon economic transition in general. Specifically, the policy worked well in the eastern region but failed in the central region and western region by studying the regional heterogeneity and influence mechanism. The reason is that the LCCP policy can stimulate low-carbon innovation with the help of innovation offset effects in the eastern region, but it failed to do so in the central region and western region. In addition, this paper analyzed the performance of three types of policy tools adopted by local governments to implement the policy, we found that market-economic tools are valuable to improving the low-carbon economic transition in pilot areas, but command-mandatory tools and voluntary tools have failed to achieve the expected objectives. The research results of this article can provide policy recommendations for optimizing the low-carbon policy and provide a reference for countries that are determined to develop a green economy.

Economies are making environmental regulations to achieve sustainable development and mitigate environmental pollution. However, these regulations cannot provide effective results unless implemented properly. The role of the government is fundamental in this regard. In this context, this research probes the impacts of democracy, environmental regulations, renewable energy, globalization, and economic growth on ecological footprints in N-11 countries from 1990 to 2018. For statistical analysis, this work applies the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lags (CS-ARDL) methods. This method efficiently provides robust findings for panel time series data because they counter the cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity while providing the results. Moreover, augmented mean group (AMG) and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) are used to check the robustness of the findings. The results show that environmental regulation significantly mitigates ecological footprint, while economic growth escalates footprints in N-11 countries. In addition, democratic quality, renewable energy consumption, and globalization are contributing factors to environmental quality. Hence, this research presents important policy implications for the N-11 countries in that they need to enhance democratic accountability. This will assist them to launch an effective environmental policy. Effective environmental policy will assist in increasing renewable energy, which will ultimately enhance the environmental quality.

Air pollution is imposing substantial health and economic burdens on billions of people around the world. Although the impacts of air pollution on human health and economic growth have long been recognized, empirical evidence on whether and how air pollution affects firms’ employee protection remains unclear. Using a sample of publicly listed Chinese firms from 2010 to 2019, we show that air pollution can significantly increase firms’ employee protection. The results indicate that employee protection is an effective substitute for poor air quality in firm headquarters. Further analyses suggest that public pressure enhances the influence of air pollution on firms’ labor protection, while environmental regulation lessens the positive relationship between air pollution and employee treatment. Overall, we emphasize that air pollution is a significant non-economic determinant affecting firms’ human capital stock and employee treatment strategy. This study would be of particular interest to economists, managers, and regulators who are concerned about designing optimal environmental and welfare policies.

Introducción: Las entidades de atención a la salud generan una amplia variedad de residuos que por sus características de peligrosidad representan una serie de riesgos potenciales a la salud humana y ambiental, por lo que requieren de un especial manejo, tratamiento y disposición final. Objetivo: Evaluar el Plan para la Gestión Integral de los Residuos generados en la atención a la salud en el área de observación de la Empresa Social Del Estado, Hospital San José del municipio de Tierralta-Córdoba. Materiales y métodos: Investigación de tipo descriptiva, no experimental de corte transversal. Se aplicó una encuesta en 39 funcionarios del área de observación sobre percepción, conocimiento y prácticas en la gestión de residuos hospitalarios. Se aplicó una lista de chequeo para evaluar las actividades y condiciones relacionadas a la gestión de residuos hospitalarios. Resultados: Se encontraron falencias en la infraestructura para almacenamiento de residuos, en recurso humano, en la dotación (recipientes y elementos de protección personal) y en actividades técnico-administrativas. Los funcionarios encuestados demostraron no cumplir con el conocimiento y las practicas necesarias para el correcto manejo de los residuos hospitalarios. Conclusiones: Se encontraron falencias en cuanto al cumplimiento del Manual en los procesos de generación, manejo y disposición final de residuos. El conocimiento del personal encuestado se puede categorizar como bajo o deficiente por la inexactitud al responder la encuesta ya que se pudo identificar una inconsistencia entre el conocimiento que afirman tener y la respuesta correcta. Se generaron recomendaciones pertinentes en pos de garantizar la seguridad sanitaria del medio ambiente, funcionarios de la entidad y público en general. Introduction: Health care entities generate a wide variety of wastes that, due to their dangerous characteristics, represent a series of potential risks to human and environmental health, for which they require special handling, treatment and final disposal. Objective: To evaluate the Plan for the Comprehensive Management of Waste generated in health care in the observation area of the State Social Enterprise, San José Hospital in the municipality of Tierralta-Córdoba. Materials and methods: Descriptive, non-experimental cross-sectional research. A survey was applied to 39 officials from the observation area on perception, knowledge and practices in the management of hospital waste. A checklist was applied to evaluate the activities and conditions related to the management of hospital waste. Results: Deficiencies were found in the infrastructure for waste storage, in human resources, in the equipment (containers and personal protection elements) and in technical-administrative activities. The surveyed officials demonstrated not complying with the knowledge and practices necessary for the correct management of hospital waste. Conclusions: Failures were found in terms of compliance with the Manual in the processes of generation, management and final disposal of waste. The knowledge of the surveyed personnel can be categorized as low or deficient due to the inaccuracy when answering the survey since it was possible to identify an inconsistency between the knowledge they claim to have and the correct answer. Relevant recommendations were generated in order to guarantee the sanitary security of the environment, officials of the entity and the general public. Administrador Ambiental y de los Recursos Naturales http://www.ustadistancia.edu.co/?page_id=3956 Pregrado

