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U vremenu neposredno nakon ukidanja Vojne krajine 1881. godine i pripojenja ovoga teritorija Hrvatskoj pojavljuju se prve novine na teritoriju tadašnje Ličkokrbavske županije koja je ustrojena 1886. godine. Vrijeme nakon ukidanja Vojne krajine je vrijeme prilagodbe civilnom načinu života poslije vremena kada je ovaj teritorij predstavljao branu turskim prodorima u Hrvatsku. U takvim okolnostima gospodarske prilike i društveni život bili su prilagođeni vojničkom načinu razmišljanja. Ukidanjem Vojne krajine 15. srpnja 1881. godine ona je pripojena Kraljevini Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji kao autonomnoj pokrajini koja je imala obilježja državnosti u sastavu Zemalja krune sv. Stjepana. U Kraljevini Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji kao dijelu Austro-Ugarske što je određeno Austro-ugarskom nagodbom od 1867. godine i pod vlašću Franje Josipa I. (1848. – 1916.) otvara se mogućnost za stvaranje županija na tom teritoriju, a samim time i Ličko – krbavske županije. Tema ovoga rada je prikaz stanja u Ličko-krbavskoj županiji i posebno u njenom središtu, Gospiću, na prijelazu iz 19. u 20 stoljeće. Prije svega gospodarskih prilika, ali i društvenog i kulturnog života, odnosno uvjeta u kojima se pojavljuju prve novine koje su i glavni izvor informacija za ovaj rad., In the time immediately after the abolition of the Military Frontier in 1881 and the annexation of this territory to Croatia, the first newspapers appeared on the territory of the former Lika-Krbava County, which was established in 1886. The time after the abolition of the Military Frontier is the time of adjustment to the civilian way of life, after the time when this territory represented a barrier to Turkish incursions into Croatia. In such circumstances, economic and social life were adjusted to the military way of thinking. With the abolition of the Military Frontier on July 15, 1881, it was annexed to the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia as an autonomous province that had the characteristics of statehood within the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen. In the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia as part of Austro-Hungary, which was determined by the Austro-Hungarian Agreement in 1867 and under the rule of Franz Joseph I (1848-1916), the possibility was opened for the creation of counties on that territory, and thus for the Lika – Krbava County. The theme of this paper is a review of the situation in Lika -Krbava County and especially in its center, Gospić, at the transition from the 19th to 20th century. First of all, economic opportunities, but also social and cultural life, ie the conditions in which the first newspapers appear, which are the main source of information for this work.

This study used the Survey of Earned Doctorates, World Bank economic data of the doctoral students’ home country, and hierarchical linear modeling analysis to examine the effects of financial factors and home-country macroeconomic indicators on international doctoral students’ labor market destinations. We found that wealth disparities and economic opportunities in the home country affect international doctoral student outcomes. Higher gross national income per capita was associated with a decreased likelihood of remaining in the United States, while higher unemployment rates in the home country significantly increased the likelihood of remaining in the United States. The study reveals a need to develop career services support for international doctoral students that are tailored to their needs as well as the need to internationalize the curriculum to support those who will eventually return to their home country.

A highly educated workforce is an important driving factor for urban innovation and development. A better understanding of spatial patterns and location determinants of highly educated workers is valuable for designing policies to attract them. The existing literature has investigated the impacts of economic variables and urban amenities on the patterns of highly educated workers. However, the relationship between urban amenities and highly educated workers needs to be investigated further. Moreover, few studies have examined the impact of urban size on the agglomeration of highly educated workers. Thus, this study employed a spatial analysis method to examine the pattern of highly educated workers across 300 cities in China, based on 2010 census data. We used a negative binomial regression model to identify the determinants of highly educated workers' locations. The results are numerous. First, the size of highly educated workers varied greatly among cities of different ranks, and its rank-size distribution was consistent with power function characteristics. It was characterized by spatial convergence and zonal differentiation from East to West. Highly educated workers were distributed mostly across the eastern coastal area, the central-southern area of Liaoning peninsula, the Harbin-Changchun urban agglomeration, and in inland provincial capitals. Second, the share of highly educated workers in total employment in the resource-dependent cities of north China and eastern coastal urban agglomeration was significantly higher, while it was obviously low in central and southwest China. Comparing the rank-size distribution characteristics of highly educated workers along with their total employment, the cities with rich attractions for highly educated workers were mainly located in Inner Mongolia, Northeast China, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area, the Shandong Peninsula, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and inland provincial capitals. Third, the estimated results show that the spatial pattern of highly educated workers was affected by urban amenities, economic opportunities, and the agglomeration effect. At the national level, economic opportunities, city size, and housing prices dominated the spatial pattern of highly educated workers, while the cool summer climate, high quality education resources, and recreation and transportation resources also played important roles. Fourth, the distribution of highly educated labors was affected by both economic opportunities and amenities, but the role of amenities was quite different in different size-ranked cities. The main amenity factors for the disparities of highly educated workers in large cities were found to be those of temperature in January and July, high-quality early childhood education resources, recreation resources, and traffic conditions. For the medium-sized cities, the dominant amenities included high-quality primary and secondary education resources and cultural and artistic services. Regarding the disparities of highly educated workers among small cities, the main contributing amenity factors were high-quality preschool and middle-school education resources, high-quality medical resources, recreation resources, and air quality. This study supports previous opinion that the amenities contribute to attracting talent. It also reveals the role of the agglomeration effect in the spatial distribution of the highly educated labors, which enriches our understanding for the location choice of highly educated workers in economic geography. This study enlightens us in the sense that the policies to attract talent should not only take labor market into account but also work to improve the amenities that such people work in.

Identifying the economic potential of informal urban areas is a topic of increasing interest for policymakers and practitioners in less developed countries, yet little is known of how informal street design influences the type and count of business opportunities. By adapting a space syntax framework, this study aims to quantitatively verify the association between the street design of informal areas in Cairo and patterns of home-based businesses in areas where small business prevalence is high. This paper contributes to the literature by developing a methodology which is fit for testing hypotheses, allows to control for the influence of unobserved factors, and which extracts the spatial rules, trends or logics of business patterns. The results show that street accessibility is an important factor in encouraging (or discouraging) the settlement of home-based businesses. Home-based businesses are spatially distributed along the local primary streets, which provide flows of potential customers. Our findings contribute to a better knowledge base for understanding how different types of economic activities and the spatial properties of the built environment relate to each other, how street design may impact on the emergence of small and micro-enterprises, what kind of business may suit isolated laneways, how informal business activities can be anticipated and managed, and how land use regulations can be improved.

The aim of this report is to provide a broad overview of the current state of gender equality in Tajikistan. While the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region traditionally surpassed many other regions in terms of gender equality, this advantage has been eroding in recent decades. Particularly in Tajikistan, concerns have been raised that men and women have unequally born the consequences of economic, political, and social transitions after independence in 1991. The report examines several dimensions of gender equality both quantitatively and qualitatively. Tajikistan has set up a legal framework that enshrines principles of equality and non-discrimination, but better implementation results require continued efforts. Prevailing social norms and patriarchal systems of decision-making limit women s ability to make effective choices be it at home or at work. The paper is structured along the following lines. The first section introduces the idea of agency that will remain an important issue throughout the report. This is followed by an analysis of disparities in human capital endowment, including health and education. Gender gaps in the Tajik labor market and entrepreneurial activities of men and women are discussed in the fourth and fifth section. The final section concludes with some policy recommendations that might be beneficial for discussions among policy-makers, civil society actors, and development partners.

