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トピックについて、形式に沿って自説を展開する「英語論証文」の作成能力は、大学英語教育における英語学術論文や英語授業でのエッセイ執筆に重要な役割を果たしている。しかし、英語論証文において文章作成の基盤となる重要な語彙項目をどう選定すべきかについてはほとんど検討されていない。そこで本研究では、学術英語語彙表Academic Formulas List（AFL）を日本人大学生への英語論証文定型表現指導項目の選定に活用することを目指した。英語母語話者・日本人大学生を含む英語論証文データを収録した学習者コーパスICNALE Written Essaysとの比較により、（1）AFLの定型表現はICNALEの英語母語話者によって使用される英語論証文の定型表現と一定の共通性が見られること、（2）日本人大学生が重点的に習得すべきAFLの定型表現の傾向が判明した。これらの結果から、AFLは日本人大学生への英語論証文指導に活用できる可能性が高いと考察した。

We present a research article writing course that uses a flipped classroom approach for independent, personalised learning (Deroey & Skipp, 2023). The course aims to improve insight into the structural, stylistic and rhetorical features of research articles as well as the writing and publication process. Its five interlocking components are independent learning tasks, workshops, peer review, writing with reflection, and consultations. Learner autonomy is promoted through corpus work (Charles, 2018), analysis of disciplinary texts (Yasuda, 2011) and interviews with disciplinary experts. The course has been successfully delivered both fully online and on campus to several mixed-discipline cohorts of doctoral students. Before the workshops, students complete independent learning tasks by reading the e-coursebook and completing exercises, including applications to their own texts. The submitted tasks allow us to illustrate key points and design activities with examples from participants’ writing. Submissions of article drafts with reflections further promote and document the application of course content. Peer review happens independently of the instructor but uses a template to guide feedback. Writing consultations with the lecturer provide additional personal feedback. This course stimulates novice research writers to become writing researchers; maximises the added value of the workshops; and enables PhD students to manage their time better. We will explain how this independent, personalised approach works and formulate recommendations based on course evaluations and our experiences. References Charles, M. (2018). Corpus-assisted editing for doctoral students: More than just concordancing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 36, 15-25. Deroey, K. L. B., & Skipp, J. (2023). Designing and delivering an online research article writing course for doctoral students in Luxembourg during Covid-19. In B. Fenton-Smith, J. Gimenez, K. Mansfield, M. Percy, & M. Spinillo (Eds.), International perspectives on teaching academic English in turbulent times (pp. 81-94). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003283409-10 Yasuda, S. (2011). Genre-based tasks in foreign language writing: Developing writers’ genre awareness, linguistic knowledge, and writing competence. Journal of Second Language Writing, 20(2), 111-133.

Police officers historically suffer from higher rates of suicide, alcohol and substance abuse, relationship troubles, and other physical and mental health issues than the general population. Over the past several decades, law enforcement agencies have turned to employee assistance programs (EAPs) and wellness programs to help their members manage and mitigate the negative effects of stress commonly associated with the profession. But how well do EAPs and wellness programs work for the law enforcement community? To answer this question, this thesis utilized a structured, focused comparative multi-case study. Five police departments from across the United States were examined to determine program relevancy, adequacy of implementation, barriers and enablers, and efficacy. This study found that none of the five departments collects and analyzes data on how many of its members use the services or for what reasons they are seeking services. Without the collection and analysis of data consequently, the departments cannot reliably demonstrate that their EAP and wellness programs benefit department members. It is recommended law enforcement EAP and wellness programs develop and implement a standard method of collecting, analyzing, and sharing data. It is possible to collect data without compromising confidentiality and only once these data are available can EAPs ensure that they are best serving members of the law enforcement community. Civilian, Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Dept. Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

学術英語における語彙の学習や指導に用いられる学術語彙リストはこれまで多くのものが開発されてきているがそれらのリストを収録語彙の観点から横断的に比較した研究はまだ十分には行われていない。そこで本研究では学術語彙リストの収録語彙を比較する目的で近年作成された5種類の学術語彙リストに収録されている語彙のレベルをCEFR-J Wordlistに基づいて分析すると共にリストの収録語彙の類似性について対応分析を用いて調査を行った。分析の結果これらの学術語彙リストには難易度の差はあるものの多くのリストにおいて収録されている語彙の半数以上がC1レベル以上の語彙であることが示された。またリストの収録語彙には一定の重複が見られ収録語彙の類似性の点からは、これらのリストは3つのグループに分けられることが判明した。

This paper surveys English medium instruction (EMI) lecturer training worldwide in order to inform decisions by practitioners tasked with its design and delivery. The survey encompasses 25 published initiatives from 18 countries. These were analysed for their content components and delivery methods as well as training challenges and recommendations. This analysis revealed four main components: language, communication, pedagogy and EMI awareness. Most programmes were delivered face to face but some were blended with a substantial amount of online and independent work. Delivery methods could broadly be classified into group classes, individual support and peer learning. Microteaching with reflection, feedback and observation was a widely recurring and highly rated activity. Programmes were typically developed in-house by English language professionals. Recurring challenges were contextualisation, group heterogeneity, lecturer confidence and the lack of incentivisation. The paper concludes with pedagogical recommendations for the development of EMI lecturer training programmes.

In a time when students around the globe continue to pursue their higher studies in English-speaking countries, educators also continue to explore innovative teaching methods and approaches in order to support learning. Universal design for learning (UDL) is an innovative teaching framework that has recently drawn considerable attention among educators and researchers alike in Canada. A UDL framework helps educators, including English-for-academic-purposes (EAP) and English-as-an-additional-language (EAL) instructors, consider learner variability, motivate and engage learners in in multiple ways, provide instructional resources and materials in various forms, and offer learners opportunities to demonstrate learning in alternate pathways. This article presents three core UDL principles: multiple means of engagement, multiple means of representation, and multiple means of action and expression and establishes connections to teaching EAP. The purpose is to interpret these three UDL principles and respective guidelines in EAP contexts and discuss how these principles and guidelines can be applied to EAP classrooms in order to support language learning in Canada., BC TEAL Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1 (2021)

ilustraciones, fotografías a color, mapas La ganadería en Colombia es uno de los principales impulsores de la degradación, pero también representa el sustento e identidad de muchas comunidades rurales del país. Es una prioridad la necesidad de transformar esta actividad económica desde las bases agroecológicas y con miras a su aporte en la restauración integral de los paisajes, especialmente en aquellos donde se ubican ecosistemas estratégicos como lo es el Bosque Seco Tropical (Bs-T). En este trabajo se estudiaron los factores culturales y ecosistémicos del manejo de la agrobiodiversidad dentro de doce agroecosistemas ganaderos en Pivijay, Magdalena. Este estudio se realizó a través de una herramienta novedosa como lo es la EAP, cuya esencia como indicador ambiental requirió del empleo de metodologías diversas como el uso de SIG, recorridos de campo y métodos etnográficos. Para establecer la relación de la EAP con el paisaje, se realizó una aproximación a la conectividad del Bs-T con el uso de métricas del paisaje. Los resultados principales resaltan el moderado a bajo desarrollo de la EAP de los agroecosistemas estudiados, cuya transformación se verá mediada principalmente por la transformación de variables culturales como las prácticas ganaderas y de conservación. A través de un diseño participativo de la EAP potencial, y desde la perspectiva de los productores se identifican los retos, que implicaría el establecimiento de prácticas silvopastoriles para realizar dicha transición. Por último, se reconoció que desde la unidad del agroecosistema es posible planear y ejecutar acciones encaminadas al mejoramiento de la conectividad del Bs-T, trascendiendo los límites físicos e influyendo en los patrones generales que se observan a escala de paisaje. (Texto tomado de la fuente) In Colombia cattle ranching is one of the main drivers of degradation, but it also represents the livelihood and identity of many rural communities in the country. The need to transform this economic activity based on agroecological science and looking for its contribution to the restoration of landscapes is critical, especially in those where strategic ecosystems such as the Tropical Dry Forest (TDF) are located. In this work, the cultural and ecosystem factors of agrobiodiversity management within twelve livestock agroecosystems in Pivijay, Magdalena were studied. This study was carried out through a novel tool such as the EAP, whose deeply environmental essence required the use of diverse methodologies such as the use of GIS, field work and ethnographic methods. Additionally, an approximation to the TDF connectivity was made with the use of landscape metrics. The main results highlight the moderate to low development of the EAP of the agroecosystems studied, whose transformation will be mediated mainly by the transformation of cultural variables such as livestock and conservation practices. Additionally, in a participatory design of the potential EAP, together with the producers, challenges are identified, mainly of an institutional nature, which would require to be overcome, if the establishment of silvopastoriles practices is the strategy chosen. Finally, it was recognized that from the agroecosystem, it is possible to plan and execute actions aimed at improving Bs-T connectivity, transcending physical limits, and influencing the general patterns observed at the landscape scale. Maestría Magíster en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Estudios Ambientales Agrarios