Global warming has gained the attention of researchers and authorities to work on the environmental glitches. Prior researchers highlighted that the industrial sector is more responsible for these environmental glitches. The industrial sector is highly participated for climate change problems. In the light of firm’s sustainable development goals, this study focuses on the proactive environmental strategies for green innovation. Furthermore, this study considers the link amid environmental regulations and green innovation, firm performance, and green innovation. Most importantly, this study applies the moderating role of environmental regulations and firm performance on the link amid proactive environmental strategies and green innovation. The outcomes with ordinary least square, fixed effect, generalized method of moments, and feasible generalized least square presents unique conclusions. This study concluded that firms with proactive environmental strategies are more valuable for green innovation practices. The environmental regulations promote green innovative practices. Similarly, firm performance also encourages the firm for green innovative practices. Importantly, these outcomes suggest that environmental regulations positively moderate the link amid proactive environmental strategies and green innovation. In addition, firm performance also plays positive role for positivity amid proactive environmental strategies and green innovation. These findings are imperative addition into the narrow literature of environmental practices at firm level in Pakistan. Moreover, this study suggests various guidelines and directions for policy makers, owners, governments, and stakeholders as promoting the environmental practices for higher profitability as well as minimizing industrial negative effects.

The compliance of crab shells traditionally used as a complex natural product for agricultural soil amendment with modern biofertilizers’ quality and safety requirements was investigated. Shells waste from the Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus and the Green crab, Carcinus aestuarii were tested for macronutrients, heavy metals, bacteria content, and antimicrobial properties. Such information is crucial for further utilization of the biogenic powders for any composite formulation in added-value by-products. The calcium carbonate-rich hard tissue yield was 52.13% ± 0.015 (mean ± S.D.) and 64.71% ± 0.144 from the blue and green crabs, respectively. The contents of Pb, Ni, Zn, Cr (VI), and Cu were several orders of magnitude below the prescribed limit by EU biofertilizer legislation, with Fe, Mn (not prescribed), and As being the most abundant. The content of As and Cd from the material considered here was within limits. The shells contain no colony-forming units of Salmonella spp. and compliant levels of Escherichia coli, moreover, the shell micro-powder showed dose-dependent growth inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. In summary, the waste crab shells present a complex natural product as plant biofertilizer following the circular economy concepts.

Energy markets play an important role in achieving sustainable development goals. The sector of energy has a huge impact on the environment, hence changes in it are the highest priority in the European Union. The process of shaping and developing the internal energy market plays an important role in improving the security of supply of energy resources for the entire union. It requires a number of political negotiations, strategic decisions regarding energy liberalization, in particular, the electricity and gas sectors, as well as the adoption of sectoral legislation. The aim of the conducted research is to estimate the level of development of energy markets in the EU countries and to indicate the position of Poland in comparison to other countries. The research was performed in several stages. The first phase consisted of selecting appropriate diagnostic variables that comprehensively describe energy markets in countries belonging to the European Union. The next stage was collecting data, subjecting them to standardization, and then, based on the agglomeration algorithm, the process of dividing into groups of similar countries was carried out. The research results can be used as guidelines for legal regulations being prepared in the energy sectors of all member states, which can be used for selected clusters comprising similar countries in terms of the development of energy markets.

China and other emerging market countries have suffered from the problem of environmental pollution while developing rapidly in the past few decades. In recent years, many countries have introduced strict environmental regulations in order to achieve sustainable development. This paper discusses the relationship between environmental regulations and corporate green innovation from the perspective of regional leaders’ promotion pressure. The empirical results show that direct policy regulation within the region stimulates green innovation on the part of enterprises, and the promotion pressure of city leaders has a further positive moderating effect on the positive correlation between environmental regulations and enterprises’ green innovation. The conclusion of the study proves that a strict environmental policy can promote the effectiveness of an environmental performance appraisal system in the sustainable development plans of cities and enterprises. This paper not only reveals the influence path of official promotion pressure on the sustainable development of enterprises in the administrative area from the micro perspective but also sheds some light that may improve government governance and promote the transformation of enterprises.