Razvijanje industrije električnih automobila danas se predstavlja kao imperativ te jedna od okosnica razvoja suvremenih država koje posebnu pozornost posvećuju ekološkoj održivosti i poticanju stvaranja novih tehnoloških rješenja. Ovim radom obuhvaćeni su svi faktori koje moraju ispuniti države i poduzeća s ciljem stvaranja što kompetitivnije industrije i konačnih proizvoda krajnjim potrošačima. Na primjeru nekoliko zemalja preko studija slučaja analizirani su prodajni rezultati, trenutni i predviđeni smjerovi u kojima idu gospodarstvo zemlje i budućnost poduzeća, te na koje sve prepreke nailaze potencijalni investitori. Analizirane su prednosti koje predmetna industrija donosi ukoliko su prethodno omogućeni normalni uvjeti poslovanja. Upravo s uvjetima poslovanja i omogućavanja konkretne poduzetničke klime bavi se i Republika Hrvatska koja se i dalje nije svrstala na mapu zemalja investitora i tehnološkog inovatora, međutim prisutni su pozitivni pomaci koji daju nadu u svjetliju budućnost. Development of electric car industry today is presented as imperative and one of the most important feature of development for modern countries which pay special effort to environmental sustainability and opportunities of creating new technological solutions. This paper includes all factors that must be acomplished by each country or company in order to create competitive industry and best final products for consumers. With example of few countries in case studies were analyzed the sales results, current and projected directions in which the country's economy and future of company are going, and with which barriers do potential investors face. The Republic of Croatia is trying to enable positive enrepreneurial climate investment for investors, while still not being on the map of countries desirable for investors and new industries. Still, positive changes were observed in last time which gives hope to a brighter future.

La presente tesis doctoral profundiza en el rol que desempeñan las instituciones en la creación de oportunidades económicas desde una perspectiva de género. Atendiendo a los tres capítulos de la tesis, los objetivos de la misma son los siguientes: 1. Estudiar la relación entre diferentes aspectos de las instituciones públicas en la brecha de género en términos de oportunidades económicas existente en los países del Sur Global. 2. Examinar las conexiones entre la regulación económica (la facilidad para hacer negocios, la flexibilidad del mercado laboral y la liberalización del mercado crediticio) y la prevalencia general de emprendimiento por oportunidad, así como su brecha de género y las posibles diferencias entre economías emergentes y avanzadas. 3. Analizar la asociación entre la movilidad salarial y la protección del empleo en los países europeos, prestando especial atención a las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres de entre 25 y 40 años, coincidiendo con el rango de edad con mayores tasas de fecundidad. De este modo, se pretende analizar hasta qué punto las instituciones contribuyen a generar oportunidades económicas en distintos contextos, aportando evidencias concretas sobre aspectos de gran relevancia actual, estrechamente conectados con la Agenda 2030 para la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenibles.

This article provides new evidence on how students choose a country of destination to conduct their academic studies. Based on a multinomial logistic model, it examines the contribution of the quality of education, institutions and the host country’s economic factors to the choice of the destination country. The results indicate that quality education and institutions in the host country are the reasons why students show preference for Western countries—North America and the EU. On the other hand, China is chosen as a destination country for its quality of education—compared to Benin—and not because of its institutional infrastructure. Furthermore, the results do not confirm the hypothesis that African student migration is poverty-driven, as economic factors do not affect the choice of any destination country.

It is a contentious issue whether large scale mining creates local employment, and the sector has been accused of hurting women’s labor supply and economic opportunities. This paper uses the rapid expansion of mining in Sub-Saharan Africa to analyze local structural shifts. It matches 109 openings and 84 closings of industrial mines to survey data for 800,000 individuals and exploits the spatial-temporal variation. With mine opening, women living within 20 km of a mine switch from self-employment in agriculture to working in services or they leave the work force. Men switch from agriculture to skilled manual labor. Effects are stronger in years of high world prices. Mining creates local boom-bust economies in Africa, with permanent effects on women’s labor market participation.

Turbo es un municipio al que se le conoce como la mejor esquina de América por su ubicación estratégica en la que se destaca su salida al océano Pacífico, convirtiéndose en un distrito portuario; además de poseer un ecosistema natural con gran biodiversidad de fauna y flora, gracias a la conexión con el agua y los manglares. A razón de sus atributos, este ha sido el foco de grupos armados, paramilitares y guerrilla desde hace más de un siglo causando desempleo, migración de población interna y externa, deterioro del hábitat natural y problemas socioeconómicos y políticos. El proyecto ruta del pescador pretende mejorar las condiciones urbano arquitectónicas de los habitantes del barrio pescadores 1 y 2 mediante el reconocimiento del entorno, adaptación de la materialidad, entendimiento de las condiciones de habitabilidad, oportunidades socioeconómicas, ventajas y desventajas frente al paisaje. A partir de esto se generan unas estrategias para potencializar los conocimientos ancestrales, culturales y gastronómicos en poblaciones afectadas por las problemáticas mencionadas, elevando así la calidad de vida, la economía, el medio ambiente y las relaciones sociales de su entorno. Turbo is a municipality that is known as the best corner of America for its strategic location in which its exit to the Pacific Ocean stands out, becoming a port district; in addition of having a natural ecosystem with great biodiversity of fauna and flora, thanks to the connection with water and mangroves. Due to its attributes, this has been the focus of armed groups, paramilitaries and guerrillas for more than a century, causing unemployment, internal and external population migration, deterioration of the natural habitat and socio-economic and political problems. The fisherman’s route project aims to improve the urban architectural conditions of the inhabitants of the fishermen neighborhood 1 and 2 through recognition of the environment, adaptation of materiality, understanding of habitability conditions, socio-economic opportunities, advantages and disadvantages compared to the landscape. From this, strategies are generated to potentiate ancestral, cultural and gastronomic knowledge in populations affected by the aforementioned problems, thus raising the quality of life, the economy, the environment and the social relations of their environment. Pregrado

