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Purpose of Review The study aims to examine the relationship between crime rates among drug-addicted adolescents and personal, social, and familial factors as well as street and school factors. The participants included 713 male drug-addicted adolescents who had received residential treatment at a psychiatry clinic between 2013 and 2020. The "Patient Medical History Form" created by the experts of the clinic was used as a data collection tool. The binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine significant predictive variables increasing the probability of drug-addicted adolescents to be included in the categories of living on the street, committing crimes, school dropout, suicide attempt, and self-harm behavior. Recent Findings The findings showed that age, father-adolescent relationship, school dropout, and having an employment history significantly predicted the factor of living on the street; age, school dropout, street life history, drug use in the extended family, and having a criminal history in the extended family significantly predicted the factor of committing crimes; and having an employment history, drug use in the extended family, and having a criminal history significantly predicted the school dropout factor. Besides, suicidal ideation and self-harm behavior significantly predicted the factor of attempting suicide; similarly, age, street life, and having a prison history significantly predicted the possibility of self-harm behavior of the adolescents. Summary The results showed that personal, social, and familial factors, as well as street and school factors, and crime rates were associated with addictive behavior among drug-addicted adolescents.

Drug addiction is a worldwide phenomenon that specifically besets the global society a great deal such that the government waged war against it. While eradicating illicit drugs entirely is quite challenging, this study aims to look at it eruditely from the lens of psychology by investigating the associated "needs" that push people towards drug addiction. The study performed a series of focused-group discussions with 22 stakeholders of Mega Drug Abuse Treatment and Rehabilitation Center, one of the biggest in the country, consisting of ten Persons Who Use Drugs (PWUDs) and two of their close relatives, three reformed users, one psychologist, two psychometricians, two nurses, and two social workers. Data were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Trustworthiness was secured through triangulation methods ("member checking," "peer debriefing," "audit trailing," and literature review). Results yielded 35 various themes grouped accordingly to 16 subordinate themes and finally, three superordinate themes. Overall, the data showed that drug addiction might be best viewed in terms of psychologically-oriented needs themed into three dynamics: intrapersonal – those factors that originated from within the PWUDs, interpersonal – those factors that relate to the PWUDs' interaction (or lack thereof) with others, and milieu-related – those factors that refer to the PWUDs' macro-level socio-economic situations that affect their efforts against, predisposes them to, and perpetuate the illicit drug use. In conclusion, the nature of drug addiction, even from the psychological viewpoint, considerably has multi-layered and -faceted underpinnings. Pertinent recommendations as to how these data can be used for further practice were elucidated.

[eng] Health across the life cycle is an important component of well-being and quality of life. Bad health is linked to negative child and adulthood socioeconomic outcomes such as educational achievement, future health, and earnings (Almond et al., 2005; Black et al., 2007; Almond and Currie, 2011; Currie and Vogl, 2013). This thesis contributes to two research lines in the field of health economics. The first line, with two chapters, focuses on health at birth outcomes, and the second one, also with two chapters, explores changes in workers' health and how health shocks can affect women’s labor market outcomes. With respect to the first research line, health outcomes at all stages of life are of relevance both for individuals and societies. There is vast literature showing that good health, especially health at birth, is associated with better outcomes in terms on wages, education attainment and human capital development. Health at birth can be influenced by many factors, for instance, stress during pregnancy that, according to the medical literature, has been demonstrated to have detrimental effects on newborns’ health (Rondó et al., 2003; Beydoun and Saftlas, 2008; Torche, 2011; Khashan et al., 2008). Economic literature assessing the effects of exogenous sources of stress (earthquakes, bombs, terrorist attacks) on birth outcomes is not very rich and has focused only on the general pregnant women population. The second chapter of this thesis focuses on assessing the effect of in-utero exposure to stress, generated by terrorist attacks, on the health of newborns of Muslim mothers. Another factor that can affect health at birth is mother's substance use/abuse. Chapter 3 explores how a public policy aimed at not criminalizing drug use may be linked to increased women's drug use and bad newborn's health. The results from these two chapters point to detrimental health at birth. Thus, Chapter 2 finds that in-utero exposure to stress is linked to low birth weight and complications during pregnancy. Likewise, Chapter 3 finds that the share of low birth weight and very low birth weight newborns raises significantly in provinces initially more exposed to drugs as a possible consequence of a policy that established maximum permissible amounts of possession of illicit substances for personal consumption in Ecuador. In addition, this chapter shows evidence that supports an increase in neonatal hospitalizations to medical conditions related to maternal drug use/abuse. With respect to the second research line, in Chapter 4, this dissertation explores how the traditional civil servant recruitment process, that uses public examinations as means of access, may affect workers sick leave behavior. In this setting, candidates have to take passing exams that require a huge load of material to study, and therefore time. Candidates working while preparing for public exams may find it difficult to spend enough time on both tasks. Thus, they might experience increased stress/anxiety related to public service entrance exams. Using novel administrative data, this chapter finds a significant increase in health-related work absences several months before the examination date. This effect is stronger for individuals working in the education sector as well as for calls offering a large number of positions. This effect is mostly driven by stress-related absences. This chapter also finds evidence consistent with a deterioration in public sector workers’ health. Finally, the last empirical chapter of this dissertation examines whether lockdown policies during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic differently hit formal employment for women as compared to those of men in the Ecuadorian labor market. The results show that the lockdown policy is associated with an increase in the number of unemployment spells of women working in the restricted economic activities, during the first wave of the Covid-19. In sum, this dissertation contributes to the literature studying the impact that exogenous events may have on health, with a particular focus on newborn's and worker's health.

This is a protocol for an ongoing scoping review study. The goal is to summarize existing evidence on the use of induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the substance use disorders or addiction field and ultimately identify current gaps in knowledge. This document includes detailed protocol and supplementary material(s). If an amendment of the protocol is made in the future, an updated version and explanation of the details will be presented as a new version of this record. *** This protocol is intended to be published in a peer-review journal. *** Acknowledgments This work is supported by facilities and resources at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Funding This work was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (DP1DA042103). Competing interests All authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent Not applicable. Supplementary material This content has been supplied by the author(s). Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by the funder. Link to this record: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7915253 Content © 2023 Authors Artwork © 2023 WN

Aim. To investigate the relationship between the physical properties of saliva and enamel resistance and caries intensity in drug-addicted patients. Materials and methods. The study involved 70 patients, who were divided into three groups: the main group (1) – 28 drug addicts diagnosed with caries, the comparison group (2) – 22 patients with caries of dental hard tissues without a history of drug addiction, and the control group (3) – 20 persons without carious lesions of dental hard tissues. We examined the rate of salivation, which was calculated by the formula: Rs = V / T, pH of oral fluid using litmus test strips (Kelilong Instruments, China), structural and functional stability of tooth enamel by the express method TER-test (V. R. Okushko, L. I. Kosareva, 1983), clinically assessed the rate of mineralization according to the Clinical Assessment of the Rate of Enamel Remineralization-test (T. L. Redinova, V. K. Leontiev and G. D. Ovrutsky, 1982), dental caries intensity using the DMF index; the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) was used to assess of the dental hard tissues. Results. In drug-addicted patients with caries of dental hard tissues, the slowest rate of salivation and significant changes in the oral fluid pH toward acidic were observed, namely 5.5 ± 0.09 units compared with patients of other groups. In drug addicts, the average TER-test score was 9.1 ± 0.4 points and was significantly higher than that in non-drug-addicted patients with dental caries (5.4 ± 0.2 points) and people without dental caries (1.9 ± 0.2 points). The Clinical Assessment of the Rate of Enamel Remineralization-test indicators of drug-addicted patients (6.1 ± 0.3 days) were also significantly higher than those of non-addicted and control group patients. The DMF index in drug-addicted patients was 16.4 ± 0.2 points showing a very high intensity of caries with a large proportion of deep carious lesions in the dental hard tissues. Conclusions. In drug addicts, the study results have indicated a 23 % pH shift of the oral fluid toward acidic, and a 22 % decrease in the rate of saliva secretion has also been recorded compared to the healthy individuals. These results were associated with a 79 % decrease in the tooth enamel durability and a 66 % decrease in the remineralizing capacity of the oral fluid in drug addicts as compared to the healthy individuals. The DMF index of group 1 patients differed from that of group 2 patients by 50 % and from group 3 individuals – by 98 %. Drug-addicted patients had 78 % more carious lesions in the dentin compared to non-drug-addicted patients with dental caries., Мета роботи – дослідити зв’язок фізичних властивостей слини з резистентністю емалі й інтенсивністю карієсу в наркозалежних хворих. Матеріали та методи. У дослідженні взяли участь 70 пацієнтів, яких поділили на три групи: основна група (1) – 28 наркозалежних осіб, у яких діагностовано карієс; група порівняння (2) – 22 хворих на карієс твердих тканин зуба, в анамнезі яких не зафіксовано вживання наркотичних речовин; група контролю (3) – 20 осіб, у яких не виявили каріозне ураження зубів. Оцінили швидкість слиновиділення (обрахували за формулою Шс = V / Т), показник рН ротової рідини встановили за допомогою лакмусових тест-смужок (Kelilong Instruments, Китай), структурну та функціональну стійкість емалі зуба – за експрес-методом TER-test (В. Р. Окушко, Л. І. Косарева, 1983), здійснили клінічне оцінювання швидкості мінералізації за КОШРЕ-тестом (за Т. Л. Редіновою, В. К. Леонтьєвим і Г. Д. Овруцьким, 1982 р.), визначили інтенсивність карієсу зубів, використавши індекс КПВ. Для діагностики стану твердих тканин зуба використали Міжнародну систему виявлення та оцінювання карієсу зубів – ICDAS. Результати. У наркозалежних осіб, хворих на карієс твердих тканин зубів, швидкість слиновиділення найбільше сповільнена, а рН ротової рідини змінений у кислий бік (5,50 ± 0,09 од.) порівняно з пацієнтами з інших груп. У наркозалежних середній показник TER-test становив 9,1 ± 0,4 бала, суттєво перевищуючи параметри ненаркозалежних хворих із каріозними ураженнями зубів (5,4 ± 0,2 бала) й осіб, у котрих каріозні ураження твердих тканин зубів не діагностували (1,9 ± 0,2 бала). Результат КОШРЕ-тесту наркозалежних хворих (6,1 ± 0,3 дні) також значно вищий від показників ненаркозалежних осіб із карієсом та осіб групи контролю. Індекс КПВ у наркозалежних хворих (16,4 ± 0,2 бала) свідчив про дуже високу інтенсивність карієсу з великою часткою глибоких вогнищ уражень твердих тканин зуба. Висновки. Результати дослідження показали зміщення рН ротової рідини в кислий бік на 23 % у наркозалежних хворих порівняно зі здоровими. Крім того, в них зафіксували зниження швидкості слиновиділення на 22 % порівняно зі здоровими особами. Ці результати пов’язані з погіршенням стійкості емалі зубів в узалежнених пацієнтів (на 79 %) і ремінералізувальної здатності ротової рідини (на 66 %) порівняно зі здоровими без каріозних порожнин. Індекс КПВ у хворих 1 групи на 50 % відрізнявся від показника хворих 2 групи, на 98 % – від параметрів обстежених із 3 групи. У наркозалежних хворих зафіксували на 78 % більшу кількість каріозних порожнин у межах дентину порівняно з ненаркозалежними пацієнтами з карієсом.

