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Empathy and schadenfreude are emotions that often lead to moral prosocial behaviors or harmful spiteful behaviors, respectively. An outstanding question is what motivates people’s feelings of empathy and schadenfreude towards people from different groups. Here we test two prominent motivators of emotions: personality and ideology. Previous work has found that people’s ideological orientations towards respecting traditionalism (RWA) and preferences about group-based hierarchy (SDO) can impact intergroup emotions. Further, low agreeableness, low openness to experiences, and high conscientiousness uniquely engender SDO and RWA. In the research presented here, we examine the relationship between personality, ideology, and emotions, arguing that SDO and RWA will predict reduced empathy and increased schadenfreude but towards different groups. SDO will predict reduced empathy and increased schadenfreude towards low-status groups while RWA will predicted reduced empathy and increased schadenfreude towards threatening groups. We further extend past work by investigating a third ideology (left-wing authoritarianism), exploring its relationship with personality and emotions.

Objective: Relational and emotional vulnerability represent essential problems among patients with personality disorder (PD). Group psychotherapy is a central component of evidence-based PD treatments. Generally, patient and therapist interrelationships predict improvement in therapy. However, although treatment of patients with PD is a more complex process, group processes are poorly elaborated in PD research. Documentation of the psychometric quality of group process measures in PD samples is an important precursor of such research. The Group Questionnaire—GQ is based on concepts of group cohesion and climate, empathy, and alliance and aims to capture the quality of member–member, member–group, and member–leader relationships in group therapy. A three latent factor structure (positive bond, positive work, and negative relationship) has generally been supported. This study aimed to perform a psychometric analysis of GQ administered in a clinical population of patients with PD. Method: The study included 369 patients with PDs attending group psychotherapy in 14 outpatient treatment units on a specialist mental health service level within the Norwegian Network of Personality Disorders in the period 2017–2020. Psychometric analyses included three latent factors and eight subfacets. Results: The three latent factors, positive bond, positive work, and negative relationship, were replicated. Psychometric integrity of the tripartite relationship structure—member–member, member–group, and member–leader, with eight subfacets, was supported. Conclusion: The GQ with three latent factors and eight subfacets can be recommended for future research and clinical practice in patient populations with PD.

The purpose of this study was to determine the development of empathy and communication skills among nursing students and the relationship between empathy and communication skills. Two scales, the EESR （Empathic Experience Scale Revised） and the ENDCORE（ENCODE・DECODE・CONTROL・REGURATION Model），were used in the survey. The results showed that there was no relationship between grade and empathy, but the first-year students scored significantly higher than the second-year students in the response system of communication skills（ P

Background and Study Aim. The main purpose of the study is to investigate whether the individual responsibility and empathy levels of athlete-students affect the level of social capital. The secondary purpose is to examine the social capital, empathy and individual responsibility levels of athlete-students in terms of various variables and to reveal the relationship between them. Material and Methods. In this context, "Social Capital Scale" , "Empathy Scale in Sports Environment" and "Student Individual Responsibility Scale" were used as data collection tools. University students participating in sports competitions in the 2021-2022 academic year were included in the study on a voluntary basis. The inclusion criteria were determined as being both an athlete and a student, being over the age of 18 and being a competitor. A total of 284 (N female=110; N male=174) athlete-students who met these criteria participated in the study. Since the normal distribution conditions were met in the analysis of the data, independent t-test was used for pairwise comparisons, one-way anova for multiple comparisons, and pearson correlation test for relationship analysis. After the assumptions were met, linear regression test was used to determine the effect levels. Results. As a result of the study, all dependent variables were high in favour of men, and the variables were positively affected as age and years of experience increased. In addition, a positive and moderate relationship was found between the dependent variables. As the main result of the study, the effect rate was determined as 39% by the regression analysis conducted to evaluate empathy and individual responsibility as predictors of social capital. Conclusions. As a result, the concept of social capital, which expresses the continuity and sustainability of our life-related social relations, seriously affects the levels of empathy and social responsibility in the sample of athlete-students in the sports environment. It is thought that the studies to be carried out for the development of these skills will positively affect the concepts of safety, social communication and fair-play in sports., Передумови та мета дослідження. Основна мета дослідження – дослідити, чи впливають рівні індивідуальної відповідальності та емпатії спортсменів-студентів на рівень соціального капіталу. Другою метою є дослідження рівня соціального капіталу, емпатії та індивідуальної відповідальності студентів-спортсменів з точки зору різних змінних і виявлення зв’язку між ними.Матеріал і методи. У цьому контексті «Шкала соціального капіталу», «Шкала емпатії в спортивному середовищі» та «Шкала індивідуальної відповідальності студента» були використані як інструменти збору даних. Студенти університету, які беруть участь у спортивних змаганнях у 2021-2022 навчальному році, були включені до дослідження на добровільних засадах. Критеріями включення були визначені як спортсмен, так і студент, вік старше 18 років і участь у змаганнях. Загалом у дослідженні взяли участь 284 (N жінок = 110; N чоловіків = 174) студентів-спортсменів, які відповідали цим критеріям. Оскільки під час аналізу даних були дотримані умови нормального розподілу, незалежний t-критерій використовувався для попарних порівнянь, one-way anova для множинних порівнянь і кореляційний тест Пірсона для аналізу взаємозв’язків. Після того, як припущення були виконані, тест лінійної регресії був використаний для визначення рівнів ефекту.Результати. У результаті дослідження всі залежні змінні були високими на користь чоловіків, і змінні мали позитивний вплив із збільшенням віку та років досвіду. Крім того, було виявлено позитивний і помірний зв'язок між залежними змінними. Як головний результат дослідження, рівень ефекту було визначено як 39% за допомогою регресійного аналізу, проведеного для оцінки емпатії та індивідуальної відповідальності як предикторів соціального капіталу.Висновки. Як наслідок, концепція соціального капіталу, яка виражає безперервність і стійкість наших життєвих соціальних відносин, серйозно впливає на рівні емпатії та соціальної відповідальності у вибірці спортсменів-студентів у спортивному середовищі. Вважається, що дослідження, які будуть проведені для розвитку цих навичок, позитивно вплинуть на концепції безпеки, соціальної комунікації та чесної гри у спорті.

本稿では、最初に共感概念の歴史について概説し、主に社会心理学や発達心理学の分野における共感の代表的理論として、ホフマンの共感喚起過程についての理論と、共感の発達についての理論、共感と道徳性との関係についての理論、デイヴィスの多次元的共感性の理論について説明した。この分野では、道徳性と向社会的行動における共感の役割が重視されている。次に、臨床心理学における共感概念のうち、サリヴァンとロジャーズとコフートの定義について概説した。この分野では、他者理解における共感の役割が重視されている。最後に、社会心理学等における共感の概念と臨床心理学における共感の概念との関連について検討するとともに、共感の発達と、共感が果たすその他の役割について考察した。