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengimplementasi sistem informasi E-Document pada Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dengan merancang sebuah aplikasi. Dan menganalisa kekurangan-kekurangan sebagai penghambat kemajauan dari perusahaan Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan melakukan pengujian pada suatu program dan menyelesaikan desain yang sudah disetujui. Hal ini dikarenakan strategi manajemen perusahaan Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dalam pengelolaan penyebaran dokumen masih manual dan pengambilan keputusan pada perusahaan dapat dipermudah. Dalam penelitian ini penulis melakukan studi kasus menggunakan metode EAP karena dianggap dapat menyelaaskan bisnis yang ada dan Teknologi yang sudah berjalan sebelumnya. Metode ini dapat mengidentifikasi mulai proses bisnis sampai ke perencanaan implementasi sitem informasi yang akan dibuat. Berdasarkan analisa mulai dari aktifitas utama sampai aktifitas pendukung maka diperoleh portofolio aplikasi sistem informasi pada Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kota Semarang yang diantaranya adalah Sistem Informasi Pelayanan Publik, Sistem Informasi E-Document, Sistem Informasi Gudang, Sistem Informasi Keuangan, dan Sistem Informasi Kepegawaian, dimana dalam perencanaan aplikasi tersebut, hasil proses bisnis Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kota Semarang dapat berjalan lebih efektif. Dengan Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) dapat dijadikan metode untuk mencapai sasaran bisnis Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kota Semarang, selain itu keuntungan EAP adalah untuk mendukung pengambilan keputusan dan perencanaan yang baik. Walaupun penelitian dapat menghasilkan Sistem Infomasi yang mendukung cukup baik, namun masih perlu dilakukan peningkatan seperti upgrade Sistem oleh perusahaan agar dapat bersaing dengan manajemen perusahaan lain yang selalu mampu mengikuti kemajuan Teknologi.

The GKJ Synod is one of the Church Foundations located in Salatiga which is an institution that focuses on the field of information data center and media services for the GKJ Synod. The Salatiga GKJ Synod currently has a system but still has problems with Information System problems that have not been implemented optimally, so there are often obstacles when doing work. Because it does not run quickly and well, therefore an Information System Strategic Planning is needed, this research aims to be able to help the business processes contained in the GKJ Synod implement information systems in the organization to run well. The purpose of this research is to propose and plan using the method Enterprise Architecture Planning. Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) is the process of defining the architecture in the use of information systems to support the architecture implementation plan. By using the approach, the Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP)method can help the GKJ Salatiga synod to plan data quality oriented to business needs in order to achieve and support business goals for agencies and organizations, besides that, the advantages of using Enterprise Architecture Planning are a supporting method for making decisions and good planning for an organization.

This talk will provide insights into designing and delivering English Medium Instruction (EMI) lecturer training by surveying published initiatives worldwide (Deroey, 2021). Although EMI is not a recent phenomenon, many higher education institutions are only now beginning to organize specific support for EMI lecturers. EAP practitioners are often tasked with providing such support, since the perception commonly is that language is the main issue requiring improvement. However, the efficient design and delivery of EMI lecturing training and support is a complex challenge. First, most literature highlights the need for pedagogical and communication training in addition to language work. Second the varied EMI context means training should be adapted to the local cultural, educational, linguistic and institutional contexts (Herington, 2020; Martinez & Fernandes, 2020; Tuomainen, 2018). Third, we need to be sensitive to lecturers’ attitudes towards EMI and EMI training (Tsui, 2018). Fourth, there are practical considerations such as the timely provision of support (Guarda & Helm, 2017); promoting participation; facilitating learning transfer to lectures; and working with what are usually heterogeneous participant groups in terms of English proficiency, (EMI) lecturing experience and discipline (Ball & Lindsay, 2013). Finally, the design of these programmes typically needs to happen with very limited institutional resources, few (if any) published materials and relatively little published research on lecture discourse and EMI lecturer training. Having surveyed the main components, formats and work forms of the programmes, the conclusion highlights ways forward in EMI lecturer training that emerge from this analysis. References Ball, P., & Lindsay, D. (2013). Language demands and support for English-medium instruction in tertiary education. Learning from a specific context In A. Doiz, D. Lasagabaster, & J. M. Sierra (Eds.), English-medium instruction at universities: Global challenges (pp. 44-61). Multilingual Matters. Deroey, K. L. B. (2021). Lecturer training for English Medium Instruction: what and how? In B. D. Bond, A. & M. Evans (Ed.), Innovation, exploration and transformation. Proceedings of the 2019 BALEAP Conference (pp. 245-253). Garnet. Guarda, M., & Helm, F. (2017). A survey of lecturers’ needs and feedback on EMI training. In K. Ackerley, M. Guarda, & F. Helm (Eds.), Sharing perspectives on English-medium instruction (pp. 167-194). Peter Lang. Herington, R. (2020). Observation as a tool to facilitate the professional development of teaching faculty involved in English as a Medium of Instruction: trainer and trainee perspectives. In M. L. Carrió-Pasto (Ed.), Internationalising Learning in Higher Education (pp. 65-82). IGI Global. Martinez, R., & Fernandes, K. (2020). Development of a teacher training course for English medium instruction for higher education professors in Brazil. In M. Del Mar Sánchez-Pérez (Ed.), Teacher Training for English-Medium Instruction in Higher Education (pp. 125-152). IGI Global. Tuomainen, S. (2018). Supporting non-native university lecturers with English-medium instruction. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 10(3), 230-242.