Background A chronic condition, drug addiction, requires long-term multipronged health care and treatment services. Community-based approaches can offer the advantages of managing integrated care along the care continuum and improving clinical outcomes. However, scant rigorous research focuses on sustainable, community-based care and service delivery. Objective This protocol describes a study aiming to develop and test an intervention that features the alliance of community health workers and family members to provide integrated support and individualized services and treatment for people who use drugs (PWUD) in community settings. Methods Based on the National Institute on Drug Abuse’s Seek-Test-Treat-Retain (STTR) framework, an intervention that provides training to community health workers will be developed and piloted before an intervention trial. Trained community health workers will conduct home visits and provide support for PWUD and their families. The intervention trial will be conducted in 3 regions in Vietnam, with 60 communities (named communes). These communes will be randomized to either an intervention or control condition. Intervention outcomes will be evaluated at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The primary outcome measure is PWUD’s STTR fulfillment, consisting of multiple individual fulfillment indicators across 5 domains: Seek, Test, Treat, Retain, and Health. The secondary outcomes of interest are the community health workers’ service provision and family members’ support. The primary analysis will follow an intention-to-treat approach. Generalized mixed-effects regression models will be used to compare changes in the outcome measures from baseline between intervention and control conditions. Results During the first year of the project, we conducted formative studies, including in-depth interviews and focus groups, to identify service barriers and intervention strategies. The intervention and assessment pilots are scheduled in 2023 before commencing the trial. Reports based on the baseline data will be distributed in early 2024. The intervention outcome results will be available within 6 months of the final data collection date, that is, the main study findings are expected to be available in early 2026. Conclusions This study will inform the establishment of community health workers and family members alliance, a locally available infrastructure, to support addiction services and care for PWUD. The methodology, findings, and lessons learned are expected to shed light on the addiction service continuum’s implementation and demonstrate a community-based addiction service delivery model that can be transferable to other countries. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05315492; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05315492 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/44219

The public stigma of drug addiction creates a self-stigma, which not only interferes with recovery but also accelerates the addiction. It is a vicious cycle. We conducted pre- and postsurveys on "prejudice against drug addicts" and "prejudice about recovery from drug addiction," on the students of our Project-Based Learning Program 1A [Class on Drug Dependence]. The results indicated a significant decrease in both cases, and there was a significant change in "what they think is effective in preventing drug abuse." Therefore, we concluded that there is a relationship between recovery and stigma.

P(論文)

社会調査に携わる者であれば誰もが，調査目的を果たし，無事に調査報告や成果産出を終えて調査が「成功」裡に終了することを望むだろう。しかし，現実にはそれとは異なる終わりを迎える社会調査──調査途上で何らかの「トラブル」に見舞われ，終了ではなく「中止」される社会調査が存在する。通常，調査関係者以外が目にするのは「成功」した（公刊された）調査（報告）のみであり，「失敗」した（公刊されない）調査（過程）に接近するチャンスはほとんど無い。本論文は，筆者らが実施した質的社会調査（刑務所に収容された女性薬物依存者への支援をめぐるフィールドワーク）において経験した「トラブル」と，調査が「中止」に至る詳細な過程を開示し，それ自体を一次資料とする社会学的分析に向けた素材を提供するとともに，予備的な考察を行う。社会調査の「失敗」と同定されうる事態の経験的分析は，逆説的に“社会調査の「失敗」とは何か？”といった問いを召喚するかもしれない。こうした試みは，調査方法論・調査倫理上の貢献に加え，社会調査に関わるすべての人びとにとって有益なものとなろう。Anyone involved in social research would hope for the “successful” completion of the research, fulfilling the objectives of the research, and successfully reporting and producing the results. However, there exist some researches that end differently - they are not completed, but rather “cancelled” due to some “troubles” during the research process. While only the “successful” research is published and can be seen by those who are not involved in the research, there is little chance to encounter the “failed” research. This paper discloses the “troubles” experienced by the authors in their own qualitative social research （fieldwork on support for female drug addicts in prison and after release）. The authors describe the detailed process regarding the “suspension” of the research and provide preliminary considerations for a sociological qualitative analysis of the “troubles” themselves. This type of empirical study on the “failure” of social research may paradoxically raise the question, “What exactly is the ʻfailureʼ of social research?” In addition to contributing to research methodology and research ethics, the discussion provided in this article will be beneficial to all those involved in social research., 論文, Articles

We review the still scarce but growing literature on resilience to the effects of social stress on the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse. We define the concept of resilience and how it is applied to the field of drug addiction research. We also describe the internal and external protective factors associated with resilience, such as individual behavioral traits and social support. We then explain the physiological response to stress and how it is modulated by resilience factors. In the subsequent section, we describe the animal models commonly used in the study of resilience to social stress, and we focus on the effects of chronic social defeat (SD), a kind of stress induced by repeated experience of defeat in an agonistic encounter, on different animal behaviors (depression- and anxiety-like behavior, cognitive impairment and addiction-like symptoms). We then summarize the current knowledge on the neurobiological substrates of resilience derived from studies of resilience to the effects of chronic SD stress on depression- and anxiety-related behaviors in rodents. Finally, we focus on the limited studies carried out to explore resilience to the effects of SD stress on the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse, describing the current state of knowledge and suggesting future research directions.

α3β4 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) has been recognized as an emerging biomarker for the early detection of drug addiction. Herein, α3β4 nAChR ligands were designed and synthesized to improve the binding affinity and selectivity of two lead compounds, (S)-QND8 and (S)-T2, for the development of an α3β4 nAChR tracer. The structural modification was achieved by retaining the key features and expanding the molecular structure with a benzyloxy group to increase the lipophilicity for blood-brain barrier penetration and to extend the ligand-receptor interaction. The preserved key features are a fluorine atom for radiotracer development and a p-hydroxyl motif for ligand-receptor binding affinity. Four (R)- and (S)-quinuclidine-triazole (AK1-AK4) were synthesized and the binding affinity, together with selectivity to α3β4 nAChR subtype, were determined by competitive radioligand binding assay using [3H]epibatidine as a radioligand. Among all modified compounds, AK3 showed the highest binding affinity and selectivity to α3β4 nAChR with a Ki value of 3.18 nM, comparable to (S)-QND8 and (S)-T2 and 3069-fold higher affinity to α3β4 nAChR in comparison to α7 nAChR. The α3β4 nAChR selectivity of AK3 was considerably higher than those of (S)-QND8 (11.8-fold) and (S)-T2 (294-fold). AK3 was shown to be a promising α3β4 nAChR tracer for further development as a radiotracer for drug addiction.

Background: Methamphetamine (METH) substance-use disorder is an ever-growing global health issue with no effective treatment. Anti-METH vaccines are under investigation as an alternative to existing psychological interventions. This platform has made significant progress over past decades mainly in preclinical stages, and efforts to develop an anti-METH vaccine with a high antibody response are of utmost importance. Methodology: A novel conjugated anti-METH vaccine was developed using METH HCl as the starting material for the design of hapten, a peptide linker consisting of five lysines and five glycines, and finally immunogenic carrier mannan, which is novel to this platform. All the chemical reaction steps were confirmed by several analytical techniques, and the immunogenicity of the developed vaccine was investigated in a mouse model. Results: Thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography confirmed the reaction between METH and peptide linker. UV, NMR and color tests were used to confirm the presence of the aldehyde groups in oxidized mannan (OM). The final conjugated vaccine was confirmed by UV and LC-MS. The stability of mannan, the METH hapten, and the final vaccine was evaluated by UV and LC-MS and demonstrated satisfactory stability over 3 months in various storage conditions. Animal studies supported the immunogenicity of the novel vaccine. Conclusions: We successfully developed and characterized a novel METH vaccine in vitro and in vivo. The present study findings are encouraging and will form the basis of further exploration to assess its effectiveness to prevent METH addiction in preclinical models.

