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Metronomic chemotherapy (mCHT) refers to the minimum biologically effective dose of a chemotherapy agent given as a continuous dosing regimen, with no prolonged drug-free breaks, that leads to antitumor activity. Aim of the present study is to describe the use of mCHT in a retrospective cohort of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients in order to collect data regarding the different types and regimens of drugs employed, their efficacy and safety. Between January 2011 and December 2016, data of 584 metastatic breast cancer patients treated with mCHT were collected. The use of VRL-based regimens increased during the time of observation (2011: 16.8% - 2016: 29.8%), as well as CTX-based ones (2011: 17.1% - 2016: 25.6%), whereas CAPE-based and MTX-based regimens remained stable. In the 1st-line setting, the highest ORR and DCR were observed for VRL-based regimens (single agent: 44% and 88%; combination: 36.7% and 82.4%, respectively). Assuming VRL-single agent as the referee treatment (median PFS: 7.2 months, 95% CI: 5.3–10.3), the longest median PFS were observed in VRL-combination regimens (9.5, 95%CI 88.8–11.3, HR = 0.72) and in CAPE-single agent (10.7, 95%CI 8.3–15.8, HR = 0.70). The VICTOR-6 study provides new data coming from the real-life setting, by adding new information regarding the use of mCHT as an option of treatment for MBC patients.

Objectives Most research addressing needs and concerns of young patients with breast cancer (≤40 years) is retrospective. The HOHO European protocol is a prospective multicenter cohort study of young women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, about fertility, psychosocial and quality of life concerns. Here we report the baseline data and focus on predictors of fertility concerns. Materials and methods Patient surveys and medical record review were used. The baseline survey included sociodemographic, medical and treatment data as well as questions on fertility concerns and preservation strategies. Subscales from the CAncer Rehabilitation Evaluation System-Short Form (CARES-SF) were administered to measure specific quality of life aspects. Uni- and multivariable modeling were used to investigate predictors of greater fertility concern. Results Among 297 eligible respondents, 67% discussed fertility issues before starting therapy, 64% were concerned about becoming infertile after treatment, and 15% decided not to follow prescribed therapies. Fifty-four percent of women wished future children before diagnosis; of these, 71% still desired biologic children afterwards. In multivariable analysis, not having children was the only patient characteristic significantly associated with fertility concerns at diagnosis. Twenty-seven percent used fertility preservation strategies. Women who received chemotherapy reported greater physical (p = 0.021) and sexual difficulties (p = 0.039) than women who did not. Women who were married or had a partner reported less psychosocial problems than single women (p = 0.039). Conclusions Young women with newly diagnosed breast cancer have several concerns, including, but not limited to, fertility. The HOHO European study provides valuable information to develop targeted interventions.