Turbo es un municipio al que se le conoce como la mejor esquina de América por su ubicación estratégica en la que se destaca su salida al océano Pacífico, convirtiéndose en un distrito portuario; además de poseer un ecosistema natural con gran biodiversidad de fauna y flora, gracias a la conexión con el agua y los manglares. A razón de sus atributos, este ha sido el foco de grupos armados, paramilitares y guerrilla desde hace más de un siglo causando desempleo, migración de población interna y externa, deterioro del hábitat natural y problemas socioeconómicos y políticos. El proyecto ruta del pescador pretende mejorar las condiciones urbano arquitectónicas de los habitantes del barrio pescadores 1 y 2 mediante el reconocimiento del entorno, adaptación de la materialidad, entendimiento de las condiciones de habitabilidad, oportunidades socioeconómicas, ventajas y desventajas frente al paisaje. A partir de esto se generan unas estrategias para potencializar los conocimientos ancestrales, culturales y gastronómicos en poblaciones afectadas por las problemáticas mencionadas, elevando así la calidad de vida, la economía, el medio ambiente y las relaciones sociales de su entorno. Turbo is a municipality that is known as the best corner of America for its strategic location in which its exit to the Pacific Ocean stands out, becoming a port district; in addition of having a natural ecosystem with great biodiversity of fauna and flora, thanks to the connection with water and mangroves. Due to its attributes, this has been the focus of armed groups, paramilitaries and guerrillas for more than a century, causing unemployment, internal and external population migration, deterioration of the natural habitat and socio-economic and political problems. The fisherman’s route project aims to improve the urban architectural conditions of the inhabitants of the fishermen neighborhood 1 and 2 through recognition of the environment, adaptation of materiality, understanding of habitability conditions, socio-economic opportunities, advantages and disadvantages compared to the landscape. From this, strategies are generated to potentiate ancestral, cultural and gastronomic knowledge in populations affected by the aforementioned problems, thus raising the quality of life, the economy, the environment and the social relations of their environment. Pregrado

In modern military-political conditions, Ukraine, faced with the phenomenon of a hybrid war and protecting its sovereignty and territorial integrity, continues to take measures to strengthen its defense capability. In the absence of membership in the NATO military-political bloc and the tendency to change the aggressive military-political course of the Russian Federation, the most important issue for our state is to achieve the capabilities necessary to confront the enemy. Under these conditions, the problem of rational planning of defense resources remains urgent, an integral part of which is the determination of the sequence of tasks to achieve the capabilities of the Ukrainian economy to meet the needs of defense.The aim of the article is to develop a methodological approach to determine the sequence of solving problems of achieving the capabilities of the Ukrainian economy in order to meet the needs of defense using elements of artificial intelligence.The methodological approach is based on the assumption that there is a certain point of reach to which the Ukrainian economy needs to be brought in order to provide sustainable opportunities. At the same time, it is believed that for the state economy providing opportunities to meet the needs of the Armed Forces is a continuous dynamic process that requires constant development and solving a number of key problematic issues during a certain period of implementation of defense planning tasks.The article proposes an approach to determining the sequence of tasks to achieve the capabilities of the Ukrainian economy using the “ant algorithm”. Despite the fact that this method is mainly used to find optimal solutions in the traveling salesman problem, it can also be used in defense planning. The application of the proposed approach allows us to determine the priority of tasks to meet the needs of defense.The most problematic issue when using the proposed approach should be considered the formation of a table of relevant source data., В современных военно-политических условиях Украина, столкнувшись с явлением гибридной войны и осуществляя защиту своего суверенитета и территориальной целостности, продолжает принимать меры по усилению обороноспособности. При отсутствии членства в военно-политическом блоке НАТО и тенденций к изменению агрессивного военно-политического курса Российской Федерации наиболее важным вопросом для нашего государства является достижение возможностей, необходимых для противостояния врагу. В этих условиях актуальной остаётся проблема рационального планирования оборонных ресурсов, составной частью которой является определение последовательности реализации задач для достижения возможностей экономики Украины по удовлетворению потребностей обороны.Целью статьи является разработка методического подхода по определению последовательности решения задач достижения возможностей экономики Украины с целью удовлетворения потребностей обороны с использованием элементов искусственного интеллекта.В основу методического подхода положено предположение о том, что существует определенная точка досягаемости, к которой необходимо привести экономику Украины для того, чтобы осуществлять устойчивое обеспечение возможностей. При этом считается, что для экономики государства обеспечения возможностей для удовлетворения потребностей Вооруженных Сил представляет собой непрерывный динамический процесс, который требует постоянного развития и решения ряда ключевых проблемных вопросов в течение определенного периода реализации задач оборонного планирования.В статье предложен подход к определению последовательности задач для достижения возможностей экономики Украины с использованием “муравьиного алгоритма”. Несмотря на то, что этот метод используется главным образом для поиска оптимальных решений в задаче коммивояжера, она может быть использована и в оборонном планировании. Применение предложенного подхода позволяет определить приоритетность решаемых задач для удовлетворения потребностей обороны.Наиболее проблемным вопросом при использовании предложенного подхода следует считать формирование таблицы актуальных исходных данных., В сучасних воєнно-політичних умовах Україна, зіштовхнувшись з явищем гібридної війни та здійснюючи захист свого суверенітету та територіальної цілісності, продовжує вживати заходи щодо посилення обороноздатності. За відсутності членства у воєнно-політичному блоці НАТО та ознак щодо зміни агресивного воєнно-політичного курсу Російської Федерації найбільш важливим питанням для нашої держави є набуття спроможностей, необхідних для протистояння ворогові. В цих умовах актуальними залишаються задача раціонального планування оборонних ресурсів, складовою частиною якої є визначення послідовності реалізації задач для досягнення спроможностей економіки України із задоволення потреб оборони.Метою статті є розроблення методичного підходу для визначення послідовності реалізації задач для досягнення спроможностей економіки України з метою задоволення потреб оборони з використанням елементів штучного інтелекту.В основу методичного підходу, який пропонується, покладене припущення про те, що існує певна точка досяжності до якої необхідно привести економіку України для того, щоб здійснювати стійке забезпечення спроможностей. При цьому вважається, що для економіки держави забезпечення спроможностей для задоволення потреб Збройних Сил являє собою безперервний динамічний процес, який вимагає постійного розвитку та вирішення ряду ключових проблемних питань (задач) протягом певного періоду реалізації завдань оборонного планування.В статті запропоновано підхід до визначення послідовності задач для досягнення спроможностей економіки України з метою задоволення потреб оборони з використанням мурашиного алгоритму. Незважаючи на те, що цей метод використовується головним чином для пошуку оптимізаційних рішень в задачі комівояжера, вона може бути використана в оборонному плануванні. Застосування запропонованого підходу дозволяє визначити пріоритетність вирішуваних задач для задоволення потреб оборони для певного періоду планування.Найбільш проблемним питанням в застосуванні запропонованого підходу слід вважати формування таблиці вихідних даних, для якої потрібний ретельний і виважений набір даних.

“Hustlers,” or those who sell often second-hand or homemade goods without licensing or approvals, play a large role in the informal economy, especially in American cities like Chicago. While literature on the informal economy is expansive, there has been relatively little empirical work done on from the perspective of street peddlers in developed countries–creating gaps in the conventional theoretical models of informal work. Using qualitative data taken from interviews with active participants in the “hustling economy” on Chicago’s CTA, I argue that conventional theoretical models of the informal economy, namely the dualist, legalist, and voluntarist,perspectives are insufficient in explaining the complexity and nature of CTA hustlers’ informal work. Using empirical qualitative data, I develop a framework for a theoretical model that addresses the large heterogeneity found in CTA hustlers’ perceptions toward work, their structural and environmental interactions, and their relationship with formalization procedures pushed by the State. This new model, centered around economic and capitalistic failure, serves to broaden our theoretical and empirical understanding of informal work and street hustling in urban American contexts.