В статье проведен анализ результатов осуществления Правительством города федерального значения Севастополь государственной политики в сфере общественной безопасности. Выделены основные принципы управления в исследуемом направлении. Авторами изучены результаты государственной программы в изучаемом вопросе, начиная с 2016г. и дана им соответствующая оценка. Рассмотрены такие негативные факторы, оказывающие негативное воздействие на безопасность населения, как алкоголизм, наркомания, отсутствие постоянных доходов. Авторами предложены мероприятия, которые позволят повысить защищенность граждан в изучаемом регионе., The article analyzes the results of the implementation by the Government of the federal city of Sevastopol of the state policy in the field of public security. The main principles of management in the researched direction are singled out. The authors studied the results of the state program in the issue under study, starting from 2016. and given them an appropriate assessment. Such negative factors that have a negative impact on the safety of the population as alcoholism, drug addiction, lack of permanent income are considered. The authors propose measures that will improve the security of citizens in the region under study., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 5 (154) 2023, Pages 573-578

В статье проводится статистический анализ динамики показателей, характеризующий уровень жизни населения, цен на продовольствие, продаж алкоголя и табака и заболеваемости населения. Для начала была оценена динамика по каждому показателю в отдельности. Далее был произведен расчет корреляций и рассмотрены вариации некоторых особенностей во взаимосвязях. Помимо этого, был произведен анализ заболеваемости алкоголем, алкогольными психозами и наркоманией. В заключении были проанализированы несколько субъектов РФ, которые имели аномальные значения по каким-либо показателям, что позволило сделать итоговые выводы о имеющей взаимосвязи., The article provides a statistical analysis of the dynamics of indicators characterizing the standard of living of the population, food prices, sales of alcohol and tobacco and the incidence of the population. To begin with, the dynamics for each indicator separately was assessed. Next, the correlations were calculated and variations of some features in the relationships were considered. In addition, an analysis was made of the incidence of alcohol, alcoholic psychosis and drug addiction. In conclusion, several subjects of the Russian Federation were analyzed, which had abnormal values for some indicators, which made it possible to draw final conclusions about the existing relationship, Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 5 (154) 2023, Pages 26-39

BackgroundPsychedelic-assisted therapy [e.g., with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)] has shown promising results as treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). Previous systematic reviews assessing the efficacy of psilocybin in SUDs only included clinical trials conducted in the last 25 years, but they may have missed clinical trials assessing the efficacy of psilocybin that were conducted before the 1980s, given much research has been done with psychedelics in the mid-20th century. In this systematic review, we specifically assessed the efficacy of psilocybin in patients with a SUD or non-substance-related disorder with no publication date restrictions in our search strategy.MethodsA systematic literature search was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines from the earliest published manuscript up to September 2, 2022, in seven electronic databases, including clinical trials in patients with a SUD or non-substance-related disorder evaluating the efficacy of psilocybin.ResultsA total of four studies (six articles, of which two articles were long-term follow-up results from the same trial) were included in this systematic review. Psilocybin-assisted therapy was administered to n = 151 patients in a dose ranging from 6 to 40 mg. Three studies focused on alcohol use disorder, and one study on tobacco use disorder. In a pilot study (n = 10), the percentage of heavy drinking days decreased significantly between baseline and weeks 5–12 (mean difference of 26.0, 95% CI = 8.7–43.2, p = 0.008). In another single-arm study (n = 31), 32% (10/31) became completely abstinent from alcohol (mean duration of follow-up 6 years). In a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial (RCT, n = 95), the percentage of heavy drinking days during the 32-week double-blind period was significantly lower for psilocybin compared to placebo (mean difference of 13.9, 95% CI = 3.0–24.7, p = 0.01). In a pilot study (n = 15), the 7-day point prevalence of smoking abstinence at 26 weeks was 80% (12/15), and at 52 weeks 67% (10/15).ConclusionOnly one RCT and three small clinical trials were identified assessing the efficacy of psilocybin combined with some form of psychotherapy in patients with alcohol and tobacco use disorder. All four clinical trials indicated a beneficial effect of psilocybin-assisted therapy on SUD symptoms. Larger RCTs in patients with SUDs need to evaluate whether psilocybin-assisted therapy is effective in patients with SUD.

Məqalədə Bakı şəhərində narkotik maddələrdən istifadə edilməsini kompleks şəkildə araşdırmaq məqsədilə aparılmış tədqiqat işi haqqında məlumat verilmişdir. Bu məqsədlə 2011-2015-ci illər ərzində Respublika Narkoloji Mərkəzində Bakı şəhəri əhalisindən qeydiyyatda olan 2954 nəfər narkomaniyadan əziyyət çəkən xəstənin və narkotik məddlər qəbul edən”gizli” kontingent olan 1076 şəxsin, Respublika Toksikoloji Mərkəzində narkotik maddələrin (tiryək və heroin) istifadəsi nəticəsində zəhərlənmə və doza aşırımı ilə stasionar müalicədə olan 266 xəstənin məlumatları araşdırılmış, onların sosial-demoqrafik göstəricilərinin müqaisəli təhlili aparılmışdır. Tədqiqat göstərmişdir ki, ”gizli” kontingent olan şəxslərdə qadınların payı əhəmiyyətli dərəcədə çoxluq təşkil edir, xəstələrin böyük əksəriyyəti 21-40 yaşda olan şəxslərdir. Son 5 il ərzində Respublika Toksikoloji Mərkəzində narkoistifadəcilərin 266 nəfəri narkotik vasitələrin doza aşırımı və zəhərlənmə vəziyyətləri ilə əlaqədar stasionar müalicədə olmuş və onlardan 249 nəfər kəskin vəziyyətdən çıxaraq evə yazılmış, 17 nəfər isə aparılmış müalicə tədbirlərinə baxmayaraq ölmüşdür, yəni stasionar letallıq 6,39% təşkil etmişdir., Представлены результаты исследования, проведенного с целью определения распространенности употребления наркотических веществ в городе Баку. Проведен сравнительный анализ социально-демографических показателей 2954 лиц, жителей г. Баку, находившихся в период 2011-2015 гг. на стационарном лечении в Республиканском наркологическом центре с диагнозом наркомания и 1076 лиц, принимающих наркотические вещества, но не обращающихся за наркологической помощью. Среди обследованных больных выявлены достоверные различия: доля женщин в «скрытом» контингенте была достоверно больше, подавляющее большинство больных были в возрасте 21-40 лет. За последние 5 лет на стационарном лечении по поводу передозировки наркотиков и отравлений в Республиканском токсикологическом центре находилось 266 наркоманов, из них 249 больных вышли из острого состояния и были выписаны, 17 больных, несмотря на проведенные лечебные мероприятия скончались, т.е. стационарная летальность составила 6,39%., The results of a study aimed at determining the prevalence of drug use in the city of Baku are presented. 2954 people diagnosed with drug addiction were admitted to inpatient treatment at the Republican Narcological Center between 2011 and 2015, while 1076 people were identified as using narcotic substances but not seeking narcological help. A comparative analysis of socio-demographic indicators was carried out for the studied groups. An interesting distinction was observed among the studied patients: the proportion of women in the "hidden" group was significantly greater, and the vast majority of patients were aged 21-40. Over the last 5 years, 266 drug users received inpatient treatment for drug overdose and poisoning at the Republican Toxicology Center. Among them, one was discharged from acute condition, and one died despite the treatment measures taken, resulting in an inpatient lethality rate of 6.39%., Azerbaijan Medical Journal, Выпуск 2 2023, Pages 8-15

The COVID-19 pandemic and measures have placed various burdens on societies and individuals. Emerging evidence suggests that people in drug addiction recovery were negatively affected. This study investigates whether risk and protective factors associated with return to problematic substance use differed between the periods before and during the pandemic for those in recovery. A convenience sample of persons in drug addiction recovery for at least three months, completed an assessment at baseline before the pandemic (T0, N=367) and at two consecutive follow-ups 12 months apart (T1, N=311; T2, N=246). The final follow-up took place during the pandemic (2020-2021). We analysed rates and predictors of problematic substance use in both periods, and whether relations between predictors and problematic use differed between the periods. Rates of problematic use did not differ significantly before and during the pandemic for those who were followed-up. However, the relationship between problematic use and commitment to sobriety differed between both periods (OR=3.24, P=0.010), as higher commitment was only associated with lower odds of problematic use during (OR=0.27, P

