Search

PREFACE The Groundwater Modelling Decision Support Initiative (GMDSI) is an industry-funded and industry-aligned project focused on improving the role that groundwater modelling plays in supporting environmental management and decision-making. Over the life of the project, it will document a number of examples of decision-support groundwater modelling. These documented worked examples will attempt to demonstrate that by following the scientific method, and by employing modern, computer-based approaches to data assimilation, the uncertainties associated with groundwater model predictions can be both quantified and reduced. With realistic confidence intervals associated with predictions of management interest, the risks associated with different courses of management action can be properly assessed before critical decisions are made. GMDSI worked example reports, one of which you are now reading, are deliberately different from other modelling reports. They do not describe all of the nuances of a particular study site. They do not provide every construction and deployment detail of a particular model. In fact, they are not written for modelling specialists at all. Instead, a GMDSI worked example report is written with a broader audience in mind. Its intention is to convey concepts, rather than to record details of model construction. In doing so, it attempts to raise its readers’ awareness of modelling and data-assimilation possibilities that may prove useful in their own groundwater management contexts. The decision-support challenges that are addressed by various GMDSI worked examples include the following: • assessing the reliability of a public water supply; • protection of a groundwater resource from contamination; • estimation of mine dewatering requirements; • assessing the environmental impacts of mining; and • management of aquifers threatened by salt water intrusion. In all cases the approach is the same. Management-salient model predictions are identified. Ways in which model-based data assimilation can be employed to quantify and reduce the uncertainties associated with these predictions are reported. Model design choices are explained in a way that modellers and non-modellers can understand. The authors of GMDSI worked example reports make no claim that the modelling work which they document cannot be improved. As all modellers know, time and resources available for modelling are always limited. The quality of data on which a model relies is always suspect. Modelling choices are always subjective, and are often made differently with the benefit of hindsight. What we do claim, however, is that the modelling work which we report has attempted to implement the scientific method to address challenges that are typical of those encountered on a day-to-day basis in groundwater management worldwide. As stated above, a worked example report purposefully omits many implementation details of the modelling and data assimilation processes that it describes. Its purpose is to demonstrate what can be done, rather than to explain how it is done. Those who are interested in technical details are referred to GMDSI modelling tutorials. A suite of these tutorials has been developed specifically to assist modellers in implementing workflows such as those that are described herein. We thank and acknowledge our collaborators, and GMDSI project funders, for making these reports possible.

The Groundwater Modelling Decision Support Initiative (GMDSI) is an industry-funded and industry-aligned project focused on improving the role that groundwater modelling plays in supporting environmental management and decision-making. Over the life of the project, it will document a number of examples of decision-support groundwater modelling. These documented worked examples will attempt to demonstrate that by following the scientific method, and by employing modern, computer-based approaches to data assimilation, the uncertainties associated with groundwater model predictions can be both quantified and reduced. With realistic confidence intervals associated with predictions of management interest, the risks associated with different courses of management action can be properly assessed before critical decisions are made. GMDSI worked example reports, one of which you are now reading, are deliberately different from other modelling reports. They do not describe all of the nuances of a particular study site. They do not provide every construction and deployment detail of a particular model. In fact, they are not written for modelling specialists at all. Instead, a GMDSI worked example report is written with a broader audience in mind. Its intention is to convey concepts, rather than to record details of model construction. In doing so, it attempts to raise its readers’ awareness of modelling and data-assimilation possibilities that may prove useful in their own modelling and management contexts.

The aerodynamic characteristics of an aft-body, in-line mounted, boundary layer ingesting, electric ducted fan, propulsion installation system has been investigated through experimental and computational analysis. A modular wind-tunnel model allows variation in the geometry of the propulsion installation system to be assessed, in combination with fan speed. Various experimental measurement techniques, including LDA, seven-hole-probe and surface pressures are employed. The propulsion installation system has also been investigated using RANS CFD and comparison with experimental data is presented. An investigation of the boundary conditions for efficiently representing the fan in CFD is described. Initial results show reasonably good agreement between CFD and experiment, in terms of velocity profiles and surface pressures, but highlight remaining differences for cases exhibiting flow separation.

Advancements in 360° cameras have increased their relatedlivestreams. In the case of video conferencing, 360° camerasprovide almost unrestricted visibility into a conference room for aremote viewer without the need for an articulating camera. However,local participants are left wondering if someone is connected andwhere remote participants might be looking. To address this, wefabricated a prototype device that shows the gaze and presence ofremote 360° viewers using a ring of LEDs that match the remoteviewports. We discuss the long term use of one of the prototypes ina lecture hall and present future directions for visualizing gazepresence in 360° video streams.

Table S5. Selected gene ontology terms in muscle. This table lists the genes involved in a selected number of gene ontology terms identified in muscle. (DOCX 23 kb)

Table S6. Selected gene ontology terms in liver. This table lists the genes involved in a selected number of gene ontology terms identified in liver. (DOCX 16 kb)

Table S6. Selected gene ontology terms in liver. This table lists the genes involved in a selected number of gene ontology terms identified in liver. (DOCX 16 kb)

Table S5. Selected gene ontology terms in muscle. This table lists the genes involved in a selected number of gene ontology terms identified in muscle. (DOCX 23 kb)

The potential use of electric motors to power engine simulators on wind tunnel models of commercial aircraft has been studied for some years at the QinetiQ 5m Wind Tunnel at Farnborough. Recently, motors with the required power density have become available, and design and production of a prototype engine simulator is currently being undertaken. The background, potential advantages of the system, design considerations and a progress report on the project is given within this paper.