The purpose of this cephalometric study was to evaluate the craniofacial changes induced by functional treatment of mandibular advancement with special regard to pharyngeal sagittal airway dimensions, tongue and hyoid bone position in subjects with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and dentoskeletal Class II malocclusions compared with an untreated Class II control group. 51 subjects (24 female, 27 male; mean age 9.9 ± 1.3 years) with Class II malocclusion and SDB consecutively treated with a functional appliance (Modify Monobloc, MM) were compared with a control group of 31 subjects (15 males, 16 females; mean age 10.1 ± 1.1) with untreated Class II malocclusion. For the study group, mode of breathing was defined by an otorhinolaryngologist according to complete physical examination. The parents of all participants completed a modified version of the paediatric sleep questionnaire, PSQ-SRBD Scale, by Ronald Chervin (the Italian version in 22 items form) before and after the trial. Lateral cephalograms were available at the start and end of treatment with the MM. Descriptive statistics were used for all cephalometric measurements in the two groups for active treatment changes. Significant, favourable skeletal changes in the mandible were observed in the treated group after T2. Significant short-term changes in sagittal airway dimensions, hyoid position and tongue position were induced by functional therapy of mandibular advancement in subjects with Class II malocclusion and SDB compared with untreated controls. After orthodontic treatment, a significant reduction in diurnal symptoms was observed in 45 of the 51 participants who had received an oral appliance. Orthodontic treatment is considered to be a potential therapeutic approach for SDB in children. Orthodontists are playing an increasingly important role in managing snoring and respiratory problems by oral mandibular advancement devices and rapid maxillary expansion.Con il termine Sleep disorder breathing (SDB) s’intendono tutte quelle difficoltà respiratorie che si verificano durante il sonno. Si può osservare una grande variabilità nella sintomatologia dei pazienti affetti da SDB, direttamente proporzionale alla resistenza che le vie aeree superiori offrono al passaggio dell’aria quando queste sono ostruite. L’SDB rappresenta un ampio ventaglio di disturbi che vanno dal russamento primario fino ad arrivare alle apnee ostruttive del sonno. I bambini con problemi respiratori tendono a compensare l’ostruzione delle vie aeree assumendo posizioni caratteristiche, tali da garantire il mantenimento della pervietà delle vie aeree durante il sonno. Un’anomalia di posizione nel sonno, durante la fase di crescita e sviluppo, si ripercuote in un’alterazione dello sviluppo occlusale e in una modifica del pattern di crescita. Le principali alterazioni sono a carico del mascellare superiore, dell’altezza facciale, del tono muscolare e della posizione mandibolare; nei bambini con SDB, infatti, è spesso presente un pattern scheletrico di Classe II, con lunghezza mandibolare ridotta ed overbite aumentato. Lo scopo del presente studio è stato quello di valutare i cambiamenti craniofacciali indotti dalla terapia funzionale di avanzamento mandibolare con particolare riferimento alla dimensione sagittale delle vie aeree, superiori ed inferiori, alla posizione dell’osso ioide e alla posizione della lingua in soggetti con SDB e malocclusione di Classe II, messi a confronto con un gruppo controllo in Classe II non trattato. 51 soggetti (24 femmine, 27 maschi; età media 9,9 ± 1,3 anni) con malocclusione dentoscheletrica di Classe II e SDB trattati con il dispositivo funzionale Monoblocco Modificato (MM) sono stati messi a confronto con un gruppo controllo non trattato di 31 soggetti (15 maschi, 16 femmine; età media 10,1 ± 1,1 anni) presentanti la stessa malocclusione senza SDB. Il gruppo di studio è stato valutato da uno specialista in otorinolaringoiatria per la definizione del tipo di respirazione ed è stato sottoposto ad un esame fisico completo. I genitori di tutti i pazienti hanno completato un questionario per valutare la presenza di sintomi notturni e diurni prima e dopo il test clinico (versione italiana in 22 punti del Pediatric sleep questionnaire, ideato da Ronald Chervin). Le teleradiografie in proiezione latero laterale sono state analizzate all’inizio e alla fine del trattamento con MM. Tutte le misurazioni cefalometriche dei due gruppi sono state analizzate attraverso dei test per la valutazione statistica dei cambiamenti avvenuti durante il trattamento. I risultati hanno evidenziato dei cambiamenti scheletrici favorevoli nel gruppo trattato a tempo T2. La terapia funzionale di avanzamento mandibolare ha indotto dei cambiamenti statisticamente significativi nella dimensione sagittale delle vie aeree, nella posizione dell’osso ioide e nella posizione della lingua in soggetti di Classe II affetti da SDB rispetto ai controlli non trattati. Dopo la terapia ortodontica in 45 pazienti del gruppo di studio è stata osservata una riduzione dei sintomi diurni di SDB. Il trattamento con apparecchiature funzionali, non solo migliora i rapporti tra mascellare superiore e mandibola, ma riduce anche il rischio del collasso delle vie aere superiori. La logica terapeutica si basa sul concetto che tutte le anomalie, legate ad un retroposizionamento mandibolare, beneficiano della terapia funzionale di avanzamento mandibolare, che è in grado di ampliare lo spazio posteriormente alla lingua ed allo stesso tempo promuovere l’avanzamento linguale. Lo spostamento anteriore della mandibola influenza la posizione dell’osso ioide e la posizione della lingua, aumentando lo spazio intermascellare in cui quest’ultima alloggia e migliorando la morfologia delle vie aeree superiori. Ne consegue sia la risoluzione della malocclusione scheletrica di Classe II che il miglioramento dei rapporti retrofaringei, eliminando quei fattori predisponenti per lo sviluppo di disturbi respiratori in età adulta.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between the severity degree of OSA (apnea/hypopnea index AHI>1) and palatal area and volume, measured by 3D analysis of digital casts in Marfan children. Methods Twenty children with a clinical diagnosis of MS were recruited from a tertiary medical center. All the subjects underwent standard nocturnal polygraphy testing. Sixteen Marfan patients (7F,9 M; mean age 8.8yy ± 1.5yy) with AHI>1 were enrolled. Marfan Group (MG) was compared with a control group (CG) of 17 children without Marfan syndrome (9F,8 M; mean age 8.5yy ± 1.7yy) presenting with nose-breathing pattern. For each subject maxillary digital casts were taken and palatal area and volume were measured. Unpaired t-test was used to test significant differences between MG and CG for area and volume measurements. Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) was used to measure the linear correlation between the degree of OSA (AHI index) and palatal volume and palatal area. Results 80% of Marfan children presented an AHI>1 and a diagnosis of OSA. MG presented statistically significant lower values of palatal surface area (662.68 mm2; P Conclusion OSA is highly prevalent in children with Marfan's syndrome (80%). Marfan children present a reduction of palatal area and volume when compared to healthy subjects. OSA in Marfan children is not linear correlated to the palatal morphology and it shows a multifactorial aetiology.