Undergraduates are often advised to expand their discipline-specific vocabulary in order to cope with the rigor of reading and writing academic texts. For the students studying in English-medium settings, it is in their interest to acquire vocabulary in their disciplines as this is vital to academic success. While students recognize the importance of discipline-specific vocabulary acquisition, they are typically unable to do so due to their heavy work on learning and assessment tasks. With the advent of mobile technology, one way to address this problem is to create vocabulary apps. To meet this need, this paper presents a gamified, discipline-specific vocabulary learning app Books vs Brains@PolyU. It was developed to help busy undergraduates to build a repertoire of the vocabulary across seven disciplines. We explored students’ perceptions and evaluation of this tool via interviews with sixteen student participants of the project. The results show that students found the tool useful and motivating, indicating the effectiveness of the app in helping busy undergraduates to build and expand their knowledge of discipline-specific vocabulary. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2021.13.006

In recent years, plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) gel has attracted increasing attention in soft robotics. However, there is scarce research on the deformation mechanism and modeling of PVC gel actuators. In this study, to investigate the deformation mechanism of fiber-constrained planar PVC gel actuators, we propose a complex nonlinear model based on traditional thermodynamic electroactive polymer (EAP) multi-field coupling theory. The proposed model can reveal the dielectric breakdown strength of PVC gels and predict the deformation of planar PVC gel actuators with varying levels of pre-stretching. The theoretical results were in good agreement with the experimental results, indicating the feasibility of the proposed model.

Universities in Indonesia already have academic information systems. This university in developing its academic information system is carried out individually according to conditions and needs. Currently there are no guidelines in providing direction for the planning, development, implementation and service of academic information systems based on information and communication technology in universities. In addition to this, it is based on the planning and development of an academic information system which is what will be planned and developed and how its development guidelines are not yet available. The purpose of this study is to provide guidance in building academic information systems at private universities that can be applied in South Sumatra Province. This goal needs to be done because in general the academic information system business processes and services as well as the need for information in each university have in common namely the acceptance of new students, academic management and academic release. The result of the research is an academic information system architecture as a guideline in planning the development of an academic information system according to the conditions of private universities in South Sumatra Province. This study uses the EAP method with the steps of activities including planning initiation, business modeling and survey of current institutions, systems and technologies, data architecture and application architecture. The results of this study are a guide in building a system in the form of an academic information system architecture that can be applied to private universities in Indonesia especially South Sumatra Province.This study uses the EAP / Enterprise Architecture Planning method with activity steps including planning initiation, business modeling and institutional surveys, current systems and technology, data architecture and application architecture.

Circumstances are powerful grammatical tools for representing precision and specificity in the clause, and they add contextual factors necessary for nuanced disciplinary discourse. This type of detail expressed through circumstances is significant in academic discourse, yet it is often neglected in favor of attention to participants and processes. Drawing on our experiences teaching embedded, discipline-specific EAP to multilingual students at Vantage College at the University of British Columbia, we demonstrate how circumstances, and more broadly circumstantiation, generate crucial insights for both comprehension of complex academic materials and generation of student texts. We also show how circumstances are useful grammatical concepts pedagogically for working across the metafunctions and ranks in multiple ways: transitivity analyses of circumstance types within disciplinary texts highlight the relationship between their deployment and genre and stage variations. Additionally, probe questions provide a pedagogical lens to see detail and context in critical reading and writing. Circumstances also support organization by building Theme patterns through the strategic use of marked topical Themes, and convey interpersonal evaluation in academically appropriate ways. Connecting circumstances to broader circumstantial meanings provides a powerful mechanism for paraphrasing with grammatical metaphor. Finally, through our analyses and materials, we illustrate how explicit instruction in circumstances adds to students’ linguistic and analytical repertoires and facilitates powerful insight for how circumstantial information contributes to academic discourse and knowledge-building. Résumé Les circonstanciels sont les outils grammaticaux idéals pour représenter la précision et la spécificité au sein de la proposition puisqu’ils introduisent des facteurs contextuels qui contribuent à la production d’un discours disciplinaire nuancé. Ce type de détail, permis par l’ajout de circonstanciels, est important dans le discours académique. Cependant, ce dernier est souvent négligé au profit de l’analyse des participants et des processus. Notre expérience en tant qu’enseignantes d’anglais à but académique (EAP) aux étudiants multilingues à Vantage College à l’université de la Colombie Britannique, intégré et spécifique à chaque discipline universitaire, nous a permis d’examiner la manière dont les circonstanciels, et, plus généralement, la circonstanciation, génèrent des informations cruciales lors de la compréhension de textes académiques complexes et la production d’écrits académiques par les étudiants. Force est de constater que les circonstanciels sont d’excellents outils grammaticaux au niveau pédagogique pour explorer les métafonctions et les rangs en plusieurs façons. Les analyses de transitivité des types de circonstanciels au sein des textes disciplinaires soulignent le lien étroit entre leur déploiement et les variations de genre et de scène. De plus, les questions exploratoires offrent une perspective pédagogique sur les détails et le contexte des écrits et lectures critiques. Les circonstanciels organisent le texte : ils participent à l’élaboration des structures thématiques et transmettent l’évaluation interpersonnelle de manière valorisée dans le contexte universitaire. Relier les circonstanciels à des significations circonstancielles plus larges fournit une méthode efficace pour paraphraser les métaphores grammaticales. Enfin, à travers les analyses et les contenus, nous montrons en quoi l’enseignement explicite des circonstanciels accroît le répertoire linguistique et analytique des étudiants tout en présentant à ces derniers les stratégies par lesquelles les informations circonstancielles contribuent au discours académique et au processus de développement des connaissances. Resumen Las circunstancias son herramientas gramaticales poderosas para representar precisión y especificidad en la cláusula, pues agregan factores contextuales necesarios para matizar el discurso disciplinar matizado. Este tipo de detalle expresado a través de las circunstancias es de gran importancia en el discurso académico, pero a menudo se descuida por la atención prevalente para los participantes y los procesos. Basándonos en nuestras experiencias en la enseñanza de inglés que integra propósitos académicos a los estudiantes plurilingües en Vantage College a la universidad de la Columbia Británica propios de una disciplina, demostramos cómo las circunstancias y, en general, las circunstanciación generan indicios cruciales tanto para la comprensión de materiales académicos complejos como para la generación de textos de los estudiantes. Encontramos que las circunstancias son conceptos gramaticales útiles pedagógicamente para trabajar a través de las metafunciones y rangos de múltiples formas: los análisis de transitividad de los tipos de circunstancias dentro de los textos disciplinarios destacan la relación entre su despliegue, el género y las variaciones en las etapas de género. Además, las preguntas de prueba brindan una lente pedagógica para ver los detalles y el contexto en la lectura y escritura críticas. Las circunstancias también apoyan la organización del texto mediante la construcción de patrones temáticos a través del uso estratégico de Temas topicales marcados y expresan la evaluación interpersonal de manera académicamente apropiada. La conexión de circunstancias con significados circunstanciales más amplios proporciona un mecanismo poderoso para la paráfrasis con metáforas gramaticales. Finalmente, mediante nuestros análisis y materiales, demostramos cómo la instrucción explícita en circunstancias se suma a los repertorios lingüísticos y analíticos de los estudiantes y facilita una visión poderosa de cómo la información circunstancial contribuye al discurso académico y la construcción de conocimiento.

Electroactive polymer (EAP) is a kind of smart material, which can change its shape under the stimulation of electric field. Dielectric elastomer (DE) is an important member of the EAP. DE has the characteristics of excellent performance, such as light weight, low noise, low cost, and so on, which guarantee its wide applications in the fields of actuators, generators, sensors. In this review, the principles of energy conversion, the research status and latest development of new technologies for DEs, and the performance characteristics of DEs are summarised. Simultaneously, it points out the development problems and feasible countermeasures. At last, the application prospects of DE are discussed, combined with the research direction of the international frontier.