本論は2020年から本年まで実施してきたブルー＆グリーンアートプロジェクトについて、その前提となったアグリアート・フェスティバルにおける活動との関係を踏まえながら、SDGsにコミットしつつ、海と陸をつなげて地域活性化や地域における開発についての活動であるシンポジウムや作品展に焦点を当てたものである。 特に、2022年度に実施したシンポジウムなどに触発されて実施した作品展「海を巡るファッションの旅」における作品について考察を加えた。サステナブルデザインのために、日本の伝統的な服飾及び染織技法である裂織・つづれ、裂編、パッチワーク及び草木染めに取り組んだ。また、廃棄される前に厚生労働省から提供されたマスクやビーチクリーンで取得した漂着物である牡蠣パイプなどのアップサイクルを行なった。 海や陸の環境問題を自分の問題として来場者が感じられるように、裂織のワークショップも開催した。短い期間であったが、今後の活動への礎として表現者側への効果があったとともに、来場者への意識啓発に役立ったと言える。, This paper focuses on the Blue & Green Art Project, which has been implemented from 2020 to the present, in relation to the Agri-Art Festival, which was the premise of the project, and its activities on regional revitalization and development.The project focuses on symposiums and exhibitions of artworks, which are activities about regional revitalization and development by connecting the sea and land, while committing to the SDGs. In particular, the report discusses the works in the exhibition "A Journey of Fashion through the Sea," which was inspired by the symposium held in March 2022. For sustainable design, we will focus on the traditional Japanese clothing and dyeing and weaving techniques. The project focused on traditional Japanese clothing and dyeing techniques such as sakiori, tsuzure, saki-knitting, patchwork, and herb-dyeing for sustainable design. The project also included the upcycling of masks provided by the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare before they were discarded, as well as oyster pipes and other flotsam collected from beach cleanups. The project also upcycled masks provided by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare before they were discarded and oyster pipes that had washed ashore from beach cleanups. A sakiori weaving workshop was also held to help visitors feel the environmental issues of the sea and land as their own problems. The event was short-lived, but we hope that future activities will be more active and it was effective in raising awareness among the visitors as well as the organizers as a foundation for future activities.

This research explores the relationship between understanding the emotions of others and feeling one’s own bodily states or interoceptive awareness. In Study 1, we developed the Japanese version of the Multi-dimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness for Youth as a measure of interoceptive awareness in Japanese youth and administered it to 374 junior and 812 high school students, respectively. Factor analysis identified seven factors, namely, regulation of attention to bodily sensations, control through attention to bodily sensations, somatic awareness of emotions, trust in the self-body, control of attention to physical discomfort, awareness of physical sensations, and tolerance to physical discomfort, with only the seventh factor exhibiting a slightly lower reliability. In Study 2, we used the questionnaire method to examine the relationship of empathy to interoceptive and exteroceptive awareness among Japanese high school students. The questionnaire included the Multi-dimensional Empathy Scale, which consists of four subscales （i.e., empathic concern, cognitive empathy, fantasy, and personal distress）, the Japanese version of the MAIA-Y, and the Adolescent/ Adult Sensory Profile, which consists of four subscales （i.e., low registration, sensation seeking, sensory sensitivity, and sensation avoidance）. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that sensation seeking and the interaction between bodily awareness of emotions and control of attention to physical discomfort significantly predicted empathic concern. This result suggests that students who tend to be curious about the outside world and be bodily sensitive to emotions and discomfort were more likely to be empathically concerned for the distress of others.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between college students' turn-taking consciousness and the dreams they had in childhood and their play preferences. A questionnaire survey of 196 college students was conducted using Google foam. The questions were: the turn-taking consciousness scale, the empathy scale, the childhood dreams, and the play preferences. The results showed that the number of dreams they had in childhood was not related to the college students' turn-taking consciousness and their empathy. On the other hand, the preference of the pretend play was shown to be related to the turn-taking consciousness and the empathy. In addition, the preference of the rule play was shown to be partially related to the empathy. These findings suggest that the pretend play in childhood has an influence on the development of the turn-taking consciousness and the empathy. And it is suggested that the nature of imagination related to the childhood dreams is different from that of imagination fostered through childrenʼs play.

Compared to other animals, humans supposedly excel at voluntarily controlling and strategically displaying emotional signals. Yet, new data shows that nonhuman great apes' emotion expressions may also be subject to voluntary control. A key context to further explore this is during post-conflict (PC) periods, where signalling by distressed victims may influence bystander responses, including the offering of consolation. To address this, our study investigates the signalling behaviour of sanctuary-living bonobo victims following aggression and its relation to audience composition and PC interactions. Results show that the production of paedomorphic signals by victims (regardless of age) increased their chances of receiving consolation. In adults, the production of such signals additionally reduced the risk of renewed aggression from opponents. Signal production also increased with audience size, yet strategies differed by age: while immatures reduced signalling in proximity of close-social partners, adults did so especially after receiving consolation. These results suggest that bonobos can flexibly adjust their emotion signalling to influence the outcome of PC events, and that this tendency has a developmental trajectory. Overall, these findings highlight the potential role that flexible emotion communication played in the sociality of our last common ancestor with Pan . This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates’.

本研究の目的は，親しい他者への共感のどのような側面が，親しい他者に加害を与えた者への攻撃を促進，低減するのか中学生を対象に検討することだった。中学1～3年生419名を調査協力者に場面想定法を用いた質問紙を行い，3要因分散分析を行った結果，群の主効果が見られ，情動的側面低群および共感性低群は他群と比較して関係性攻撃得点が高く，情動的側面低群は他群と比較して外顕性攻撃得点が高かった。これらの結果から，情動的側面は攻撃行動を抑制し，認知的側面は攻撃行動に利用されうることが示された。

Background: The importance of dignity in health care is well described, yet limited interventions exist to improve dignity, particularly patient-driven interventions. Objectives: To test the hypothesis that patient-selected photographs at the bedside would impact patients' sense of dignity and clinicians' sense of meaningful work, stimulate conversation between patients and clinicians, and serve as a visual and patient-driven complement to the Patient Dignity Question (PDQ). Methods: Patients admitted to three units at an academic medical center displayed photographs above their head of bed and were interviewed for this study. We used thematic content analysis to compare themes extracted from patient interviews, the PDQ, and clinician surveys. Results: Eight themes emerged from patient interviews (n = 19): conveying goals, joy, capturing the patient's spirit, faith and spirituality, sense of belonging, physical appearance and health, stimulating conversation and meaningful connections, and humanizing the patient. The same themes emerged from the PDQ, with the exception of physical appearance and health. Notably, analysis of the clinician surveys (n = 40) yielded six similar themes: conveying goals, joy, stimulating conversation and meaningful connections, humanizing the patient, meaningful work, and compassion and empathy. Conclusions: Patient-selected photographs at the bedside impact both patients and clinicians by stimulating conversation and meaningful connections, humanizing patients, and fostering meaning and joy in work. Photographs and the PDQ provide a similar window into personhood, thereby supporting the use of a photograph as a visual and patient-driven complement to the PDQ.

ÖzetBu araştırmanın amacı Amatör Spor Kulüpleri Federasyonu yöneticilerinin liderlik yönelimleri, kişilik özellikleri ve empati düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Bu amaç çerçevesinde araştırmanın evrenini Türkiye Amatör Spor Kulüpleri Konfederasyonu (TASKK) çatısı altında 81 ilde faaliyetlerini sürdüren Amatör Spor Kulüpleri Federasyonlarının (ASKF) 1027 yöneticisi oluştururken örneklem grubunu kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen 366 yönetici oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcıların liderlik yönelimlerini belirlemek için “Çok Yönlü Liderlik Yönelimleri Ölçeği”, kişilik özelliklerini belirlemek için “On-Maddeli Kişilik Ölçeği” ve empati düzeylerini belirlemek adına ise “Empati Düzeyi Belirleme Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Ölçme araçlarıyla toplanan verilerin analiz sürecinde SPSS 24 istatistik programından faydalanılmıştır. Analiz sürecinde verilerin frekans ve yüzde hesaplamasının ardından bağımlı ve bağımsız değişkenler arası etkileşim durumları çoklu regresyon analizi ile test edilmiştir. Açıklayan ve açıklanan değişkenler arasında doğrusal ilişki ise Korelasyon testi ile sınanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda; Amatör Spor Kulüpleri Federasyonu yöneticilerinin kişilik özelliklerinin ve empati düzeylerinin Politik, İnsan Kaynaklı, Yapısal ve Karizmatik Liderlik yönelimlerinin yordayıcısı oldukları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır., The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between the leadership orientations, personality traits and empathy levels of the managers of the Amateur Sports Clubs Federation. Within the framework of this purpose, the universe of the research consists of 1027 managers of the Amateur Sports Clubs Federations (ASKF) operating in 81 provinces under the umbrella of the Turkish Amateur Sports Clubs Confederation (TASKK), while the sample group consists of 366 managers determined by the convenience sampling method. "Multidimensional Leadership Orientations Scale" was used to determine the leadership orientations of the participants, the "Ten-Item Personality Scale" to determine their personality traits, and the "Empathy Level Determination Scale" to determine their empathy levels. SPSS 24 statistical program was used in the analysis process of the data collected with measurement tools. In the analysis process, after the frequency and percentage calculation of the data, the interaction states between dependent and independent variables were tested with multiple regression analysis. The linear relationship between the explanatory and explained variables was tested with the Correlation test. As a result of the research; It has been concluded that the personality traits and empathy levels of the managers of the Amateur Sports Clubs Federation are the predictors of the Political, Human Based, Structural and Charismatic Leadership orientations.