Africa is known for its massive labour force and natural resources. In terms of economic growth, African countries have faced prolonged phases of economic crises. China is a significant contributor in Africa’s economic stability. This paper analyses and evaluates the current opportunities and challenges related to China’s engagements in Africa and its policies for triggering economic development in African countries. China’s comprehensive approach is more concentrated on the sustainable development of the domestic infrastructure and job creation for the Africa communities. But there exists a gap in the current Chinese policies that have deepened the concerns of the locals about economic growth and progress. China needs to develop policies that would be mutually beneficial, these policies must ensure economic stability, job creation and growth. Various ongoing development projects initiated by the Chinese have in fact created insecurities amongst the Africans. This anxiety among the locals have become a major hurdle for China’s plans in the continent. Ongoing Chinese policies need to be innovative along with the integration of modern economic models. A reform in the current policies would ensure maximum benefits for both economic partners.

Innovation is an implemented novelty that ensures a qualitative increase of processes efficiency or market-driven products. Innovation is the result of human intellectual activity, imagination, creative process, discoveries, inventions and rationalization. An example of innovation is the product place¬ment (goods and services) with new consumer properties or a qualitative increase in the efficiency of production systems. The innovation process covers more than one participant and has its own infra¬structure, at the state and interstate level, in regional spheres and areas, in local (municipal) structures. All participants have their own goals and form the organizational structures for their realization. Inno¬vation, being a powerful engine of social progress, has many positive effects, but they are, however, not lacking in environmental and social aspects. Innovation forces the society to change its way of life; and as much as their specific gravity increase - the stronger and more visible are the changes caused by them. The role of innovation must therefore be taken into account in all its diversity. The aim of the research is to investigate the current post-crisis state of the world economy in order to find obstacles and opportunities in developing the world economy at a faster pace.

Taking into account the possibilities of economic and four-year experience gained during a special period, the specifics related to the correspondence of some elements of the mobilization preparation system to the needs of the state defense in current situation are analyzed. It was established that the Armed Forces fully supported with professionally trained personnel, equipment and weapons, material and technical means, supplies, as well as the state needs and needs of the population depend precisely on the mobilization preparation.The reason of writing the article is lack of publications on research on ways of solving the problems concerning outdated material assets of the mobilization reserve assigned to perform the mobilization tasks. The following issues concerning the mobilization preparation of the state are raised: the mobilization preparation of the national economy, creation, maintenance and development of the production capacity to meet the needs of the Armed Forces in wartime. The most critical ones include meeting the needs of the Armed Forces in armament, military equipment and ammunition by the national military industry.The purpose of the article is to justify modernization of the mobilization preparation system of the state.The following steps determine the necessity of modernization of the mobilization preparation of the state:- working out of the Concept of modernization of the mobilization preparation of the state;- wide discussion of the mentioned above project at the expert level;- definition of the terms and executors of measures;- budget support of measures for modernization of the mobilization preparation;- adjustment (if necessary) of each stage of the modernization;Possible directions and measures of modernization of the mobilization preparation system are suggested.Adoption of the relevant legal norms to ensure the tasks fulfillment on modernization of the mobilization preparation system of the state will contribute to the defense and protection of the territorial integrity of Ukraine and ensure meeting the needs of the state defense by the enterprises of the national economy during a special period., Проанализированы особенности, которые касаются соответствия отдельных элементов системы мобилизационной подготовки потребностям обороны государства в современных условиях с учетом возможностей экономики и четырехлетнего опыта особого периода. Установлено, что обеспечение в полной мере Вооруженных Сил профессионально подготовленным личным составом, техникой и вооружением, материально-техническими средствами, продовольствием, а также государственные потребности и потребности населения зависят именно от мобилизационной подготовки.Написание статьи обусловлено отсутствием публикаций по исследованию путей решения проблем устарелости материальных ценностей мобилизационного резерва, которые предназначены для исполнения мобилизационных задач. Рассматриваются вопросы мобилизационной подготовки государства: мобилизационная подготовка национальной экономики, создание, удержание и развитие производственных мощностей для удовлетворения потребностей Вооруженных Сил в военное время. К особо критическим вопросам относятся: удовлетворение потребностей Вооруженных Сил в вооружении, военной технике и боеприпасах отечественной военной промышленностью.Целью статьи является обоснование мероприятий по модернизации системы мобилизационной подготовки государства.Определена необходимость модернизации мобилизационной подготовки государства путем реализации конкретных шагов:- отработка Концепции модернизации мобилизационной подготовки государства;- широкое обсуждение указанного проекта на уровне экспертов;- определение сроков и исполнителей мероприятий;- бюджетное сопровождение мероприятий модернизации мобилизационной подготовки;- корректирование (по необходимости) каждого этапа модернизации.Предложены возможные направления и мероприятия модернизации системы мобилизационной подготовки.Принятие соответствующих правовых норм относительно обеспечения выполнения задач по модернизации системы мобилизационной подготовки государства способствует обороноспособности и защите территориальной целостности Украины и обеспечению удовлетворения потребностей обороны государства предприятиями национальной экономики в особый период., Проаналізовано особливості, які стосуються відповідності окремих елементів системи мобілізаційної підготовки потребам оборони держави в сучасних умовах з урахуванням можливостей економіки та чотирирічного досвіду особливого періоду. Встановлено, що забезпеченість повною мірою Збройних Сил професійно підготовленим особовим складом, технікою й озброєнням, матеріально-технічними засобами, продовольством, а також державні потреби й потреби населення залежить саме від мобілізаційної підготовки.Написання статті зумовлено відсутністю публікацій з досліджень шляхів щодо вирішення проблем застарілості матеріальних цінностей мобілізаційного резерву, які призначені для виконання мобілізаційних завдань. Порушуються питання мобілізаційної підготовки держави: мобілізаційна підготовка національної економіки, створення, утримання і розвиток виробничих потужностей для задоволення потреб Збройних Сил у воєнний час. До особливо критичних належать: задоволення потреб Збройних Сил в озброєнні, військовій техніці та боєприпасах вітчизняною воєнною промисловістю.Метою статті є обґрунтування заходів модернізації системи мобілізаційної підготовки держави.Визначено необхідність модернізації мобілізаційної підготовки держави шляхом реалізації таких кроків:- відпрацювання Концепції модернізації мобілізаційної підготовки держави;- широке обговорення зазначеного проекту на рівні експертів;- визначення строків і виконавців заходів;- бюджетне супроводження заходів модернізації мобілізаційної підготовки;коригування (за необхідності) кожного етапу модернізації.Запропоновані можливі напрямки і заходи модернізації системи мобілізаційної підготовки.Прийняття відповідних правових норм щодо забезпечення виконання завдань з модернізації системи мобілізаційної підготовки держави сприятиме обороноздатності та захисту територіальної цілісності України та забезпеченню задоволення потреб оборони держави підприємствами національної економіки в особливий період.

