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Key to the exindusiate Dryopteris species of Central Africa (D. R. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi) 1 Frond apices with scaly gemmae, stipe scales lacking glands and apex not fimbriate................................................... D. manniana - Fronds without scaly gemmae, stipe scales with glands, or apex irregularly fimbriate, divided into long and uniseriate fissures.................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 2 Lower stipe scales bent downwards, broadly ovate, apex fimbriate, divided into long uniseriate and irregular fissures, lower montane rainforest below 2000 m................................................................................................................ D. schizopaleata sp. nov. - Lower stipe scales bent upwards, ovate–lanceolate, acuminate, margin denticulate, erose, tapering into acuminate apex, upper montane forest to bamboo forest above 2000 m..................................................................................................... D. ruwenzoriensis, Published as part of Fischer, Eberhard & Lobin, Wolfram, 2023, Synoptic Revision of the exindusiate species of Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) from Central Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi) with description of Dryopteris schizopaleata sp. nov. from Rwanda, pp. 136-148 in Phytotaxa 587 (2) on page 138, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7731870

Dryopteris ruwenzoriensis C.Chr. ex Fraser-Jenkins (1986: 204) (Figs. 4 C–F, 7–8). Type:—D. R. CONGO. Massif du Ruwenzori, versant Ouest (Congo Belge, Ituri), 2000 m, 22 July 1930, Mission H. Humbert Plantes de l’Afrique Equatoriale 8825ter (holotype BM000605445, digital image!). Specimens seen:—D. R. CONGO. Massif du Ruwenzori, versant Ouest (Congo Belge, Ituri), forêt ombrophile, haute vallée de la Butagu, ca. 2000 m, July 1929, H . Humbert, Plantes de l’Afrique Equatoriale 8849 (ancient 8825ter)(BR0000013468422!, possibly isotype). RWANDA. Northern Province: Volcano National Park, saddle between Karisimbi and Bisoke, 3200 m, 22 September 2021, E . Fischer s.n. (KOBL); Gahinga, bamboo forest, 3000 m, 20 March 2022, E . Fischer s.n. (KOBL). Habitat:—Montane forest to bamboo and Hagenia -Hypericum forest, elev. 2000–3200 m. First recorded for Central Africa:—D.R. Congo (Fraser-Jenkins 1986: 204), Rwanda (Roux 2012: 97). Distribution in Central Africa: —D.R. Congo (Ruwenzori massif), Rwanda (Virunga massif). Distribution in Africa:—D.R. Congo, Rwanda, Uganda (Ruwenzori). Note:— Dryopteris ruwenzoriensis is an Albertine Rift endemic restricted to the Ruwenzori massif and the Virunga massif., Published as part of Fischer, Eberhard & Lobin, Wolfram, 2023, Synoptic Revision of the exindusiate species of Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) from Central Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi) with description of Dryopteris schizopaleata sp. nov. from Rwanda, pp. 136-148 in Phytotaxa 587 (2) on page 142, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7731870, {"references":["Fraser-Jenkins, C. R. (1986) A classification of the genus Dryopteris (Pteridophyta: Dryopteridaceae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany 14 (3): 183 - 218.","Roux, J. P. (2012) A revision of the fern genus Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) in sub-Saharan Africa. Phytotaxa 70: 1 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 70.1.1"]}

Dryopteris schizopaleata Eb.Fisch. & Lobin sp. nov. (Figs. 1 E–F, 2–3, 4 A–B). Type:— RWANDA. Western Province: Nyungwe National Park, Cyamudongo Forest, forest floor along stream, 1941 m, 18 September 2021, 2°32`26.89`` S, 28°59`20.46``E, E.Fischer s.n. (holotype BR0000015253521 V!; isotype B200220601!, B200220602!, B200220603!). Diagnosis: — Dryopteris schizopaleata is exindusiate, and shares this character in Africa only with D. manniana, D. filipaleata and D. ruwenzoriensis. From D. manniana it is easily separated by the lack of gemmae.A striking character to recognise the new species are the unique scales, which are broadly and irregularly fimbriate at the apex, differing from D. filipaleata and D. ruwenzoriensis (Fig. 4). Dryopteris filipaleata has a scale apex that is irregularly denticulate, terminating in a short uniseriate series of cells. In Dryopteris ruwenzoriensis the scales apex terminates in a short uniseriate series of oblong cells. Description: —Terrestrial fern. Rhizome erect, scaly, scales broadly–ovate, dark to light brown, up to 4 × 2.3 mm, at apex deeply and irregularly fimbriate, divided into long uniseriate and irregular fissures. Fronds tufted. Stipes (22.8–)27–41.5(–57,1) × 0.3–0.5 cm, at the base thickened to 5–6 cm, densely covered with scales that are bent downward and similar to those from rhizome. Lamina 57–87 × 31–62 cm, broadly–ovate, fresh green, bipinnate-pinnatifid. Rachis middle to dark brown, scaly, winged, secondary rachis and costules sparsely set with trichomes 0.25–0.3 mm, cells 0.3 × 0.05 mm. Pinnae in 14–20 pairs, alternate, arranged in an angle of 45°, (15.2–)21–26(–36.8) × (7–)9.9–12(–14.8) cm, basal pinnae only slightly reduced. Pinnules in 15–17 pairs 3–5.4(–7.6) × (0.8–)1–1.7(–2.2) cm, opposite to subopposite; pinnule lobes in (8–)11–13 pairs, 0.5–1.2 × 0.3–0.5 cm, with rachis winged, veins branched, only in basal pinnules few dichotomosly branched. Sori up to 5–10 per pinnule, almost round, exindusiate, 0.78–0.96 × 0.63–0.82 mm. Spores with perispore folded to form narrow or compressed reticulate ridges, 32.5–34 × 25.7–27 µm, ridges 7–13 × 2–2.5 µm. Additional specimens seen (Paratype):— RWANDA. Western Province: Nyungwe National Park, Cyamudongo Forest, forest floor along stream, 1955 m, 18 April 2022, 2°32`26.89`` S, 28°59`20.46`` E, E . Fischer s.n. (KOBL). Distribution:— Rwanda, Nyungwe National Park, Cyamudongo Forest, only known from the type locality. Habitat:—Montane forest floor along stream, partly extending into buffer zone with pines, 1940–1960 m Etymology:—The name refers to the main character, the scales from the rhizome and base of stipes, with which the new species is easily recognized. Notes:— Dryopteris schizopaleata sp. nov. was collected in the Nyungwe National Park, a very species-rich area of montane rainforest, with 1468 species of ferns and seed plants recorded, of which 259 are endemic (224 Albertine Rift Endemics, 35 Local Endemics, Fischer unpubl.). The Cyamudongo Forest is only 300 ha in size, an isolated part of the Nyungwe National Park by 8 km of unprotected land. Despite this, Cyamudongo is exceptional in its beta-diversity. Here 674 species of vascular plants are recorded, including 88 endemics; 42 of these endemic species are exclusively found in Cyamudongo. Concerning the ferns and fern allies, 39.8% (57 out of 143 species) recorded from Nyungwe National Park are found in Cyamudongo Forest, and 11 species are considered endemic (species numbers after Fischer unpubl.). Two other new fern species, Asplenium uschiae Eb.Fisch. & Lobin (2023a) and Diplazium cyamudongense Eb.Fisch. & Lobin (2023b) have also been discovered in Cyamudongo. Conservation status: —With only a single collecting site, it is not possible to calculate an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) according to the IUCN criteria (IUCN 2012, 2022). The area of occupancy (AOO = 9 km 2) falls within the limits for the Critically Endangered category. However, as the species occurs within a well-protected area, and therefore to experience no threat or decline, it cannot be assessed in any threat category; therefore, it should be assessed as Least Concern (LC).