Στόχος αυτής της μελέτης είναι να παρουσιάσει στοιχεία αναφορικά με τον «κρυφό», αφανή πληθυσμό των ενηλίκων που κάνουν προβληματική χρήση ουσιών στην Ελλάδα και να αναδείξει το ρόλο της προσέγγισης μέσω διαδικτύου. Σκοπός αυτής της διερεύνησης είναι να μελετηθεί το προφίλ αυτών των ανθρώπων και να συγκριθεί με τα χαρακτηριστικά των ατόμων που απευθύνονται στα Συμβουλευτικά Κέντρα των προγραμμάτων απεξάρτησης. Για τη μελέτη αξιοποιήθηκαν τα στοιχεία που προέκυψαν από το διαδικτυακό, ανώνυμο και αυτοχορηγούμενο ερωτηματολόγιο DUDIT της ιστοσελίδας www.drughelp.eu του Pompidou Group. Για την προσέγγιση του πληθυσμού δημιουργήθηκε ειδική σελίδα στο Facebook, η οποία προώθησε το εργαλείο μέσω ειδικής καμπάνιας με αποτέλεσμα να συλλεχθούν 687 συμπληρωμένα ερωτηματολόγια DUDIT. Για τη μελέτη αυτή χρησιμοποιήθηκε η μεθοδολογία της ποσοτικής έρευνας. Η σύγκριση των στοιχείων από τα ανώνυμα διαδικτυακά ερωτηματολόγια με τα στοιχεία του ΚΕΘΕΑ, έδειξε σημαντικά υψηλότερο ποσοστό γυναικών με προβλήματα χρήσης ουσιών όπως και χαμηλότερο μέσο όρο ηλικίας, σε σχέση με τα ποσοστά που εμφανίζονται στα Συμβουλευτικά Κέντρα. Η πλειοψηφία των ατόμων που απάντησαν δηλώνουν ως κύρια ουσία κατάχρησης την κάνναβη. Επίσης, τα ευρήματα επιβεβαιώνουν, ότι ένα πολύ μεγάλο ποσοστό των ατόμων που κάνουν προβληματική χρήση ουσιών με κύρια ουσία την κάνναβη, δεν απευθύνονται στα Συμβουλευτικά Κέντρα. Η ανωνυμία που προσφέρει το ερωτηματολόγιο μέσω διαδικτύου κινητοποίησε αλλά και διευκόλυνε τους ανθρώπους να δώσουν απαντήσεις σε ευαίσθητα προσωπικά θέματα που αφορούν τη χρήση ουσιών. Ένας μεγάλος αριθμός ατόμων φαίνεται να παρουσιάζει διαφορετικά χαρακτηριστικά από αυτά που καταγράφονται στα Συμβουλευτικά Κέντρα. Επιπλέον οι λόγοι για τους οποίους ο συγκεκριμένος πληθυσμός δεν προσεγγίζει τα Συμβουλευτικά Κέντρα, ποικίλουν. Αναδεικνύεται έτσι η ανάγκη για περαιτέρω έρευνα ώστε οι δομές αυτές να ανταποκριθούν αποτελεσματικότερα στις ανάγκες και αυτού του πληθυσμού. Όπως καταδεικνύει αυτή η μελέτη, το διαδίκτυο μπορεί να συμβάλλει σημαντικά σε αυτή την προσπάθεια., The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon issues regarding an online approach to the hidden population of adults with problematic drug use in Greece. The aim of the study is to investigate the profile of this population and compare with the profile of people who get in touch with Counseling Centers of addiction treatment programs. The study was carried out using the online, anonymous and self-administered questionnaire DUDIT, on the website www.drughelp.eu of Pompidou Group. A Facebook page was created in order to attract participants that are part of the hidden population of adult drug users, which was then promoted on the platform through a special campaign. As a result, 687 DUDIT questionnaires were filled and collected. The study was conducted using quantitative research methods. The comparison of data collected from the anonymous online questionnaires to the data provided by KETHEA, the largest rehabilitation and social reintegration network in Greece, showed a significantly higher percentage of women and young people among people who do problematic drug use, when compared to the percentage of women and young people that show up at Counseling Centers. Most participants of this online study stated that they mainly use cannabis. The findings also confirmed that a vast majority of people who use cannabis rarely contact to Counseling Centers. The anonymity of the questionnaire offered in an online environment, motivated and facilitated the participation of people who use drugs, to feel free to share more detailed and personal information regarding their drug use. A significant difference was profound when comparing the characteristics of individuals that carried out the anonymous DUDIT questionnaire, with the characteristics of individuals that have approached Counseling Centers. There are several issues that need to be explored in order to have a better understanding of the reasons that this hidden population does not approach Counseling Centers. As the paper suggests, the internet can prove to be a valuable tool in this effort.

Введение: наркомания как общемировая, комплексная, прогрессирующая проблема актуализирует разработку и внедрение новых подходов к борьбе с ней. Преступления, такие как незаконный оборот наркотических средств и психотропных веществ, в структуре общеуголовной преступности, направляют усилия сотрудников правоохранительных органов, ученых-юристов на осмысление, исследование указанной проблемы. Цель: рассмотрение отдельных теоретических и прикладных аспектов проведения профилактической и воспитательной работы уголовно-исполнительными инспекциями в отношении лиц, состоящих на их учете по ст. 228–234.1 Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации, выработка научно обоснованных предложений и рекомендаций в данной сфере. Методологическая основа: формально-юридический, абстрактно-аналитический, сравнительный, толкования норм права, структурно-функциональный методы, системный подход. Результаты: обоснована важность качественного преобразования профилактической и воспитательной работы с рассматриваемой категорией осужденных, состоящих на учете в уголовно-исполнительных инспекциях, необходимым условием которого является совершенствование действующего уголовно-исполнительного законодательства. Выводы: в ходе проведенного исследования выявлено, что целесообразно, в рамках работы с лицами, осужденными за незаконный оборот наркотических средств и психотропных веществ, взаимодействие уголовно-исполнительных инспекций с учреждениями здравоохранения в части выявления лиц, состоящих, либо ранее состоявших, на учете в наркологических диспансерах; расширение правовых средств воздействия на осужденных к штрафу, имеющих обязанность пройти курс лечения от наркомании и медицинскую и (или) социальную реабилитацию в порядке ст. 72.1 УК РФ; осуществление межведомственного взаимодействия по обследованию условий жизни осужденных по анализируемым статьям, проживающих совместно с несовершеннолетними детьми; правовая регламентация порядка воспитательной работы с осужденными без изоляции от общества., Background: drug addiction as a global, complex, progressive problem actualizes the development and implementation of new approaches to combat it. The large proportion of crimes for illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in the structure of common crime, directs the efforts of law enforcement officers and legal scholars to comprehension, research of this problem. Objective: consideration of certain theoretical and applied aspects of conducting preventive and educational work by criminal-executive inspections in relation to persons on their books under Articles 228-234.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the development of science-based proposals and recommendations in this area. Methodology: formal-legal, abstract-analytical, comparative, interpretation of legal norms, structural-functional methods, systematic approach. Results: the importance of qualitative transformation of preventive and educational work with the considered category of prisoners, registered in the criminal-executive inspections, the necessary condition of which is the improvement of the current criminal-executive legislation, was substantiated. Conclusions: the study reveals that it is advisable, as part of the work with persons convicted of illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, interaction between criminal-executive inspections and health care institutions in terms of identifying persons who are or were previously registered in drug dispensaries; expansion of legal means of influence on convicted to a fine, having the obligation to undergo treatment for drug abuse and medical and (or) social rehabilitation under Article 72.1 of the Criminal Code; implementation of inter-agency cooperation in inspecting the living conditions of convicted persons under the analyzed articles living together with underage children; legal regulation of the procedure of educational work with convicted persons without isolation from society.

Introduction: Drug addiction and its effect on the behavior and development of children has become a serious problem in our society. Methamphetamine (MA) is one of the most abused psychostimulants in the Czech Republic, and its abuse is rising worldwide. Previous studies have demonstrated the adverse long-term effects of maternal drug abuse on rat offspring. However, the father's contribution as a parent and donor of half the genetic information is unclear. Aim: First, the present study aimed to examine the effect of MA administration on male sexual behavior, locomotor activity, spermatogenesis, and testosterone level. Second, the impact of paternal MA exposure on behavioral development, locomotor activity, and social interaction in rat offspring was examined. Methods: MA was administrated for 30 days at a dose of 5 mg/kg s.c. to adult male rats (PD 90). The control group was exposed to saline (SA). During the experiments, 6-8 individuals from each group were tested. The sensorimotor development of rat pups was examined during PD 1-23. The Social play experiment was conducted with juvenile rats (PD 30). The sexual behavior, spermatogenesis, and locomotor activity of fathers and offspring were tested in adulthood. Prior to testing, adult offspring were exposed to an acute challenge dose of MA (1...

In view of the increase in drug trafficking offences committed through the use of information and telecommunications technologies, the state must seek effective ways to reduce the drug market. Counteracting illegal advertising of drugs and their marketing addresses on the Internet (Darknet) is a promising area of prevention that has been underestimated to date. The purpose of the article is to determine the main directions of Russia’s criminal policy in the field of counteracting open and veiled advertising of online stores selling drugs in a non-contact manner. Methods of statistics, content analysis of Internet resources, systemic, formal-logical and legal analysis are used. Results: illegal advertising in the area of drug trafficking is an independent direction of professional criminal activity, using marketing techniques tested in the legal economy. The advertisement of online drug stores on urban infrastructure facilities, regular websites and social media helps to expand the reach of drug users. Efforts to combat illicit drug advertising, including the criminalization of such advertising, should be part of Russia’s criminal policy.

Treating pain in burn patients with a history of opioid or drug abuse is challenging. There is no consensus on pain management for burn patients with a history of drug usage. Our aim was to study the association of previous drug addiction and the treatment of acute burn patients, focusing on daily morphine milligram equivalent (MME) requirements and outcomes. We compared patients with (group 1) and without (group 2) a drug addiction history who were admitted to an American Burn Association verified burn center using the Premier database from 2013 to 2018 (n = 3046). Primary outcome was daily MME usage. Secondary outcomes included mortality, expected mortality rate, length of stay (LOS), and number of surgeries. Linear regression was performed to predict MME usage. In total, 16.6% of patients had history of drug abuse. In unadjusted analysis, group 1 had more males (68.1% vs. 57.3%, p < 0.001) and was younger (median 47 vs. median 53, p < 0.001) compared to group 2. In the adjusted analysis, group 1 required 84.1 additional daily MME usage than group 2 (p < 0.01). Drug addiction was associated with an increased number of surgeries, LOS, and higher daily MME usage. Patients with a history of drug usage required almost 60 mg of additional oxycodone per day.