Empathy is an important competence for communication professionals. This article investigates two aspects of empathy in an educational setting: the validity of self versus other assessments and the manifestation of empathy in communicative behaviors. Communication students were given a mediating role in discussions with two clients and their empathy was measured using self-ratings and client assessments. Videos of highest- and lowest-rated students were analyzed to identify empathy-related behaviors. No correlation was found between self-rated empathy and clients’ assessments. Several verbal and nonverbal behaviors corresponded to empathy: body language, an other-orientation in asking questions, paraphrasing, and a solution orientation.

The aim of this study was to describe the effects of an intervention called "CompassionGrowth Workshops" on reported posttraumatic growth (PTG) using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Expanded (PTGI-X).Few studies measure the impact of interventions, such as contemplative practices, on nurse PTG.We delivered a series of three 2-hour microretreats to nurses and advanced practice nurses and measured their impact on PTG scores. Using multivariate logistic regression, we identified cofactors predictive of 25% overall improvement on the PTGI-X.Overall PTG increased among participants, with the greatest improvement in relating to others, new possibilities, and personal strength. Posttraumatic growth improved as workshop attendance increased; nurses providing direct patient care also benefitted the most.Contemplative interventions can substantively improve PTG. This may be particularly relevant for coping with COVID pandemic stress among nurses on the frontlines and for healthcare leaders seeking to strengthen psychological support within their teams and reform the workplace environment.

La ética del cuidado es la propuesta de Carol Gilligan, tras notar el sesgo de género que contenía la tabla del desarrollo moral, propuesta por Lawrence Kohlberg. Gilligan plantea que, mientras el varón tiende a resolver los dilemas morales de manera racionalista, apelando a la idea de justicia, la mujer utiliza también el apego y la empatía. Entonces, propone agregar, en el juicio moral, todo aquello que la mujer capta mejor para corregir el sesgo del sistema de Kohlberg. Por su parte, Nel Noddings convierte la ética del cuidado en una propuesta pedagógica, en diálogo con el movimiento de la educación del carácter. Su modelo contempla cuatro componentes básicos: modelamiento, diálogo, práctica y confirmación. Noddings indica que superar el sesgo de género implica que el juicio moral no se reduzca a la racionalidad instrumental, pero propone evitar caer en el emotivismo. De allí que su propuesta apele a una correcta educación del corazón, buscando un equilibrio entre corazón y cabeza. En este sentido, ambas pensadoras lanzan un desafío positivo a las corrientes actuales de la educación del carácter, justo en un momento en que este campo educativo está expandiendo sus reflexiones fundamentales, mientras busca reflejar todos los aspectos de la persona humana. The ethics of care is Carol Gilligan proposal after noticing the gender bias contained in the table of moral development proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg. Gilligan states that, while men tend to solve moral dilemmas in a rationalistic way, appealing to the idea of justice, women also use attachment and empathy. For this reason, she proposes to add in the moral judgment everything that women grasp better to correct Kohlberg’s system’s bias. Nel Noddings, from another approach, turns the ethics of care into a pedagogical proposal in dialogue with the character education movement. Her model contemplates four essential components: modeling, dialogue, practice, and confirmation. Noddings sees that, overcoming gender bias implies that moral judgment should not be reduced to instrumental rationality but proposes to avoid falling into emotivism. Hence, her proposal appeals to a proper education of the heart, seeking a balance between heart and head. In this sense, both thinkers launch a positive challenge to the actual currents of character education, just at a time when this educational field is expanding its fundamental reflections, while seeking to reflect all aspects of the human person.

Kiparica je 1954. posjetila Dalmatinsku zagoru, zavičaj svojeg supruga slikara Frane Šimunovića i potvrđuje se kao lucidan promatrač zbilje, sposobna na jedinstven, uvjerljiv i sugestivan način motritelju prenijeti autentičnu i realističnu sliku toga jedinstvenog podneblja. Opisivala je „vlašku” svakodnevicu i njihove „koncentrirane muke”, nakon čega smo postali svjesni sublimacije tog kraja, njegove egzotike, civilizacije i kulture. Počinje proces sve dubljeg slijeganja i identifikacije njezina kiparskog i ljudskog morala, stvaralačkog kapaciteta s tvrdoćom, oskudnošću i imanentnom, monumentalnom arhaičnošću „vlaškog” podneblja. Taj prvi posjet bio je prijelomni trenutak koji će odrediti smjer širenja i produbljivanja autoričina kiparskog izričaja. Ona interpretira taj svijet iskreno, intuitivno i slobodno, istodobno mijenjajući svoj izraz., In 1954, Ksenija Kantoci visited Dalmatinska Zagora, the homeland of her husband, painter Frano Šimunović, and showed herself as a lucid observer of reality, capable of conveying an authentic and realistic image of that unique region in a unique, convincing, and suggestive way. She described the everyday life of the “Vlachs” and their “concentrated suffering,” making us aware of the sublime character of that region, its exoticism, civilization, and culture. This initiated the process of profound subsidence and identification of her sculptural and human morality, her creative capacity with the hardness, scarcity, and immanent, monumental archaism of the “Vlach” area. That first visit was a turning point that determined the direction in which the artist’s sculptural expression expanded and deepened. She interpreted that world honestly, intuitively and freely, simultaneously changing her expression.