As conventional aircraft designs approach their limits in terms of efficiency and emissions, a drastic change to the architecture of conventional platforms is required if the environmental targets of the next several decades are to be met. Boundary Layer Ingestion is one of industry’s most promising answers to the challenges of the future, identifying a potential step-change in performance in more integrated propulsion and airframe systems. This paper investigates the behaviour of a boundary layer ingesting solution of a closely embedded wing-electric ducted fan design, with focus on the implications of the aerodynamic coupling on the individual performance of both the aerodynamic and propulsive elements as well as on the assessment of the reliability of a low order panel code method. Wind tunnel testing was undertaken to understand the flow physics at different combinations of airframe and propulsor operating conditions; in addition, part of the data used for the experimental validation of a panel method model for predicting the upstream inlet flow conditions. It was found that there were clear local and extended upstream effects of the propulsor on the performance of the aerodynamic surface, resulting from the different combinations of suction strength and nacelle blockage. Similar trends were observed in the numerical code predictions, and identified limitations of the methodology in defining the experimental boundary conditions of the propulsor to be imposed in CFD. The study of the response of the propulsor to varying inlet boundary conditions, created by varying wing angles of attack was also carried out, however, small changes in flow velocity combined with measurement errors of the current system, prevented any solid conclusions being drawn about the impact of distorted inlet flow on propulsor performance.

Research covers propulsion installation characteristics for novel air-vehicle configurations in the class of small missile/UAVs. A modular experimental model has been developed featuring a fully integrated tail mounted inline boundary layer ingesting (BLI) Electric Ducted Fan (EDF) propulsion system. The research aims to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics and gain understanding of the optimisation of a fully integrated propulsion system. A combination of experimental and validated CFD methods will be used to develop suitable performance metrics and optimisation approaches for in-line BLI EDFs, thus enabling the generation of a toolset to be applied in the future design and implementation of this class of propulsion system. Progress in both experimental design and computational analysis will be presented, including initial analysis of the overall flow physics, focussing on the upstream and downstream effect of the body boundary layer, the condition of the flow ingested into the fan and an assessment of the performance of the overall integrated EDF.

This study reports a series of lectures with the didactic experiment of introducing high school religious studies students to focused readings of specific, randomly chosen passages from the central scriptures of several major world religions. The study addresses the question whether or not the students’ evaluation of the readings indicates that this didactic technique fulfills a useful purpose in regard to the Swedish School Board’s knowledge requirements for the religious studies course. Teacher candidates are required to creatively test a didactic technique and this study explores therefore the little-known area of students’ reactions to direct exposure to religious narratives in their traditional contexts. Survey questioning of the student participants is juxtapositioned with the surveying of a larger test group. The value of the reading of religious narratives is examined in regard to secularization theory and its belief/knowledge dichotomy. The study indicates that the voice of traditional wisdom contained in religious narratives deserves further attention as a means to achieve the Swedish curriculum’s citizenship and erudition goals. Keywords: scripture, religions, religious studies, knowledge requirements, didactics, survey, measurement, standpoint, secularization, citizenship, belief Denna rapport behandlar en lektionsserie med det didaktiska experimentet att introducera gymnasieelever till läsning av specifika, slumpmässigt utvalda berättelser från vissa världsreligioners urkunder. Rapporten tar upp frågan om elevernas värdering av läsningarna visar att tekniken fyller en funktion med avseende på Skolverkets kunskapskrav för Religionskunskap 1. Lärarkandidater är förpliktigade att utveckla en didaktisk teknik och därför lyfter denna rapport fram det föga utforskade området om hur elever upplever läsning av religiösa berättelser i deras traditionella kontext. Enkätundersökningar av elevdeltagarna korstabuleras med enkätundersökningar av en större kontrollgrupp. Värdet av att läsa religiösa berättelser granskas med avseende på sekulariseringsteorin och dikotomin tro/vetande. Rapporten beskriver att religiösa berättelsers röst med traditionell visdom förtjänar mer uppmärksamhet som ett medel att uppnå skolans demokrati- och kunskapsuppdrag. Nyckelord: urkund, berättelse, religioner, religionskunskap, kunskapskrav, didaktik, enkät, mätning, ställningstagande, kontrollgrupp, sekularisering, demokrati, vetenskap, tro

This study looks into religious education practices at a traditional pilgrimage site in rural India as indicators of community sustainable de­vel­op­ment. Potentially, a role model for countless similar sites can be evinced, a con­tri­bution to the international development aim of eradication of poverty. By a religious-diversity survey at a public primary school and participant-obser­vation in private scriptural study, secularization theory is contrasted with religious identity. The Caitanya Vaisnava heritage is a traditional form of Hinduism with a long history of peaceful Hindu and Muslim coexistence at Mayapura, West Bengal. The study shows that tangible community de­velop­ment and religious education are compatible if not mutually neces­sary. It is evident that religious education and its impact on community could be added as themes to the international discourse on Sustainable Development Indicators.

When humans navigate a crowed space such as a university campus or the sidewalks of a busy street, they follow common sense rules based on social etiquette. In this paper, we argue that in order to enable the design of new algorithms that can take fully advantage of these rules to better solve tasks such as target tracking or trajectory forecasting, we need to have access to better data in the first place. To that end, we contribute the very first large scale dataset (to the best of our knowledge) that collects images and videos of various types of targets (not just pedestrians, but also bikers, skateboarders, cars, buses, golf carts) that navigate in a real-world outdoor environment such as a university campus. We present an extensive evaluation where different methods for trajectory forecasting are evaluated and compared. Moreover, we present a new algorithm for trajectory prediction that exploits the complexity of our new dataset and allows to: i) incorporate inter-class interactions into trajectory prediction models (e.g, pedestrian vs bike) as opposed to just intra-class interactions (e.g., pedestrian vs pedestrian); ii) model the degree to which the social forces are regulating an interaction. We call the latter "social sensitivity"and it captures the sensitivity to which a target is responding to a certain interaction. An extensive experimental evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of our novel approach.