Dryopteris schizopaleata Eb.Fisch. & Lobin sp. nov. (Figs. 1 E–F, 2–3, 4 A–B). Type:— RWANDA. Western Province: Nyungwe National Park, Cyamudongo Forest, forest floor along stream, 1941 m, 18 September 2021, 2°32`26.89`` S, 28°59`20.46``E, E.Fischer s.n. (holotype BR0000015253521 V!; isotype B200220601!, B200220602!, B200220603!). Diagnosis: — Dryopteris schizopaleata is exindusiate, and shares this character in Africa only with D. manniana, D. filipaleata and D. ruwenzoriensis. From D. manniana it is easily separated by the lack of gemmae.A striking character to recognise the new species are the unique scales, which are broadly and irregularly fimbriate at the apex, differing from D. filipaleata and D. ruwenzoriensis (Fig. 4). Dryopteris filipaleata has a scale apex that is irregularly denticulate, terminating in a short uniseriate series of cells. In Dryopteris ruwenzoriensis the scales apex terminates in a short uniseriate series of oblong cells. Description: —Terrestrial fern. Rhizome erect, scaly, scales broadly–ovate, dark to light brown, up to 4 × 2.3 mm, at apex deeply and irregularly fimbriate, divided into long uniseriate and irregular fissures. Fronds tufted. Stipes (22.8–)27–41.5(–57,1) × 0.3–0.5 cm, at the base thickened to 5–6 cm, densely covered with scales that are bent downward and similar to those from rhizome. Lamina 57–87 × 31–62 cm, broadly–ovate, fresh green, bipinnate-pinnatifid. Rachis middle to dark brown, scaly, winged, secondary rachis and costules sparsely set with trichomes 0.25–0.3 mm, cells 0.3 × 0.05 mm. Pinnae in 14–20 pairs, alternate, arranged in an angle of 45°, (15.2–)21–26(–36.8) × (7–)9.9–12(–14.8) cm, basal pinnae only slightly reduced. Pinnules in 15–17 pairs 3–5.4(–7.6) × (0.8–)1–1.7(–2.2) cm, opposite to subopposite; pinnule lobes in (8–)11–13 pairs, 0.5–1.2 × 0.3–0.5 cm, with rachis winged, veins branched, only in basal pinnules few dichotomosly branched. Sori up to 5–10 per pinnule, almost round, exindusiate, 0.78–0.96 × 0.63–0.82 mm. Spores with perispore folded to form narrow or compressed reticulate ridges, 32.5–34 × 25.7–27 µm, ridges 7–13 × 2–2.5 µm. Additional specimens seen (Paratype):— RWANDA. Western Province: Nyungwe National Park, Cyamudongo Forest, forest floor along stream, 1955 m, 18 April 2022, 2°32`26.89`` S, 28°59`20.46`` E, E . Fischer s.n. (KOBL). Distribution:— Rwanda, Nyungwe National Park, Cyamudongo Forest, only known from the type locality. Habitat:—Montane forest floor along stream, partly extending into buffer zone with pines, 1940–1960 m Etymology:—The name refers to the main character, the scales from the rhizome and base of stipes, with which the new species is easily recognized. Notes:— Dryopteris schizopaleata sp. nov. was collected in the Nyungwe National Park, a very species-rich area of montane rainforest, with 1468 species of ferns and seed plants recorded, of which 259 are endemic (224 Albertine Rift Endemics, 35 Local Endemics, Fischer unpubl.). The Cyamudongo Forest is only 300 ha in size, an isolated part of the Nyungwe National Park by 8 km of unprotected land. Despite this, Cyamudongo is exceptional in its beta-diversity. Here 674 species of vascular plants are recorded, including 88 endemics; 42 of these endemic species are exclusively found in Cyamudongo. Concerning the ferns and fern allies, 39.8% (57 out of 143 species) recorded from Nyungwe National Park are found in Cyamudongo Forest, and 11 species are considered endemic (species numbers after Fischer unpubl.). Two other new fern species, Asplenium uschiae Eb.Fisch. & Lobin (2023a) and Diplazium cyamudongense Eb.Fisch. & Lobin (2023b) have also been discovered in Cyamudongo. Conservation status: —With only a single collecting site, it is not possible to calculate an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) according to the IUCN criteria (IUCN 2012, 2022). The area of occupancy (AOO = 9 km 2) falls within the limits for the Critically Endangered category. However, as the species occurs within a well-protected area, and therefore to experience no threat or decline, it cannot be assessed in any threat category; therefore, it should be assessed as Least Concern (LC)., Published as part of Fischer, Eberhard & Lobin, Wolfram, 2023, Synoptic Revision of the exindusiate species of Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) from Central Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi) with description of Dryopteris schizopaleata sp. nov. from Rwanda, pp. 136-148 in Phytotaxa 587 (2) on pages 138-140, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7731870, {"references":["IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1. Second edition. Available from: https: // www. iucn. org / content / iucnredlist-categories-and-criteria-version- 31 - second-edition (accessed 30 Oct. 2022).","IUCN (2022) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15. Available from: https: // www. iucnredlist. org / resources / redlistguidelines (accessed 30 Oct. 2022)."]}

Dryopteris manniana (Hook.) Christensen (1905: 276) (Figs. 5–6). Aspidium mannianum Hook. (Hooker 1863: 253) Type:— EQUATORIAL GUINEA. Bioko: “Fernando Po, on the peak, 2000 ft, 1860”, G. Mann 351 (holotype K000675774, digital image!). Specimens seen:—D. R. CONGO. Ituri Distr, Mongbwalu Mine Site, Crack Site Pt 082 to pt 083, 25 October 2010, Q . Luke 14598 (BR0000017859837). RWANDA. Western Province: Nyungwe National Park, Territoire de Shangugu (= Rusizi), Forêt de Montagne, 14 February 1985, G . Michel 5133 (BR0000017859936); Nyungwe National Park, Cyamudongo Forest, forest floor along stream, 1941 m, 2°32`26.89`` S, 28°59`20.46`` E, December 2021, E . Fischer & B. Dumbo s.n. (KOBL). Southern Province: Nyungwe National Park, Préfecture de Gikongoro, Commune Kivu, Savane de Rubyiro-Mubuga, dans la vallée de la Tsava, 17 August 1999, C. E. N . Ewango 2200 (BR0000017859943). BURUNDI. Bururi Province: Nella foresta riparia umida della vallata del torrente Siguvyaye vicino al ponte sul torrente, 1700 m, 18 December 1966, R. E. G . Pichi Sermolli 6974 (FI067885 digital image). First recorded for Central Africa:— Pichi Sermolli (1985: 163). Distribution in Central Africa:—D.R. Congo (Ituri Distr.), Rwanda (Nyungwe NP), Burundi (Bururi). Distribution in Africa:—Disjunct distribution, occurring in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, Cameroon, Bioko, S„o Tomé, Equatorial Guinea, D.R. Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Madagascar. Roux (2012) does not list the species for D.R. Congo. As all specimens listed by Mangambu Mokoso et al. (2013) are wrongly identified (see note below), the specimen Luke 14598 is probably the first record for this country. Habitat:—Lower montane rainforest, elev. 1190–2140 m. Note:— Dryopteris manniana is easily recognized by the scaly proliferous buds borne adaxially on the rachises, mostly near the lamina apices, the denticulate scales, and the exindusiate sori (Roux 2012). The following specimens from D.R. Congo at BR were originally identified as Dryopteris manniana, but they have well developed indusia and lack gemmae: Kisantu, Kisungu, Callens 2385, (BR0000017859820!); Parc National de Kahuzi Biéga, Mangambu Mokoso 3149, (BR0000017859912!); ibid. Mangambu Mokoso 3021 (BR0000017859851!, BR0000017859868!); ibid. Mangambu Mokoso 3025 (BR0000017859875!); ibid. Mangambu Mokoso 2756 (BR0000005279920!); ibid. Mangambu Mokoso 3124 (BR0000017859899!, BR0000017859882!); ibid. Mangambu Mokoso 2754 (BR0000005277506!); ibid. Mangambu Mokoso 3149 (BR0000017859905!); ibid. Mangambu Mokoso 2456 (BR0000017859844!); ibid. Mangambu Mokoso 2749 (BR0000005277308!). They all represent taxa of the Dryopteris pentheri -group sensu Roux (2009) and will be dealt with in a separate paper. Therefore, the new record of D. manniana for the D.R. Congo (Mangambu Mokoso et al. 2013) is most probably erroneous. A specimen lacking indusia, but also gemmae, has been collected in Haut-Katanga:PN Kundelungu, Nkonko-chutes Kaloba (pied), 1e halte: rivière Kibila, 19 May 1985, Bodenghien, Goetghebeur. & Malaisse 982 (BR0000017859929!). It cannot be identified due to the scarcity of the material., Published as part of Fischer, Eberhard & Lobin, Wolfram, 2023, Synoptic Revision of the exindusiate species of Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) from Central Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi) with description of Dryopteris schizopaleata sp. nov. from Rwanda, pp. 136-148 in Phytotaxa 587 (2) on page 142, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7731870, {"references":["Christensen, C. (1905) Index Filicum sive Enumeratio omnium generum specierumque Filicum et Hydropteridum ab anno 1753 ad finem annum 1905 descriptorum. Copenhagen, Hagerup, I - LIX, 745 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 402","Hooker, W. J. (1863) Species filicum 4 (15 / 16). Pamplin, London, pp. 161 - 292, pls 250 - 280.","Pichi Sermolli, R. E. G. (1985) A contribution to the knowledge of the pteridophyta of Rwanda, Burundi, and Kivu (Zaire) II. Bulletin du Jardin botanique National de Belgique / Bulletin van de Nationale Plantentuin van Belgie 55 (1 / 2): 123 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3668014","Roux, J. P. (2012) A revision of the fern genus Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) in sub-Saharan Africa. Phytotaxa 70: 1 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 70.1.1","Mangambu Mokoso, J. de D., Diggelen, R. v., Mwanga Mwanga, J. C., Ntahobavuka, H. & Robbrecht, E. (2013) Especes nouvellement signalees pour la flore pteridologique de la Republique Democratique du Congo. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 7 (1): 107 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.4314 / ijbcs. v 7 i 1.10","Roux, J. P. (2009) Synopsis of the Lycopodiophyta and Pteridophyta of Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Strelitzia 23: 296 pp."]}