Similar to other countries, the ratio of the older people in the total population and the number of studies in this field is increasing day by day due to the decrease in the fertility rate and the increase in life expectancy in the Turkish culture. The aim of the present study is to examine whether a number of sociodemographic variables and different sub-dimensions of empathy predict the attitudes toward older adults. A total of 143 undergraduate students, 111 (77.6%) of whom were women, who were in emerging adulthood (M. = 19.76 SD. = 1.37, range 18-24 years) were included in the study. The data was collected using a ‘Demographic Information Form’, ‘The Interpersonal Reactivity Index’, and ‘Kogan’s Attitude Toward Older People Scale’ and hierarchical regression analysis was performed. ‘Willingness to live with the elderly in the future’ (yes; β = 0.42, p < .001, no idea; β = 0.30, p < .001) and ‘being a woman’ (β = -0.19, p = .017) were associated with a more positive attitude toward older people. Moreover, when ''willingness to live with the elderly in the future' and 'being a woman' were controlled in the first step, it was found that high 'empathic concern' positively predicted the attitudes toward older adults (β = .20, p = .038). Partially consistent with the previous studies, these findings indicate that ‘gender’, ‘want to live with an older person in the future’, and ‘empathic concern’ are significantly related to the attitudes toward older adults., Diğer ülkelerle benzer olarak, ülkemizde doğurganlık hızının azalması ve yaşam süresinin artması ile yaşlı bireylerin toplam nüfus içerisindeki oranı ve bu alandaki çalışmaların sayısı her geçen gün artmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir dizi sosyodemografik değişken ile empatinin farklı alt boyutlarının yaşlılara yönelik tutumları yordayıp yordamadığını incelemektir. Araştırmaya beliren yetişkinlik döneminde yer alan (Ort. = 19.76 SS. = 1.37, ranj 18-24 yaş) ve 111’i (%77.6) kadın olan toplam 143 lisans öğrencisi dâhil edilmiştir. Veriler, ‘Demografik Bilgi Formu’, ‘Kişilerarası Tepkisellik Ölçeği’ ve ‘Kogan Yaşlılara Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği’ ile toplanmış ve bulgular hiyerarşik regresyon analizi ile elde edilmiştir. ‘Gelecekte yaşlı bir birey ile yaşama isteği’ (evet; β = 0.42, p < .001, fikrim yok; β = 0.30, p < .001) ve ‘kadın olma’ (β = -0.19, p = .017) yaşlılara yönelik pozitif tutum ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte, ‘gelecekte yaşlı bir birey ile yaşama isteği’ ve ‘kadın olma’ ilk aşamada konrol edildiğinde, ‘empatik düşüncenin’ yaşlılara yönelik tutumu pozitif yönde yordadığı bulunmuştur (β = 0.20, p = .038). Elde edilen bu bulgular, önceki çalışmalar ile kısmen tutarlı olmakla birlikte, cinsiyet, yaşlılar ile birlikte yaşama isteği ve empatik düşüncenin yaşlı bireylere yönelik tutum ile anlamlı bir şekilde ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir.

Objective: The aim of the research was to provide insight into compassion satisfaction (CS), resilience, burnout syndrome (BOS), and overall occupational stress levels of experienced audiologists. Design: This study was based on a four-part online questionnaire consisting of the Audiology Occupational Stress Questionnaire, the Professional Quality of Life Scale (Version 5), the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale-10, and demographic questions. Study Sample: Fifty-nine audiologists with more than 5 years of experience completed the survey. Clinicians were from New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, the United States, Hong Kong, Israel, Singapore, and the United Kingdom. Results: The findings illustrate that no audiologists experienced high BOS or low CS scores. Positive correlations existed between resilience and CS and between BOS and overall occupational stress. Negative correlations were found between resilience and BOS, BOS and CS, CS and overall occupational stress, and resilience and overall occupational stress. Resilience ( p = .015), CS ( p < .001), and overall occupational stress ( p < .001) were identified as being significant predictors of BOS. The top five occupational stressors for audiologists were reported as being staff shortages, administration duties, paperwork and patient reports, patient or family expectations to fix a client's hearing, and the amount time available with each patient. The differences in occupational stress experienced by private versus public audiologists were minimal, always being below 1 Likert point. Conclusions: Although audiologists do not report high levels of BOS, they report stress in their workplace. As stress was a significant predictor of BOS, audiologists could benefit from interventions aimed at reducing workplace stress.

Clients who are societally marginalized because of their identities may seek support from therapists to process experiences of discrimination and oppression. Therapist navigation of these cultural conversations is a crucial skill. However, there is limited research examining how therapists immediately respond to clients when they disclose experiences of discrimination. In this study, 66 participants watched two brief videos of fictitious clients disclosing experiences of covert and overt discrimination. Participants watched one of two video vignettes, with one focusing on a White lesbian woman client and another focusing on a Black woman client. After watching each video, participants were asked to respond to clients as if they were the clients' therapist. We used reflexive thematic analysis to code participant responses, which spanned three themes: (a) invalidation and decentering of client's emotions, appraisals, and experiences; (b) incongruence and avoidance of client's language around identities; and (c) empathic attunement and centering of client emotions, appraisals, and experiences. While some participant responses were interpreted as emotionally aligning with the client, other participant responses were coded as minimizing or questioning client experiences of discrimination or using language incongruent with how the client self-identified. We discuss implications for research, training, and practice in navigating conversations about discrimination with psychotherapy clients. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Resumo Empatia pressupõe a capacidade e sobretudo a vontade de compreender o outro e se colocar em seu lugar. Considerando isso, espera-se que profissionais envolvidos em cuidados de saúde sejam mais empáticos e capazes de ler o mundo ao seu redor com olhar humanizado, crítico e reflexivo. Objetivou-se investigar, mediante revisão integrativa, o que tem sido discutido a respeito do ensino da empatia nos cursos de graduação da área da saúde nos últimos cinco anos. Foram selecionados 27 artigos das bases de dados MEDLINE e LILACS, por meio dos quais se identificou que a maioria dos estudos disponíveis foram realizados nas áreas de medicina e enfermagem. Além disso, constatou-se que, apesar de o tema empatia remeter à subjetividade, a metodologia quantitativa com aplicação de escalas padronizadas foi a mais utilizada para mensurar níveis de empatia e que, por fim, o ensino da empatia ocorreu por meio de metodologias ativas. Abstract Empathy presupposes the ability and, most importantly, the willingness to understand others and put oneself in their place. Hence, health personnel are expected to be more empathetic and able to read the world around them with a humanized, critical, and reflexive look. This integrative review examines the studies on teaching empathy in undergraduate health programs published in the last five years. A total of 27 studies were selected from the MEDLINE and LILACS databases, most of which were published in the fields of medicine and nursing. Although a subjective element, most studies measured empathy using standardized scales (quantitative approach). Finally, empathy was taught using active methodologies. Resumen La empatía es una capacidad, sobre todo una voluntad, de comprender al otro y de ponerse en su piel. Así se espera que los profesionales involucrados en el cuidado de la salud sean más empáticos y tengan una mirada humanizada, crítica y reflexiva sobre el mundo. Esta es una revisión integradora para identificar cómo se enseña la empatía en las carreras de graduación en el área de la salud en los últimos cinco años. Se seleccionaron 27 artículos de las bases de datos MEDLINE y LILACS, y se identificó que la mayoría de los estudios disponibles fueron de las áreas de Medicina y Enfermería. Se constató también que, aunque el tema de la empatía se refiera a la subjetividad, el método cuantitativo con la aplicación de escalas estandarizadas fue el más utilizado para medir los niveles de empatía y que la enseñanza de la empatía ocurrió por metodologías activas.

Low empathy is one component of affective impairments defining the antisocial youth phenotype callous-unemotional (CU) traits. Research suggests CU traits may be negatively associated with neural networks that are positively associated with cognitive and affective empathy - specifically the default mode (DMN), frontoparietal (FPN), and salience (SAL) networks. Determining which functional network connections are shared between CU traits and empathy could elucidate the extent to which CU traits shares neural substrates with cognitive versus affective empathy. The present study tested whether CU traits and both cognitive and affective empathy share network connections within and between the DMN, FPN, and SAL.Participants (n = 112, aged 13-17, 43 % female) completed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and self-reports for CU traits and empathy as part of a Nathan-Kline Institute study.Analyses revealed inverse associations with shared network connections between CU traits and both cognitive and affective empathy. Specifically, within-DMN connectivity negatively associated with CU traits, but positively associated with cognitive empathy; and between DMN-SAL connectivity positively associated with CU traits, but negatively associated with both cognitive and affective empathy. However, joint models revealed little variance explained by CU traits and empathy overlapped.The sample was cross-sectional collection with limited participants (n = 112) from the community that may not generalize to incarcerated adolescents.Results demonstrate CU traits inversely associated with similar connectivity patterns as cognitive and affective empathy though prediction among constructs did not significantly overlap. Further investigation of these connections can inform a mechanistic understanding of empathy impairments in CU traits.