Teaching English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses is highly demanding for EAP teachers as they are faced with diverse pedagogical and administrative challenges in such courses. This study addressed the level of burnout among EAP teachers and variations in relation to their demographic and organizational characteristics. To this aim, a demographic questionnaire along with the Persian version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was administered to 276 EAP teachers from state universities in Iran. The results revealed that a considerable number of EAP teachers reported mid-levels of personal accomplishment. Moreover, variations in degree of burnout were found among EAP teachers in relation to marital status, age, years of experience in teaching EAP and content/general English courses, educational background, and the field and number of EAP courses taught. Also, EAP teachers with different demographic and organizational characteristics who were more susceptible to burnout were identified. Finally, implications for enhancing the working conditions of EAP teachers are presented.

In a scenario where hotspot wireless networks are increasingly being used, and given the amount of sensitive information exchanged on Internet interactions, there is the need to implement security mechanisms that guarantee data confdentiality and integrity in such networks, as well as the authenticity of the hotspot providers. However, many hotspots today use Captive Portals, which rely on authentication through Web pages (thus, an application-level authentication approach) instead of a link-layer approach. The consequence of this is that there is no security in the wireless link to the hotspot (it has to be provided at upper protocol layers), and is cumbersome to manage wireless access profles (we need special applications or browsers’ add-ons to do that). This work exposes the weaknesses of the Captive Portals’ paradigm, which does not follow a unique nor standard approach, and describes a solution that intends to suppress them, based on the 802.1X architecture. It relies on EAP-SH (extended authentication protocol for secure hotspots), a new EAPcompliant protocol that is able to integrate a Web-based registration or authentication with a Captive Portal within the 802.1X authentication framework. This work describes its design, implementation and prototype evaluation. published

The current study aimed to explore the present and target situation academic language needs of undergraduate students of physical education. To this end, a total number of 110 undergraduates, 30 graduates, 18 language EAP instructors, and 18 content EAP instructors participated in the study. The EAP classes for students of physical education were observed. Then, all four groups of stakeholders were asked to complete needs analysis questionnaires and participate in semi-structured interviews. The undergraduates and graduates also took a general English proficiency test. The findings indicated that the undergraduates perceived speaking, reading, listening, vocabulary, and translation as important. Besides these skills and components, EAP instructors further considered writing, grammar, and pronunciation as significant. Furthermore, both language and content EAP instructors referred to participating in international events as an important skill that prepares the undergraduates to pursue professional objectives in the future. Finally, participants elucidated various major problematic areas. The findings have profound implications for revisiting EAP courses for students of physical education.

事例報告

The purpose of this report is to disseminate results of the Special Course in Academic Skills (SCAS) Program, an optional English for Academic Purposes preparation course for Nagasaki University undergraduate students. In the 2018-19 academic year, TOEFL ITP tests were administered prior to, during, and after completion of the SCAS Program to measure receptive language abilities (i.e., reading, listening, structure and written expression of English). Additionally, students completed pre and posttests to measure productive language abilities (i.e., writing, speaking) prior to instruction and following completion of the program. Results from these assessments were examined using paired sample t-tests, which revealed statistically significant improvements in student abilities following completion of the SCAS Program. Effect sizes observed through calculation of Cohen’s d displayed a range of results from small to large, indicating that while SCAS Program instruction was responsible for change in students’ language skills, that change was not seen to be consistent throughout all language skill areas.

New statistical methods are being added to the literature as a result of scientific developments each and every day. This study aims at investigating one of these, Maximum Likelihood Score Estimation with Fences (MLEF) method, in ca-MST. The results obtained from this study will contribute to both national and international literature since there is no such study on the applicability of MLEF method in ca-MST. In line with the aim of this study, 48 conditions (4 module lengths (5-10-15-20) x 2 panel designs (1-3; 1-3-3) x 2 ability distribution (normal-uniform) x 3 ability estimation methods (MLEF-MLE-EAP) were simulated and the data obtained from the simulation were interpreted with correlation, RMSE and AAD as an implication of measurement precision; and with conditional bias calculation in order to show the changes in each ability level. This study is a post-hoc simulation study using the data from TIMSS 2015 at the 8th grade in mathematics. “xxIRT” R package program and MSTGen simulation software tool were used in the study. As a result, it can be said that MLEF, as a new ability estimation method, is superior to MLE method in all conditions. EAP estimation method gives the best results in terms of the measurement precision based on correlation, RMSE and AAD values, whereas the results gained via MLEF estimation method are pretty close to those in EAP estimation method. MLE proves to be less biased in ability estimation, especially in extreme ability levels, when compared to EAP ability estimation method., New statistical methods are being added to theliterature as a result of scientific developments each and every day. Thisstudy aims at investigating one of these, Maximum Likelihood Score Estimationwith Fences (MLEF) method, in ca-MST. The results obtained from this study willcontribute to both national and international literature since there is no suchstudy on the applicability of MLEF method in ca-MST. In line with the aim ofthis study, 48 conditions (4 module lengths (5-10-15-20) x 2 panel designs(1-3; 1-3-3) x 2 ability distribution (normal-uniform) x 3 ability estimationmethods (MLEF-MLE-EAP) were simulated and the data obtained from the simulationwere interpreted with correlation, RMSE and AAD as an implication ofmeasurement precision; and with conditional bias calculation in order to showthe changes in each ability level. This study is a post-hoc simulation studyusing the data from TIMSS 2015 at the 8th grade in mathematics. “xxIRT” Rpackage program and MSTGen simulation software tool were used in the study. Asa result, it can be said that MLEF, as a new ability estimation method, issuperior to MLE method in all conditions. EAP estimation method gives the best results in terms of the measurementprecision based on correlation, RMSE and AAD values, whereas the results gainedvia MLEF estimation method are pretty close to those in EAP estimation method.MLE proves to be less biased in ability estimation, especially in extremeability levels, when compared to EAP ability estimation method.

This paper discovers the role of learner’s needs analysis in English for academic purposes courses in higher education before designing any language curriculum. The research is essential as it can be used to support students to be aware of their motivation to learn and a basis for teachers in helping students improve their learning motivation. Students have either instrumental or integrative or both motivational orientations while studying EAP courses (locally called communicative English skills) for their present and target situation needs. Therefore, 308 first-year students (using systematic sampling) and 41 instructors (using census technique) from the Social Sciences and Humanities College in Wachemo University, Ethiopia, participated in the study. A mixed-methods research design was used to collect the data. Survey questionnaire and interview instruments were employed for data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The findings revealed that the students have instrumental and integrative orientations for learning English. However, instrumental motivation surpassed integrative motivation because most of the study participants thought that the students predominantly need English for practical reasons in the context of the present study than integrative orientations to pursue their academic courses at the university level. When the participants were asked about the students’ reasons for learning English, they indicated many aspects related to instrumental and integrative motivation. For reasons related to instrumental motivation, students learn English because it is helpful in getting a good job in the future, studying or working abroad, and passing a test (an exam), while the students who are integratively motivated learn English because they like the language and the culture. Consequently, through thorough needs analysis, course designers and practitioners should identify learners’ reasons for learning the EAP course before implementing the material in the EFL classroom.

Corpus compilation is a challenging research endeavor that many researchers decide to pursue. Few learner corpora, however, can be easily accessed (e.g.,the International Corpus of Learner English), and none of them carry a variety of text registers written by English learners at different proficiency levels studying in the Brazilian university context. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present the compilation of a learner corpus, much needed in our research and teaching context, pointing out the advantages of building this type of corpus for the understanding of learners’ needs as well as for pedagogical decision-making based on sound data. Presenting a detailed rationale of the corpus compilation, this article reveals the various decisions made in order to guarantee that fair comparisons can be made. To exemplify the value of building a carefully designed corpus, results of previous studies are compared. Some of the conclusions reached refer to the need for discipline-specific tasks to propel writing proficiency and for authorship skills to be developed in English for Academic Purposes classes to foster academic success.