The endeavor of mankind to sustain life, the inevitable interaction between man and environment, the point that the concept of environment is today, the concept of environment require to be addressed in international dimensions as well as in the national dimension. In addition, many protocols, arrangements and contracts concerning the environment at the international level clearly demonstrate the importance of this issue. Therefore, the steps to be taken in the national sense are also very important for the creation of a globally meaningful whole. The means to be used/used in creating environmental awareness and the environmental policies that are carried out effectively are the main building blocks to provide this integrity. The Stockholm Conference, organized by the United Nations on June 5, 1972, is considered to be the turning point of international policies on environmental issues. This conference, which was attended by the participation of 113 countries, including our country, has proved that it is necessary to seek a global solution to environmental problems as well as to establish a generally accepted platform for environmental issues. It was also recognized as the World Environment Day on June 5th with the declaration issued as the conclusion of the conference. The Environment Day is dedicated to carrying out an important function, such as increasing environmental protection activities and increasing environmental awareness to improve environmental quality. The environmental conception that starts with the Stockholm Conference has become an increasingly important and more comprehensive topic in our country and around the world. For this reason, examined first in Turkey, followed by international environmental practices, legislation and contracts in study.

The present research features the legal effect of environmental regulation on food security in the Russian Federation. The author analyzed the system of environmental regulation together with its legal instruments, and gave a legal assessment of its efficiency in providing safe environment and food products. The efficiency of the mechanism of environmental regulation affects the safety of products. However, the system of environmental regulation is large- ly represented by sanitary and hygienic standards and does not fully meet modern challenges. Meant as a basis for environmental and food security, the current environmental regulation takes into account neither local conditions nor the level of aggregate anthropogenic load on environment, thus failing to ensure the production of safe, high-quality food products. The study proves that there is an inextricable link between environmental regulation and environmen- tal safety, which has to be taken into account in state policy planning. By providing environmental safety, environ- mental regulation serves as the main means of food security. The author proposes to develop legislation on various types of environmental standards that would ensure food quality and security. The measures of food quality and se- curity should be based on the principles of environmentalisation and sustainable agriculture.

En México existen normativas a escala nacional que plantean estrategias en pro de la sustentabilidad ambiental, sin embargo, difícilmente permean a la escala local. Por su parte, algunos promotores privados desarrollan incipientes iniciativas de prácticas ambientales en los desarrollos habitacionales, utilizando ecotecnologías, pero carecen de un marco normativo-administrativo claro que las impulse y regule. Actualmente, México vive un cambio político importante que muestra una visión diferente, con un enfoque social y ambiental, que permite vislumbrar cambios importantes para impulsar las prácticas hacia la sustentabilidad ambiental. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar, a través del caso del municipio de San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, los principales obstáculos políticos, administrativos y técnicos a los que se enfrentan los promotores inmobiliarios para implementar ecotecnologías en zonas habitacionales, así como los avances en dicha materia. La metodología es cualitativa, basada en la investigación - acción, y las técnicas fueron la revisión documental, recorridos de campo y entrevistas semidirigidas a actores clave. Entre los principales resultados destacan la deficiente normativa que no permite al gobierno local orientarse para implementar ecotecnologías y la intención del nuevo gobierno de avanzar en esta materia, a pesar de vicios añejos de «regulación» de la acción ambiental., In Mexico there are regulations at the national level that propose strategies for environmental sustainability, however, they hardly permeate the local scale. For their part, some private promoters develop incipient initiatives of environmental practices in housing developments, using eco-technologies, but they lack a clear normative-administrative framework that promotes and regulates them. Currently, Mexico is undergoing an important political change that shows a different vision with a social and environmental approach, which allows us to glimpse important changes to promote practices towards environmental sustainability. The objective of this article is to show, through the case of the municipality of San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, the main political, administrative and technical obstacles faced by real estate developers to implement eco-technologies in residential areas, as well as the advances in said matter. The methodology is qualitative based on action research, and the techniques were documentary review, field trips and semi-directed interviews with key actors. Among the main results are the deficient regulations that do not allow the local government to guide itself to implement eco-technologies, and the intention of the new government to advance in this matter despite old vices of "regulation" of environmental action., No México existem regulamentações em nível nacional que propõem estratégias de sustentabilidade ambiental, porém, dificilmente permeiam a escala local. Por sua vez, alguns promotores privados desenvolvem iniciativas incipientes de práticas ambientais em empreendimentos habitacionais, utilizando ecotecnologias, mas carecem de um quadro normativo-administrativo claro que as promova e regule. Atualmente, o México está passando por uma importante mudança política que mostra uma visão diferente com foco social e ambiental, o que nos permite vislumbrar mudanças importantes para promover práticas voltadas para a sustentabilidade ambiental. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar, através do caso do município de San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, os principais obstáculos políticos, administrativos e técnicos enfrentados pelos promotores imobiliários para implementar ecotecnologias em áreas residenciais, bem como os avanços no referido assunto. A metodologia é qualitativa baseada na pesquisa-ação, e as técnicas foram revisão documental, saídas de campo e entrevistas semidirigidas com atores-chave. Entre os principais resultados estão as regulamentações deficientes que não permitem que o governo local se oriente para a implantação de ecotecnologias, e a intenção do novo governo de avançar nessa questão apesar de antigos vícios de “regulamentação” da ação ambiental.