Religious diversity is the inevitable corollary of globalization and with it comes the challenge and opportunities of greatly increased interaction with religious Others. The United States was founded on an Anglo-Saxon Protestant basis but has now become "the world’s most religiously diverse nation" according to one Harvard religious studies scholar. To deal with this development, American thinkers, mainly Christians, have devoted a good deal of scholarship in the past three to four decades construing strategies how to meet and interact with the religious Other. During the 70’s and 80’s, a typology of exclusivism, inclusivism and pluralism was developed by Christians as a response to religious diversity. Many see today that it is a necessity to find an alternative to hostility and violence and therefore dialogue is the order of the day. Since Christians are still by far the largest faith-group, and the US has economic resources, US Christians have a natural predominance in dialogue. Is that good or bad from the stand point of the minority Other? One such minority is a major sub-division of Hinduism, namely Vaishnavism. Christian-Vaishnava dialogue in the US is a new phenomenon in the past two decades and an emerging minority representative is a globalized Vaishnava organization ISKCON, popularly known as the Hare Krishna movement, which has its Western roots in the counter-culture of the 1960’s. While ISKCON struggled for legitimacy in the 70’s and ‘80’s, it has in recent decades become a major factor in Hindu and especially Vaisnava representation. How American Christians respond today to Vaishnava dialogue and how this typology arose and functions as a theoretical basis for the on-going development of Christian-Vaishnava dialogue is the subject of this action-research minor field study.

Modern environmental management and decision-making is based on the use of increasingly complex numerical models. Such models have the advantage of allowing representation of complex processes and heterogeneous system property distributions inasmuch as these are understood at any particular study site. The latter are often represented stochastically, this reflecting knowledge of the character of system heterogeneity at the same time as it reflects a lack of knowledge of its spatial details. Unfortunately, however, complex models are often difficult to calibrate because of their long run times and sometimes questionable numerical stability. Analysis of predictive uncertainty is also a difficult undertaking when using models such as these. Such analysis must reflect a lack of knowledge of spatial hydraulic property details. At the same time, it must be subject to constraints on the spatial variability of these details born of the necessity for model outputs to replicate observations of historical system behavior. In contrast, the rapid run times and general numerical reliability of simple models often promulgates good calibration and ready implementation of sophisticated methods of calibration-constrained uncertainty analysis. Unfortunately, however, many system and process details on which uncertainty may depend are, by design, omitted from simple models. This can lead to underestimation of the uncertainty associated with many predictions of management interest. The present paper proposes a methodology that attempts to overcome the problems associated with complex models on the one hand and simple models on the other hand, while allowing access to the benefits each of them offers. It provides a theoretical analysis of the simplification process from a subspace point of view, this yielding insights into the costs of model simplification, and into how some of these costs may be reduced. It then describes a methodology for paired model usage through which predictive bias of a simplified model can be detected and corrected, and postcalibration predictive uncertainty can be quantified. The methodology is demonstrated using a synthetic example based on groundwater modeling environments commonly encountered in northern Europe and North America.

We systematically quantify to what extent vadose zone parameters can be constrained by including different types of observation data in the calibration process. Observation data considered are hydraulic heads, soil saturation, evaporation and transpiration. Besides assessing parameter uncertainty in relation to the availability of these observations, we quantify the uncertainty related to a prediction of a water table at a given time. Our analysis is based on the simulation of infiltration events through partially unsaturated 1d columns, as well as linear and non-linear methods to assess uncertainty. The results show that observations of the hydraulic head allow a significant reduction of predictive uncertainty. However, this it is not because any parameter is well estimated. Rather, this reduction is acquired knowledge that is applicable to combinations of parameters that contribute to a significant reduction of predictive uncertainty. This gives raise to interesting questions concerning the level of complexity required. The capacity of a recharge model to reduce the uncertainty of future groundwater level predictions does not rely on accurate estimation of all hydraulic properties affecting unsaturated zone water movement. Instead it relies on good estimation of only certain combinations of these properties. The key feature of the calibration process in this case is that it allows the model to make the predictions required, even though this ability pertains to combinations of parameters and not to individual parameters. Consequently, parameters and parameter combinations that are left unconstrained by that process are dispensable. It follows that the model may lose little if it were simplified in ways suggested by the calibration process. This point is illustrated by comparing predictions of groundwater recharge obtained through a lumped parameter model and a fully saturated/ unsaturated model.

The task we have set ourselves is the investigation of the canonical repercussions of a controversial procedure, namely, the removal of artificially assisted feeding and hydration from an unconscious patient resulting in the patient's death. Life-support systems, including assisted feeding and hydration, are able to keep a person alive indefinitely, and the moment of death is often a matter of someone's decision and action. While the problem is not entirely new, there has been little canonical reflection on its implications. The Church's teaching on the sanctity of life is reflected in canon law, and the Code of Canon Law provides penalties and other canonical effects for homicide and abortion. There has been considerable interest in the crime of abortion, but little attention has been given to the crime of homicide, in spite of the fact that medical personnel frequently take steps to end life. This issue of the removal of artificially assisted feeding and hydration from an unconscious patient has been intensely debated by moral theologians and has been the subject of bishops' statements in many countries, particularly the United States of America. Many of these statements have been about specific cases involving Catholic patients and Catholic hospitals. These cases are significant in the light of the worldwide movement to promote euthanasia, and legislatures in several countries have debated and sometimes passed laws allowing for euthanasia. If there is to be a role for Church law in the protection of life, a review of the doctrine of homicide is opportune. Accordingly, we propose to investigate the canonical crime of homicide in the light of a controversial issue. The question we intend to address is: does the canonical crime of homicide apply to the withdrawal of assisted feeding and hydration? If so, to whom does it apply, and in what circumstances? In Chapter One we will study theological reflection on the issue. In Chapter Two we will survey relevant papal and episcopal teaching regarding the preservation of life and the principles that allow for exceptions to the duty to prolong life. Chapter Three will investigate the canonical crime of homicide. The ambit of our inquiry will be limited to the question of imputability, and we will not take up the related issues of canonical process or penalties unless they help clarify aspects of imputability.