Dryopteris sect. Diclisodon is a small section of ferns with about 12 species mainly distributed in East Asia. Here, we carried out morphological and phylogenetic analyses of this section. A new species from southwest China, D. gaoligongensis, is described and illustrated. Dryopteris gaoligongensis resembles D. indonesiana and D. sparsa, but differs by having a creeping rhizome and large 4-pinnate fronds. We also show that D. glabrior Ching & Z.Y. Liu is a distinct species; however, because it is a later homonym of D. glabrior Copeland, it should be renamed D. renchangiana. We conclude that a species previously known as D. nitidula, also an illegitimate homonym, should be recognized with a new name, D. sinonepalensis. We resolve the phylogenetic position of D. yoroii as sister to other sampled species of D. sect. Diclisodon. Our phylogenetic analyses confirm the distinctiveness of D. gaoligongensis, D. renchangiana, and D. sinonepalensis. A key to species of D. sect. Diclisodon in China is provided.

Xanthones C-glycosides are plants secondary metabolites with diverse biological activities. Among the C-glycoside xanthones, the mangiferin (MF) is of widespread occurrence in plants while isomangiferin (IsoMF) is not very common. For the present study mangiferin (MF) and isomangiferin (IsoMF) were isolated from Dryopteris ramosa. The antibacterial potential of MF and IsoMF was evaluated by using agar well diffusion method while cytotoxic properties of MF and IsoMF were assessed by brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). The antibacterial potential of MF and IsoMF increases in dose dependent manner. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) indicated strong antibacterial potential of MF against Salmonella setubal (125 µg/mL) and Bacillus subtilis (125 µg/mL) while MF showed weak antibacterial potential against Escherichia coli (500 µg/mL). On the other hand the IsoMF showed better antibacterial potential against all the tested strain including Escherichia coli (MIC = 250 µg/mL). The MF and IsoMF showed poor cytotoxicity towards Brine shrimp nauplii as indicated by their LD50 (969.77 ± 0.67 and 768.92 ± 0.81 µg/mL respectively). The present study has highlighted the antibacterial potential of MF and IsoMF. Further evaluation of these two isomeric compounds may prove to be the future remedies for various bacterial infections and other human ailments.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to more than 5 million deaths worldwide to date. Due to the limited therapeutic options so far available, target-based virtual screening with LC/MS support was applied to identify the novel and high-content compounds 1–4 with inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells from the plant Dryopteris wallichiana. These compounds were also evaluated against SARS-CoV-2 in Calu-3 cells and showed unambiguous inhibitory activity. The inhibition assay of targets showed that compounds 3 and 4 mainly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro, with effective Kd values. Through docking and molecular dynamics modeling, the binding site is described, providing a comprehensive understanding of 3CLpro and interactions for 3, including hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds, and the spatial occupation of the B ring. Compounds 3 and 4 represent new, potential lead compounds for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. This study has led to the development of a target-based virtual screening method for exploring the potency of natural products and for identifying natural bioactive compounds for possible COVID-19 treatment.

Dryopteris lijianxiuii X. J. Li, a new species of Dryopteris Adans. from Shandong, China, is described and illustrated. It is closer to D. lacera (Thunb.) O. Kuntze for its morphological and palynological characters of LM and SEM studies but differs by a number of characters, such as, the leaves rectangular roundlanceolate, apex acuminate, and without narrow sharply; sori ornamented in the upper or middle part of 1-3 pairs of pinnaes at the base of the leaf, and densely covered with the upper and middle pinnaes back; spore perispore with tuberculiform-rugulate protrusions, and surfaces with melting ice and snow ornamentation. The sp. nov. is described with LM and SEM characters of spore and fronds, compared with that of D. lacera (Thunb.) O. Kuntze and provided with photographs. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 747-753, 2021 (September) Special

By various chromatographic methods, 30 phloroglucinols (1−30) were isolated from a methanol extract of Dryopteris crassirhizoma, including two new dimeric phloroglucinols (13 and 25). The structures of the isolates were confirmed by HR−MS, 1D, and 2D NMR as well as by comparison with the literature. The protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) effects of the isolated compounds (1–30) were evaluated using sodium orthovanadate and ursolic acid as a positive control. Among them, trimeric phloroglucinols 26–28 significantly exhibited the PTP1B inhibitory effects with the IC50 values of 1.19 ± 0.13, 1.00 ± 0.04, 1.23 ± 0.05 μM, respectively. In addition, the kinetic analysis revealed compounds 26–28 acted as competitive inhibitors against PTP1B enzyme with Ki values of 0.63, 0.61, 1.57 μM, respectively. Molecular docking simulations were performed to demonstrate that these active compounds can bind with the catalytic sites of PTP1B with negative binding energies and the results are in accordance with that of the kinetic studies. In vitro and in silico results suggest that D. crassirhizoma rhizomes together with compounds 26–28 are potential candidates for treating type 2 diabetes.

Ferns are a diverse evolutionary lineage, sister to the seed plants, which is of great ecological importance and has a high biotechnological potential. Fern gametophytes represent one of the simplest autotrophic, multicellular plant forms and show several experimental advantages, including a simple and space-efficient in vitro culture system. However, the molecular basis of fern growth and development has hardly been studied. Here, we report on a proteomic study that identified 417 proteins shared by gametophytes of the apogamous fern

Wildlife trade imposes direct and indirect negative impacts on the environment but particularly through the continual introduction of species beyond their native range. The high demand for various ornamental plant species at global scale, combined with modern and more efficient modes of trade (i.e., e-commerce) highlight the horticultural trade industry as a point of major conservation concern. Historically, ferns are well documented as being a popular ornamental plant group and recent studies have highlighted their high propensity towards invasion. Despite this, no studies have considered the role of trade as a driver of invasiveness in this large plant group. In this study we developed an inventory of traded terrestrial true ferns (Polypodiophyta) using catalogues from on-ground (i.e., brick and mortar) and e-commerce (i.e., online) nurseries across 6 major trading countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. A total of 382 traded ferns including alien and native species were identified. Generalised linear models were used to determine which market and species traits influenced the probability of establishment success in the country of trade. The final model highlighted that various market traits positively affected the likelihood of establishment success in alien ferns, i.e., the number of varieties and cultivars available for a species (a proxy for the effects of horticultural manipulation and ecotypic variation), a high market presence, and trade via e-commerce. Species traits such as a broad native range and successful establishment elsewhere were also important predictors. Three families (Dryopteridaceae, Pteridaceae, and Polypodiaceae) were identified as the most popular fern families in trade. These families have also contributed a significant portion of alien and invasive ferns in this and previous studies and are commonly promoted by horticulturalists. Twenty-nine out of 261 traded alien fern species were identified as having successfully invaded regions other than the country of trade as well as having a high market presence, with Dryopteris erythrosora, Dryopteris cycadina, Polystichum polyblepharum, and Cyrtomium falcatum being of particular concern. This study emphasised the role of horticultural trade in invasion success in alien ferns and highlighted the value of early detection through screening horticultural catalogues to identify introduced and potentially invasive species that should be monitored in trade.

