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A review of: - Methodologies, methods and tools used for the construction and evaluation of food ontologies - Integration of food ontologies in real world application to solve real world problems

Ontologies contain an abundance of concepts, are frequently structured as hierarchies, and can cover different domains of knowledge. Polysemous concepts need to be disambiguated for annotation purposes, for example, a concept such as depression has a different meaning in the fields of psychology and economics. In this paper, we introduce the use of the maximum mean discrepancy to indicate whether sets of concepts sharing the same meaning should be merged. This method is a novel approach to ontology maintenance because it provides an objective metric that supports the decision-making of subject matter experts during the concept evaluation process. Our objective is thus to assist ontology maintenance, in particular the organization of concepts, through an analysis framework that gives insights into the polysemy of concepts.

Isolated intra-articular radial head (IARH) fractures in skeletally immature patients represent a rare injury. Despite their initial benign radiologic appearance, these fractures are at risk for progressive radial head subluxation and may end with degenerative irreversible changes of the radiocapitellar joint. The aim of this study is to highlight the seriousness of these injuries and the importance of early diagnosis and a proper follow-up to achieve optimal outcomes.

International audience; The extraction of the relevant and debated opinions from online social media and commercial websites is an emerging task in the opinion mining research field. Its growing relevance is mainly due to the impact of exploiting such techniques in different application domains from social science analysis to personal advertising. In this demo, we present our opinion summary application built on top of an ar-gumentation framework, a standard AI framework whose value is to exchange, communicate and resolve possibly conflicting viewpoints in distributed scenarios. We show how our application is able to extract relevant and debated opinions from a set of documents containing user-generated content from online commercial websites.

International audience; Opinion Mining is a topic which attracted a lot of interest in the last years. By observing the literature, it is often hard to replicate system evaluation due to the unavailability of the data used for the evaluation or to the lack of details about the protocol used in the campaign. In this paper, we propose an evaluation protocol, called DRANZIERA, composed of a multi-domain dataset and guidelines allowing both to evaluate opinion mining systems in different contexts (Closed, Semi-Open, and Open) and to compare them to each other and to a number of baselines.

Text-based and semantics-based methods are both studied intensively as methods for document retrieval. In order to gain insight in the respective merits of these two approaches, we have performed a controlled experiment where we executed a real-life task using both textbased and semantics-based techniques. To maximise the lessons that we could draw about the two approaches, we have performed an experiment where we used the same task (searching papers from the scientific literature needed for updating a medical guideline), the same test-case (updating the 2004 Dutch national breast-cancer guideline), the same gold standard (the updated 2012 Dutch national breast-cancer guideline) and the same corpus (PubMed). We then performed this task using two different methods: retrieving papers based on keywords (text-based approach) and retrieving papers based on semantic annotations (semantics-based approach). Based on this experiment, we discuss the insights that we gained from this dual set of experiments.

Ontologies are considered a necessary ingredient for communication among heterogeneous agents in the Web. With the multiplication of ontologies for the same domains, semantic interoperability has become a challenge. In this work, we study the use of ontology negotiation in a agent communication mechanism for agents with ontological reasoning. The resulting communication mechanism allows agents to exchange not only factual but also terminological knowledge about an individual domain and is closely related to available mechanisms in the literature such as KQML and FIPA-ACL.

Ontologies are considered a necessary ingredient for communication among heterogeneous agents in the Web. With the multiplication of ontologies for the same domains, semantic interoperability has become a challenge. In this work, we study the use of ontology negotiation in a agent communication mechanism for agents with ontological reasoning. The resulting communication mechanism allows agents to exchange not only factual but also terminological knowledge about an individual domain and is closely related to available mechanisms in the literature such as KQML and FIPA-ACL.

In this paper a user evaluation is proposed to assess the effectiveness of systems based on multidimensional relevance assessment. First of all, we introduce our approach to multidimensional modeling and aggregation, and the criteria used for the experiments. Then, we describe how the user evaluation has been performed, and ¯nally, we discuss the results obtained.