Throughout the world, watershed modeling is undertaken using lumped parameter hydrologic models that represent real-world processes in a manner that is at once abstract, but nevertheless relies on algorithms that reflect real-world processes and parameters that reflect real-world hydraulic properties. In most cases, values are assigned to the parameters of such models through calibration against flows at watershed outlets. One criterion by which the utility of the model and the success of the calibration process are judged is that realistic values are assigned to parameters through this process. This study employs regularization theory to examine the relationship between lumped parameters and corresponding real-world hydraulic properties. It demonstrates that any kind of parameter lumping or averaging can induce a substantial amount of ‘structural noise’ which devices such as Box-Cox transformation of flows and auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) modeling of residuals are unlikely to render homoscedastic and uncorrelated. Furthermore, values estimated for lumped parameters are unlikely to represent average values of the hydraulic properties after which they are named and are often contaminated to a greater or lesser degree by the values of hydraulic properties which they do not purport to represent at all. As a result, the question of how rigidly they should be bounded during the parameter estimation process is still an open one.

A collection of folklore and local history stories from N. Colmcille, Buncrana (school) (Buncrana, Co. Donegal), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Pilib Mac Riada., Stretching the Clod / Cracken, Andy Mc -- Old Roads / Doherty, John F. O' -- How the News of Emancipation Was Brought to Buncrana / Doherty, John F. O' -- Famine Times / Doherty, John F. O' -- Ghost Haunts / Groarty, George Mc -- Fairy Haunts / Groarty, George Mc -- Story / Laughlin, Willie Mac -- Story / Laughlin, Willie Mc -- Story / Laughlin, Willie Mc -- Story / Laughlin, Charles Mc -- Story / Barr, Michael -- Story / Doherty, Patrick -- Fairy Haunts / Doherty, John O -- Story about Ribbonmen / Laughlin, Colm Mc -- Story / Laughlin, Colm Mc -- Story / Doherty, Patrick -- Story / Laughlin, Willie Mc -- Recently there was an arrangement between the Governments of Eire and England... / Fraser, Corney -- Story -- Local Roads -- Local Roads / Laughlin, James Mc -- Local Roads -- Home District -- Our Holy Wells -- Festivals / Quigley, Colm -- Care of Our Farm Animals / Quigley, Colm -- A horses stable is a good strong building made of stone and lime. / Quigley, Colm -- Care of the Feet -- Care of the Feet / Doherty, John -- Care of the Feet / Quigley, Colm -- Care of the Feet / Porter, Patrick -- Food in Olden Times / Donnchadha, Anton Mac -- Food in Olden Times / Duggan, Stephen -- Old Hurling Match / Quigley, Colm -- Fianna / Cracken, Andy Mc -- Clothes Made Locally / Quigley, Colm -- There is a Giants den up in Gransha and it is said to be a den where Diarmuidh and Grania... / Quigley, Colm -- Herbs / Donaghey, Tony -- Story / Donaghey, Tony -- Local Landlords / Donnell, James O -- Football and Hurling Matches / Donnell, James O -- Bread in Olden Times / Donnell, James O -- Story -- Our Holy Wells / Doherty, Dan -- Song / Doherty, Dan -- Homemade Toys -- Local Cures / Smith, Colm -- Home District / Smith, Colm -- Local Patron Saint / Smith, Colum -- Homemade Toys / Laughlin, Sheamus Mc -- Care of Our Farm Animals / Laughlin, Sheamus Mc -- Churning / Laughlin, Sheamus Mc -- Local Fairs -- Old Story / Rodden, Archie -- Dark Inishowen / Rodden, Archie -- Fairy Forts / Laughlin, Charles Mc -- Old Story / Laughlin, Charles Mc -- Stories of Giants and Warriors / Laughlin, Charles Mc -- Care of the Feet / Duggan, Stephen -- Old Story / Duggan, Stephen -- Stories of Giants / Duggan, Stephen -- Our Holy Wells / Laughlin, James Mc -- Local Patron Saint / Laughlin, James Mc -- Old Story / Laughlin, James Mc -- Song / Laughlin, James Mc -- Erins Lovely Home / Laughlin, Charles Mc -- Local Patron Saint / Doherty, William James O -- Care of Our Farm Animals / Colgan, John Mc -- Churning / Colgan, John Mc -- Stories of the Holy Family / Colgan, John Mc -- Clothes Made Locally / Colgan, John Mc -- Old Story / Colgan, John Mc -- Local Monuments / Colgan, John Mc -- Bread -- Leprechaun or Mermaid, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

A collection of folklore and local history stories from Scoil na mBráthar, Ráth Luirc (school) (Charleville, Co. Cork), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher An Br. Ó Móráin., Scéal Grinn / Carroll, John -- Scéal Grinn / Callaghan, Patrick O' -- A fort can be seen in Mr Dunan's of Barna, and long ago it was said that a puck-goat used to rise in that fort and run across the field and up the road / Doherty, John O' -- Scéal Grinn / Twohy, Charley -- Riddles / Twohy, Michael -- Riddles / Callaghan, William O' -- Riddles -- Riddles / Carroll, Dermot -- Riddles / Ryan, Francie -- Scéal Grinn / Carroll, D. -- Scéal Grinn / Murphy, Bernard -- Seanchas i dTaobh na hAimsire / Scott, Joseph -- Seanchas i dTaobh na hAimsire -- Seanchas i dTaobh na hAimsire / Cregg, Seán -- Daoine Cáiliúla / Keane, Eric -- Daoine Cáiliúla / Cregg, Seán -- Daoine Cáiliúla / Twohy, Micheal -- Daoine Cáiliúla / Cregg, Seán -- Daoine Cáiliúla / Cronin, Silvy -- Daoine Cáiliúla / Carroll, John -- Daoine Cáiliúla / Carthy, Simon Mc -- Daoine Cáiliúla / Carthy, Simon Mc -- Daoine Cáiliúla / Toole, Thomas O' -- Daoine Cáiliúla / Slattery, Patrick -- Daoine Cáiliúla / Callaghan, Pat O' -- Daoine Cáiliúla / Galvin, Tom -- Ainmhithe Allta / Doherty, John -- Ainmhithe Allta / Toole, Thomas O' -- Ainmhithe Allta / Slattery, Patrick -- Ainmhithe Allta / Troy, Robert -- Ráthanna agus Liosanna / Galvin, Tom -- Ráthanna agus Liosanna / Troy, Bob -- Ráthanna agus Liosanna / Doherty, John F. O' -- Scéal Grinn / Jones, Michael -- Ainmhithe na Feirme / Carroll, John -- Ráthanna agus Liosanna / Cronin, Silvy -- Ainmhithe na Feirme / Coughlan, Tim -- Seancheirdeanna / Callaghan, William O' -- Seancheirdeanna / Ryan, Francie -- Toibreacha Beannaithe / Keating, Gerald -- Toibreacha Beannaithe / Galvin, Tom -- Seancheirdeanna agus Toibreacha Beannaithe / Slattery, Patrick -- Toibreacha Beannaithe / Kelly, John -- Lucht Siúil / Twohy, Charley -- Lucht Siúil / Troy, Bob -- Mo Cheantar Féin / Slattery, Patrick -- Lucht Siúil / Scott, Joseph -- Seancheirdeanna / Connell, Bertie O' -- Mo Cheantar Féin / Geraghty, J. -- Leigheasanna / Galvin, Tom -- Leigheasanna / Inerny, Joseph Mc -- Mo Cheantar Féin -- A lot of people left this district and went to America. / Cregg, Seán -- Mo Cheantar Féin / Callaghan, William O' -- Leigheasanna / Slattery, Patrick -- Leigheasanna / Cronin, Silvy, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