Aim of the study: The European Society of Breast Cancer Specialists (EUSOMA) has fostered a voluntary certification process for breast centres to establish minimum standards and ensure specialist multidisciplinary care. Prospectively collected anonymous information on primary breast cancer cases diagnosed and treated in the units is transferred annually to a central EUSOMA data warehouse for continuous monitoring of quality indicators (QIs) to improve quality of care. Units have to comply with the EUSOMA Breast Centre guidelines and are audited by peers. The database was started in 2006 and includes over 110,000 cancers from breast centres located in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Austria, The Netherlands, Spain, Portugal and Italy. The aim of the present study is assessing time trends of QIs in EUSOMA-certified breast centres over the decade 2006-2015. Materials and methods: Previously defined QIs were calculated for 22 EUSOMA-certified breast centres (46122 patients) during 2006-2015. Results: On the average of all units, the minimum standard of care was achieved in 8 of 13 main EUSOMA QIs in 2006 and in all in 2015. All QIs, except removal of at least 10 lymph nodes at axillary clearance and oestrogen receptor-negative tumours (T > 1 cm or N+) receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, improved significantly in this period. The desirable target was reached for two QIs in 2006 and for 7 of 13 QIs in 2015. Conclusion: The EUSOMA model of audit and monitoring QIs functions well in different European health systems and results in better performance of QIs over the last decade. QIs should be evaluated and adapted on a regular basis, as guidelines change over time. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aim of the study: The European Society of Breast Cancer Specialists (EUSOMA) has fostered a voluntary certification process for breast units to establish minimum standards and ensure specialist multidisciplinary care. In the present study we assess the impact of EUSOMA certification for all breast units for which sufficient information was available before and after certification. Materials and methods: For 22 EUSOMA certified breast units data of 30,444 patients could be extracted from the EUSOMA database on the evolution of QI's before and after certification. Results: On the average of all units, the minimum standard of care was achieved for 12/13 QI's before and after EUSOMA certification (not met for DCIS receiving just one operation). There was a significant improvement of 5 QI's after certification. The proportion of patients with invasive cancer undergoing an axillary clearance containing >9 lymph nodes (91.5% vs 89.4%, p 0.003) and patients with invasive cancer having just 1 operation (83.1% vs 80.4%, p < 0.001) dropped, but remained above the minimum standard. The targeted standard of breast care was reached for the same 4/13 QI's before and after EUSOMA certification. Conclusion: Although the absolute effect of EUSOMA certification was modest it further increases standards of care and should be regarded as part of a process aiming for excellence. Dedicated units already provide a high level of care before certification, but continuous monitoring and audit remains of paramount importance as complete adherence to guidelines is difficult to achieve. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fluorescence emission spectra are reported for 1,6-dithiapyrene, 3,10-dithiaperylene, 1,7-dithiaperylene, thianthrene, benz[4,10]anthra-[1,9,8abcd]coronene, and benzo[cd]chryseno [4,5,6,7fghijk] perylene dissolved in several nonelectrolyte solvents of varying polarity. Emission spectra of the four polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) contained very little fine structure. Severe spectral distortion, along with significant band broadening, was often observed in the case of PASHs dissolved in polar solvents. Benz[4,10]anthra[1,9,8abcd]coronene showed some probe-like character as evidenced by selective emission intensity enhancement of band I in dimethyl sulfoxide as compared to n-hexadecane solvent. The ratio of emission intensities for benz[4,10]anthra-(1,9,8abcd]coronene, however, failed to vary systematically with solvent polarity. Results of these fluorescence measurements indicate that all six solutes are unsuitable for solvent polarity probes.

The limitations and applications of the various nearly ideal binary solvent (NIBS) and microscopic partition (MP) models for predicting the thermochemical properties of solutes dissolved in binary solvent mixtures are re-examined using published solute solubility and infinite dilution activity coefficient data for 48 systems. Expressions derived from the basic NIBS and extended NIBS models provide very reasonable predictions for anthracene and carbazole solubilities in systems containing both non-specific and specific interactions. For many of the systems considered, deviations between experimental values and NIBS predictions are of the order of 6% or less. In comparison, the two expressions derived from the MP model grossly overpredict the observed solubilities, with the average absolute deviations for several of the carbazole systems being 30% or more.

Fluorescence emission properties of pyrene, benzo[ ghi]perylene, coronene, and ovalene dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and dichloromethane are reported. Measurements indicate that the emission intensities of select solutes are time dependent, and suggest that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecule undergoes a photochemical reaction with the chlorinated solvent. The effect of dissolved oxygen on the experimental ratio of emission intensities is also reported.

The key word in this book's title is “effective.” In a logical, step-wise format, the authors argue for the need to measure outcomes and learn from experience. They then collate their findings and suggest alternatives to be tried and measured next. The emphasis is on effectiveness of interventions throughout.