There is increasing attention to the security challenges of IT-OT networks. Mitigating these challenges needs sophisticated methods to secure such networks, especially by securing access to the network. One valuable strategy that provides security to the network access level is Port-Based Authentication. Any authentication method within the IEEE 802.1x that can be adapted to current network complexity to minimize the attack surface related to the network access level is an area of interest. RADIUS has been a well-known leading protocol for a few decades while Diameter is newly developed from RADIUS as an unknown protocol; there is a lack of resources on the practical level. This thesis analyzes and evaluates RADIUS & Diameter protocols regarding authentication timeand their functionalities. The hardware used for the implementation phase consists of two Raspberry Pi as a server and supplicant, one IEEE 8021.x supporting switch (Ubiquity EdgeSwitch 24 Lite) and two Virtual Machinesalong with the software freeRADIUS & freeDiameter. Analyzing the fact for each protocol by literature study and the implementation result of this thesis, Diameter protocol requires more time to process the authentication than RADIUS. However, there were issues on the implementation that have affected the measurement of authentication time for Diameter. Based on the results, Diameter provides reliability, scalability, and more security than RADIUS. RADIUS shows a stable authentication time as promised. The RADIUS protocol is easy to implement and provides stable authentication, while Diameter still needs more software and documentation improvements.

A Corpus Based Study of General and Academic Vocabulary in Psychology Research Articles Department of Translation and Interpretation ( Faculty of Humanities, Cappadocia University, Cappadocia, Turkey, 50420. E mail: mrvalizadeh2015@gmail.com Abstract English lan guage vocabulary has been classified generally into four major categories including general service, academic, technical, and low frequency words. General service words are those frequently used function and content words that constitute the majority of ru nning words (around 90%) in spoken and written discourse. Knowledge of this vocabulary is essential for understanding various text types. Academic vocabulary refers to those words that are used more frequently in academic texts such as research articles. I t has been argued that in language learning courses, general vocabulary should be prioritized, and then the focus on instruction should be directed to academic words. Recent developments in corpus based study of language provided more efficient ways to ide ntify vocabulary items relevant to specific subject areas and the number of field specific vocabulary lists are growing. Within this line of research, the current study investigated the lexical profile of psychology research articles based on New General S ervice List ( (Browne et al., 2013a), and the New Academic Word List ( (Browne et al., 2013b). The findings revealed that 1,682 general service and 361 academic words occurred frequently in the corpus of psychology research articles. These words accounted for 84.20% of the corpus, and the list developed based on them might be employed in instructional programmes for setting vocabulary learning goals for psychology students. Given that vocabulary is an essential component writing proficiency for un iversity students, the findings of the study can also inform materials development in English for Academic Purposes ( courses.

This research study explores teacher and student perceptions to verify consequential validity and the potential washback effect of a locally developed university-level English language proficiency test which consists of reading and listening-to-writing assessment tasks. The integrated language proficiency test is used upon completion of the English language preparatory program in the Turkish context to determine learners’ access to further English medium academic courses in their departments. To examine whether this source-based proficiency test has achieved its intended outcomes, 39 freshman students and 19 university instructors, who offered courses in various departments, were surveyed through questionnaires. Interviews were conducted with the instructors to gauge their perspectives about the validity of the integrated proficiency test-based decisions (whether students pass or fail) over time in terms of the language competency and academic skills of their learners. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis also revealed evidence both for positive and negative issues concerning the consequential validity of the test. Findings may help educators to reach a better understanding of the construct of integrated language assessment tasks in EAP contexts and the consequences of their use in achieving the intended and unintended curricular goals.

ÇDP, çalışanların iş ve özel yaşamlarında karşılaştıkları problemleri çözmek ve genel olarak kuruluşlardaki verimliliği artırmak amacıyla 1960’ lı yıllardan bugüne süren hizmet türüdür. İlk olarak Amerika’ da alkol ve ilaç bağımlılığını yenme amacıyla başlatılmış olup, son gelinen noktada çalışanlara finansal, psikolojik, ekonomik, hukuki vb. bir çok konuda hizmet sunulmaya başlanmıştır. Bu hizmetler firma dahilinde olabildiği gibi, harici kuruluşlardan destek te alınabilmektedir. Bazı durumlarda her iki şekilde de hizmet sunma tercih edilmektedir. Esenlik kavramı ilk kez 1961’de Dunn tarafından fiziksel ve psikolojik sağlığın birleşmesi ve bu durumun sürdürülmesi olarak tanımlanmıştır. Sonrasında farklı boyutlar da ortaya konulmuştur. En son çalışma algılanan esenlik kavramı üzerine Adams ve arkadaşlarının Algılanan Esenlik Ölçeği’dir. Algılanan esenlik ölçeği ile çalışan destek programları için geliştirdiğim 17 ifade ve Kuzey Amerika Çalışan Destek Derneği (EASNA)’ nin ortaya koyduğu 4 özdeğer (çalışan desteği, iş değeri, daha iyi mental sağlık, sağlıklı çalışma alanları) entegre edilmiştir ve envanterin güvenilirlik testi çalışmanın detayında sunulmuştur. Elde edilen veriler ile yaş aralığının, psikolojik esenlik algısı üzerinde etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Ankete katılan ÇDP hizmetinden faydalanan çalışanların tecrübelerinin, ÇDP boyutlarını etkilediği ortaya konmuş ve 10 yıl ve üzeri tecrübeye sahip çalışanlarda, motivasyon artışı ile işin daha iyi yapılması, çalışan problemlerinin ÇDP vasıtasıyla çözülerek performans artışı sağlanabileceği ve ÇDP varlığının konsantrasyon süresini artırarak kuruluşta daha uzun yıllar çalışma isteğini artırdığı şeklinde yorumlanmıştır. Anket katılımcıları arasında, 41 yaş ve üstü katılımcılar için ÇDP algısının daha önemli olduğu, 26-40 yaş arası katılımcılar için ise esenlik algısının daha yüksek ortalamaya sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, ÇDP varlığının çalışanların algılanan esenlik düzeyinde bir role sahip olduğu ortaya konulmuş ve kalite ve iş güvenliği yönetim sistemleri açısından kuruluşlarda ÇDP mevcudiyetinin önemi vurgulanmıştır., EAPs, are a type of service that has been in place since the 1960s in order to solve the problems faced by employees in their business-private lives and to increase productivity in organizations in general. EAP was started in America with the aim of alcohol abuse and drug abuse, and finally it provides financial, psychological, economic, legal etc. to the employees. A number of services have started to be offered. These services can be internal employee assistance, as well as assistance services can be external from proffessional companies. In some cases, it is preferable to provide services in both ways. The concept of wellness was first defined by Dunn in 1961 as the integration and maintenance of physical and psychological health. Then, different dimensions were also introduced. The most recent study on the concept of perceived wellness is the Perceived Wellness Scale of Adams et al. The perceived wellness scale and the 17 statements which I developed for the EAP and the 4 eigenvalues (employee support, work value, better mental health, healthy workplaces) developed by the North American Employee Support Association (EASNA) were integrated and the reliability test of the inventory was presented in the details of the study. With the data obtained, it was seen that the age range had an effect on the perception of psychological wellness. It has been revealed that the experience of the employees benefiting from the EAP services participating in the survey affects the dimentions of EAP, and that the employees with 10 or more years of experience can do the job better with the increse in motivation. Also the performance may increase by solving the employee problems through the EAP. It has been intepreted that the presence of the EAP increases the concentration period and increases the desire to work in the organization for longer years. Among the survey participants, it was seen that the perception of EAP eas more important for the participants aged 41 years and over, while the perception of wellness was higher for the participants aged 24-40 years. As a result of this, it has been reveales that presence of EAP has a role in the perceived wellness of the employees and the importance of the presence of EAP in organizations in terms of quality and occupational safety management systems has been emphasized.