A collection of folklore and local history stories from Naomh Pádraig, Carn Domhnaigh (school) (Carndonagh, Co. Donegal), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Eoghan Ó Gallchobhair., Famine Times / Doherty, John -- Famine Times / Doherty, Anthony -- Famine Times / Hirrell, Patrick -- Story / Doherty, Joseph -- Hidden Treasure / Doherty, James L. -- Milk / Doherty, James L. -- Old Story / Quinn, D. J. -- Story / Crossan, Jackie Mac -- Old True Story of a Witch / Quinn, Daniel Joseph -- Story / Butler, George -- Story / Doherty, Joseph -- Shan Crossa Highwayman / Doherty, James L. -- Weather Signs / Cauley, Cornelius Mac -- Hidden Treasure / Toland, Francis -- Ghost Story / Toland, Francis -- Story / Reid, Marcus -- Festival Customs / Galbraith, Anthony -- Hallow Eve / Cauley, Cornelius Mac -- Fairy Tale / Callum, James Mac -- Fairy Tale / Toland, Willie John -- Blinking the Milk / Callum, James Mac -- Folklore / Galbraith, Michael -- Folklore / Galbraith, Michael -- Buying and Selling / Hirrell, Patrick J. -- Ghost Story / Toland, Willie John -- Food in Olden Times / Hirrell, Patrick -- My Home District / Toland, Francis -- Care of the Feet / Toland, Francis -- Story -- Story - Crock of Gold / Doherty, Joseph -- Story - Fairy Music / Doherty, Joseph -- Fairy Story / Lucas, Marcus Mc -- Fairy Story / Doherty, Joseph -- Old Story -- Story / Galbraith, Michael -- Story / Galbraith, Anthony -- Story / Galbraith, Anthony -- Witch Story / Toland, Francis J. -- Story / Toland, Francis J. -- Story / Doherty, Joseph -- Story -- Hidden Treasure / Quinn, D. J. -- Old Story / Quinn, D. J. -- Old Story / Quinn, Daniel J. -- Old Story / Quinn, D. J. -- Old Story / Doherty, Joseph -- Old Story / Doherty, John -- Old Story / Kelly, Willie -- Fairy Story / Toland, Willie J. -- Folklore Story / Toland, Willie J. -- Folklore Story / Toland, Willie J. -- Folklore Story / Toland, Willie J. -- Fairy Story / Toland, Willie J. -- Folklore Story / Toland, Willie J. -- Shaun Crossa at Dugiven -- O'Donnell's Farewell to the Rosses -- Superstitions - for Deaths -- Ballad of Shane Crossagh -- Story, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

A collection of folklore and local history stories from Ray (school) (Labbadish, Co. Donegal), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Mary J. Moore., Poet of Our District / Rutherford, Mae -- Giant's Bed / Clarke, Dougal -- Scutch Mill / Clarke, Dougal -- Fairies / Moore, Jim -- Rob-Roy / Rutherford, Robert -- Travelling Folk / Allen, Nellie -- Local Forges / Allen, Nellie -- Care of Farm Animals / Doherty, John -- Churning / Rutherford, Mae -- Birds / Rutherford, Robert -- Local Hero / Moore, Jim -- Food in Olden Times / Allen, Nellie -- Local Fairs / Rutherford, Mae -- Festival Customs / Moore, Jim -- Old Houses / Crowe, Nan -- Old Story / Crowe, Nan -- Local Monuments / Doherty, Jack -- Story / Wasson, Jennie -- Old Stories -- Story / Moore, Edwin -- Local Roads / Rutherford, Robert -- Old Graveyards / Rutherford, Mae, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