International audience; Recent advances in the Sentiment Analysis field focus on the inves-tigation about the polarities that concepts describing the same sentiment have when they are used in different domains. In this paper, we investigated on the use of fuzzy logic representation for modeling knowledge concerning the relation-ships between sentiment concepts and different domains. The developed system is built on top of a knowledge base defined by integrating WordNet and SenticNet, and it implements an algorithm used for learning the use of sentiment concepts from multi-domain datasets and for propagating such information to each con-cept of the knowledge base. The system has been validated on the Blitzer dataset, a multi-domain sentiment dataset built by using reviews of Amazon products, by demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Friction on faults controls slip distribution in response to tectonic stress: the friction distribution can be simplified by considering locked zones (asperities) surrounded by aseismic slipping zones. The aseismic slip of fault sections has an important role in concentrating stress on the asperities and in producing their failure. The slow ground displacement in fault zones is measurable through classic or spatial geodetic techniques and may help to localize the greater asperities on faults. Therefore accurate geodetic measurements in fault zones may be used to evaluate the seismic hazard in the region. We represent the Earth's crust by an elastic, homogeneous and isotropic half-space, including a plane normal fault. A locked asperity is considered on the fault, while the surrounding area of the fault surface undergoes a uniform slip. The surface displacement field is analyzed in the presence and in the absence of the asperity; the influence of the asperity shape, size and depth is studied also varying the dip angle of the fault. We conclude that an asperity, whose area is about 1 km2, determines a surface displacement of mm order, when its centre is placed at depths ranging from 5 to 10 km and the surrounding fault area slips by tens of centimeters: in this case an asperity with an area of about 5×5 km2 could be reasonably localized by current geodetic measurements.

Besides being earthquake sources, active faults can slip aseismically. Aseismic slip plays an important role in releasing stress along plate boundaries and should be considered in the interpretation of geodetic measurements in tectonically active areas. An asperity model is presented showing that, due to the heterogeneity of fault surfaces, aseismic slip occurs through advancing dislocation fronts. The ground deformation pattern produced by such propagating dislocations is studied by calculating tilt as a function of time produced by a dislocation front moving at constant velocity in an elastic half-space model.

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Crack models of faulting are presented in a layered medium. A free surface bounds a layer of low rigidity, in welded contact with a higher rigidity half-space, cut by an antiplane vertical shear crack reaching the interface between the two media. For comparison, the case is also considered of a homogeneous half-space. Solutions are found following an efficient numerical method which employes the integral properties of Jacobi and Chebyshev polynomials respectively in the two cases. Solutions for the slip amplitude on the crack surface and for the displacement field at the free surface show the importance of taking properly into account the presence of soft sedimentary layers when geodetic data are inverted for fault parameters after an earthquake. The major differences regard the maximum value of the displacement and its distance from the fault strike.

We suggest that the regular, long-period perturbations recorded by the Marussi pendulums at the Trieste Earth Tide Station over a period of three years preceding the 1976 Friuli earthquake, were due to silent earthquakes which occurred below the focal zone of the impending 1976 earthquake. The source of silent earthquakes is modelled in terms of slow slippage episodes on a buried fault with viscoelastic properties. The computed radiation emitted by such a source reproduces at least the order of magnitude of the dominant frequency, the mean duration and amplitude of the events observed at Trieste. Owing to the very long period and the low amplitudes involved, the wave emission is found to be detectable in the near field only, with appropriate instrumentation.

A thermodynamic approach is developed for piezomagnetic phenomena, linked to reversible variations of magnetic susceptivity in isotropic stressed media. In spite of the problematic interpretation of rock piezomagnetism at the microscopic level, a simple macroscopic parameterization of antiferromagnetic media is obtained, based on invariance arguments. In intrinsically isotropic media, linearity in the stress-strain relation is shown to imply linearity of the relation between induced magnetization and stress. The macroscopic piezomagnetic behaviour of a sample in the linear stress-strain regime is described by a fourth rank tensor with 2 independent coefficients only. These coefficients can be measured in the laboratory by simple uniaxial compression tests. Comparisons with experimental data on titanomagnetite bearing rocks and synthetic dispersions show that the linear approach is valid in so far as the applied stress does not exceed a few 100 bars.

On the basis of observational evidence and theoretical models, we assess a possible mechanism for earthquake occurrence on plate margins. Since it is largely accepted that a condition of aseismic sliding may prevail at depth below active faults, we propose that the sequence: aseismic slip at depth rt arrow stress concentration on the upper brittle zone rt arrow seismic rupture may be a common mechanism on plate margins. In particular, we suggest that aseismic slip at depth could be responsible for the so-called 'silent earthquakes', those observed wavetrains which display a dominant low-frequency content, and propose a simple model which accounts for very low slip velocities on deep fault sections in terms of a viscous drag force.

The strains produced by geothermal fluid reinjection in an isotropic elastic porous medium are considered. On the basis of some analytical solutions, the hydro-fracturing mechanism, with particular regard to fracture stabilization and prevention of induced seismicity is then examined.

The results of recent stress measurements along the San Andreas fault near Palmdale, California, which show a rapid decrease in shear stress in the proximity of the fault, may be due to the stress drop connected with the great 1857 earthquake, superimposed onto a preseismic ground deformation. This suggestion is made on the basis of a fault model where a preseismic phase of stable sliding at depth is responsible, through stress concentration, for the occurrence of seismic ruptures in the upper lithosphere.