Exposure to war-related violence is associated with greater prosocial behavior. Although researchers point to empathy and individual differences in posttraumatic growth to explain this relationship, there is no direct empirical evidence of the psychological process by which exposure to wartime violence leads to prosociality. In this investigation, we propose and test a comprehensive model of empathy-mediated altruism that addresses both how and when exposure to violence may be associated with prosociality. Results from a large-scale survey experiment conducted in a naturalistic field setting (1,660 refugees from the wars in Syria and Iraq residing in Turkey) indicate that participants reported greater empathy and altruism toward ingroup versus outgroup targets, and that posttraumatic stress predicted less and posttraumatic growth predicted more empathy and altruism. Further, empathy mediated ingroup biases in altruism (i.e., allocation of resources to the self and others); this indirect effect was stronger for those reporting greater posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress. These results support our proposed model of empathy-mediated altruism that incorporates individual differences in response to war violence and ingroup preferences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Empathy is an essential attribute of a good doctor. There are multiple dimensions to empathy, yet many curricula are limited to empathy display. This study's aim was to understand the relationship between teaching, learning and development of empathy from the perspective of medical students.A qualitative approach was used with interpretivist methodology. Ten final year medical students from a single UK University were interviewed. Findings came from inductive thematic analysis.Five major themes were identified: 'The Empathic Process'; 'Self'; 'Patient'; 'Teacher/Clinician'; 'Environment'. Sub-themes included personal qualities, patient factors, role-models and assessment. Students value authentic patient encounters, focused feedback and opportunities for debriefing. Barriers include cognitive load, time-pressures and being observed. Students can maintain empathy through self-checking and addressing biases.Students are aware of their motivations and barriers towards empathy development and can describe meaningful experiences relating to this during medical school. Students acknowledge controversy surrounding assessment of empathy, but clearly value authentic patient experiences and an environment which is free from scrutiny and distractions.In addition to teaching communication skills, undergraduate programmes should focus on students' inner growth. This may be achieved by guiding students through meaningful reflection and open dialogue with supportive mentors.

Emotional contagion is the process by which emotions uncon- sciously spread between people, often via emotional mimicry, a process in which we mimic others’ emotional displays, and consequently, converge with their emotions. The social context theory of emotional mimicry in human-human interactions suggests that these processes are modulated by social factors, such as the group membership identities of interactants (whether the interactants belong to the same social group or not). However, the social factors that modulate the emotional contagion between humans and artificial agents are not known yet. Hence, this research attempts to understand the process of emotional contagion in human-agent interaction by conducting an interaction experiment in a competitive in-group/out-group context. Emotional contagion as well as the social attitudes of trust, empathy, liking, bonding, and pro-social orientation were found to be significantly higher in the in-group than in the out-group setting. Furthermore, these social attitudes were highly correlated with emotional contagion, which demonstrates the potential of using emotional contagion as an unobtrusive proxy measurement of people’s social attitudes.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a prevalent maladaptive body-focused behavior among youth and young adults. Yoga is associated with improved mindfulness, body image, and self-compassion; all of which are associated with decreased NSSI. This study evaluated the relationship between yoga and NSSI frequency, and if the relationship would be mediated by mindfulness, self-compassion, and/or body appreciation. Participants were recruited from a random sample of university students via email and included those with some yoga experience (N = 384; M

The paper deals with the concept of empathy applied in the contemplative experiment to understand the suffering of the victims of the war in Ukraine. I discuss the concept of empathy in the phenomenological perspective and symbolic interactionists’ view. I needed this discussion to frame the conclusions from the contemplative experiment I did with my students. I used the contemplative methods of research. The students did self-observations and self-reports on their lived experiences while observing photos of the victims and refugees from Ukraine. Breathing exercises (pranayama) were practiced between different self-observations to clean the minds and release tensions. At the end of the experiment, the students were also asked about the empathy deficit in contemporary society, and provided comments on it. Finally, I concluded how empathy is evoked and embodied, and I answered the question about whether it is possible to be empathetic toward people in a totally different and traumatic situation. I end with the statement that empathy is a direct reaction to the condition of the suffering of other people. However, it is also socially-framed. I conclude that it could be socially-developed to cope with an empathy deficit. Artykuł dotyczy koncepcji empatii zastosowanej w eksperymencie kontemplacyjnym w celu zrozumienia cierpienia ofiar wojny w Ukrainie. Omówiono w nim koncepcję empatii w odniesieniu do perspektywy fenomenologicznej i symbolicznego interakcjonizmu. Dyskusja ta była autorowi potrzebna do osiągnięcia pewnej ramy interpretacyjnej wniosków z eksperymentu kontemplacyjnego, który przeprowadził ze studentami. W eksperymencie zastosowano kontemplacyjne metody badawcze. Studenci wykonywali autoobserwacje i autoraportowanie swoich przeżyć podczas oglądania zdjęć ofiar wojny i uchodźców z Ukrainy. Ćwiczenia oddechowe (pranajama) były praktykowane pomiędzy różnymi autoobserwacjami, aby oczyścić umysły i uwolnić napięcia. Na koniec eksperymentu studenci zostali również zapytani o deficyt empatii we współczesnym społeczeństwie i przedstawili swoje wnioski na ten temat. Na koniec podsumowano, w jaki sposób empatia jest wywoływana i ucieleśniana oraz odpowiedziano na pytanie, czy można być empatycznym wobec osób znajdujących się w zupełnie innej i w dodatku traumatycznej sytuacji. Artykuł kończy się stwierdzeniem, że empatia jest bezpośrednią reakcją na stan cierpienia innych ludzi. Jednak jest ona również ramowana społecznie. Autor stwierdza, że empatię można społecznie rozwijać, aby poradzić sobie z aktualnie występującym deficytem empatii.

Previous research has shown that persons with a higher level of the broad autism phenotype (BAP) experience deficits in empathy. The aim of the present study is to investigate a multivariate relationship between the BAP and different aspects of empathy. In a sample of 293 university students, we explored the relationship between the BAP and the following aspects of empathy: fantasy, empathic concern, perspective taking, and personal distress. The BAP level was measured using The Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ), and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index was used for multidimensional assessment of empathy disposition. Canonical correlation analysis yielded two functions (Function 1 ̶ Rc2 = 17.31%, Function 2 ̶ Rc2 = 10.82%). In Function 1, IRI subscales Personal Distress (PD) (rs = .92) and Perspective Taking (PT) (rs = -.39) are associated significantly with all three domains of the BAP. The strongest correlation PD and PT show with Rigid and Pragmatic Language domains of the BAP, while they demonstrate a weaker relationship with the Aloofness domain. In Function 2, IRI subscales Empathic Concern (EC) (rs = -.98), Fantasy (FS) (rs = -.46), PT (rs = -.43) and PD (rs = -.31) are related to the Aloofness domain of the BAP. The results imply that the relationship between BAP and empathy differs for different aspects of these two constructs. The more detailed understanding of the relationship between BAP and empathy obtained through the multivariate approach provides a basis from which to create programs for the more efficient promotion of empathy skills.

Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the effectiveness and acceptability of an initial module (1.1; active listening skills) of the Simulated Training in Evidence-Based Practice for Stuttering (STEPS) program, a theory-driven, multimodule, content and learning platform designed to advance knowledge and skills in working with culturally and linguistically diverse persons who stutter of all ages. Method: Fifteen preservice speech-language pathologists (SLPs) were randomly assigned to complete either the STEPS 1.1 module or a control module. In both conditions, all participants engaged in pre– and post–clinical interviews with a standardized patient portraying a parent of a child who stutters. Prior to participation, all participants provided self-ratings on the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy–Health Profession Student. Post participation, trained observers rated all participants' active listening behaviors using the Active Listening Observation Scale–Modified. Post participation, the STEPS 1.1 participants also completed an intervention acceptability questionnaire. Results: No differences between groups were found in self-perceived clinical empathy prior to participation. Participants who completed the STEPS 1.1 condition utilized paraphrasing and client-directed eye gaze significantly more frequently at posttest than at pretest and significantly more than the control group at posttest. Quantitative and qualitative responses from the participants who completed STEPS 1.1 indicated high acceptability of its content, structure, duration, and perceived impact. Conclusion: Preliminary data from the present pilot study support use of the STEPS 1.1 module to improve preservice SLPs' use of skills that have been shown to predict perceived clinical empathy and increase assessment and treatment effectiveness.