Background Some ferns have medicinal properties and are used in therapeutic interventions. However, the classification and phylogenetic relationships of ferns remain incompletely reported. Considering that chloroplast genomes provide ideal information for species identification and evolution, in this study, three unpublished and one published ferns were sequenced and compared with other ferns to obtain comprehensive information on their classification and evolution. Materials and Methods The complete chloroplast genomes of Dryopteris goeringiana (Kunze) Koidz, D. crassirhizoma Nakai, Athyrium brevifrons Nakai ex Kitagawa, and Polystichum tripteron (Kunze) Presl were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 4,000 platform. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), nucleotide diversity analysis, and RNA editing were investigated in all four species. Genome comparison and inverted repeats (IR) boundary expansion and contraction analyses were also performed. The relationships among the ferns were studied by phylogenetic analysis based on the whole chloroplast genomes. Results The whole chloroplast genomes ranged from 148,539 to 151,341 bp in size and exhibited typical quadripartite structures. Ten highly variable loci with parsimony informative (Pi) values of > 0.02 were identified. A total of 75–108 SSRs were identified, and only six SSRs were present in all four ferns. The SSRs contained a higher number of A + T than G + C bases. C‐to‐U conversion was the most common type of RNA editing event. Genome comparison analysis revealed that single‐copy regions were more highly conserved than IR regions. IR boundary expansion and contraction varied among the four ferns. Phylogenetic analysis showed that species in the same genus tended to cluster together with and had relatively close relationships. Conclusion The results provide valuable information on fern chloroplast genomes that will be useful to identify and classify ferns, and study their phylogenetic relationships and evolution., Study reported three newly sequenced chloroplast genomes of ferns.Study provided more information on understanding evolution and phylogenetic of ferns.

Dryopteris pentheri (Krasser) C.Chr. — Habit: Fern. Habitat: LMWF, LMDF; up to 2 700 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Castle Forest Station, Alt. 2050– 2100 m, 30 Nov. 1971, Faden et al. 71/898 (EA). Reference: Bussmann (1993)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Bussmann, R. W. (1993) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): A phytosociological approach with special reference to ecological problems. Ph. D. Thesis, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, 119 pp."]}

Dryopteris manniana (Hook.) C.Chr. — Habit: Fern. Habitat: LMWF; 1 400–2 200 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Irangi Forest Office area, Alt. 2000 m, 9 Aug. 1978, Zogg et al. 276/10 (EA). References: Bussmann (1993, 1994), Bussmann & Beck (1995a, 1998, 1999), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Bussmann, R. W. (1993) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): A phytosociological approach with special reference to ecological problems. Ph. D. Thesis, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, 119 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. & Beck, E. (1995 a) The forests of Mt. Kenya (Kenya), a phytosociological synopsis. Phytocoenologia 25 (4): 467 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / phyto / 25 / 1995 / 467","Bussmann, R. W. & Beck, E. (1998) The plant communities of the forests of Mount Kenya - First phytosociological and ecological data. In: Ojany, F. F. (Ed.) African mountains and highlands - planning for sustainable use of mountain resources. United Nations University, Tokyo, pp. 96 - 107.","Bussmann, R. W. & Beck, E. (1999) Vegetation units of Mt. Kenya Forest Reserve: Comment. In: Bitok (Ed.) Vegetations-okologosche, ethnobotanische und faunistische Beitrage uber Aquatorial-Afrika. Bayreuther Forum Okologie 64. Bayreuther Forum Okologie, Bayreuth, pp. 17 - 28.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Dryopteris antarctica (Baker) C.Chr. — Habit: Fern. Habitat: BZ, UMF, HZ; 2 500–3 200 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Northeast Mount Kenya, Kirui Volcanic Cone, on the slopes of Ithanguni, Alt. 2 530 m, 28 Feb. 1970, Faden & Evans 70/105 (EA). References: Schelpe (1951), Bussmann (1993, 1994), Roux et al. (2007), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Schelpe, E. A. C. L. E. (1951) The Pteridophyta of Mount Kenya. American Fern Journal 41 (3): 65 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1545044","Bussmann, R. W. (1993) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): A phytosociological approach with special reference to ecological problems. Ph. D. Thesis, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, 119 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Roux, J. P., Shaffer-Fehre, M. & Verdcourt, B. (2007) Dryopteridaceae. In: Beentje, H. J. & Ghazanfar, S. A. (Eds.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 54 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Dryopteris schimperiana (Hochst.) C.Chr. — Habit: Fern. Habitat:LMDF, BZ, UMF; 1 400–3 000 m.Distribution: II. Voucher: N/A. Reference: Fries et al. (1924b)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E., Fries, T. C. E. & Christensen, C. (1924 b) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. VI. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 9 (83): 173 - 189. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994334"]}

Dryopteris rodolfii J.P.Roux — Habit: Fern. Habitat: LMDF, BZ; 2 700–3 000 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: N/A. References: Roux et al. (2007), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Roux, J. P., Shaffer-Fehre, M. & Verdcourt, B. (2007) Dryopteridaceae. In: Beentje, H. J. & Ghazanfar, S. A. (Eds.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 54 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Dryopteris filipaleata J.P.Roux — Habit: Fern. Habitat: LMWF; up to 2 000 m. Distribution: IIIa. Voucher: N/A. References: Roux et al. (2007), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Roux, J. P., Shaffer-Fehre, M. & Verdcourt, B. (2007) Dryopteridaceae. In: Beentje, H. J. & Ghazanfar, S. A. (Eds.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 54 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Dryopteris fadenii Pic.Serm. — Habit: Fern. Habitat: LMWF, BZ; 1 700–2 500 m. Distribution: IIIa. Voucher: N/A. References: Bussmann (1994), Roux et al. (2007), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Roux, J. P., Shaffer-Fehre, M. & Verdcourt, B. (2007) Dryopteridaceae. In: Beentje, H. J. & Ghazanfar, S. A. (Eds.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 54 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Dryopteris tricellularis J.P.Roux — Habit: Fern. Habitat: LMWF, LMDF, BZ, UMF, HZ; 1 700–3 600 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Chogoria Track, Alt. 2 572 m, 22 Jul. 2014, CPG 28574 (HIB, PE). References: Fries et al. (1924b), Roux et al. (2007), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E., Fries, T. C. E. & Christensen, C. (1924 b) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. VI. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 9 (83): 173 - 189. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994334","Roux, J. P., Shaffer-Fehre, M. & Verdcourt, B. (2007) Dryopteridaceae. In: Beentje, H. J. & Ghazanfar, S. A. (Eds.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 54 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Dryopteris kilemensis (Kuhn) Kuntze — Habit: Fern. Habitat: LMWF, LMDF, BZ; 1 800–2 700 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Castle Forest Station, Alt. 2050 m, 20 Oct. 1979, Gilbert 5774 (EA). References: Fries et al. (1924b), Fries & Fries (1948), Bussmann & Beck (1995a, 1995c, 1998, 1999), Bussmann (1993, 1994, 2006), Roux et al. (2007), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E., Fries, T. C. E. & Christensen, C. (1924 b) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. VI. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 9 (83): 173 - 189. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994334","Fries, R. E. & Fries, T. C. E. (1948) Phytogeographical researches on Mt. Kenya and Mt. Aberdare, British East Africa. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, ser. 3, 25 (5): 1 - 83.","Bussmann, R. W. & Beck, E. (1995 a) The forests of Mt. Kenya (Kenya), a phytosociological synopsis. Phytocoenologia 25 (4): 467 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / phyto / 25 / 1995 / 467","Bussmann, R. W. & Beck, E. (1995 c) Regeneration and cyclic processes in the Ocotea-Forest (Ocotea usambarensis Engl.) of Mt. Kenya. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie 24: 35 - 39.","Bussmann, R. W. & Beck, E. (1998) The plant communities of the forests of Mount Kenya - First phytosociological and ecological data. In: Ojany, F. F. (Ed.) African mountains and highlands - planning for sustainable use of mountain resources. United Nations University, Tokyo, pp. 96 - 107.","Bussmann, R. W. & Beck, E. (1999) Vegetation units of Mt. Kenya Forest Reserve: Comment. In: Bitok (Ed.) Vegetations-okologosche, ethnobotanische und faunistische Beitrage uber Aquatorial-Afrika. Bayreuther Forum Okologie 64. Bayreuther Forum Okologie, Bayreuth, pp. 17 - 28.","Bussmann, R. W. (1993) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): A phytosociological approach with special reference to ecological problems. Ph. D. Thesis, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, 119 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (2006) Vegetation zonation and nomenclature of African Mountains: An overview. Lyonia 11 (1): 41 - 46.","Roux, J. P., Shaffer-Fehre, M. & Verdcourt, B. (2007) Dryopteridaceae. In: Beentje, H. J. & Ghazanfar, S. A. (Eds.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 54 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