This study aims at quantifying the degree of concentration of the traditional product market in Romania, and the sector&rsquo, s productivity and the economic performance of the different categories of traditional products are assessed. This can highlight a correlation between the dynamics of traditional products and the regional development of the relevant markets in Romania. The second aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between the economic profitability of the traditional products and the sector&rsquo, s sustainability. The third aim evaluates the relationship between the capital accumulations of specific companies and the evolution of their current assets. The information selected for the application was prospective (literature review, market observations, query, and data consolidation) and analytic revised (database analysis, hypothesis fixation, model conceptualization, model hypothesis testing, and conclusions to be drawn). The selected data were processed, aiming at developing a model for the sustainable development of the traditional products. The research information was collected based on the official registrations carried out between 2014 and 2018 by at the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in Romania. During this period, Romania developed the National Traditional Product Registry (NTPR), which comprises a database of 647 traditional products. The assessment of economic performance was achieved through calculated performance test by a new proposed statistical model, named ZML. ZML suggests a market concentration analysis as an alternative to the Gini Struck method. The impact of the research consisted of an evaluation of the economic performance of traditional Romanian products in sustainable development terms.

Every place on the planet has unique characters that make it distinguishable from other sites. Place-identity is the term widely accepted to explain this phenomenon. It is argued that the place-identity could not only strengthen the sense of belonging of the locals to a place and improve social cohesion but, in the age of global tourism, it could also increase the attractiveness of the place to visitors. Therefore, it contains economic values if managed in a proper way. But places are transforming. The dynamics of contemporary activities where tradition is seen as outdated, new government system, new economic activities, and new actors and their roles challenge the stability of place-identity. Unfortunately, the transformation of a place may benefit some actors but may trouble other groups. Some places, however, maintain their place-identity for the social and economic values it holds. Collaboration among different actors in managing the transformation of such place could maintain the place-identity of a place which ensures its attractiveness to visitors, sustains its economic values amidst rapid changes. The collaboration confirms no one is left behind. The case study research conducted in Sanur showed that the sustained place-identity could economically benefit all actors.

Building on unique Indigenous advantages for people living in remote areas, this study offers insights for innovative land-based economic opportunities across northern Australia. These advantages—outside the mainstream economics—include peoples’ abilities to manage land and knowledge of ecosystems, culture, traditions/ceremonies which directly contribute towards peoples’ health, social relations, provisioning of a safe and secure environment, and learning constituents of well-being. To demonstrate, two representative remote communities, Maningrida and Borroloola in the Northern Territory, are used for revealing uncaptured, but valid, opportunities which, if realized, could help enhance Indigenous well-being—a much-needed agenda for the Australian Government. Moreover, innovative land-based opportunities will potentially save ~$49million/yr of government’s welfare costs. This study offers a detailed analysis of the existing socio-economic situation of the selected communities, outlines potential land-based economic opportunities, and advocates for a shift in policy planning from viewing remote communities as a problem to realising advantages of their unique prospects to develop the north. Applying an integrated approach to Indigenous development for supporting new economies can lead to diversification of north’s land sector which to date has been predominantly used for beef production causing threats to fragile ecosystems and hence their services to people living in the area.

This case study focuses on how economic, social and environmental factors synergize for sustainable development, and relates to fundamental speculations, looking to unclutter a query-encompassing view of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). This study is explanatory in nature, and identifies, recognizes, and discusses the social dispositions and fundamental sustainability dimensions related to sustainable development. Three fundamental sustainability dimensions&mdash, economic, social and environmental&mdash, are incorporated in connection with the CPEC to explore sustainable development. We submit an inclusive viewpoint of the CPEC, towards the sustainable development of economies, from neighborhoods to nations. This explanatory case reveals a momentous sprouting tie between China and Pakistan. For sustainable development in the global context, more meaningful paradigms are needed to be developed. Socio-economic diversity and strategic importance have highlighted a joint perspective and are emerging as novel ways of directing business enterprises to enter the Asian markets, thus contributing to the development and exploitation of operational economic opportunities, leading to competition for the global business market. This study integrates sustainability in connection with the scenario of the CPEC and provides a plethora of understanding.

This study focuses on the spatial claims that the Obama Foundation and South Side Community Benefits Agreement (CBA) Coalition make regarding the Obama Presidential Center, in the context of Jackson Park, the Woodlawn neighborhood, and the wider South Side. The study analyzes the public discourse of these two groups to investigate their geographical assertions, visions, and the ways in which they justify and legitimize their claims.

Despite constant scandals in the banking industry and the ever-changing cycle of economic booms and busts, trends in Wall Street recruiting have shown that young graduates from top universities are entering finance more than ever. Most studies around job recruiting focus on the hiring practices through the lenses of firms and recruiters. However, through this ethnography, I follow the recruiting experiences of 12 fraternity brothers from the University of Chicago to demonstrate the social embeddedness of the economic markets they come to be a part of creating, as well as the strong conflation of “cultural fit” with technical competence on the job. I show how fraternity brothers are able to leverage their organization’s deep alumni networks to close the information gap on the job market with their social position as a fraternity brother. Through a brief history of the fraternity, as a social institution, I demonstrate how being part of a fraternal organization uniquely positions brothers to gain access to social connections and information that are vital for entry into Wall Street. By drawing comparisons between the highly social process of fraternity recruitment and the heavy social networking in finance recruiting, I argue that fraternity life provides a central hub for social training of young finance recruits and serves as a pre-screening filter for socially adaptive individuals into finance.

Theoretically, human capital is conclusively believed to be positively related with economic growth. While empirically, the said relationship does not always hold for several reasons. Thus, the current paper presents new results on a set of conditions under which human capital is robustly and positively associated with economic growth. Using data for 132 countries over 15 years, the empirical results reveal that human capital plays a positive role in per capita GDP growth only in the presence of better economic opportunities and high-quality legal institutions. In fact, economic opportunities reinforce the effect of human capital on growth: the easier it is to do business and trade domestically or internationally, the stronger the effect of human capital on growth. In conclusion, the findings suggest that inconclusive results in previous empirical studies on human capital and growth might be due to omitted variable bias as these studies do not include variables related to social capabilities.

La empresa familiar, es un patrimonio nacional, síntoma de una sociedad dinámica, económicamente radicada y que es un ejemplo, y la bandera de un país. Es el ejemplo para los jóvenes, que es posible con iniciativas y pro actividad, crear oportunidades económicas y empleo. En España, tenemos empresas familiares que son referencias internacionales, iniciativas que han sabido crecer, desarrollarse y convertirse en instituciones importantes. Evidentemente han tenido que hacerlo enfrentándose a una serie de problemas y dificultades que han tenido que superar, entre los cuales se encuentran, por ejemplo, el cambio generacional y la financiación. En este desarrollo, una de las herramientas que siempre es determinante, es una buena gestión y por tanto también un buen gobierno corporativo. En ello enfocamos este estudio.