This study aimed to develop and examine the effects of a nonviolent communication empathy education program, based on a cyclical empathy model of self-esteem, empathic ability, interpersonal relationships, and communication competency for nursing students. Participants were first-grade nursing students from two different colleges in Korea. There were 62 participants: 32 and 30 in the experimental and control groups, respectively. The experimental group received six sessions of 120 min each. The sessions were based on nonviolent communication content and utilized teaching methods such as lectures, presentations, personal activities, group activities, role plays, assignments, and reflective journals. The data were analyzed with percentage, χ²-test, Fisher’s Exact test, and a two-group independent means t-test using the SPSS 24.0 program. There were significant increases in self-esteem (t = 4.06, p < 0.001), empathic ability (t = 5.22, p < 0.001), interpersonal relationships (t = 5.14, p < 0.001), and communication competency (t = 5.27, p < 0.001) in the experimental group compared to the control group. Therefore, a nonviolent communication empathy education program based on the cyclical empathy model is expected to be useful for the humanities and social education in a nursing curriculum. Furthermore, it can improve human nursing competency based on multidimensional empathy in clinical settings.

The Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) Measure, a validated questionnaire designed to assess patients' perceptions of their physician's communication skills and empathy, has been used to assess empathy in medical specialties but has seldom been applied to surgery. We assessed empathy and communication skills among a group of surgeons within a single academic institution.All surgeons within our department of surgery were invited to participate. Patients seen in clinics of participating surgeons were recruited prospectively from July 2018 to February 2019. At the end of each clinical encounter, they were asked to complete a CARE survey. Surveys were analyzed according to previously validated inclusion and exclusion criteria. We calculated mean scores for each surgeon and surgical division. About 6 months after study completion, surgeons were provided with their individual score and de-identified division scores, and were asked to complete a follow-up survey assessing their attitudes toward the CARE Measure.Of the 82 surgeons invited, 51 (62%) agreed to participate; 7 had fewer than 25 completed surveys and were excluded from analysis. A total of 1801 surveys for 44 surgeons (33 male and 11 female) were included in the final analysis. The average CARE score across the department was 46.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 46.6-47.1). Female surgeons received significantly higher scores than male surgeons (mean 47.6 [95% CI 47.1-48.0] v. 46.7 [95% CI 46.4-48.0]). Of the 35 surgeons who responded to the follow-up survey, 31 (89%) felt that the questions in the CARE Measure applied to their practice, and half of these reported that they intended to make changes in response to the feedback.We found high communication and empathy scores among surgeons in the outpatient setting, with enough variability to encourage continued improvement. The CARE Measure appears to have face validity among surgeons, and the vast majority found it relevant to their practice. Further study is needed to formally assess the relevance, performance, reliability and construct validity of this measure.

Purpose To identify possible technological solutions that can contribute to stroke patients' participation at home. Methods In this qualitative case study, data on factors that negatively influenced participation at home were collected via semi-structured interviews with stroke patients (n = 6). Additionally, data on possible technologies to improve this participation were collected via a group interview with experts (n = 4). The domains "cognition, mobility, self-care, and getting along" (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) guided the data collection and interpretation; open, axial and selective coding was part of the analysis. Results Patients reported 21 factors negatively influencing participation at home, including psychological, cognitive, and physical factors. Experts suggested technological solutions regarding these factors to increase participation of stroke patients; digital assistants, apps, and virtual reality were frequently mentioned. To facilitate the use of these technologies, experts indicated the importance of involving patients in their design. They also suggested that rehabilitation specialists and family members could support the uptake and use of technologies. Conclusions Various technologies were identified by experts as having the potential to improve the participation of stroke patients in their homes. Future research may study the influence of these technologies on the actual participation of stroke patients at home.Implications for rehabilitationThe identified technological solutions can support rehabilitation specialists in guiding stroke patients towards technologies that can support a patient's participation at home.Rehabilitation specialists can be champions in introducing, recommending and promoting technologies to stroke patients and their families, as well as in training them to use technologies.Virtual reality as a technology can be part of rehabilitation, not only to train stroke patients in daily life activities but also to increase empathy and understanding in caregivers and carers on stroke impairments.Rehabilitation specialists can recommend technologies integrated in daily life and presented as general consumer goods; stroke patients are more likely to adopt these kind of technologies.

The misuse of and addiction to opioids are a national public health crisis. The complexity of delivering patient care in emergency departments exposes nurses to stressful work situations with complex patient loads and increasing levels of compassion fatigue. Emergency nurses were asked about their feelings of compassion fatigue while caring for patients with opioid use and/or substance use disorders.Twenty-four focus groups with emergency nurses (N = 53) at a level I trauma center were conducted in late 2019 and early 2020 are used in this qualitative study using thematic analysis that identified 1 main theme of compassion fatigue with 3 subthemes (nurse frustration with addicted patients, emotional responses, and job satisfaction).Findings highlight that emergency nurses working with patients with opioid use and/or substance use disorders are dealing with a number of negative emotional stressors and frustrations, which in turn has increased their levels of compassion fatigue. These nurses repeatedly expressed feelings of increasing frustration with addicted patients, negative emotional responses, and decreasing levels of job satisfaction as components of their compassion fatigue.These emergency nurses identified 3 areas to improve their compassion: improved management support with encouragement across all work shifts, debriefing opportunities, and more education. Fostering a high level of self-awareness and understanding of how the work environment influences personal well-being are necessary strategies to avoid the frustrations and negative emotional responses associated with compassion fatigue.

ObjectiveProsocial behavior has been linked to improved physical health, but the biological mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study tested whether a 4-week kindness intervention could reduce expression of a stress-related immune response gene signature known as the Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity (CTRA).MethodsIn a diverse sample of community adults (N=182), study participants were randomly assigned to perform 3 kind acts for other people, to perform 3 kind acts for themselves, or to list daily activities (control), on one day per week over 4weeks. CTRA gene expression was measured by RNA sequencing of dried blood spots (DBS) collected at baseline and 5weeks later (1week after completing study assignments). Participants' descriptions of their kind acts were coded for protocol adherence and act content.ResultsParticipants who were randomized to perform kind acts for others showed significant reductions in CTRA gene expression relative to controls. Participants who were randomized to perform kind acts for themselves also showed significant reductions in CTRA gene expression relative to controls, but this pattern emerged only for those who failed to perform the requested self-kind acts (protocol non-adherent). Those who fully adhered to the self-kindness protocol showed no change in CTRA gene expression and did not differ from controls. Act content analyses implicated self-stress-reducing behavior in the paradoxical effects of self-kindness and the physical presence of others in the effects of prosocial behavior.ConclusionsProsocial engagement-doing something kind for others rather than oneself-reduces CTRA gene expression. The nature of kind acts and their intended recipient plays a key role in shaping the genomic impact of kindness.