Summary. School-related health disorders are postural disorders and visual disturbances, and these disorders tend to increase during schooling. One of the reasons for this situation is the lack of awareness of parents about the factors that affect postural disorders, organizational measures to prevent the formation of these pathological conditions. The aim of the study was to determine the awareness of parents of school-age children about the prevention of school-related pathology. Materials and Methods. A survey of 1110 parents of primary school students (first and fifth grades) was conducted on the factors that contribute to the formation of deviations from the musculoskeletal system and visual organs, the organization of the child's workplace when doing homework, visual load. Results. 75 % of surveyed parents of first-graders and 66 % of surveyed parents of fifth-graders whose children have postural disorders agree that posture problems can lead to problems with the learning process. and its illumination. When analyzing the choice of student desks, the number of parents (28% of first-graders and 39% of fifth-graders) who would prefer desks with a flat work surface, as well as parents who are hesitant to answer this question (8 % - parents of first-graders and 26 % - parents of fifth-graders). Against the background of increasing deviations from the musculoskeletal system and visual organs among students from first to fifth grade, take place are unsatisfactory parental awareness of the time of use of gadgets according to age, the optimal distance to the work surface and its lighting, the optimal working position for desk and corrective gymnastics. Conclusions. The obtained data are the basis for the introduction of educational programs for parents and students whose goal is to develop sustainable knowledge and skills to prevent the development of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and visual organs.

Methylphenidate (MPD), a psychostimulant, is the first line drug for improving cognitive performance in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A non-prescription use of this drug for improving performance is also becoming increasingly known. A growing rise in its medical and nonmedical use suggests that the drug is addictive.The present study was designed to ascertain the reinforcing and withdrawal effects of clinically relevant doses of methylphenidate on cognitive behavior of normal adult rats. Potential addictive effects and withdrawal effects on cognition were also determined.Effects of MPD in improving cognition were monitored after drug administration as well as withdrawal using Morris Water Maze test. Taking behavioral sensitization as an important contributing factor of drug addiction; addictive effects of MPD were also determined. Data analysis was done on SPSS version 13 by one-way and two-way ANOVA (repeated measure design) where applicable; post hoc comparisons were done by Tukey’s test. Repeated oral administration of MPD (0.5 and 1mg/kg) for six days produced behavioral sensitization and reduced daily food intake. After six days of treatment rats were repeatedly administered/withdrawal from repeated administration of MPD to investigate effects of MPD on cognitive behaviors. Results showed an improvement in cognition in rats repeatedly administered with MPD (0.5 and 1 mg/kg). Whereas, withdrawal from repeated administration of MPD impaired short term memory, long term memory and memory retention. Doses of MPD which improve learning and memory are potentially addictive and elicit behavioral sensitization. Use of drug in healthy subjects can impair performance below basal levels particularly in drug withdrawal conditions.

It is necessary to find a mechanism that generates first-person inner sensation of pleasure to understand what causes addiction and associated behaviour by drugs of abuse. The actual mechanism is expected to explain several disparate findings in nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain region associated with pleasure, in an interconnected manner. Previously, it was possible to derive a mechanism for natural learning and explain: (1) Generation of inner sensation of memory using changes generated by learning; and (2) Long-term potentiation as an experimental delayed scaled-up change by the same mechanism that occur during natural learning. By extending these findings and by using disparate third person observations in NAc from several studies, present work provides a framework of a mechanism that generates internal sensation of pleasure that can provide interconnected explanations for: (1) Ability to induce robust long-term depression (LTD) in NAc from naïve animals; (2) Impaired ability to induce LTD in "addicted" state; (3) Attenuation of postsynaptic potentials by cocaine; and (4) Reduced firing of medium spiny neurons in response to cocaine or dopamine. Findings made by this work are testable.

The Republic of Azerbaijan has all the opportunities and potential to combat drug trafficking and the spread of drug addiction. Political, socio-economic stability achieved as a result of the selfless efforts of the President of the country, institutional reforms carried out in various fields, the legal framework built on the basis of international standards, ancient history, national customs and traditions, the rich culture of the Azerbaijani people are one of such foundations.

Introduction. This article is devoted to the review of scientific concepts concerning the problem of immigrant’s adaptation for the permanent residence in another state. Purpose. The presented article is intended to theoretically generalize and reveal the issue of adaptation in emigration, its prerequisites, and outline the consequences of maladaptation. Originality. The notion of «an immigrant», «migration» and «immigration» is found and outlined. The characteristics of an emigrant «social adaptation» and «social exclusion» as well as their phases and factors are fully presented. The categories that are difficult to adapt, like elderly people and teenagers are defined. The basic psychological problems of emigrated people are analyzed. They include mental or cultural difficulties; adaptation to new conditions of life; loss of emotional ties. It has been found that such factors as communication, motivation, dedication, perseverance, self-control, resistance to nerve stress etc. play vital role in the adaptation of an immigrant. The process of adaptation is diametrically characterized by rapid adaptation and lowering the emotional spirit, deep depression that might follow the alcoholism, drug addiction, mental disorders and somatic diseases. Conclusion. It was proved the efficiency of using the method of active socialpsychological study in terms of adaptation ofimmigrants to the newenvironment. By analyzing the tendencies of unconscious psyche (infantile tendencies, tendencies towards psychological death and psychological impotence), we found the subject to adapt to the harsh conditions. It is found the group activities aiming to clarify the preconditions of deep psychological difficulties on adapting of immigrants, helps to identify the unconscious problems that exacerbate in these situations and create cases of maladaptive behavior., Стаття присвячена огляду наукових концепцій проблеми адаптації емігрантів до проживання в іншій країні. Розкрито поняття «емігрант», «міграція», «імміграція» та окреслено їх сутність. Представлено характеристики «соціальної адаптації» та «соціальної дезадаптації» емігранта, її фази та чинники. Визначено категорії суб’єктів, що найбільш складно адаптуються в еміграції, серед яких люди похилого віку та підлітки. Проаналізовано основні психологічні проблеми суб’єктів, що знаходяться в еміграції, до яких відносяться: ментальні або культурні труднощі; адаптація у нових умовах життя; втрата емоційних зв’язків. З’ясовано, що суттєву роль в адаптації емігранта відіграють такі чинники як: комунікативність, вмотивованість, цілеспрямованість, наполегливість, самоконтроль, стійкість до нервових перенапружень тощо. Для процесу адаптації характерні полярності від швидкої адаптації до зниження емоційного тонусу і глибокої депресії, яка може виявлятися у залежностях (алкоголізм, наркоманія, ігроманія тощо), психічних розладах та соматичних захворюваннях. Доведено ефективність використання методу активного соціально-психологічного навчання у контексті адаптації емігрантів до нового середовища. Шляхом здійснення аналізу несвідомих тенденцій психіки (інфантильні тенденції, тенденція до психологічної смерті та психологічної імпотенції) суб’єкт стає більш адаптованим до плинних умов життя. Встановлено, що групова діяльність, яка спрямована на з’ясування глибинно-психологічних передумов труднощів адаптації емігранта, сприяє виявленню неусвідомлюваних проблем, які загострюються у кризовій ситуації та створюють виникнення дезадаптивних форм поведінки.

(1) Background: This study aimed to explore the dynamics of meaning-making among drug addicts during drug addiction recovery by using a case study approach. The participants were five male recovering addicts, aged 26 to 49 years, who had been abstinent for 4 to 17 years; (2) Methods: Data collection consisted of in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using the Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Questionnaire, Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), Beck’s Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and recovery stage criteria based on the Developmental Model of Recovery (DMR). (3) Results: The results showed that meaning making was an ongoing process before and during the use of drugs and recovery. Drug use was a coping strategy to overcome distress caused by ACE, which was perceived as a stressful event and brought up an implicit meaning of ACE. This initial meaning played an essential role in initiating the dynamics of the subsequent meaning-making process. A similar mechanism using non-constructive adaptation processes other negative impacts of drug use. They created more distress and developed false-positive beliefs, which resulted in continued drug use. Symptoms of depression occur during drug use, which drags the addict to the lowest point in life (hitting rock bottom), and addicts perceive it as a turning point for seeking treatment and attaining recovery. In complete recovery, reappraising the meaning of the stressors experienced throughout life makes new constructive meaning. Creating a constructive meaning of earliest traumatic experiences played an important role in preventing relapse and ensuring the success of recovery from drug addiction.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate whether progression from first drug use to crack-cocaine use differs according to gender, and whether the report of sexual or physical violence impacts the time of progression. Methods: We interviewed 896 crack-cocaine users (548 men; 348 women) from addiction treatment units. Cox regression models evaluated the time of progression from first drug use to crack use. We analyzed gender differences according to the absence or presence of sexual or physical violence, also considering whether violence, when present, had occurred before or after the onset of crack use. Results: Women presented a faster progression to crack use regardless of exposure to sexual or physical violence (p o 0.05). Compared to unexposed men, there was a similar progression for men exposed to sexual or physical violence before the first use of crack (p = 0.167 and p = 0.393, respectively). In both genders, we observed a faster progression among individuals exposed to these types of violence after the onset of crack use (p o 0.01). Conclusions: We found a faster progression to crack use among women and among individuals exposed to sexual and physical violence after the onset of crack use. These results encourage differentiated treatment strategies, focused on gender and individual characteristics.