関西福祉大学の運動部における緊急時対応計画の作成状況を明らかにし，運動部活動における安全な環境づくりのための基礎資料を得ることを目的とした．関西福祉大学の指定強化クラブであるサッカー部，硬式野球部，陸上部，剣道部，男子バレーボール部，女子バレーボール部の6 つの運動部を対象とし，配布法による自己記入式アンケート用紙を用いて調査した．調査項目は，回答者の基本属性，所属部における緊急時対応計画の作成状況および安全な環境づくりのために必要であると考えることについてとした．6 つの運動部の全てから回答が得られた（回収率：100%）．6 運動部全てにおいて，緊急時対応計画，あるいはそれに類するものは作成されておらず，半数は緊急時対応計画自体を知らないことが明らかになった．一般社団法人大学スポーツ協会は，緊急時対応計画の概念を大学スポーツ内に広めることが，安全安心なスポーツ環境を構築する第一歩であるとしているが，関西福祉大学では，十分に認知されていないことが明らかになった．また，運動部活動の安全な環境づくりのために必要であると考えることについて，「緊急時対応計画の作成」との回答が50.0% であったのに対し，83.3% が「医師やトレーナーの配置」とし，多くの指導者が，専門職の配備が運動部活動の安全な環境づくりに資すると考えていることが明らかになった．

The Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is used for authenticating client devices to WiFi networks, and it is designed to be extensible with new authentication methods. We look at ways to extend the protocol to support credential provisioning and configuration of new client devices. As large numbers of IoT devices are deployed, the task will be simplified by combining the network connectivity, identity and certificate provisioning, and application-layer connectivity to one process. The solution will also allow the use of a one-time credential for the initial authentication, so that the long-term device certificate is issued automatically after the first connection to the network. The paper analyzes the requirements and architectural design options that implement such a user experience. We consider solutions that transfer short bootstrapping data inside the EAP session and then implement the provisioning and configuration with web APIs over HTTPS. This allows future flexibility and speed of development inthe provisioning and configuration steps. We designed and implemented several architecturally different solutions and present the comparison results and also compare with previous proposals that have similar goals.

Antecedentes: El ensanchamiento anormal de la arteria pulmonar (EAP) detectado mediante tomografía axial computarizada de tórax (TAC) está asociado con peores resultados de salud en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC). Objetivos. Evaluar si la hipoxemia nocturna que puede producirse en fumadores con o sin EPOC, con o sin apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) o con EPOC y AOS, puede estar asociada con EAP. Métodos. Se analizaron los datos transversales de dos cohortes prospectivas que incluyeron a 284 fumadores reclutados en contexto de un programa de cribado de cáncer de pulmón o consulta de neumología general y que en la visita inicial completaron TAC y poligrafía de sueño ambulatoria. En la TAC se midió el diámetro del tronco de la arteria pulmonar (dAP) y la relación del dAP con el diámetro de la raíz de la arteria aorta (dAP/dAo). Se definió la presencia de EAP en casos de dAP ≥ 29 mm en hombres y ≥ 27 mm en mujeres. Para ambos sexos, también se definió EAP si el dAP/dAo era > 0.9. La asociación de EAP con las características basales se estimó mediante modelos de regresión logística multivariable. Resultados. La prevalencia de EAP determinada por la medición del dAP o por la relación dAP/dAo fue de 27% y 11.6% respectivamente. El dAP se relacionó de forma independiente con la obesidad, definida como un índice de masa corporal ≥ 30 kg/m2 (OR 2.01; 95%CI 1.06–3.78), un menor volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (FEV1) (OR 1.03; 95%CI 1.02–1.05) y un mayor nivel de hipoxemia nocturna calculada como % de tiempo del registro de sueño con una SaO2 < 90% (T90) (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.00–1.03). Solo el T90 fue una variable independiente asociada a EAP, cuando ésta se definió por la relación dAP/dAo (OR 1,02; 95%CI 1,01–1,03). Excluyendo a los sujetos con AOS, los análisis demuestran que solo T90 se mantiene como una variable determinante de EAP tanto definida por el dAP (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.01–1.03) como definida por la relación dAP/dAo (OR 1.04; 95%CI 1.01–1.07). Conclusiones: En fumadores con o sin EPOC, la hipoxemia nocturna se asocia con EAP independientemente de la coexistencia de AOS. Background: Pulmonary artery enlargement (PAE) detected using chest computed tomography (CT) is associated with poor outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Aim. To assess whether nocturnal hypoxemia occurring in smokers, with or without COPD, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or their overlap, may be associated with PAE assessed by chest CT. Methods. We analyzed data from two prospective cohort studies that enrolled 284 smokers from a lung cancer screening program or general pulmonology consult including baseline home sleep apnea studies and chest CT scans. Main pulmonary artery diameter (PAD) and the ratio of the PAD to that of the aorta (PA:Ao ratio) were measured. PAE was defined as a PAD ≥ 29 mm in men and ≥ 27 mm in women or as a PA:Ao ratio > 0.9. We evaluated the association of PAE with baseline characteristics using multivariable logistic models. Results: PAE prevalence was 27% as defined by PAD measurements and 11.6% by the PA:Ao ratio. A body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 (OR 2.01; 95%CI 1.06–3.78), lower % predicted of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (OR 1.03; 95%CI 1.02– 1.05) and higher % of sleep time with O2 saturation < 90% (T90) (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.00–1.03), were associated with PAE as determined by PAD. However, only T90 remained significantly associated with PAE as defined by the PA:Ao ratio (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.01–1.03). In the subset group without OSA, only T90 remains associated with PAE, whether defined by PAD measurement (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.01–1.03) or PA:Ao ratio (OR 1.04; 95%CI 1.01–1.07). Conclusions: In smokers with or without COPD, nocturnal hypoxemia was associated with PAE independently of OSA coexistence.

Fragestellung: Bei komplexen Fragestellungen, aber auch bei Altfällen im Sinne der lebenslangen Nachsorge nach Schwerstverletzungen in der Rehaphase F, stellt die stationäre Rehaabklärung (SRA) ein wichtiges Instrument im HV der DGUV dar und ist ein Alleinstellungsmerkmal im SGBVII. Ziel [zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL]

This study explored the remote teaching experiences of a group of English-for-academic-purposes teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on what was learned from the transition to identify which practices are worth keeping and which should be abandoned as well as how English-for-academic-purposes practitioners can move from emergency to sustainability. In this qualitative, interpretive study, a total of 15 teachers participated in semi-structured interviews investigating their experiences, challenges, and opportunities teaching English-for-academic-purposes during emergency remote teaching and their opinions on how this information could be leveraged to develop sustainable English-for-academic-purposes technology practices. The results indicated that the teachers understood the necessity of emergency remote teaching, were aware of their role in their students’ academic success, and believed in the importance of integrating technology into language teaching and learning. They also adopted various strategies for online English-for-academic-purposes delivery. It is suggested that effective professional development for English-for-academic-purposes teachers consider what teachers believe they need, the shifting educational landscape, and how to inculcate pedagogical practices that will enrich the language classroom by using technology in language teaching and learning. They also adopted various strategies for online English-for-academic-purposes delivery. It is suggested that effective professional development for English-for-academic-purposes teachers must consider what teachers believe they need, the shifting educational landscape, and how to inculcate pedagogical practices that will enrich the language classroom.