A new phloroglucinol was isolated from 50% ethanol extract of Dryopteris fragrans by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography(TLC), and preparative liquid column chromatography. On the basis of MS, ~1H-NMR, ~(13)C-NMR, and reference materials, compound 1 was identified as 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one, 2-{[2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-3-methyl-5-(1-isobutyl)phenyl]methyl}-3,5-dihydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-6-(1-oxobutyl)(1), and named disaspidin BB. Compound 1 was evaluated for its antibacterial activity. The experimental results showed that compared with the commonly used topical antibiotics erythromycin or mupirocin, disaspidin BB exhibited significant antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis(SEP), S. haemolyticus(SHA), and methicillin-resistant S. aureus(MRSA)(Plt;0.05). Additionally, disaspidin BB was sensitive to ceftazidime-resistant SEP1-SEP4, SHA5-SHA7, MRSA8, and MRSA9. The MIC values of disaspidin BB against SEP and SHA were 1.67-2.71 μg·mL~(-1) and 10.00-33.33 μg·mL~(-1) respectively. Disaspidin BB has good antibacterial activities and deserves development as a new anti-infective drug for external use.

Fragrant woodfern (

The tourist area of Cunca Rami Waterfall has natural beauty and environmental conditions allow ferns (pteridophyta) to grow and develop diversity high level. This study aims to inventory the types ferns potential in the Cunca Rami West Manggarai waterfall zone East Nusa Tenggara Province, so that is expected to become important information material for the community and local government in developing natural potential-based tourism owned by West Manggarai Regency. Inventory of ferns was carried out through an exploratory method with random sampling which were subsequently identified by reference to the flora book Steenis, et al (2008). The results showed that there were 15 fern types, namely Adiantum diapahnum L.; Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) More; Pityrogramma calomelanos Link.; Plagigyra sp.; Asplenium belangeri Bory; Asplenium caudatum forst.; Davalia sp.; Diplazium esculentum Swarz.; Dryopteris ferox; Dryopteris pteroides; Lindsaea decomposita Willd; Nephrolepis exaltata schott.; Nephrolepis sp.; Pteris biaurita L.; Pteris vittata L. Then classified into 8 family types, namely Polypodiaceae, Aspleniaceae, Davalliaceae, Athyriaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Lindsacaceae, Neprolepidaceae, and Pteridaceae. Fern species in the Cunca Rami Waterfall area has great potential, but the surrounding community has not utilized use potential full.

The long history of using plant species as medicines worldwide provides clues for the search for bioactive phytochemicals. One of the important traditional medicinal plant species of Pakistan is Dryopteris ramosa (Dryopteridaceae). The fronds of Dryopteris ramosa are traditionally used for the treatment of gastric ulcer and constipation. The crude methanol extract and aqueous fraction of Dryopteris ramosa exhibited strong free radical scavenging potential. Two xanthonoid compounds, mangiferin and isomangiferin, were isolated from the aqueous fraction of Dryopteris ramosa by chromatographic techniques (CC Sephadex LH20, followed by MPLC and purified by preparative TLC). Their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic analysis MS, NMR (1H, 13C, HSQC and HMBC). This is the first report on isolation of mangiferin and isomangiferin from Dryopteris genus though previously reported in other fern genera, e.g., Cystopteris, Acystopteris, Gymnocarpium and Asplenium. The antioxidant potential of mangiferin (60.34 ± 0.14 μg/mL) and isomangiferin (55.98 ± 0.39 μg/mL) was comparable to ascorbic acid (57.97 ± 0.93 μg/mL), thus representing promising antioxidant agents against oxidative stress. The investigation of the mechanism of free radical scavenging by mangiferin and isomangiferin showed that the catechol moiety was involved in quenching of free radicals. This study justified the traditional use of Dryopteris ramosa confirming the pharmacological properties of isolated compounds. Further phytochemical studies on Dryopteris ramosa are needed for identification of new bioactive phytochemicals in this plant of ethnobotanical relevance.

Dryopteris sukungiana Z. Y. Zuo, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 & 2), in Chinese ���Dzfl����� (y��n n��n l��n m��o ju��). Type:��� CHINA. Yunnan: Maguan, 103��59��� E / 22��50��� N, 1950 m alt., 22 June 2021, Z. Y. Zuo 4660 (holotype KUN-1519949; isotypes HITBC-0061304, KUN-1519950, PE-02354809). Diagnosis:��� The scales of Dryopteris sukungiana are blackish brown and spreading (Fig. 3E), which is different from all other species in the D. sparsa complex (Fig. 3D, 3F). Dryopteris sukungiana is similar to the ���typical��� Sino-Himalayan D. sparsa with erect rhizomes, deltoid or pentagonal tripinnatifid to tripinnate lamina, basal pinnae abruptly broadened toward the base (Fig. 3A, 3B), but differs in having glandular hairs and small fibrillose scales on the abaxial surface of the lamina and the indusia (Fig. 3G, 3H). It resembles the Sino-Japanese D. sparsa in the catadromous pinnules of the second pair of pinnae and glandular hairs on the indusia and the abaxial surface of the lamina (Fig. 3H, 3I); however, the lamina of the Sino-Japanese D. sparsa is ovate-deltoid, and the basal pinnae are gradually broadened (Fig. 3C). Dryopteris sukungiana also looks like D. angustipalea Darnaedi, M. Kato & K. Iwats. (1989a: 308); however, the latter is endemic to Indonesia, and in which the lamina is ovate-deltoid, the basal pinnae are gradually broadened toward the base, rachis and costae are glabrous. Plants 30���60 cm tall. Rhizome erect, up to 8 cm long and 2 cm in diameter, clothed with blackish brown, linear- or ovate-lanceolate, spreading, entire scales. Stipe slightly shorter than lamina, ca. 17���38 cm, covered with glandular hairs when young, brown at base, with blackish brown linear- or ovate-lanceolate, spreading, entire, scales. Lamina papery, glossy, deltoid or pentagonal, ca. 26���53 �� 18���35 cm, tripinnatifid to tripinnate, base not narrowed, apex acuminate, with glandular hairs on abaxial surface. Pinnae 9���17 pairs, deltate-lanceolate, up to 16 �� 6 cm, apex caudate-acuminate; Basal 1���3 pairs opposite and alternate upward, oblique, stalked approximately 1���2 cm. Basal pinnae abruptly broadened toward the base. Pinnules 9���23 pairs, margin serrate to lobed, opposite at base and alternate upward, lanceolate to rounded, base broadly cuneate, asymmetrical, apex obtuse to truncate. Basal basiscopic pinnules of basal pinnae longest, ca. 5���8 �� 2���3 cm, base widest, 2-pinnate. Pinnules of the second pair of pinnae catadromous. Rachis and costa clothed with glandular hairs and small fibrillose scales. Veins pinnate, forked, distinct on both surfaces. Sori close to costa on pinnules, with a wide sterile belt on both sides of costa distal to sori. Indusia orbicularreniform, entire, with glandular hairs. Reproductive mode and ploidy level: sexual tetraploid. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): ��� CHINA. Yunnan: Baoshan, Z. Y. Zuo 1615 & 4937; Cangyuan, Z. Y. Zuo 2862; Kunming, J. M. Lu 179; Longling, X. Cheng et al., FB581; Tengchong, Z. Y. Zuo 1498, 1520 & 4949. Ecology and geographical distribution: ��� Dryopteris sukungiana was found in mountain forests at alt. 1900��� 2450 m in the central, southern, and southwestern parts of Yunnan Province, China, and perhaps in other neighboring areas. Etymology:��� In honor of late Prof. Su-Gong Wu (Su-Kung Wu in Wide-Giles transliteration) (1935-2013), for his contributions to the taxonomic studies on ferns in China, and especially the contributions to collections and studies on the ferns of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. He also edited some sections of Dryopteris in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae and Flora of China., Published as part of Zuo, Zheng-Yu, Lu, Jin-Mei, Wang, Yue-Hua & Li, De-Zhu, 2022, Dryopteris sukungiana (Dryopteridaceae), a new species of the D. sparsa complex from Southwest China, pp. 256-266 in Phytotaxa 533 (5) on pages 260-264, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6144962