Drug addiction is considered as a global epidemic which drastically affects millions of people worldwide, damaging an individual’s physiological, social, and psychological facets. One of the constructs that has been determined as an essential factor in the development of a variety of addictive behaviors is self-regulation. It plays an important role in predicting, maintaining, and treating addiction. In this study, the efficacy of Desensitization of Triggers and Urge Reprocessing (DeTUR), an Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) addiction protocol, in improving self-regulation was tested among fourteen (14) in-house clients of two drug treatment and rehabilitation centers using sequential explanatory mixed method research design wherein Self-regulation Inventory-Short Version (SRI-S) and individual interviews were employed. Results explicitly proved that self-regulation scores obtained significantly differed before, after, and even the delivery of delayed posttest using the EMDR as an intervention. The study confirmed that EMDR enhances the clients’ self-regulations (Overall SRI) and the sub-areas: positive actions, controllability, expressions of feelings and needs, assertiveness, and well-being seeking. Themes generated using thematic analysis further established a basis for the efficacy of EMDR.Keywords: drug addiction, self-regulation, Eye-movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR), Desensitization of Triggers and Urge Reprocessing (DeTUR)

Taking different types of addictive drugs such as methamphetamine, heroin, and mixed drugs causes brain functional Changes. Based on the prefrontal functional near-infrared spectroscopy, this study was designed with an experimental paradigm that included the induction of resting and drug addiction cravings. Hemoglobin concentrations of 30 drug users (10 on methamphetamine, 10 on heroin, and 10 on mixed type) were collected. For these three types of individuals, the convolutional neural networks (CNN) was designed to classify eight Brodmann areas and the entire prefrontal area, and the average accuracy of the three classifications on each functional area was obtained. As a result, the classification accuracy was lower on the left side than on the right in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of the drug users, while it was higher on the left than on the right in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), frontopolar prefrontal cortex (FPC), and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Then the differences in eight functional areas between the three types of individuals were statistically analyzed, and results showed significant differences in the right VLPFC and right OFC.

Adolescent addiction is a serious social problem, considering the significant danger posed by drugs to the health of the younger generation and the social situation at large. Much of the family's lack of attention to the problems of the younger generation has led to the emergence of adolescent drug addiction and the spread of this phenomenon in modern society. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the alarming rate of spread of adolescent drug addiction in society and the decline in the average age of adolescents who have tried drugs for the first time. Purpose: to identify the root causes of adolescent drug addiction in families and to create methods to prevent this phenomenon. Material and methods: The main method of research is the method of analysis, which was used to comprehensively address the issue of adolescent drug addiction in the family, in particular the causes and consequences of this phenomenon. With the help of quantitative-analytical and logical research methods, the factors that motivate young people to use drugs, despite the obvious threat to their health and life, were comprehensively considered and described. Results: Authors identify the main factors that push modern adolescents to start using drugs, the role of the family in such a phenomenon, the types of relations within families where adolescent addiction develops. The types of family relations and the nature of intra-family relations, in which adolescent drug use begins, are revealed. The paper describes the proposed measures to prevent adolescent drug addiction, which should be used to stop the spread of this phenomenon in society. The applied value of this study is to determine the causes of adolescent drug addiction in the family and to develop measures to prevent the occurrence of this phenomenon and its further spread in society. Conclusions: Adolescent drug addiction is a serious social problem, the roots of which should be sought in each particular family where the adolescent who started taking drugs was born and raised. The causes of drug addiction in modern families are due to a significant amount of social and psychological factors. The issue of adolescent drug addiction in the family should be considered comprehensively, with reference to the place and role of the family in society. In addition, the involvement of adolescents in sports displaces drugs and contributes to their complete elimination from life. By identifying the main social and psychological aspects that motivate modern adolescents to use drugs, it is possible to create conditions to prevent a situation in society in which drug use by Ukrainian adolescents, in general, would be possible.

Interpersonal relationships characterized by high levels of trust provide greater access to social capital. However, individuals with a history of drug addiction face obstacles developing trusting relationships because they are perceived by others as unreliable or dangerous. This project will test whether individuals are less likely to trust someone who has struggled with substance addiction. It will also test if challenging the participant's stereotype of a drug addict reduces distrust toward this population.

" Nisha Mukti " means Drug De-Addiction. Nistha - Drug De-Addiction Center ( Ph. 09861027590 ) - Since 1997 at Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India . " Nistha " is a Drug Addiction Research Center Having wonderful papers .

This study analyzes if having a history of drug addiction reduces social support.

Clinical case report of a patient who suffered ischemic stroke (CVA) after abuse of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), presenting disinhibition syndrome. A 43-year-old male patient, without comorbidities, but with a history of severe drug addiction, presented a sudden neurological deficit after LSD abuse. Evolved with severe headache, followed by syncope. Upon awakening, he presented a deviation of the labial rhyme to the right and left hemiparesis. Cranial computed tomography ruled out bleeding, hypodensity, or cerebral edema. A stroke was hypothesized and thrombolysis with Alteplase was performed 1 hour after the onset of symptoms. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit, where there was a picture of sequelae in the frontal region, manifested as disinhibition syndrome, establishing inappropriate and depraved verbal contact, with erotization of sexual disinhibition. Family members reported that the patient had an unrecognizable personality, compared to before the brain event. Behavioral syndromes caused by stroke are rare, thus, the follow-up of this case was relevant, since in addition to not finding another case of stroke caused by LSD abuse in the literature, the emergence of disinhibition syndrome was verified as a symptomatic manifestation. Caso clínico de un paciente que sufrió un ictus isquémico (ACV) tras el abuso de dietilamida del ácido lisérgico (LSD), presentando síndrome de desinhibición. Paciente varón de 43 años, sin comorbilidades, pero con antecedentes de drogodependencia grave, que presenta un déficit neurológico súbito tras abuso de LSD. Evolucionó con cefalea intensa, seguida de síncope. Al despertar presenta desviación de la rima labial a hemiparesia derecha e izquierda. La tomografía computarizada de cráneo descartó sangrado, hipodensidad o edema cerebral. Se planteó la hipótesis de un ictus y se realizó trombólisis con Alteplasa 1 hora después del início de los síntomas. La paciente fue trasladada a la unidad de cuidados intensivos, donde presentó cuadro de secuelas en región frontal, manifestado como síndrome de desinhibición, establecimiento de contacto verbal inadecuado y depravado, con erotización de desinhibición sexual. Los familiares informaron que el paciente tenía una personalidad irreconocible, en comparación con antes del evento cerebral. Los síndromes conductuales causados por ictus son raros, por lo que el seguimiento de este caso fue relevante, ya que además de no encontrar en la literatura otro caso de ictus causado por abuso de LSD, se verificó la aparición del síndrome de desinhibición como manifestación sintomática. Relato de caso clínico de paciente que sofreu acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico (AVCi) após abuso do uso de Dietilamida do Ácido Lisérgico (LSD), apresentando síndrome da desinibição. Paciente masculino de 43 anos, sem comorbidades, mas com histórico de drogadição intensa, apresentou déficit neurológico súbito após abuso do uso de LSD. Evoluiu com cefaleia de forte intensidade, seguida de síncope. Ao despertar, apresentou desvio de rima labial para direita e hemiparesia esquerda. A tomografia computadorizada de crânio descartou sangramento, hipodensidade ou edema cerebral. Foi aventada hipótese de AVCi e realizada trombólise com Alteplase após 1 hora do início dos sintomas. O paciente foi transferido para a unidade de terapia intensiva, onde observou-se um quadro de sequela na região frontal, manifesta como síndrome da desinibição, estabelecendo contato verbal inadequado e depravado, com erotização de desinibição sexual. Familiares relataram que o paciente se encontrava com personalidade irreconhecível, em comparação a antes do evento cerebral. Síndromes comportamentais causadas por AVC são raras, assim, o acompanhamento desse caso foi relevante, pois além de não se encontrar na literatura outro caso de AVC causado por abuso de LSD, verificou-se o surgimento da síndrome da desinibição como manifestação sintomática.

The relevance of the article is due to the importance for making managerial decisions to counteract the spread of the use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances by the population or its individual groups not for medical purposes. In this vein, the article implements the goal of assessing the state of the drug situation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory as one of the most important components of the social security of the region in the context of analyzing the results of a sociological study conducted during the annual monitoring of this situation in 2021, according to a single generally accepted methodology. The article also used separate research results from previous years, starting from 2017, to assess the dynamics and direction of the drug situation in the region. The author notes the relative stability of the drug situation and the level of drug addiction in the Krasnoyarsk Territory over the past years. It remains relevant for the region to increase the level of anti-drug culture, to activate and improve the activities of various subjects of anti-narcotic prevention to counteract the spread of drug addiction, including the search for effective forms and methods of suppressing the use of drug distributors, etc., Актуальность статьи обусловлена важностью для принятия управленческих решений по противодействию распространению употребления наркотитческих средств и психотропных веществ населением или отдельными его группами не в медицинских целях. В данном ключе в статье реализуется цель оценки состояния наркоситуации в Красноярском крае как одной из важнейших составляющих социальной безопасности региона в контексте анализа результатов социологического исследования, проведенного в ходе ежегодного мониторинга данной ситуации в 2021 г. по единой общепринятой методике. В статье использовались для оценки динамики и направленности наркоситуации в регионе также отдельные результаты исследований прошлых лет, начиная с 2017 г. Автор отмечает относительную стабильность наркоситуации и уровня наркотизма в Красноярском крае на протяжении последних лет. Для региона остается актуальным повышение уровня антинаркотической культуры, активизация и совершенствование деятельности различных субъектов анатинаркотической профилактики по противодействию распространению наркомании, включая поиск эффективных форм и методов пресечения использования наркораспространителями и потребителями сети Интернет на рынке наркотиков. Результаты исследований представляют интерес для субъектов антинаркотической политики региона, для выработки управленческих решений по обеспечению наркобезопасности региона.