Cataloged from PDF version of article. Thesis (Master's): Bilkent University, The Program Of Curriculum And Instruction, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, 2021. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 179-207). This thesis aimed to provide guidelines for developing writing instruction framework within the context of teaching English for Academic Purposes (EAP) as informed by Academic Literacies (Ac Lits). To this end, the researcher explored the empirical articles focusing on teaching writing published in the Journal of English for Academic Purposes (JEAP). A research synthesis method was employed to review, analyze, and synthesize 109 research articles, using a spreadsheet program for categorizing and coding qualitative data. The researcher analyzed the purposes and results of these studies, using Noblit and Hare’s (1988) meta-ethnographic approach to interpretive synthesis as adapted by Dixon-Woods et al. (2006), called critical interpretive synthesis, and Schütz’s (1973) notion of second and third order constructs. In the end, the researcher highlighted a number of principles for guiding writing instruction within the context of EAP as informed by Academic Literacies. by Fundagül Arslan M.A.

This research aims to explain the development of an Ontario High School Science Corpus and subsequently an Ontario High School Science Word List (OHSWL). The OHSWL is a list of the most frequent technical words in the Ontario high school science curriculum. The science corpus was compiled from Ontario science textbooks and public written lecture material. A total of 803 lemmas were identified as part of the OHSWL. The coverage of the OHSWL in the science corpus vs non-science corpus is 7.79% and 1.52% respectively. The high frequency vocabulary (top 3,000 words) of the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and OHSWL had a coverage of 85.44% and 75.67% in the science corpus compared to the non-science corpus. With an approximately 10% difference in coverage, the OHSWL proves to be a significant source of vocabulary for an Ontario science learner. While coverage of the first and second 1,000 words of the COCA were greater in the science corpus compared to the OHSWL, coverage of the third 1,000 words was only marginally greater. Therefore, past the top 3,000 words of the COCA, the greatest value for someone learning the Ontario science curriculum is achieved by knowing the OHSWL. This corpus-based study has the potential of helping students in Ontario, regardless of whether they speak English as their first language or not.

Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease that affects as many as 12.5% of children aged 0-17 years and 3% of the adult population. In the United States, 31.6 million children and adults are estimated to be living with AD. Objective Therapeutic patient education (TPE) has proven its value in the management of chronic diseases for which adherence to therapy is suboptimal. This article explores experts' opinions and treatment practices to determine if TPE is a recommended and effective method for treating AD. Methods Forty-two (51%) of 82 Councilors and Associates of the International Eczema Council (IEC), an international group with expertise in AD, responded to an electronic survey on TPE and AD. Results Most respondents (97.5%) agreed that TPE should play an important role in the management of AD. Many respondents (82.9%) believed that all patients with AD, regardless of disease severity, could benefit from TPE. Limitations The International Eczema Council survey lacks specific information on AD severity. Conclusions Publications have shown the positive effect of TPE on the course of the disease, the prevention of complications, and the autonomy and quality of patient life. Survey respondents agreed that TPE can improve the quality of patient care and patient satisfaction with care.

Detonation-based combustors are an attractive alternative to traditional deflagration-based combustors for airbreathing propulsion systems. Rotating Detonation Engines (RDEs) are a type of detonation-based combustion system that offers some attractive features for the warfighter, namely a reduced combustor volume and the potential for increased thermodynamic efficiency. However, characterizing RDE performance has proven difficult due to the transient nature of detonation conditions. To date, the RDE community has agreed that the equivalent available pressure (EAP) is the standard performance metric, but this value is difficult to implement experimentally. The effective nozzle entrance static pressure, typically measured with a static capillary tube average pressure (CTAP) probe, has shown promise as an adequate surrogate to the instrument-intensive EAP measurement; however, CTAP measurement challenges, such as static pressure azimuthal variability within the RDE, remain. An apparatus was designed and analyzed that could provide a defendable spatially and temporally average static pressure measurement representative of the average static pressure for a given plane within an operating RDE or any unsteady combustor. The design, called a pressure-averaging device (PAD), was characterized via ANSYS Fluent and resulted in a finalized design that was able to both spatially and temporally average static pressure across several different fluidic boundary conditions. Ensign, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

He-Xi Du,1–3 Xian-Guo Chen,1–3 Li Zhang,1–3 Yi Liu,1–3 Chang-Sheng Zhan,1–3 Jing Chen,1–3 Yong Zhang,1–3 Zi-Qiang Yu,1–3 Jin Zhang,4,5 Hong-Yi Yang,4,5 Kai Zhong,4,5 Chao-Zhao Liang1–31Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, People’s Republic of China; 3Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, People’s Republic of China; 4High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People’s Republic of China; 5Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for High Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Hefei 230031, People’s Republic of ChinaBackground: Patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) frequently show depressive symptoms clinically and increasing evidence indicates a correlation between CP/CPPS and depression. However, the underlying mechanisms of CP/CPPS-related depression remain poorly understood. Here, we sought to determine the role of hippocampal microglial activation and neurobiological changes in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP)-induced depression and the treatment efficacy of Chinese herb extract baicalein.Methods: EAP was induced through intradermal injection of prostate antigen and adjuvant twice. Then, mice were assessed for affective behaviors in the open field test, elevated plus maze, forced swim test, and tail suspension test. The morphology and function of microglia and astrocytes were detected by immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy. Proinflammatory mediators along with serotonin transporter (SLC6A4/SERT) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) were quantified with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR), and serum serotonin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was performed to measure hippocampal glutamate levels. In addition, baicalein was used in a subset of EAP mice to test its anti-depressant action.Results: EAP was successfully established and induced depressive- and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Increasing levels of co-expressed ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ultrastructural observations suggested microglial activation and reactive astrocytosis in the hippocampus. These activated microglia resulted in increased expressions of multiple proinflammatory cytokines. Simultaneously, EAP mice showed higher gene expressions of SLC6A4 and IDO and lower concentrations of serotonin. 1H-MRS indicated a decrease in the glutamate+glutamine (Glx)/total creatine (tCr) ratio in EAP mice. Furthermore, baicalein treatment alleviated the depressive-like behavior and neuroinflammation by suppressing the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway.Conclusion: Our data indicate that EAP-induced depressive-like behavior is linked to microglia activation and subsequent neurotransmitter metabolism. Moreover, baicalein attenuates behavioral changes by inhibiting neuroinflammation via downregulation of the NF-κB pathway.Keywords: EAP, microglial activation, serotonin, neurochemical changes, baicalein &nbsp

A reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) spanning 45 years (1966–2011) was developed from δ18O obtained from the aragonitic shells of Glycymeris glycymeris, collected from the Bay of Brest, France. Bivalve sampling was undertaken monthly between 2014 and 2015 using a dredge. In total, 401 live specimens and 243 articulated paired valves from dead specimens were collected, of which 24 individuals were used to reconstruct SST. Temperatures determined using the palaeotemperature equation of Royer et al. compared well with observed SST during the growing season between 1998 and 2010 (Pearson’s correlation: p = 0.002, r = 0.760). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was found between the reconstructed SST and the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre (SPG) index ( p = 0.001, r = −0.50), and a significant positive correlation was found with the East Atlantic Pattern (EAP) index when the reconstructed SST was lagged by 1 year ( p = 0.002, r = 0.46). This led to the conclusion that EAP and SPG are major influences on SSTs in the Bay of Brest. As the SPG controls air temperature in Northern Europe and the EAP controls water temperature in Southern Europe, this suggests that the Bay of Brest is an interaction area between these two climate systems. As such, this locality is interesting as the δ18O of the shells can be used as a proxy for both the SPG and EAP, and temperature reconstructions can provide a unique insight into how these climate systems interacted prior to the instrumental era.