Previous studies have shown that empathy has a positive impact on the professional identity of nursing students. And developing psychological resilience can improve the professional identity of nursing students. However, studies investigating the mechanism of the relationship between empathy and psychological resilience on professional identity remain few.Among Chinese nursing students, we sought to determine whether psychological resilience mediates the association between empathy and professional identity.A total of 495 undergraduate and postgraduate nursing students in a medical university nursing college in Hefei were investigated by demographic data questionnaire, nursing students' empathy scale, nursing students' professional identity questionnaire, and psychological resilience questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the mediating effect of psychological resilience between empathy and the professional identity of nursing students.The total score of professional identity of nursing students was 57.07 ± 10.38. Psychological resilience (r = 0.316, P 0.01) and professional identity (r = 0.313, P 0.01) both had positive correlations with empathy, respectively. Additionally, there was a strong correlation between psychological resilience and professional identity (r = 0.488, P 0.01). Empathy had an indirect effect on professional identity through psychological resilience, with a direct effect of 0.256 and an indirect effect of 0.145, and the indirect effect accounted for 36.16 % of the total effect.Nursing educators should pay attention to the cultivation of empathy ability and psychological resilience to enhance nursing students' professional identity.

In Vietnamese culture, grandparents are significantly involved in the upbringing of grandchildren. This involvement of grandparents entails lots of ambiguities and challenges. Boundaries between parents and grandparents are often unclear, and communication can be restricted due to power differentials, leading to inconsistent discipline. This study seeks to evaluate the efficacy of the Group Triple P-Positive Parenting Program plus Building Coparenting Alliance-a compassion-focused module to promote the parent-grandparents relationship. One hundred Vietnamese parents whose parents or parent in-laws provided care for their children were randomly assigned to either an intervention condition (n = 50) or a waitlist control condition (n = 50). Both groups were assessed at three time-points (pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 6-month follow-up). The short-term intervention effects were found across domains, including co-parenting conflict, parents' self-compassion, dysfunctional parenting, parenting self-efficacy, parental adjustment, child behavioral problems and child prosocial behaviors. Intervention effects on co-parenting conflict, parenting behaviors, and the child's prosocial behaviors were maintained at a 6-month follow-up. This study demonstrates the efficacy of Triple P plus compassion in promoting co-parenting relationships between parents and grandparents, enhancing parenting practice and child outcomes in Vietnamese families.

Callous-unemotional (CU) traits designate a distinct subgroup of children with early-starting, stable, and aggressive conduct problems. Critically, traditional parenting interventions often fail to normalize conduct problems among this subgroup. The aim of this study was to test whether parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) adapted to target distinct deficits associated with CU traits (PCIT-CU) produced superior outcomes relative to standard PCIT. In this proof-of-concept trial, 43 families with a 3- to 7-year-old child (M age = 4.84 years, SD = 1.12, 84% male) with clinically significant conduct problems and elevated CU traits were randomized to receive standard PCIT (n = 21) or PCIT-CU (n = 22) at an urban university-based research clinic. Families completed five assessments measuring child conduct problems, CU traits, and empathy. Parents in both conditions reported good treatment acceptability and significantly improved conduct problems and CU traits during active treatment, with no between-group differences. However, linear mixed-effects models showed treatment gains in conduct problems deteriorated for children in standard PCIT relative to those in PCIT-CU during the 3-month follow-up period (ds = 0.4-0.7). PCIT-CU shows promise for sustaining improvements in conduct problems for young children with conduct problems and CU traits, but requires continued follow-up and refinement.

OBJECTIVE Academic training programs for mental health professionals rarely include comprehensive instruction on trauma, consequently leaving clinicians inadequately prepared to provide trauma treatment. The present study sought to: (a) ascertain what percentage of participants had received training in complex trauma and dissociation; (b) examine pre- and posttraining differences in knowledge related to complex trauma populations; and (c) investigate changes in participants' competence and empathy in working with survivors. METHOD We examined self-reported changes in knowledge, competence, and empathy regarding individuals with complex trauma among mental health professionals who attended a complex trauma training workshop. Participants provided feedback about previous trauma training experience and areas of additional trauma training that they perceived would be beneficial. RESULTS Prior to completing the program, 68% of participants reported feeling inadequately trained to assess trauma and 75% felt inadequately trained to treat trauma. Ten percent had not received training in complex trauma and 30% had not received training in treating patients with dissociative symptoms. Participants showed significant increases in knowledge and self-reported competence following the training. They suggested that learning about dissociation and dissociative disorders was the most helpful information gained and that learning more techniques and skills for complex trauma populations would improve their ability to treat this group. CONCLUSIONS The majority of participants felt inadequately trained to treat clients who have experienced complex trauma and experienced dissociation. They reported the trauma training as beneficial in that it increased their sense of knowledge and competence about treating trauma-exposed individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

The Empathetic Constitutional Listening. In Search of New Methodological Perspectives The article argues for reopening a serious discussion on the methodology of comparative studies on constitutional orders. Following this lead, it aims to reconstruct and critically discuss Michael W. Dowdle’s concept of constitutional listening. This concept contains a broad vision of conducting comparative studies of constitutional matters. Particular attention will be devoted to the empathic-based approach to other constitutional orders, which employs the Davinsonian principle of charity. This thread is one of the most interesting but controversial of Dowdle’s proposals. The article contains a general assessment of the concept of empathy-based constitutional listening.

Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. It is fundamental to emotional intelligence and social iterations. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that empathy activates brain regions associated with the social cognition network.To explore the neural underpinnings of empathy revealed by stereoelectroencephalography utilizing recurrence quantification analysis (RQA).This retrospective cohort included 38 epilepsy patients with stereoelectroencephalography implantation. RQA metrics were applied to parameterize the network organization of default mode network (DMN) brain regions. The relationships between DMN, seizure burden activity, and empathy, as measured using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, were examined using partial least-square regression and mediation analysis.RQA metrics with DMN (RThe present study used various RQA metrics to parameterize the network organization of DMN and determine the neural underpinning of DMN for empathy modulation.

Personality traits play a role in prosocial behavior in relation to containment measures intended to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Empirical findings indicated that individuals high in socially aversive traits such as callousness are less compliant with containment measures. This study aimed to add cross-cultural data on the relationship between antisocial traits and adherence to COVID-19 containment measures. The sample consisted of 4,538 adults recruited by convenience in nine countries (Australia, Brazil, England, Iraq, Iran, Italy, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the United States). Statistical analyses indicated two latent profiles from our sample, empathic and antisocial, and six COVID-19 containment-measure-related factors using measures covering antisocial traits (PID-5), empathy (ACME), global personality pathology (LPFS-BF), and COVID-19 behaviors and beliefs. Through MANCOVA, the antisocial profile consistently showed less compliance and concern about the COVID-19 containment measures, even when controlling for demographics and local pandemic covariables. The network analysis indicated a lack of empathy and callousness as crucial traits of the predisposition to non-compliant behavior. In elaborating on prosocial campaigns in community emergencies, our cross-cultural findings would need to consider personality traits that focus on antisociality, anticipating similar associations and potential impacts in future disease outbreaks.

Patients' satisfaction with their clinical visits is a common indicator of the latter's success. Their satisfaction is then reflected in the outcomes of the visit as satisfied patients are more likely to accept their doctor's diagnosis, treatment suggestions, and advice, as well as trust their future arrangements. In addition, this satisfaction then provides doctors with insight into the effectiveness of empathizing with patients and in terms of dealing with them as humans rather than as an illness. Therefore, this study investigated the role of empathy in Jordanian clinical encounters. A conversation analysis approach was conducted to reveal the types and functional accomplishments of empathy. The findings reveal three types of empathy: acknowledgment, pursuit, and sharing experiences and feelings. This study also found that empathy contributes to the success of medical visits as it plays a helpful role in these medical encounters, such as motivating patients to take care of their health, allowing the doctor to claim knowledge of the patient's problem, and allowing the sharing of strong feelings. Moreover, the empathy sequences then lead into the suggestion sequences, which are likely to improve patients' satisfaction. These findings provide insight into the usefulness of deploying empathy in clinical visits, which can be boosted by designing training courses that aim to help raise doctors' awareness of the value of empathy in medical encounters.