Background: Health care provision during the COVID-19 pandemic and confinement has led to significant changes in the activity of addiction centers. These changes in healthcare activity may have had a greater impact on patients with dual pathology. The aim of this study is to compare the treatment indicators of patients with dual pathology in addiction centers during the preconfinement, confinement, and post-confinement periods. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted for the period between 1 February 2019 and 30 June 2021. A total of 2785 patients treated in specialized addiction services were divided into three periods according to their time of admission: pre-confinement, confinement, and post-confinement. Results: During the prepandemic period, the addiction centers attended to an average of 121.3 (SD = 23.58) patients, decreasing to 53 patients during confinement (SD = 19.47), and 80.69 during the post-confinement period (SD = 15.33). The number of appointments scheduled monthly for each patient decreased during the confinement period, although this number increased after confinement. There was a reduction in the number of toxicological tests carried out both during and after confinement (except for alcohol). Conclusions: The results show a reduction in the number of patients seen and the care activity delivered to dual diagnosis patients. These results, which were caused by the COVIDpreventive measures, may affect the progress and recovery of dual patients. A greater investment is needed to bring the care activity up to the standards of the years prior to confinement, This work was supported by the grant “COMPARA: Psychiatric Comorbidity in Addictions and Outcomes in Andalusia. Modelización a través de Big Data”, project P20-00735 of the Andalusian Research, Development, and Innovation Plan, provided by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (EU) and Junta de Andalucía (Spain). This study has been carried out thanks to the transfer of data by the Department of Equality, Social Policies, and Conciliation of the Junta de Andalucía

El estudio que se lleva a cabo en este trabajo tiene un doble objetivo. En primer lugar, se ofrece un detallado análisis de las causas del despido disciplinario recogidas en el artículo 54.2 del Estatuto de los Trabajadores (ET) y su conexión con los deberes laborales del trabajador previstos en el artículo 5, desde la revisión de la jurisprudencia y de la doctrina científica. En segundo lugar, se pretende determinar si el listado de las causas del artículo. 54.2 del ET es abierto o si, por el contrario, puede hablarse de un listado cerrado en el que deben “encajar” todos los despidos disciplinarios. The study carried out in this paper has a twofold objective. Firstly, it offers a detailed analysis of the grounds for disciplinary dismissal set out in article 54.2 of the Workers' Statute and its connection with the employee's employment duties set out in article 5, based on a review of case law and scientific doctrine. Secondly, the aim is to determine if the list of causes in article 54.2 of the Workers' Statute is open or whether, on the contrary, it can be considered a closed list in which all disciplinary dismissals must "fit". 2021-22

This research aims to examine the issue of chemical dependence and the occurrences of epigenetic changes, highlighting its relevance in the clinical care of illegal drug users. For that, a systematic literature review was carried out, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) model. An electronic search for articles was performed in the databases: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL); EBSCOhost, EMBASE; Latindex; Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS); Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/PubMed (MEDLINE); Science Direct, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science, with the descriptors "epigenetics AND illicit drugs AND addiction OR dependence AND mental disorders AND genetic predisposition OR genetic susceptibility”, chosen in consultation with DeCS and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH). A search strategy resulted in 532 studies. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 articles published from 2008 to 2021 in national and international literature were analyzed. This review contributes to direct future research. A greater understanding of the complexities of the epigenome and the unravelling of the effects and contributions of disease states versus drugs of abuse is crucial to the development of new clinical therapies. Epigenetic therapy holds great promise for treating complex diseases and personalized interventions, including psychiatric illnesses. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo examinar la cuestión de la dependencia química y la ocurrencia de cambios epigenéticos, destacando su relevancia en la atención clínica de los usuarios de drogas ilícitas. Por lo tanto, el método utilizado comprendió una revisión sistemática de la literatura, según el modelo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica de artículos en las siguientes bases de datos: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL); EBSCOhost, EMBASE; Latindex; Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS); Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/PubMed (MEDLINE); Science Direct, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science, con los descriptores"epigenetics AND illicit drugs AND addiction OR dependence AND mental disorders AND genetic predisposition OR genetic susceptibility”, elegidos después de consultar el DeCS y Medical Subject Heading (MeSH). La estrategia de búsqueda resultó en 532 estudios. Siguiendo los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se analizaron 22 artículos publicados entre 2008 y 2021 en la literatura nacional e internacional. Los estudios revelaron cambios epigenéticos asociados a las drogas ilícitas. Finalmente, esta revisión contribuye para dirigir la investigación futura. Una mayor comprensión de las complejidades del epigenoma y la separación de los efectos y las contribuciones de los estados de enfermedad frente a las drogas ilícitas es crucial para el desarrollo de nuevas terapias clínicas. La terapia epigenética es muy prometedora para el tratamiento de enfermedades complejas y intervenciones personalizadas, incluyendo enfermedades psiquiátricas. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo examinar a questão da dependência química e as ocorrências de modificações epigenéticas, evidenciando sua relevância no cuidado clínico aos usuários de drogas ilícitas. Para tanto, o método utilizado compreendeu uma revisão sistemática da literatura, de acordo com o modelo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Foi realizada busca eletrônica de artigos nas bases de dados: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL); EBSCOhost, EMBASE; Latindex; Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS); Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/PubMed (MEDLINE); Science Direct, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science, com os descritores "epigenetics AND illicit drugs AND addiction OR dependence AND mental disorders AND genetic predisposition OR genetic susceptibility”, escolhidos mediante consulta ao DeCS e Medical Subject Heading (MeSH). A estratégia de busca resultou em 532 estudos. Seguindo os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram analisados 22 artigos publicados entre 2008 e 2021 na literatura nacional e internacional. Os estudos revelaram alterações epigenéticas associadas a drogas ilícitas. Por fim, esta revisão contribui para direcionar pesquisas futuras. Uma maior compreensão das complexidades do epigenoma e do desemaranhamento dos efeitos e contribuições dos estados de doença versus drogas ilícitas é crucial para o desenvolvimento de novas terapêuticas clínicas. A terapêutica epigenética é uma grande promessa para o tratamento de doenças complexas e intervenções personalizadas, incluindo doenças psiquiátricas.

Adolescence is a critical stage of life in the triangle of education, family, and peers for young people. During adolescence, young people might need to overcome many hassles and fluctuations. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the levels of trust in God and some variables such as education levels, mother’s literacy, family unity, drug addiction, having a close friend at the correctional facility, repetitive crime, and experience of running away from home in male juvenile delinquents. This study is an associational research and the population of the study was 500 male adolescents who were in the Ankara Sincan Youth Closed Prison and Correctional Center, Turkey. 389 male adolescents were selected from the research population through purposeful sampling as the sample. In this study, the attitudes of the sample were measured by the Scale of the Image of God. The questions were asked in a closed-ended way, and the data was analyzed by using the SPSS software (version 22). T-Test and ANOVA were utilized to compare the means. The data revealed that the levels of the trust in God of the adolescents differed depending on using addictive substances, repetitive crime, criminal peers, and education level. The male adolescents whose close friends were in prison, those who used drugs, those who were involved in repetitive crimes, and those who had a low education level had a lower level of trust in God than others. It has been deduced that the social environment of adolescents can be consequential in the development of religious perceptions, and that negative life experiences, as well as adverse social conditions, inhibit the development of trust in God.

The study aimed to verify the discriminant capacity of the factors of the Clinical Dimensional Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2) in the identification of people with substance dependence, as well as to compare this capacity with another instrument that evaluates pathological traits, the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). The sample was composed of 253 adults distributed in three groups: community sample, represented by 110 individuals with ages between 20 and 66 years (M = 32.3; SD = 10,1), 71.8% women; subclinical, 119 individual aged from 18 to 63 (M = 30.4; SD = 8.34), 61.3% women; clinical, 24 individual with ages between 19 and 59 (M = 36,4; SD = 11.2), 83.3% men. Two scales for substance dependence identification were administered (AUDIT and ASSIST), IDCP-2, and PID-5. Findings indicated that IDCP-2 is capable of discriminating between groups, mainly the extreme ones (i.e., clinical sample versus community sample). Moreover, similar discriminant capacity between IDCP-2 and PID-5 was observed. These findings are preliminary evidence that the IDCP-2 factors can identify people with substance dependence, with Hopelessness being the leading factor in the assessment of substance dependents.

This preliminary study aimed to examine how engaging the family in addiction treatment affects sub-stance use and treatment compliance in patients who applied to the Green Crescent Consultancy Cen-ter (YEDAM). Using causal comparison model, 148 family members (mother, father, siblings, and/or spouse) of 214 patients with drug/alcohol addiction who applied to YEDAM between January 2016 and June 2017 participated in the study. Self-reports of the individuals were taken into account in the evaluation of alcohol/substance use or non-use for people with addiction. Compliance with the treat-ment was measured in the form of the rates of retention and drop-out for each individual. Individuals whose families attended 2 or lesser sessions abstained from substance use at a rate of 24.8%, whereas this rate was found to be 41% when they attended 3 or more sessions. When the families attended 2 or fewer sessions, it did not have an effect on treatment drop-out. When families attended 3 or more sessions, the rate of continuing treatment was 2.3 times higher. As the number of sessions attended by the family members increased, the duration of not using substance increased. This also enhanced treatment compliance and decreased the rate of dropping out of treatment. Even with some limitations as a preliminary study, this research underlines the importance of family engagement in the course of the addiction treatment.