Many studies have addressed the issue of collaborative teaching in EAP courses; however, there is a gap in the literature concerning EAP teachers’ cognitions and actual practices regarding collaborative EAP teaching, especially in contexts like Iran where EAP courses are taught by either language teachers or content teachers - subject specialist teachers - with little or no cooperation between them. Therefore, the current nationwide study explored the cognitions and practices of language teachers and content teachers at medical sciences universities in Iran regarding collaborative EAP teaching. The participants were 128 representative language teachers and 190 representative content teachers, teaching at all five types of universities across the country. The instruments included questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The results revealed that the differences between the two groups of EAP teachers overshadow the similarities between them. The findings also disclosed inconsistencies between the two groups of EAP teachers in terms of their cognitions and actual practices. The conclusions outline implications for the EAP community throughout the world and specifically accentuate the urgent need for teacher education programs in Iran and micro- and macro- policy reforms in the Iranian EAP educational system.

While teaching students how to become independent learners offers great promise for their future academic success, research has yet to offer detailed insight into students’ evaluation of learning such strategies. The Study Skills for Independent Learning module was introduced as part of a Canadian university English for Academic Purposes (EAP) bridging program. The objective of the module was to help international students who had been conditionally accepted into their undergraduate programs acquire skills they could employ to become more independent learners during their undergraduate studies. The study set out to collect students’ perceptions of the module to better assess the efficacy of teaching independent study skills in an EAP context. Data were gathered from an analysis of the module’s overview and learning objectives, questionnaires from a group of students enrolled in the EAP program (n =7), and feedback from a retrospective focus group (n = 5) that consisted of students who had taken the module the previous year and had just completed the first semester of their undergraduate programs. Data were transcribed, coded, and organized into themes for analysis. Time management, reflective skills, and strategies for maintaining focus were identified as three transferable skills taught in the module.

近年，アカデミック・ライティングやリサーチペーパーの執筆指導を英語の授業で実践している大学は少なくない。執筆するためには，英語論文を読んで理解することがまず必要であるが，論文読解指導に関する調査・研究は少なく，教科書や指導書の数も限られている。そこで本研究では，英語を専攻する学生を対象に，英語論文の構成や頻出する表現を中心に，論文の読解方略を指導・訓練した。1 学期間の指導の結果，論文構成の理解を基に行うscanning力には伸長が認められた。また，特に指導はしていないが，論文中に頻出する「論文に関する用語」や「統計に関する用語」の理解にも進歩がみられた。それに対し，重要情報である研究の目的，方法，結果の精読に関しては，限られた効果しか認められなかった。短期間の指導で，学生はある程度は英語論文を理解できるようになるが，複雑な構造の文の理解や概念の理解には，さらなる指導が必要となることが示唆された。

教育実践報告, This article briefly describes the phenomenon of language transfer, or first language interference, for Japanese learners of English and suggests one method of raising intermediate level English students’ awareness of this phenomenon in a Japanese undergraduate Academic English class. Class activities and homework tasks are described, student feedback is presented and conclusions are drawn. It is hoped that this article might prove useful to teachers of EAP at the tertiary level of education, in particular Japan, and more generally in the sector elsewhere.

In EAP (English for Academic Purposes) writing pieces such as articles, theses, and dissertations; convincing the reader to read the rest of the written material is of high importance. The literature presents several models to follow while writing abstracts. Based on this, the current study investigated the textual, organizational and rhetorical structures of the Ph.D. dissertation abstracts written in the Turkish and American contexts. The structures of abstracts were analyzed based on Hyland’s (2000) model for writing abstracts. Additionally, the author presence markers and hedging devices used in the abstracts were investigated. A comparative analysis of EAP writing examples from the two contexts -Turkish and American- revealed that there exist observable differences in terms of abstract writing especially in the organizational structures and the use of hedging devices. The results of the study suggested that in both contexts there is a need to reconsider academic writing education. To be clearer writing abstracts should be handled more carefully by the professors of academic writing instruction.

To present Russian science at the international level scientists should possess certain specific skills. However, research works in an integrative nature of academic writing recognize the skills that are common for various research fields and specific for academic context. Some works are currently investigating methods to develop academic skills, while a few papers are devoted to the problem of assessing the outcomes. Traditionally the quality of an academic text is measured by the requirements to text organization, context and language proficiency. However, this model does not form a unity until a new idea is introduced into the process of teaching and assessment. The possible solution is to focus on the quality of students’ texts authenticity. Academic text authenticity indicates to what extent the initial norms of authentic academic writing - in organization, context and language use - are modified by students belonging to a different writing culture. The paper defines the category “authenticity” for academic texts and presents examples of assessing the text quality with a set of descriptors. The results could be implemented in professional language studies and in the postgraduate training of students aimed at publishing the results of their research work.

Purpose\ud \ud The apparent propagator anisotropy (APA) is a new diffusion MRI metric that, while drawing on the benefits of the ensemble averaged propagator anisotropy (PA) compared to the fractional anisotropy (FA), can be estimated from single‐shell data.\ud Theory and Methods\ud \ud Computation of the full PA requires acquisition of large datasets with many diffusion directions and different b‐values, and results in extremely long processing times. This has hindered adoption of the PA by the community, despite evidence that it provides meaningful information beyond the FA. Calculation of the complete propagator can be avoided under the hypothesis that a similar sensitivity/specificity may be achieved from apparent measurements at a given shell. Assuming that diffusion anisotropy (DiA) is nondependent on the b‐value, a closed‐form expression using information from one single shell (ie, b‐value) is reported.\ud Results\ud \ud Publicly available databases with healthy and diseased subjects are used to compare the APA against other anisotropy measures. The structural information provided by the APA correlates with that provided by the PA for healthy subjects, while it also reveals statistically relevant differences in white matter regions for two pathologies, with a higher reliability than the FA. Additionally, APA has a computational complexity similar to the FA, with processing‐times several orders of magnitude below the PA.\ud Conclusions\ud \ud The APA can extract more relevant white matter information than the FA, without any additional demands on data acquisition. This makes APA an attractive option for adoption into existing diffusion MRI analysis pipelines.

The effective use of reporting verbs is an important part of establishing credibility in source-based writing. Although comparative studies of academic writing have shown that the reporting verbs used by novice and expert writers differ by discipline, fewer studies have examined whether such differences exist in English for academic purposes (EAP) writing, which often focuses on generic essay types as opposed to discipline-specific academic genres. Using a corpus of 1027 texts written by EAP students at an English-medium Canadian University, this study explored whether additional language (L2) writers’ reporting verb choices differed in cause-and-effect and argumentative essays. Adopting semantic classifications from previous research, the occurrence of 34 reporting verbs across four semantic categories (argue, think, find, show) in the two essay types were compared. Results indicated that EAP students relied on a limited number of reporting verbs regardless of essay type. In contrast to disciplinary writing, find verbs occurred infrequently while argue verbs were most frequent. Pedagogical implications are discussed in terms of the relationship between essay type and L2 writers’ use of reporting verbs., BC TEAL Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1 (2021)