Two new cadinane-type sesquiterpenoid glycosides, dryopteristerpeneA (

One genus (Chrysogrammitis) and twelve species (Asplenium pifongiae, Chrysogrammitis musgraviana, Crepidomanes makinoi, Ctenitis sinii, Ctenopterella khaoluangensis, Didymoglossum wallii, Dryopteris hendersonii, Hymenophyllum palmatifidum, H. paniculiflorum, Polystichum prionolepis, Pteris latipinna, and Stegnogramma wilfordii) of ferns are reported as new records for Vietnam based on newly collected specimens from Lang Biang Plateau. We provide photographs of key characters, type information, voucher specimens, distribution, ecology, and notes for each newly recorded species.

Background: Dryopteris cycadina has diverse traditional uses in the treatment of various human disorders which are supported by pharmacological studies. Similarly, the phytochemical studies of this plant led to the isolation of numerous compounds. Methodology: The present study deals with α-glucosidase inhibition of various kaempferol derivates including kaempferol-3, 4/-di-O-α- L-rhamnopyranoside 1, kaempferol-3, 5-di-O-α-L-rhamnoside 2 and kaempferol-3,7-di-O-α- L-rhamnopyranoside 3. Results: The results showed marked concentration-dependent inhibition of the enzyme when assayed at different concentrations and the IC50 values of compounds 1-3 were 137±9.01, 110±7.33, and 136±1.10 mM, respectively far better than standard compound, acarbose 290±0.54 mM. The computational studies revealed strong docking scores of these compounds and augmented the in vitro assay. Conclusion: In conclusion, the isolated kaempferol derivatives 1-3 from D. cycadina exhibited potent α- glucosidase inhibition.

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze GC–MS analysis of whole plant methanolic extract of Dryopteris hirtipes from Dryopteridaceae family. Methods: Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis of whole plant extract was carried out with instrument GC–MS. Results: The methanolic extract of D. hirtipes reveals to identify more known and unknown bioactive compounds. In this study, seven major bioactive compounds were identified such as Stigmast-5-en-3-ol(56.65%), Phytol (5.39%), Lanost -8-en-3-ol-(3 β)(3.18%), Neophytadiene(2.68%), Tri-o-trimethylsilyl N-heptaflurobutryl derivative of terbutaline(2.19%), 1H-Imidazole 2-methanol(1.28%), and 8A-(2,4-Dimethyl-1-nitrilo-pent-2-yl) dioxy)tocopherone(1.0%) and low concentrations of compounds like hexadecanoic acid(0.6%). Conclusion: These identified compounds are having active pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial property, hypotension, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-cancer, anti-hepatitis, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. However, D. hirtipes is a rare pteridophyte and used to cure many diseases, and so there need further studies to isolate and identify the specific active compounds present in it.

Apomixis was originally defined as the replacement of sexual reproduction by an asexual process that does not involve fertilization but, in angiosperms, it is often used in the more restricted sense of asexual reproduction through seeds. In ferns, apomixis combines the production of unreduced spores (diplospory) and the formation of sporophytes from somatic cells of the prothallium (apogamy). The genes that control the onset of apogamy in ferns are largely unknown. In this study, we describe the gametophyte transcriptome of the apogamous fern Dryopteris affinis ssp. affinis using an RNA-Seq approach to compare the gene expression profiles of one- and two-dimensional gametophytes, the latter containing apogamic centers. After collapsing highly similar de novo transcripts, we obtained 166,191 unigenes, of which 30% could be annotated using public databases. Multiple quality metrics indicate a good quality of the de novo transcriptome with a low level of fragmentation. Our data show a total of 10,679 genes (6% of all genes) to be differentially expressed between gametophytes of filamentous (one-dimensional) and prothallial (two-dimensional) architecture. 6,110 genes were up-regulated in two-dimensional relative to one-dimensional gametophytes, some of which are implicated in the regulation of meristem growth, auxin signaling, reproduction, and sucrose metabolism. 4,570 genes were down-regulated in two-dimensional versus one-dimensional gametophytes, which are enriched in stimulus and defense genes, as well as genes involved in epigenetic gene regulation and ubiquitin degradation. Our results provide insights into free-living gametophyte development, focusing on the filamentous-to-prothallus growth transition, and provide a useful resource for further investigations of asexual reproduction.

Premise Hybridization is a key process in plant speciation. Despite its importance, there is no detailed study of hybridization rates in fern populations. A proper estimate of hybridization rates is needed to understand factors regulating hybridization. Methods We studied hybridization in the European Dryopteris carthusiana group, represented by one diploid and two tetraploid species and their hybrids. We sampled ~100 individuals per population in 40 mixed populations of the D. carthusiana group across Europe. All plants were identified by measuring genome size (DAPI staining) using flow cytometry. To determine the maternal parentage of hybrids, we sequenced the chloroplast region trnL-trnF of all taxa involved. Results We found hybrids in 85% of populations. Triploid D. ×ambroseae occurred in every population that included both parent species and is most abundant when the parent species are equally abundant. By contrast, tetraploid D. ×deweveri was rare (15 individuals total) and triploid D. ×sarvelae was absent. The parentage of hybrid taxa is asymmetric. Despite expectations from previous studies, tetraploid D. dilatata is the predominant male parent of its triploid hybrid. Conclusions This is a thorough investigation of hybridization rates in natural populations of ferns. Hybridization rates differ greatly even among closely related fern taxa. In contrast to angiosperms, our data suggest that hybridization rates are highest in balanced parent populations and support the notion that some ferns possess very weak barriers to hybridization. Our results from sequencing cpDNA challenge established notions about the correlation of ploidy level and mating tendencies.

Isoflavaspidic acid PB (PB), a phloroglucinol derivative extracted from aerial parts of

Dryopteris crassirhizoma rhizomes are used as a traditional medicine in Asia. The EtOAc extract of these roots has shown potent xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity. However, the main phloroglucinols in D. crassirhizoma rhizomes have not been analyzed. Thus, we investigated the major constituents responsible for this effect. Bioassay-guided purification isolated four compounds: flavaspidic acid AP (1), flavaspidic acid AB (2), flavaspidic acid PB (3), and flavaspidic acid BB (4). Among these, 1 showed the most potent inhibitory activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 6.3 &micro, M, similar to that of allopurinol (IC50 = 5.7 &micro, M) and better than that of oxypurinol (IC50 = 43.1 &micro, M), which are XO inhibitors. A comparative activity screen indicated that the acetyl group at C3 and C3&prime, is crucial for XO inhibition. For example, 1 showed nearly 4-fold higher efficacy than 4 (IC50 = 20.9 &micro, M). Representative inhibitors (1&ndash, 4) in the rhizomes of D. crassirhizoma showed reversible and noncompetitive inhibition toward XO. Furthermore, the potent inhibitors were shown to be present in high quantities in the rhizomes by a UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis. Therefore, the rhizomes of D. crassirhizoma could be used to develop nutraceuticals and medicines for the treatment of gout.