A collection of folklore and local history stories from Slane (B.) (school) (Slane, Co. Meath), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Séamus Ó Cuánaigh., Slane is a very beautiful and ancient place and there is much history in connection with it. / Tallon, Robert -- In the neighbourhood of Stackallen on the Slane and Navan road... / Downes, James -- In the Slane Castle demesne there is the ruins of the hermitage of St Ercs. / Dunne, Desmond -- The Village of Slane as it is now was once the Portion of the said city. / Coyle, Michael -- In the neighbourhood of Cashel there is a passage running from the Hill of Slane... / Wogan, Hugh -- In the neighbourhood of Higginstown there is a very ancient mill. / Lane, Thomas -- Bird-Lore / Maloney, Michael -- Bird-Lore / Lane, Thomas -- Holy Wells / Lane, Thomas -- Travelling Folk / Wall, Kevin -- Games I Play / Tallon, Robert -- Weather-Lore / Tallon, Robert -- Homemade Toys / Tallon, Robert -- Local Roads / Tallon, Robert -- Local Roads / Coyle, Michael -- Old Schools / Lane, Thomas -- Old Schools / Coyle, Michael -- Herbs / Coyle, Michael -- Herbs / Tallon, Robert -- Old Crafts / Downes, James -- Local Forges / Tallon, Robert -- Hidden Treasure / Tallon, Robert -- Hidden Treasure / Coyle, Michael -- Hidden Treasure / Lane, Thomas -- Hidden Treasure / Wall, Kevin -- Hidden Treasure / Downes, James -- Local Patron Saint / Tallon, Robert -- Local Marriage Customs / Tallon, Robert -- Local Marriage Customs / Coyle, Michael -- Local Cures / Lane, Thomas -- Famine Times / Tallon, Robert -- Famine Times / Carolan, Liam -- Old Crafts / Maloney, Michael -- Churning / Tallon, Robert -- Churning / Lane, Thomas -- Churning / Coyle, Michael -- Local Forge / Tallon, Joseph -- Collection of Riddles / Tallon, Robert -- Local Monuments / Coyle, Michael -- Local Monuments / Lane, Thomas -- Local Cures / Maloney, Michael -- Local Poets / Tallon, Robert -- Local Poets / Maloney, Michael -- Local Poets / Carolan, Liam -- Local Place Names / Tallon, Robert -- Local Place Names / Maloney, Michael -- Local Place Names / Tallon, Joseph -- Fairy Forts / Tallon, Robert -- Fairy Forts / Carolan, Liam -- Fairy Forts / Maloney, Michael -- Fairy Forts / Lane, Thomas -- Lore of Certain Days / Lane, Thomas -- Lore of Certain Days / Carolan, Liam -- Lore of Certain Days / Maloney, Michael -- Fairy Forts / Tallon, Joseph -- Funniest Story I Ever Heard / Tallon, Robert -- Funniest Story I Ever Heard / Lane, Thomas -- Funniest Story I Ever Heard / Coyle, Michael -- Food in Olden Times / Maloney, Michael -- Food in Olden Times / Tallon, Robert -- Food in Olden Times / Tallon, Joseph -- Old Story / Maloney, Michael -- Old Story / Tallon, Joseph -- Old Story / Tallon, Robert -- Holy Wells / Downes, James -- Landlord / Tallon, Robert -- Landlord / Maloney, Michael -- Landlord / Coyle, Michael -- Landlord / Lane, Thomas -- Landlord / Tallon, Joseph -- Travelling Folk / Coyle, Michael -- Bread / Tallon, Robert -- Bread / Maloney, Michael -- Buying and Selling / Maloney, Michael -- Local Ruins / Carolan, Liam -- Old Graveyards / Tallon, Robert -- In the Penal Times / Tallon, Robert -- Leprechaun / Fallon, Robert -- Old Graveyards / Harding, Gerrard -- Potato Crop / Harding, Gerrard -- Potato Crop / Tallon, Robert -- Potato Crop / Brien, P. -- Old Irish Tales / Harding, Gerrard -- Old Irish Tales / Tallon, Robert -- Old Irish Tales / Doherty, John -- Old Irish Tales / Carroll, Peter -- Local Heroes / Tallon, Robert -- Care of the Feet / Tallon, Robert -- Historical Tradition / Coyle, Michael -- Old Irish Stories / Brien, Patrick, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

A collection of folklore and local history stories from Losad (school) (Losset, Co. Donegal), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Úna Bean Uí Laoghaire., Doon Well and the Rock of Doon / Conaghan, Fanny -- O'Friels and Gartan Clay -- St Colmcille / Doherty, Nuala -- St Colmcille / Doohan, Ellen -- Stories of Giants / Doohan, Ellen -- Fairies / Doohan, Ellen -- Fairies / Doohan, Ellen -- Haunted Places / Doherty, Nuala -- Haunted Places / Kerr, Agnes -- Haunted Places / Gallagher, Maggie -- Brohan Road / Gallagher, Maggie -- Poisoned Glen / Gallagher, Maggie -- Penal Days / Conaghan, Fanny -- Story about Colmcille -- Gentle Places / Doohan, Ellen -- Haunted Places / Doherty, Nuala -- Fairies / Doherty, Nuala -- Haunted Places / Doherty, Nuala -- Story about Colmcille / Doherty, John -- Ghost Story / Doherty, John -- Story about Giants / Doherty, Nuala -- On one occasion a woman was coming from visiting a friend's house. She was passing Menbanon Bridge (which is three miles from our school) and saw gold sovereigns lying on the road. / Doherty, Nuala -- Hidden Treasure / Kerr, Agnes -- St Brigid's Eve / Conaghan, Fanny -- Some Old Cures / Coll, Annie -- Poteen-Making / Doohan, Ellen -- Danny Hewettson / Doherty, John -- Another Story about Poteen-Making / Doherty, Nuala -- Near to the town of Buncranna in the peninsula of Inishowen at a spot where a little river flows into the sea there once stood a castle in the days of long ago. It was at this period that the Danes or Northmen as thy were called were plundering the coasts of Irelands and spreading terror wherever they went. / Doherty, John -- Colmcille / Doohan, Ellen -- Haunted Places / Doherty, John -- There lived in Derryveagh a man named O Donnell who was considered a great pikes man. The pike was commonly used as a weapon in those days and it was considered a great offence for a man to own one. / Kerr, Agnes -- Now on an island in Gartan lake Godfrey O Donnell spent a year in retirement dying from wounds he received at the battle of Credrean Hill near Sligo. / Doohan, Ellen -- In the vicinity of Lough Salt two wolves roamed about. The people say that they could change themselves into human beings at will. / Kerr, Agnes -- The people in some localities are very superstitious. Now I often heard my people at home telling of others they knew who would not lace one shoe before putting on the other for fear of St. Colmcille's curse. / Doherty, Nuala, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