Despite growing evidence that psychopathy entails reduced emotional processing, the relationship between psychopathic traits and third-person pain perception is poorly understood. This study directly examined perception of others' pain in a sample of male and female students (N = 105) who completed the Self-Report Psychopathy scale (SRP-III) and the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ). Participants watched a video of 60 one-second clips of other people experiencing pain. Following each clip, participants rated the perceived level of pain intensity and pain unpleasantness. Psychopathic traits were unrelated to response bias, suggesting that individuals high in psychopathic traits were no more or less likely to impute pain to others. However, higher levels of psychopathic traits, particularly callous affect and antisocial behavior, were associated with a decreased ability to discriminate others' pain. Sensitivity and response bias were unrelated to TEQ scores. These findings provide novel insights into the influence of psychopathic traits on emotional processing.

The aim of this study is to evaluate health care professionals' perceived organizational support and its effect on their compassion, resilience and turnover intention in the United Arab Emirates.The COVID-19 pandemic exerted unprecedented pressure on health care systems, professionals and management systems. Health care organizations begin to explore their roles and function in relation to risks and resilience, in addition to ascertain what level of organization support they are providing to their workers.A cross-sectional study was conducted with a questionnaire administered to 538 health care workers, to examine their personal resources and organizational support during the pandemic.A total of 37.7% of nurses were found to have a moderate level of resilience, logistic regression showed that being married is a protective factor against resigning from the profession (OR = 0.462, P = .012, 95% CI: 0.254-0.842), and health care workers who perceived higher organizational support were approximately 50% less likely to have a turnover intention (OR = 0.506, P = .009, 95% CI: 0.303-0.845). Multiple linear regression model indicated significantly higher resilience among physicians (β = 0.12, P .05) and allied health care practitioners (β = 0.12, P = .022). Organizational support had a significant positive relationship with resilience scores (β = 0.20, P .001); adequate training was significantly related to higher compassion levels (β = 0.11, P .05) and high organizational support scores were associated with increased compassion scores (β = 0.27, P .001).Front-line health care workers reported moderate organizational support during the pandemic, commensurately reflected in moderate levels of personal resilience and self-compassion. Continued and better support is vital for employee sustainability and the increased health system performance, including quality of care and patient outcomes.Nurse managers should help health care workers improve self-care strategies by strengthening personal resources, including shortened duty hours, offering adequate break time, providing a safe work climate and purveying adequate personal protective equipment and supplies to combat infections. They should build an empathetic work environment through understanding the needs of staff, helping tackle their work stress and sustaining cultures of compassion through promoting rewarding and flexibility strategies. Moreover, policymakers and nurse mangers should create a rewarding culture for nurses and other health care workers to increase their commitment to their jobs.

To synthesise qualitative studies reporting student, practitioner, or patient experiences of empathy-training in healthcare.We included qualitative studies exploring (i) student or practitioner experiences of empathy training, or (ii) patient experiences of being treated by someone who has undergone empathy training. We used the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool to assess study quality. Thematic synthesis was used to integrate findings from studies and to generate new insights.Our search yielded 2768 citations, of which 23 (1487 participants) met inclusion criteria. Two clusters of themes were identified from included studies. Firstly, themes related to practitioner/trainee professionalism and wellbeing, where the main finding was that participants experienced benefit from therapeutic empathy training. Secondly, themes related to the understanding and treatment of patients, where the main finding was practitioners' deeper recognition of the positive impact of empathic care.This review found that taking part in empathy-focused training can benefit practitioner/student personal growth and professional development, and benefits patient care. This review is limited by the difficulty in defining empathy and heterogeneity amongst included studies.These results support a rationale for empathy training and the development of a framework to ensure training is having the desired effect.

Whereas the majority of research to date has shown that having employees with empathic concern brings a number of beneficial outcomes to those on the receiving end, we shift this focus from the targets to a focus on how empathic concern influences the actors. Drawing from conservation of resources (COR) theory and the work-home resources model, we examined the detriments and benefits of empathic concern on the actors themselves by investigating how empathic concern drains and supplies actors' volatile personal resources. Using two experience sampling studies, our results revealed that empathic concern is associated with both resource loss and resource gain. Specifically, empathic concern requires actors to expend their volatile personal resources, leaving them emotionally exhausted and further prompting them to psychologically withdrawal from work. In addition, empathic concern also helps employees acquire new volatile personal resources, boosting their self-efficacy, and further promoting their engagement in organizational citizenship behaviors toward individuals. We also found that individuals with lower trait positive affect are less likely to obtain resource gain (self-efficacy) from empathic concern and more likely to result in resource loss (emotional exhaustion). Overall, our research answers the questions of why and when the negative and positive outcomes of empathic concern are likely to occur for the actors themselves. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Should forensic evaluators convey empathy during forensic assessments? Opponents contend that empathy causes harm by leading evaluees to disclose potentially incriminating information, but proponents hold that empathy is crucial for establishing rapport and conveying respect. This study provides a comprehensive examination of experienced forensic evaluators' use of empathy in forensic assessment.The study was exploratory and not hypothesis-driven, but we expected to find identifiable subgroups of evaluators who differed in their use of empathy in the context of a risk assessment interview. We also expected that evaluator subgroups would differ in their attitudes and practices regarding empathy and that higher levels of empathy may be associated with more favorable views of evaluees.Experienced forensic evaluators (Latent class analysis results indicated that most evaluators fell into low- (46.0%) or moderate- (43.0%) empathy subgroups, with few falling into a high-empathy subgroup (11.0%). Higher levels of empathy in the interview were associated with attitudes and practices supporting empathy use and higher self-reported understanding of the evaluee, but not with opinions of the evaluee's risk or suitability for parole.These findings of clear differences in evaluator empathy add to the growing body of research documenting the extent to which forensic evaluators differ in their evaluation styles and tendencies. Although there was support for both very low and very high levels of empathy, support for very high levels of empathy was uncommon. Most evaluators opted for low to moderate empathy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Objectives: Investigate whether medical students’ emotive abilities, attitudes, and cognitive empathic professional abilities predict empathic behavior in an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Methods: Linear and multiple regressions were used to test concurrent validity between Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE-S), Situational Judgement Test (SJT-expert-based score (SJT-ES), SJT-theory-based score (SJT-TS)) and empathic behavior in an OSCE measured by Berlin Global Rating (BGR) and Verona Coding Definitions for Emotion Sequences (VR-CoDES). Results: Highest amounts of explained variance of empathic behavior measured by VR-CoDES were found for the SJT-ES (R2 = 0.125) and SJT-TS (R2 = 0.131). JSPE-S (R2 = 0.11) and SJT-ES (R2 = 0.10) explained the highest amount of variance in empathic behavior as measured by BGR. Stepwise multiple regression improved the model for BGR by including SJT-ES and JSPE-S, explaining 16.2% of variance. Conclusions: The instrument measuring the emotive component (IRI) did not significantly predict empathic behavior, whereas instruments measuring moral (JSPE-S) and cognitive components (SJT) significantly predicted empathic behavior. However, the explained variance was small. Practice implications: The instrument measuring the emotive component (IRI) did not significantly predict empathic behavior, whereas instruments measuring moral (JSPE-S) and cognitive components (SJT) significantly predicted empathic behavior. However, the explained variance was small. In a longitudinal assessment program, triangulation of different instruments assessing empathy offers a rich perspective of learner's empathic abilities. Empathy training should include the acquisition of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior to support learner's empathic behaviors.