Oxido-inflammatory stress has been implicated as the main targets in alleviating diabetic complications induced by hyperglycaemia.Male Wistar rats were made diabetic via alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg) administration intraperitoneally. Diabetic rats were post-treated with EEDD (800 mg/kg) and Metformin (50 mg/kg) orally for two weeks. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), body and organ weight change, markers of oxidative stress, liver and kidney inflammation were evaluated.Our results revealed that EEDD significantly reduced alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia in the diabetic rats after 5, 10 and 15 days of treatment. Markers of oxidative injury were also significantly ameliorated in the pancreas, liver and kidney of the diabetic rats following treatment with EEDD. However, liver and kidney injury markers were significantly attenuated with marked decreased organ weight in the diabetic rats after treatment with EEDD.Here in, we found that

The stems of Dryopteris crassirhizoma, one of the main components of Lianhua-Qingwen Formula (LQF) was traditionally used for heat-clearing and detoxifying. Dryocrassin ABBA is a key antiviral component in the herbal medicine while the compound is hard to get in large amounts with the features of homologous compounds, polyphenol groups, and low contents. Therefore, the present work aims to seek influenza H7N9 virus inhibitors from natural source by synthesis of dryocrassin ABBA and its analogues. As a result, total synthesis of the compound was achieved in nine steps with an over-all yield of 4.6%. Neuraminidases (NAs) inhibitory activities of the synthesized product and its analogues were evaluated afterward. Comparing with the positive control, OSV (9.6 μM), it was very exciting that dryocrassin ABBA and its analogues (b5 and e2) showed better NAs inhibitory activity against Anhui H7N9 with IC50 values of 3.6 μM, 2.5 μM and 1.6 μM. For the highly resistant Shanghai N9, these compounds can also show medium inhibitory activities. Docking results indicated the direct interaction of synthesized 3 hits with the key K294 by hydrogen bonds, but no direct interaction of OSV with the key K294 was observed in Shanghai N9. This study suggested that dryocrassin ABBA and its analogues especially AB, which consisted of polyphenol groups may have beneficial effects on treating avian influenza H7N9 virus.

The District Charsadda has a wide diversification with nature beauty and greenery. The area has rich biodiversity and natural resources. The District is geographically organized into two primary parts: Hashtnagar and Do Aaba. Research was carried out during 2017–18, in blooming season to collect different taxa from the area. The study depicted 253 taxa floristically with 189 genera and 71 families in which 4 families were pteridiophytes, 3 were gymnosperms and 64 were angiospermic families included 11 Monocot and 53 Dicot. The number of taxa per family varies from 1 to 56. Poaceae was the leading family in term of number of genera and species with 36 genera (19.04%) and 56 species (22.13%) followed by Asteraceae with 15 genera (7.936%) and 17 species (6.719%). The important groups in terms of species percentage were Dicots with a share of (53 species) followed by Monocots (11 species), Pteridophytes (5 species) and Gymnosperms (4 species). Herbaceous layer consists of 173 species (68.37%) followed by trees 46 species (18.18%), 25 species (9.881%) were shrub, 8 species (3.162%) were climbers and only 1 species (0.395%) was parasitic in the area. Biological spectrum depicted that Therophytes (126 species, 49.80%) and Microphyll (78 species, 30.83%) were the leading life form and leaf size classes. Ethnobotanical study proved that majority of species 164 were used as fodder/forage, 27 species were fruits, 28 species were vegetables, 28 species ornamental, 47 species fuel, 66 species were medicinals, 21 species used as timber, 8 species for thatching, 29 species for insect attractant and only 4 species used as spices (condiments) while some species have no local use in research area like Dryopteris stewartii, Equisetum arvense L., Marsilea L., Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, and Potamogeton nodosus Poir. This is the first ever record of the area, no prior work exists in this regard. This work might help for future intensive and extensive researches.

Fern-rich forest communities are presented in Estonia in mesic or moderately humid nutrient-rich habitats, in areas of drained mire forests, on floodplains and lower parts of talus slopes of the North-Estonian limestone escarpment (klint). In the recent official forest typology only one site type has been distinguished and labelled by the ferns: the Dryopteris site type in the scope of boreo-nemoral forests. The aims of the current study were (i) to clarify whether distinguishing between two fern-rich forest site types, one among the full-drained forests group and another in the boreo-nemoral forests group, is reasonable, and if so, then (ii) what the main characteristics of both considered forest site types are, (iii) what the main environmental factors determining the structure of these communities are, and (iv) what the mutual relationship between those forests and other fern-rich forest communities is. Our results asserted a distinct difference between the full-drained and undrained Dryopteris site type forests distinguished by the former scholars. The undrained boreo-nemoral fern-rich stands have developed in the same place in harmony with habitat conditions, while drained forests have significantly changed. It seems that despite some vagueness due to long-lasting post-drainage succession, it is nevertheless justified to recognise the fern-rich drained stands in Estonian forest typology as representing an autonomous forest site type in the group of full-drained forests. To avoid confusion in nomenclature, in the future, the undrained fern-rich boreo-nemoral forests site type could be named according to the most conspicuous indicator species as the Athyrium (filix-femina) site type and fern-rich stands on full-drained peat soils as the Dryopteris (expansa) site type.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Dryopteris crassirhizoma (DC) is used as a traditional herbal remedy to treat various diseases, the tapeworm infection, common cold, and cancer in Korea, Japan, and China. DC also has the antioxidant anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. However, the anti-allergic inflammatory effect of DC and some of its mechanisms in allergic rhinitis model are unknown well. Aim of this study The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-allergic inflammatory effect of DC on the allergic rhinitis model, mast cell activation and histamine release. Materials and methods Allergic rhinitis was induced in BALB/c mice by sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). Different concentration of DC and dexamethasone was administrated by oral gavage on 1 h before the OVA challenge. Mice of the control group were treated with saline only. Then mice were evaluated for the presence of nasal mucosa inflammation, the production of allergen-specific cytokine response and the histology of nasal mucosa. Results DC significantly ameliorated the nasal symptoms and the inflammation of nasal mucosa. DC also reduced the infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells in these tissues and the release of histamine in blood. Meanwhile, DC evidently inhibited the overproduction of Th2 cytokines and increased the Th1 and Treg cytokines in nasal lavage fluid by OVA. DC also reduced the levels of OVA-specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a in blood. Conclusions This study suggests that DC has a significant anti-allergic inflammatory effect in the nasal cavity. DC may have the therapeutic effect of allergic rhinitis.

Dryopteris erythrosora (D. C. Eaton) Kuntze is used as an ornamental horticultural crop and landscaping plant, and it is a plant with high development value as an herbal medicine, but there are few studies to proliferate a large amount of plants. This study aimed to determine a suitable method for spore germination, gametophyte proliferation, sporophyte formation, and seedling production in D. erythrosora. Spore germination rate was highest in 1/2 × Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (92.8%). A suitable medium for prothallus proliferation was selected based on gametophytes produced from germinated spores. A 1 × MS medium was most effective for gametophyte proliferation and active organ formation; moreover, 1 × MS medium containing 1% sucrose without activated charcoal was the most effective growth condition for inducing gametophyte growth and development. The suitable culture soil composition for sporophyte formation was investigated by varying the ratio of horticultural substrate, peat moss, perlite, and decomposed granite. We found that a 2:1 (v:v) mixture of horticultural substrate and perlite accelerated sporophyte formation (155 units). Furthermore, suitable seedlings and transplants for sporophyte seedling growth were determined by varying the ratio of horticultural substrate and decomposed granite, as well as plug tray cell size. For sporophyte seedlings, the greatest growth in root length (92.9 mm) and the most aerial and underground fresh weight (234.1 and 40.3 g, respectively) were observed in a mixture of horticultural substrate and decomposed granite at a 1:2 (v:v) ratio. Our results using tissue culture technology will be provided as a mass production method for substantial industrialization of D. erythrosora plants.

Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott is a fern growing on the surface of hot rocks and lava. It is exposed to sunlight directly and bears local hot environment. We sequenced the complete nucleotide sequence of its chloroplast (cp) genome. The cp genome was 151,978 bp in length, consisting of a large single-copy region (85,332 bp), a small single-copy region (31,947 bp) and a pair of inverted repeats (17,314 bp). The cp genome contained 112 genes and 345 RNA editing sites in protein-coding genes. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and long repeat structure pairs (30–55 bp) were identified. The number and percent of repeat structures are extremely high in ferns. Thermal denaturation experiments showed its cp genome to have numerous, dispersed and high GC percent repeat structures, which conferred the strongest thermal stability. This repeat-heavy genome may provide the molecular basis of how D. fragrans cp survives its hot environment.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott is a deciduous perennial herb, which has been used traditionally for treatment of ringworm infections and others skin diseases in the north of China. Aim of the study To characterize the chemical composition, evaluate the antifungal activity and explore possible mechanisms about action of ethanol extracts of D. fragrans. Materials and methods The chemical components in the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization and quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans were determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38-A2 method against 62 isolates of dermatophytes. The kinetics of fungal kill, synergy testing by checkerboard dilution and quantitation of sterol by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) on Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were also investigated. Results Fourteen derivatives of phloroglucinol were identified in the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans. The MIC of the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans ranged from 0.059 to 3.780 mg/mL while MFC ranged from 0.118 to 3.780 mg/mL. The ethanol extracts of D. fragrans exerted fungicidal activity after 12 h of incubation against Trichophyton rubrum while it required 36 h of incubation against Trichophyton mentagrophytes at concentrations of 8 × MIC. In synergy testing, the interaction between miconazole (MCZ) and terbinafine (TBF) with the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans proved to be indifferent by testing fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) values. Sterol in samples of fungal cells treated with the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans was significantly reduced. Conclusions The ethanol extracts of D. fragrans had antifungal and fungicidal activity against dermatophytes and was likely a strain-dependent fungicidal agent. Interaction between drugs was indifferent on tested isolates. The inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis was one of the antifungal mechanisms of the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans. These results showed that the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans could be explored for promising antifungal drugs. Dozens of phloroglucinol derivatives may contribute to high antifungal activity of the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans.

Background Dryopteris ramosa has numerous potentials uses in the treatment of different maladies as old traditional medication. The fronds of D. ramose are edible and orally administered for producing antibiotic effect. They are also used as astringent and febrifuge, and as a pesticide. Methods Extraction of fronds of D. ramosa using solvents of increasing polarity, namely, ethyl acetate, methanol and water were tested for phytochemical (qualitative tests, GC-MS), antimicrobial (well method), antioxidant (DPPH), antifungal (tube dilution), cytotoxic activity (brine shrimps lethality assay) and LOX and COX inhibitory activities were performed using standard methods. Results The phytochemical analysis of the crude methanolic extract revealed that the fronds are rich in flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides and triterpenoids. The total flavonoid content of the ethyl acetate fraction was 46.28 μg QE/mg extract. The GC-MS analysis revealed nine major compounds that constituted the crude drug and potentially had a role in reported activities. The crude extract was the most active amongst all the fractions against the bacterial and fungal strains used such that it inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa with a zone of 13 mm and a MIC value of 16 μg/ml as compared to the standard cefixime, which inhibited the zone by only 10 mm and a MIC value of 32 μg/ml. The highest antioxidant potential in DPPH assay was shown by the crude extract with 91.948% free radical scavenging activity. The bring shrimps lethality potential of the crude extract was the highest, with a LD50 value of 47.635 μg/ml. The ethyl acetate fraction inhibits 91.36% of alpha glucosidase enzyme at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. In case of acetylcholine esterase inhibition assay, the methanol fraction inhibits 58.26% of the enzyme activity. Similarly, for butyrylcholine esterase inhibition, the maximum inhibitory effect was seen in the methanol fraction, with a percentage inhibition of 47.32%. Conclusion These test results support traditional medicinal uses of the plant. Dryopteris ramosa could be imperative for being used as a therapeutic agent and the medicinal importance of this plant should be further investigated.

Dryopteris ramosa (D. ramosa) is one of the most traded medicinally important plants of Himalayan region. Apart from other uses, D. ramosa is traditionally also used to treat gastric ulcers and as a laxative. The present study was designed to investigate the role of methanolic crude extract of Dryopteris Ramosa (MEDR) in acute toxicity, against loperamide induced constipated mice model, antiulcer effect of methanolic extract of D. Ramosa and cholinomimetic like effect of methanolic extract of D. Ramosa. The crude extract was investigated for the presence of active compounds (secondary metabolites) such as alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, and tannins following the standard methods. The antiulcer effect was investigated in mice using the ethanol induced ulcer model at various doses i.e. 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses. Constipation was induced in the mice via loperamide (3mg/kg body weight). The control group received normal saline. Different doses of plant extracts (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day) were administered for 7 days. Various parameters like feeding characteristics, gastrointestinal transit ratio, body weight, fecal properties and the possible mechanism of action of D. Ramosa on intestinal motility were monitored. Various Phytochemicals like saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, carbohydrate, alkaloids and triterpenes were found in D. Ramosa. The acute toxicity study showed that MEDR was associated with no mortality except mild and moderate sedation at the highest tested doses (1500 and 2000 mg/kg). MEDR also showed significant antiulcer activity against ethanol-induced ulcerogenesis. The extract enhanced the intestinal motility, normalized the body weight of constipated mice and increased the fecal volume which are indications of laxative property of the herb. The 200 mg/kg body weight dose of the extract was found effective. The presence of various Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, glycosides and tannins might be responsible for the antiulcer activity of D. Ramosa. This study provides the scientific background for the folkloric use of D. Ramosa as antiulcer agent. The laxative action of the extract compares positively with Duphalac, (standard laxative drug). These findings have therefore evidence scientific background to the folkloric use of the herb as a laxative agent.

Introduction: Indigenous people in a far-flung mountainous area without basic facilities, mainly rely on medicinal plants to cope with various veterinary health problems. Objective: The present study was carried out to explore the traditional knowledge of ethnoveterinary practices in Kaghan Valley, district Mansehra, Western Himalayas-Pakistan. Method: Ethnoveterinary data were collected between February to October 2014 from nine villages of the Kaghan Valley by involving 80 local people include traditional healers using a semi-structured interview. Results: A sum of 41 plant taxa of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants was documented for treating livestock ailments. Out of which, herbaceous plants were recorded with high percentage (27 species, 65.8 %). Most of the species were used to treat gastrointestinal diseases (12 taxa), followed by health improvement (7 taxa). The widely used part of plants for livestock aliments was the whole plant (9 species) followed by leaves (7 species), and preparation were paste (18 species) followed by powder with 10 species. The highest used values were recorded for Arisaema costatum (0.82), Primula denticulata (0.76), and high relative frequency citations for Berberis lyceum and Dryopteris ramosa with 0.37 each. Among the plant species Skimmia laureola, Thymus linearis and Phytolacca latbenia were among the taxa with cent fidelity level. Conclusion: The flora used in traditional remedies of the valley was found mostly endemic due to excessive utilization. Thus, further chemical investigation, better utilization and conservation of indigenous use of the reported species should be considered for future work. Resumen Introducción: Los pueblos indígenas de zonas montañosas lejanas sin facilidades básicas dependen principalmente de las plantas medicinales para afrontar problemas de salud de tipo veterinario. Objetivo: Explorar el conocimiento tradicional en las prácticas etnoveterinarias en el valle de Kaghan, distrito de Mansehra, Himalaya occidental-Pakistán. Métodos: Se recopilaron datos etnoveterinarios mediante una entrevista semiestructurada entre febrero y octubre de 2014 en nueve aldeas del valle de Kaghan, con la participación de 80 habitantes locales, incluidos curanderos tradicionales. Resultados: Se documentó un total de 41 taxones de plantas medicinales etnoveterinarias para el tratamiento de enfermedades del ganado. Se registró un alto porcentaje de plantas herbáceas (27 especies, 65.8 %). La mayoría de las especies utilizadas han sido para tratar enfermedades gastrointestinales (12 taxones), y mejora de la salud (7 taxones). Para el tratamiento de enfermedades del ganado, lo más usual fue utilizar la planta entera (9 especies), seguida de las hojas (7 especies), con preparación en pasta (18 especies) y en polvo (10 especies). Las especies registradas con más uso fueron: Arisaema costatum (0.82), Primula denticulata (0.76) y Berberis lyceum y Dryopteris ramosa con la misma alta frecuencia relativa (0.37 cada una). Las especies Skimmia laureola, Thymus linearis y Phytolacca latbenia se reportaron entre los taxones con mayor nivel de fidelidad porcentual. Conclusión: La flora utilizada en los remedios tradicionales del valle de Kaghan fue mayoritariamente endémica. Se propone para trabajos futuros mayor investigación química, y mayor utilización y conservación en las especies de plantas reportadas por los indígenas.