Economic problems can be symptoms of deeper social problems. In the inequality debate this is often ignored, and the problem is reduced to state redistribution. This approach is incomplete and surely won't work as a long-term problem solver.

Despite the existence of a fairly strong legal framework, young women in Uganda continue to face a number of challenges as they make the crucial transition into adulthood. In particular, girls are pushed into early marriages and pregnancies and are often deprived of full education attainment. Such experiences have lasting impacts on their future economic opportunities. Research findings show that discriminatory social norms and practices still exist –particularly in rural areas - and they affect the ability of girls and young women to realize their educational and economic capabilities. Young people with more education are likely to transit to better jobs as and when employment opportunities arise. Moreover, early fertility and marriage experiences often result in increased caring responsibilities and restricted mobility in search of employment opportunities.

The technological revolution of recent years about the spectacular development of the Internet has made its presence felt in the economy. Electronic commerce is already a major component of the economy and thus influences the labor market. In this article, we present electronic commerce as an alternative to increase the number of employees. Given that only 6% of Romanian currently use electronic commerce, its growth potential is huge and in terms of thoughtful strategies it can be achieved their guidance to specific regions. Attracting companies operating on the Internet in a given region can be done by providing incentives and beneficial effects will be felt not only through the number of employees but also through the services used by these companies.

The Government of Jordan, the World Bank Group (WBG), and the international community are working towards a paradigm shift in their collective response to the refugee crisis - a holistic approach which stresses the continuum between the humanitarian response and the country’s development agenda. In parallel, Jordan’s implicit social contract by which the state provided citizens with jobs and heavily subsidized public services is evolving. strategic engagement, the WBG will adopt a two-pronged approach aimed at simultaneously addressing Jordan’s immediate needs in view of the fluid and worsening regional situation while keeping a medium and long-term development commitment built on reforming the economy to create the right environment for inclusive, job-creating growth. The first pillar of the Country Partnership Framework (CPF) aims to foster the conditions for stronger private-sector-led growth and better employment opportunities for all.The second pillar of the CPF aims to improve the quality and equity of service delivery, including through private sector solutions.The CPF will implement the new Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Strategy at the country level.The CPF aligns with the Government’s vision Jordan 2025, the Executive Development Plan 2016-2018 (EDP), and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).The CPF’s principles of engagement will be selectivity, flexibility, adaptability and partnership. The outlook for 2016 forecasts growth at three percent on account of a growing mining and quarrying sector, some energy investments, and base effect of the tourism and construction sectors, although some downside risks have begun to materialize in early 2016.

This report aims to deepen the understanding of barriers to and incentives for the acceptance and use of electronic payments, from the perspective of micro, small and medium retailers (merchants). Developing and accelerating acceptance of electronic payments by these merchants is essential to expanding financial access. A basic transaction account for payments and deposits is considered an entry point to the formal financial system, and can act as a gateway for individuals to adopt other relevant financial services they need to smooth their consumption and manage income shocks. However, equipping individuals with only basic transaction accounts is not sufficient. The use case for payment services becomes increasingly effective as individuals gradually move to a cashless economy, where electronic payments are widely accepted for regular and frequent purchases. The report highlights important dimensions to consider in the efforts to expand electronic payments for merchants.

The Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Montene gro covers the period from July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2020 (fiscal years 2016-2020). This CPF builds on the results and lessons of the previous World Bank Group (WBG) Country Partnership Strategy (CPS), which originally covered the period July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2014, and was subsequently extended to June 30, 2015.The one-year CPS) extension was intended to provide greater clarity on the country’s medium-term macro-fiscal framework as a basis for the new CPF, and to give additional time to make progress on improving environmental management, a key pillar of the CPS. The new CPF seeks to address the top priorities identified by the recently completed Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) as those that Montenegro needs to most urgently tackle to advance in its path towards shared prosperity and sustainable development. The CPF will selectively support Montenegro’s development agenda outlined in the Montenegro Development Directions (MDD) 2015-2018, Economic Reform program (ERP) 2015-2017 and the Montenegro European Union (EU) Accession Program 2014-17. The WBG strategy will continue to support, and be aligned with, Montenegro’s EU accession and integration process. The formulation of the new CPF benefitted from extensive consultations held in October 2015 and in January and March 2016, and involving several line ministries, municipalities, civil society, academia, and private sector across various regions of the country, as well as representatives of the international development community. The resulting proposal for engagement under the FY16-20 CPF reflects a broad consensus of a wide range of stakeholders and a shared understanding of development priorities and challenges facing the country.

Haiti's economic development has been held back by a history of civil conflict and violence. With donor assistance declining from its exceptional levels following the 2010 earthquake, and concessional financing growing scarce, Haiti must learn to live with tighter budget constraints. At the same time, the United Nations forces that have provided security in the past decade are scaling down. Against this backdrop, this paper explores the conditions under which public spending can minimize violent conflict, and draws possible lessons for Haiti. Drawing on an empirical analysis of 148 countries over the period 1960-2009, simulations for Haiti suggest that increases in military spending would be associated with a higher risk of conflict, an observation in line with Haiti's own history. Greater welfare expenditure (education, health, and social assistance), by contrast, would be associated with lower risk of conflict.

This program document presents the World Bank Group (WBG) FY17-22 Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Bulgaria. The timing of the new CPF follows the preparation of theSystematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) prepared in FY15, and informs the areas and objectives ofthe CPF in support of the WBG’s twin goals to reduce poverty and boost shared prosperity1 for the bottom forty percent of the population. The CPF proposes to focus WBG support in selective areas aligned with the SCD, in response to clear Government demand, supporting and complementing Bulgaria’s European Union agenda, and reflecting the WBG’s comparative advantage. In addition, the CPF applies two key principles for engagement, including: (i) realism, recognizing that the WBG plays a selective role and that it will contribute most effectively by being strategic and catalytic in supporting key elements of Bulgaria’s development agenda, and (ii) scalability, creating opportunities to engage in dialogue and analytical work that may create space for broader engagement in areas where there is potential for transformational impact, including IFC investments in private sector development. Government demand is focused primarily on the agenda to strengthen public institutions, notably in the financial and energy sectors. The WBG will complement that focus by investing its own resources to stay engaged in the inclusion agenda, which is critical to the WBG twin goals. CPF proposes to cover a six year period, with Progress Learning Reviews (PLRs) will facilitate a more proactive approach to monitoring results and ensure close alignment with the country-led strategy.

The Malawi Urbanization Review aims to provide fresh perspectives on urbanization in Malawi, by analyzing the current and potential contribution of urbanization to long-term national development and the current institutional and financial capacity of local governments to manage the process. Analyses presented in this report are particularly timely as Malawi is planning for the coming half decade through the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS) III (2016-2020). Malawi is urbanizing at a moderate rate and has a good chance of proactively managing the urbanization process. Opportunities may arise from a positive structural change that Malawi’s economy is undergoing, whereby the driver of growth and job creation moves from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors. Faster urbanization, with strong linkages with rural areas, can contribute further to deepening such structural change. To unlock the potential of urbanization as a catalyst for long-term economic development, it is necessary to strengthen the capacity of urban local governments to generate revenues and meet the key infrastructure and service needs in urban areas, which remain challenging even at the current rate of urbanization.