A collection of folklore and local history stories from Sráid an Mhuilinn (B.) (school) (Millstreet, Co. Cork), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Seán Ó Céilleachair., Clais an Aifrinn / Callanan, John -- Local Place Names / Doherty, John O' -- Riddles / Stokes, Cornelius -- Dooneen -- Farewell -- Weather-Lore / Doherty, John O' -- Local Fairs / Doherty, John O' -- Glebe Ambush -- Glebe Ambush -- Ruins / Doody, Denis -- Hurling & Football / Shea, James O' -- My Home District / Doherty, John O' -- Holy Wells / Doherty, John O' -- Clothes / Murphy, John -- Bread / Healy, John -- Castles / Murphy, J. -- Forges / Murphy, John -- Weather-Lore / Kelleher, N. -- Avondhu / Doody, J. -- Graveyards -- Tanyard Side -- On Cleada's hill the moon is bright. Dark Avondho still rolls in light. -- Bread -- Old Crafts / Moynihan, Dan -- Leprechauns / Moynihan, Dan -- Care of Farm Animals -- Festivals of the Year -- Buying and Selling, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

A collection of folklore and local history stories from Ballyfasey, Glenmore (school) (Glenmore, Co. Kilkenny), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Domhnall Mac Cárthaigh., Stories of Buried Treasure / Doherty, John -- Stories of Buried Treasure / Fitzgerald, Michael -- Stories of Buried Treasure / Phelan, Patrick -- Stories of Buried Treasure / Connor, Edward O -- Stories of Buried Treasure / Phelan, Mary -- It is believed that in ancient times a school was built on the side of the road going from Haggard to Ballinlammy. -- There was a hedge-school in Kilbride more than a hundred years ago, and it was attended by about forty boys. / Phelan, John -- There was a hedge school in Michael Doherty's field Moulerstown. It was attended by pupils from the district... / Fitzgerald, John -- There was a hedge school in Martin Phelan's field in Ballyfacy. The teaching was held in a barn. / Culeton, Michael -- There was a school on the base of Bishop's Mountain about 90 years ago. -- There was a hedge school in Kilbride and there was a person named Patrick Butler teaching in it. / Neill, Edward O -- There was a hedge school in Martin Phelan's field in Ballyfacey. / Mackey, Thomas -- Field Names / Phelan, Mary -- Place Names / Roche, William -- Place Names / Phelan, Patrick -- Place Names / Fitzgerald, Michael -- Place Names / Synnott, Joseph -- Place Names / Connor, Eddy O -- Place Names / Rourke, Edward O -- Place Names / Synnott, John -- Place Names / Doherty, Patrick -- Place Names / Kennedy, John -- Place Names / Culeton, James -- Place Names / Rourke, Micheal O -- Place Names / Aylward, Peggy -- Place Names / Aylward, Mary -- The crow is a common wild bird. It builds its nest on the tops of trees. / Roche, William -- Wild Birds / Rourke, Edward O -- Wild Birds / Aylward, Mary -- Wild Birds / Connor, Eddy O -- Wild Birds / Kennedy, John -- Wild Birds / Culleton, James -- Local Heores / Aylward, Mary -- Local Heroes / Aylward, Peggy -- Local Heroes / Connor, Eddie O -- Fairy Forts / Aylward, Mary -- Fairy Forts / Phelan, Mary -- Fairy Forts / Fitzgerald, Michael -- Fairy Raths / Rourke, Edward O -- Fairy Raths / Phelan, Patrick -- Fairy Raths / Connor, Edward O -- Fairy Raths / Roche, William -- Fairy Raths / Synnott, John -- Fairy Raths / Rourke, Michael O -- Fairy Raths / Aylward, Peggy -- Fairy Raths / Synncott, John -- Games I Play / Phelan, Patrick -- Games I Play / Aylward, Mary -- Games I Play / Phelan, Mary -- Games I Play / Aylward, Peggy -- Games I Play / Fitzgerald, Michael -- Games I Play / Roche, William -- Games I Play / Connor, Eddie O -- Games I Play / Connor, Peter O -- Children's Games / Syncott, Joseph -- Games I Play / Culleton, James -- Local Cures / Aylward, Mary -- Local Cures / Aylward, Peggy -- Local Cures / Connor, Peter O -- Old Cures / Connor, Eddy O -- Local Cures -- Old Cures / Rourke, Edward O -- Old Cures / Roche, William -- Old Cures / Doherty, Patrick -- Local Cures / Phelan, Patrick -- My Native Place / Connor, Peter O -- My Native Place -- My Native Place / Fitzgerald, Michael -- My Native Place / Culleton, James -- Forges / Aylward, Mary -- Forges / Roche, William -- Forges / Rourke, Edward O' -- Forges / Synnott, John -- Forges / Aylward, Peggy -- Forges / Phelan, Mary -- Travelling Folk / Phelan, Mary -- Travelling Folk / Aylward, Mary -- Travelling Folk / Whelan, Alice -- Travelling Folk / Roche, William -- Food in Olden Times -- Local Food in Olden Times / Aylward, Mary -- Local Food in Olden Times / Roche, William -- Ancient Food / Whelan, Alice -- Potato Crop / Rourke, Edward O -- Potato Crop -- Potato Crop / Synnott, Joseph -- Potato Crop / Doherty, Patrick -- Potato Crop / Whelan, Alice -- Potato Crop / Rourke, Michael O -- Local Fairs / Whelan, Alice -- Local Fairs / Roche, William -- Local Fairs / Connor, Edward O -- Local Fairs / Phelan, Mary -- Leprechaun / Phelan, Mary -- Leprechaun / Aylward, Mary -- Leprechaun / Rourke, Edward O -- Leprechaun -- Leprechaun / Connor, Edwrad O -- Leprechaun / Whelan, Alice -- Leprechaun / Culleton, James -- Leprechaun / Kennedy, Jonh -- Leprechaun / Synnott, John -- Local Churchyards / Aylward, Mary -- Local Churchyards / Whelan, Alice -- Local Churchyards / Aylward, Peggy -- Local Churchyards / Connor, Edward O -- Local Churchyards / Rourke, Michael O -- Local Churchyards -- Local Churchyards / Synnott, John -- Old Local Churches / Rourke, Edward O, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