Accurately identifying persons with addiction is critically important for effectively targeting treatment and harm reduction interventions. Misdiagnosis of addictive disorders can lead to a cascade of negative outcomes, including stigma, discontinuation of needed medications, undue scrutiny of both patients and physicians, and even criminal consequences. A recent study raises significant concerns about the accuracy of diagnosis code data, likely rooted in confusingly-worded International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 codes and a general misunderstanding of the difference between addiction and physiologic dependence. It is hardly surprising that physicians frequently mislabel patients when the ICD terms used to code for addiction are themselves misleading. ICD codes have not been updated to reflect current understanding of addiction, unlike those in the DSM-5. To explore this issue further, this commentary briefly discusses new information regarding coding data inaccuracies, how coding inaccuracies can lead to misdiagnosis, and the dangers of conflating “addiction” with “dependence.” The commentary concludes with a call for the ICD to update their codes to reflect current understanding of addiction.Key messagesIt is not surprising that physicians frequently conflate patients with “addiction” and “dependence” when the ICD terms used to code for addiction are themselves misleading.ICD codes have not been updated to reflect what we know about the nature of addiction, unlike those in the DSM-5.This commentary calls for the ICD to update their codes to reflect current understanding of addiction.

The ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins are a family of membrane-associated proteins known to play roles in cell-shape determination as well as in signaling pathways. We have previously shown that amphetamine decreases phosphorylation levels of these proteins in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), an important neuronal substrate mediating rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. In the present study, we further examined what molecular pathways may be involved in this process. By direct microinjection of LY294002, a PI3 kinase inhibitor, or of S9 peptide, a proposed GSK3β activator, into the NAcc core, we found that phosphorylation levels of ERM as well as of GSK3β in this site are simultaneously decreased. These results indicate that ERM proteins are under the regulation of Akt-GSK3β signaling pathway in the NAcc core. The present findings have a significant implication to a novel signal pathway possibly leading to structural plasticity in relation with drug addiction.

Introduction: Aneurysms in the upper limb, especially those in the brachial artery, are rare when compared with other peripheral arterial aneurysms. Most of these are pseudoaneurysms caused by trauma, including iatrogenic trauma, previous surgery and drug abuse. True aneurysms may be due to congenital connective tissue abnormalities, Kawasaki syndrome, Buerger’s disease and repetitive trauma, or to be idiopathic. Case description: Male patient, 39 years old. Drug addict, in a methadone program, followed by the treatment team for the withdrawal of narcotic drugs. He went to the hospital emergency department for a right axillary abscess, after having been injected for heroin consumption, having been medicated and indicated for follow-up by his attending physician. After about a month, a pulsatile swelling was detected in the punctured site, which revealed a true aneurysmatic formation of the brachial artery, having been referred for vascular surgery consultation and submitted to surgical intervention. Conclusions: A true aneurysm of the brachial artery was found, contrary to what would be expected, a pseudoaneurysm, given that there was a penetrating trauma, which is, therefore, an even rarer occurrence and which raises the doubt if there would be, for example, any underlying vascular or atherosclerotic inflammatory disease.This case also reinforces the importance of cooperation between the family health unit and other multidisciplinary services, such as the treatment team for the withdrawal of narcotic drugs and the Vascular Surgery service. Introdução: Os aneurismas no membro superior, especialmente os da artéria braquial, são raros quando comparados com outros aneurismas arteriais periféricos. A maioria destes são pseudo-aneurismas causados por traumatismo, incluindo trauma iatrogénico, cirurgia anterior e abuso de drogas. Os aneurismas verdadeiros podem-se dever a anormalidades congénitas do tecido conjuntivo, síndrome de Kawasaki, doença de Buerger e trauma repetitivo, ou serem idiopáticos. Descrição do caso: Utente do sexo masculino, 39 anos. Toxicodependente, em programa de metadona, seguido na equipa de tratamento para a desabituação de estupefacientes. Recorreu ao Serviço de urgência hospitalar por abcesso axilar direito, após se ter injetado para consumo de heroína, tendo sido medicado e com indicação para seguimento no seu médico assistente. Passado cerca de um mês detetou-se uma tumefação pulsátil no local puncionado, que se veio a revelar uma formação aneurismática verdadeira da artéria braquial, tendo sido referenciado para consulta de Cirurgia Vascular e submetido a intervenção cirúrgica. Conclusões: Encontrou-se um aneurisma verdadeiro da artéria braquial, ao contrário do que seria expetável, um pseudo- aneurisma, dado que houve um trauma penetrante, tratando-se, portanto de uma ocorrência ainda mais rara e que levanta a dúvida se haveria por exemplo alguma doença inflamatória vascular ou aterosclerótica subjacente.Este caso vem reforçar também a importância que existe na cooperação entre a unidade de saúde familiar e os outros serviços multidisciplinares, como a equipa de tratamento para a desabituação de estupefacientes e o serviço de Cirurgia Vascular.

Substance abuse or drug abuse are broad terms that refers to the use of any substances i.e. alcohol, Illegal drugs, prescription drugs, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, tobacco products, inhalant, narcotic and cannabis in excessive amounts. Now-a-days drug abuse is one of the burning problems in India. Some myths are encouraging the youth to have drugs, alcohol and tobacco products. The present study tested the knowledge levels of the graduate students on the social, psychological and economical myths and facts about substance abuse. The study adopted the convenience sampling method and collected the data from 317 graduate students. The data were collected through a questionnaire shared via Google form. There are some myths strongly believed by the student youth i.e. 29.3 per cent of the respondents answered that the drug addicts are homeless, unemployed, or basically losers which is a myth. And 45.4 per cent of the respondents answered that most of the addicted people get their first dose of a drug from a drug peddler or a drug pusher which is a myth. Most of the time, their friends, and relatives contact them to have substances. And 41.0 per cent of the respondents answered that the beer doesn’t have much alcohol which is a myth. Drinking beer leads gradually to hard liquor which leads to addiction. The government and non-governmental organisations should increase the awareness levels among the student youth. The parents should have a careful eye on the day to day activities of their children to prevent drug abuse. Keywords: youth, substance abuse, drug addiction, myths and facts. Title: Myths and Facts of Substance Abuse: A Study on Graduate Students Author: Dr. S. Haranath, Dr. Mutluri Abraham International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Vol. 10, Issue 2, April 2022 - June 2022 Page No: 182-189 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 13-May-2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6546222 Paper Download Link (Source): https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/myths-and-facts-of-substance-abuse-a-study-on-graduate-students, International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research , ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online), Research Publish Journals (Publisher), Website: www.researchpublish.com, {"references":["[1]\tAlan I. Leshner (2021), \"Exploring Myths about Drug Abuse\", Director, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, retrieved on 03.05.2022 from https://archives.drugabuse.gov/exploring-myths-about-drug-abuse","[2]\tCranford, J. A., Eisenberg, D., & Serras, A. M. (2009). Substance use behaviours, mental health problems, and use of mental health services in a probability sample of college students. Addictive behaviours, 34(2), 134-145.","[3]\tEvan Senreich & Shulamith Lala A. Straussner (2013) The Effect of MSW Education on Students' Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Substance Abusing Clients, Journal of Social Work Education, 49:2, 321-336, DOI: 10.1080/ 10437797.2013.768485","[4]\tJasmine Shaikh and Pallavi Suyog Uttekar, 2021) What Is the Difference between Drug Abuse and Substance Abuse, Medicine net, retrieved on 01.05.2022 from https://www.medicinenet.com/difference_between_drug_and_ substance_abuse/article.htm","[5]\tKumesa ST, Mohammed MA, Gebremariam ET, Gelaw BK, Seifu MF, et al. (2015) The Prevalence and Pattern of Social Drug Abuse Among Students of Rift Valley University College, Bishoftu Campus, 2014, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. J Pharma Care Health Sys 2: 131. doi:10.4172/2376-0419.1000131","[6]\tVenturelli, P. J. (2000). Drugs in Schools: Myths and Realities. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 567, 72–87. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1049495"]}

Euphoria—the most tweeted-about TV show of the decade in the U.S. [1]— has brought teenage drug use into the public spotlight. The show follows the troubled life of 17-year-old Rue, a drug addict fresh from rehab who has no plans to stay clean. Rue's battles with mental illness and addiction are not unusual, and her predisposition to self-medicate with dangerous drugs, particularly painkillers, is not at all out of the ordinary. This is a reality that many young addicts face today, and many people struggling with a substance use disorder can relate to Rue’s story [2]. The creator, Sam Levinson, utilizes Rue's character to raise awareness and empathy for difficult topics such as substance abuse and mental health. As someone with a past substance use disorder (SUD), he felt it was important to demonstrate the relief that drugs can bring to someone suffering from anxiety or depression - as well as the emotional turmoil that they can cause [2]. Euphoria depicts the pain that comes with drug abuse, as well as the constant need to continue using drugs despite the pain.

В статье представлены результаты исследования уровня потребности в занятиях физической культурой и здоровом образе жизни., The scientific literature contains many definitions of health, among which the most common are the following: 1) a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being; 2) a set of physical and spiritual abilities possessed by the organism, personality; 3) an integral multidimensional dynamic state that allows a person to exercise his biological and social functions to varying degrees.