Myanmar grew at an estimated 8.5 percent in real terms in 2014-15. Economic reforms have supported consumer and investor confidence despite business environment and socio-political challenges. The economic impact of the floods that hit Myanmar from July 2015 is still being assessed, but will likely adversely affect the main rice crop this year. According to preliminary analysis of census data, the areas most affected by the floods are those where people were relatively worse off. Fiscal policy is expected to remain broadly on track, but the current account will come under further pressure due to import demand for post-flood rehabilitation and slowing agricultural exports. Addressing short-term macroeconomic challenges will require continued efforts at maintaining exchange rate flexibility supported by fiscal and monetary discipline. Supporting governance improvements is a core focus of the World Bank Group (WBG) program. The WBG is well positioned to support the improvement of corporate governance standards in order to build confidence and facilitate investment in domestic firms.

Studies on the link between financial development and poverty have been inconclusive. Some claim that deeper financial sectors should improve the allocation of capital by allowing entrepreneurs greater access to finance, which should particularly favor the poor. Others argue that improvements in the financial system primarily benefit the rich and politically connected. The literature has also been ambiguous about the channels through which finance may be associated with lower poverty (deposits versus credit). Looking at a sample of 37 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa from 1992 through 2006, the paper suggests that financial deepening is associated with lower poverty through different channels depending on the strength of property rights. In the absence of well-defined and enforced property rights, wider access to saving and risk-sharing instruments is accompanied by a reduction in poverty. Only once property rights grow stronger is credit associated with lower poverty.

In Latin America, labor markets have been the main channel through which growth has reduced poverty, with higher labor income accounting for 49 percent of the reduction in poverty in 2008–13. Understanding labor markets is critical to designing policies and programs aimed at reducing poverty. With close to 70 percent of the population under age 30 years, labor markets are bound to be central to defining Haiti's future. Yet, labor analysis in Haiti has been constrained by the dearth of data and the focus on measuring the impact of the 2010 earthquake. This present paper contributes to filling this gap by providing an overview of Haiti's labor markets and the determinants of labor income over a decade, focusing on growing urban areas. The paper also contributes to the research on Haiti in general, as well as labor markets in fragile countries such as Haiti, in particular through an unprecedented effort to harmonize three household surveys conducted between 2001 and 2012. Building on this exercise, the study provides new insights into the development of labor markets in a particularly turbulent decade for Haiti, one that was marked by the political crisis of 2004 and the earthquake of 2010. In spite of the earthquake, the analysis shows that Haiti’s labor markets are characterized by continuity over the period. Somewhat surprisingly, the defining features remain overall unchanged in spite of the shock, pointing to heavy forces shaping economic and labor dynamics.

In recent years, Turkey has been host to more than two million Syrians seeking refuge. Initially concentrated in the southeastern regions, these refugees now reside throughout the country. There are many questions from policy makers regarding the impact of the population of Syrians Under Temporary Protection on the host community. This paper examines the impact of migrants on regional host communities from a poverty perspective. The paper does not find any negative impacts on poverty for the host community from the increasing population of Syrians Under Temporary Protection as of 2013, despite the high poverty rates experienced among the recent migrants.

This study examines the determinants of adolescent sexual behavior and fertility in Nigeria, with a special focus on knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of adolescents aged 10-19 years old in Karu Local Government Authority (LGA), a peri-urban area near the capital city of Abuja. Using the last three waves of Demographic and Health Surveys (2003, 2008, 2013), focus group discussions, stakeholder interviews, and a specialized survey of 643 girls and boys aged 10-19 years old in Karu LGA, the study narrows in on key challenges to and opportunities for improving adolescent sexual and reproductive health outcomes. The national median age at sexual debut for adolescent girls and boys is between 15 and 16 years of age. This is closely emulated in Karu LGA with a median age of 14.8 years for girls and 15.3 years for boys. While data on pregnancies was limited in the Karu sample, DHS data show that for girls, sexual debut is closely associated with marriage or cohabitation, which in turn is a strong predictor of adolescent fertility. Poverty is another strong predictor, with the odds of becoming pregnant being twice as high for adolescents in the lower wealth quintiles compared to their counterparts in the richest quintile in the country. While adolescents’ knowledge of contraception has increased from under 10 percent to over 30 percent, use of health services among adolescents for SRH (and contraception) is limited due to factors such as fear of stigma, embarrassment, and poor access to services, something also emphasized in focus group discussions. Challenges for improving adolescent SRH outcomes relate to: (i) the paucity of data, especially on the 10-14 year olds; (ii) availability and access to youth-friendly services and the Family Life and HIV Education (FLHE); (iii) reaching out-of-school adolescents with SRH information; and (iv) addressing ambiguities and gaps in Federal law and customs on age at marriage, and generating support for the legal age at marriage of at least 18 years old. Addressing these barriers at the State and sub-regional levels is going to be critical in improving adolescent well-being.

In this paper we show that inconclusive results in previous empirical studies on human capital and growth might be due to omitted variable bias. Using data for about 130 countries, we show that after inclusion of variables related to the social capabilities concept of Abramovitz (1986) i.e. economic opportunities and quality of legal institutions, the human capital variable turns out to be significant. We also show that economic opportunities significantly moderate the relationship between human capital and growth. The results are robust to different variants of indices for economic opportunities and the quality of legal system.

This handy pocket guide is a quick reference for users interested in gender statistics. The book presents gender-disaggregated data for more than 200 economies in an easy country-by-country reference on demography, education, health, labor force, political participation and the Millennium Development Goals. The book’s summary pages cover regional and income group aggregates

This paper analyzes the effects of land market restrictions on the rural labor market outcomes for women. The existing literature emphasizes two mechanisms through which land restrictions can affect the economic outcomes: the collateral value of land, and (in) security of property rights. Analysis of this paper focuses on an alternative mechanism where land restrictions increase costs of migration out of villages. The testable prediction of collateral effect is that both wages and labor force participation move in the same direction, and insecurity of property rights reduces labor force participation and increases wages. In contrast, if land restrictions work primarily through higher migration costs, labor force participation increases, while wages decline. For identification, this paper exploits a natural experiment in Sri Lanka where historical malaria played a unique role in land policy. This paper provides robust evidence of a positive effect of land restrictions on womens labor force participation, but a negative effect on female wages. The empirical results thus contradict a collateral or insecure property rights effect, but support migration costs as the primary mechanism.

A range of reasons is cited to explain gender differences in business performance in Africa. Within those, the sector of operations is consistently identified as a major issue. This paper uses a mixed methods approach to assess how women entrepreneurs in Uganda start (and strive) operating firms in male-dominated sectors, and what hinders other women from doing so. The study finds that women who cross over into male-dominated sectors make as much as men, and three times more than women who stay in female-dominated sectors. The paper examines a set of factors to explain the differences in sector choices, and finds that there is a problem of information about opportunities in male-dominated industries. The analysis also concludes that psychosocial factors, particularly the influence of male role models and exposure to the sector from family and friends, are critical in helping women circumvent or overcome the norms that undergird occupational segregation.

The authors investigate determinants of individual migration decisions in Vietnam, a country with increasingly high levels of geographical labor mobility. Using data from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey (VHLSS) of 2012, the authors find that probability of migration is strongly associated with individual, household and community-level characteristics. The probability of migration is higher for young people and those with post-secondary education. Migrants are more likely to be from households with better-educated household heads, female-headed households, and households with higher youth dependency ratios. Members of ethnic minority groups are much less likely to migrate, other things equal. Using multinomial logit methods, we distinguish migration by broad destination, and find that those moving to Ho Chi Minh City or Hanoi have broadly similar characteristics and drivers of migration to those moving to other destinations. The authors also use VHLSS 2012 together with VHLSS 2010, which allows us to focus on a narrow cohort of recent migrants, those present in the household in 2010, but who have moved away by 2012. This yields much tighter results. For education below upper secondary school, the evidence on positive selection by education is much stronger. However, the ethnic minority ‘penalty’ on spatial labor mobility remains strong and significant, even after controlling for specific characteristics of households and communes. This lack of mobility is a leading candidate to explain the distinctive persistence of poverty among Vietnam’s ethnic minority populations, even as national poverty has sharply diminished.

Despite progress in economic and social development in the 2000s, there was an increasing dissatisfaction with life among the population of many developing Arab countries. At the end of the decade, these countries ranked among the least happy economies in the world—a situation that fits the so-called “unhappy development” paradox. The paradox is defined as declining levels of happiness at a time of moderate-to-rapid economic development. This paper empirically tests the strength of association of a range of objective and subjective factors with life evaluation in the Middle East and North Africa region in the years immediately preceding the Arab Spring uprisings (2009–10). The findings suggest a significant, negative association between life satisfaction levels in the region during this period and each of the main perceived reasons for the 2011 uprisings—dissatisfaction with the standard of living, poor labor market conditions, and corruption.

Although women’s police centers have been gaining popularity as a measure to address domestic violence, to date no quantitative evaluations of their impacts on the incidence of domestic violence or any other manifestations of gender equality have been done. This paper estimates the effects of women’s police stations in Brazil on female homicides, as a measure of the most severe form of domestic violence. Given that a high fraction of female deaths among women ages 15 to 49 years can be attributed to aggression by an intimate partner, female homicides appear the best available proxy for severe domestic violence considering the scarcity of data on domestic violence. The paper uses a panel of 2,074 municipalities and takes advantage of the gradual rollout of women’s police stations from 2004 to 2009, to estimate the effect of establishing a women’s police station on the municipal female homicide rate. Although the analysis does not find an association on average, women’s police stations appear to be highly effective among some groups of women: women living in metropolitan areas and younger women. Establishing a women’s police station in a metropolitan municipality is associated with a reduction in the homicide rate by 1.23 deaths per 100,000 women (which roughly amounts to a 17 percent reduction in the average homicide rate in metropolitan municipalities). The reduction in the homicide rate of women ages 15 to 24 is even higher: 5.57 deaths per 100,000 women. Qualitative work suggests that better economic opportunities and less traditional social norms in metropolitan areas may explain the heterogeneous impacts of women’s police stations in metropolitan areas and outside them.

This study examines the long-term impacts of international migration by comparing immigrants who had successful ballot entries in a migration lottery program, and first moved almost a decade ago, with people who had unsuccessful entries into those same ballots. The long-term gain in income is found to be similar in magnitude to the gain in the first year, despite migrants upgrading their education and changing their locations and occupations. This results in large, sustained benefits to the migrants’ immediate family, who have substantially higher consumption, durable asset ownership, savings, and dietary diversity. In contrast, the study finds no measureable impact on extended family.

New qualitative fieldwork in eight countries of Europe and Central Asia (ECA) indicates that the dramatic declines in poverty in much of the region over the last decade do not appear to be registering very favorably with men and women on the ground. This paper provides a gender analysis of findings from equal numbers of sex-specific focus groups with employed and jobless individuals. The methodology featured a standardized package of semi-structured data collection tools, which enabled systematic comparative analysis of the datasets from 37 urban and rural communities across eight countries in the region. While lack of jobs and the rising cost of living are central concerns for both women and men across the sample, the qualitative data highlights important gender differences in how men and women are responding to these challenges that quantitative survey approaches appear to miss. Throughout the sample, women are widely reported to be doing everything they can to pull their households out of poverty or to maintain their families in the middle class, while men voice deep frustration with their weak economic opportunities and the need for additional household members to contribute economically. Women’s increased economic participation in the face of men’s hardships with breadwinning - and the stress on gender roles and relations that this entails - are crucial for making sense of frustrations on the ground despite the region’s significant social and economic development.

Using a new and representative data set of Chinese household finance, this paper documents household access to and costs of finance, along with their correlates. As in most developing countries, informal finance is a crucial element of household finance, and wealth tends to be associated with better access to formal and informal finance. Better financial knowledge shifts loan portfolios toward formal sources relative to informal ones. Connections to the Communist Party are associated with significantly better access to finance in rural areas but not in urban areas. A larger social network is positively associated with access to informal finance. Controlling for household characteristics, rural residents pay interest rates on loans similar to urban residents. Younger residents pay higher rates, while households on firmer economic footing face lower rates. Taking financial classes and college education is associated with higher interest rates for urban residents, suggesting perhaps that financial knowledge coincides with greater demand for credit in areas with more economic opportunity. Overall, the findings suggest that Chinese residents face dual credit markets, with the poor, young, those with poor financial knowledge, and those with larger family sizes relying much more on informal finance, while others are better able to access formal finance.

In July 2013, the World Bank Group launched its Strategy, outlining how it will partner more effectively with clients to help them achieve the ambitious goals of eradicating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity through economic growth, inclusion, sustainability and resilience. In April 2014, the World Bank Group Corporate Scorecard was launched for the first time and the World Bank Scorecard revised to monitor the implementation of the strategy. The World Bank Group Scorecard provides view of the results and performance indicators of the three World Bank Group institutions: the World Bank (WB), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). This brochure presents the scorecards, updated with the latest data available in fiscal year 2015. The scorecards are structured in three tiers. A tier one and two presents indicators monitoring aspects of growth, inclusiveness, and sustainability and resilience. Tier three captures the progress in implementing the World Bank Group strategy and includes measures of both operational and organizational effectiveness.

Poverty in Lao PDR declined from 33.5 percent to 23.2 percent over the 10 year period between 2002/3 and 2012/13. The number of poor people declined by about half a million to 1.35 million in 2013 and Lao PDR has met its MDG target of reducing poverty to below 24 percent by 2015. Improvements in welfare are evident in the changes in other socio-economic indicators such as the ownership of televisions and access to electricity, which doubled, and the number of households living in houses built with bricks or concrete, which nearly tripled, while the proportion of those without a toilet halved. Net secondary enrollment increased from 27 percent in 2002/3 to 50 percent in 2012/13 showing significant improvements in education.