A collection of folklore and local history stories from St Columba's, Buncrana (school) (Buncrana, Co. Donegal), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Eoghan Ua Gallchobhair., Na Lochlannaigh -- Solas atá le Feiceáil in Rockytown -- Dóigh a bhFuair Kinnego A Ainm -- Scéaltaí fá Cholm Cille -- Scéaltaí fá Cholm Cille -- Scéaltaí fá Cholm Cille -- Riddles Commonly Heard in the District -- Christmas Rhymers -- Tuairm ar chéad bliadhain ó shoin bhí fear muigh ag baint muirinighe ar an chósta. -- Lá amháin tamall maith bliadhanta ó shoin bhí triúr feirmeoirí as Desertegney ag teacht isteach go Buncrannaighe. -- Ins na bliadhanta a chuaidh thart beireadha ar móran sgadáin i Loch Súiligh. -- Oidhche amháin bhí fear as na Illies ag dul abhaile as an bhaile mhór ... -- When you rise up in the morning ¶ And looking for a cure ... -- One time there was a girl from Gransha keeping company with a Protestant. -- At the present time in Buncrana lives an old man called William Kavanagh. -- In the penal days when there was a price on the head of every priest. -- There was a well in Desertegney said to have been blessed by St Egney. -- Once a ghost was supposed to be seen in Gartyargan. -- One night there was an old woman coming home from midnight mass. -- One day two men went out hunting with dogs. -- Bonnie Wee Green in Ballynarry -- At one time a man decided to build a house on the green. -- James and Mary McLoughlin used to live in a small thatched house near the green. -- Scéaltaí fá Cholm Cille -- Old Mill -- There is a place up in the Gransha hills known as the Giants' Den. -- Scéal Eile fá Cholm Cille -- Once there was a man called Pat McKinney living out in Fallask. -- There lived a man in Ballymagan called James Donaghy. -- When the Danes were in Ireland they made a tunnel from Fr Hegarty's Rock to Dirren near Kinnego. -- There was a beautiful girl living in Desertegney at one time. -- Hidden Treasure / Doherty, John F. O' -- Hidden Treasure / Laughlin, Colm Mc -- There are three standing stones in Hugh Mc Carrons field in Lower Granshaw in the parish of Bunorana which mark the graves of three brothers. / Laughlin, Charles Mc -- Games - The Priest of the Parish / Groarty, George Mc -- Playing Marbles / Cracken, Andy Mc -- Chestnuts / Doherty, Patrick -- Holes / Fraser, Barney -- Weather-Lore / Quigley, Colm -- Weather-Lore / Lynch, Jack -- Local Cures / Groarty, George Mc -- Hidden Treasure -- Local Cures / Cutliffe, Seamus -- Jack Jack Show Your Light / Cutliffe, Seamus -- Local Cures / Doherty, Patrick -- One time there was a man called Pat Kearney that lived in a place called Carolina. / Campbell, Charles -- Blacksmith and His Forge -- Funny Story -- Local Cures / Doherty, Patrick -- Superstitions / Cracken, Andy Mc -- Homemade Toys / Groarty, George Mc -- Local Toys / Cutliffe, Seamus -- Story / Hopkins, George -- Game / Hopkins, George -- When lightening comes some people make a cross out of turf. / Grant, Colm -- Lore of Certain Days / Doherty, Patrick -- Lore of Certain Days / Doherty, John F. O' -- Herbs / Groarty, George Mc -- Herbs / Cutliff, Seamus -- Hedge-School / Campbell, Charles -- Old School / Quigley, Colm -- Sinking of the Laurentic / Doherty, John F. O' -- Proverbs -- Story / Cracken, Andy Mc -- Story / Cutliffe, Seamus -- Story / Quigley, Colm -- Story / Grant, Colm -- Shandrum Still / Doherty, Robert -- Story / Laughlin, Charles Mc -- Story / Doherty, John F. O' -- Catching Trout / Cutliffe, Seamus -- Food in Olden Times / Cracken, Andy Mc -- Famine / Cracken, Andy Mc -- Valley of Fahan / Quigley, Colm -- Twas on a dewy summer's night, it hounds my recollection still / Laughlin, Colm Mc -- There is a flat stone in a place called the Green Hill. / Campbell, Charles -- Local Marriage Customs / Doherty, John F. O' -- Story / Cracken, Andy Mc -- Rockytown Light / Laughlin, Colm Mc -- Funny Story / Fraser, Barney -- Story / Cracken, Andy Mc -- How Will o' the Wisp got His Name / Doherty, Patrick -- Story / Laughlin, Charles Mc -- Story / Groarty, George Mc -- Old Crafts / Colgan, John Mc -- In the Penal Times / Colgan, John Mc -- Local Place Names / Colgan, John Mc -- Local Cures / Keany, Joe -- Homemade Toys -- Severe Weather / Duggan, Stephen -- Funny Story / Laughlin, Sheamus Mc -- Old Crafts / Lynch, Michael -- Local Cures / Smith, Colm -- Old Crafts / Porter, Patrick -- Old Crafts / Laughlin, James Mc -- Local Cures / Laughlin, James Mc -- 1932 Election / Cramsie, Miss J. -- Story / Laughlin, Charles Mc -- Three Stones / Cracken, Andy Mc -- Funny Story / Fraser, Corney -- Place Names / Doherty, John F. O' -- Story / Doherty, John F. O' -- Story / Laughlin, Charles Mc -- Swilly's Lovely Shore / Laughlin, Colm Mc -- One day Colmcille was passing through Umricam. / Laughlin, Colm Mc -- Story / Quigley, Colm -- Story / Campbell, Charles -- Story / Campbell, Charles -- Riddles / Fraser, Corney -- Story / Quigley, Colm -- Story / Quigley, Colm -- Story / Donnell, James O' -- Story / Barr, Michael, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

The aim of this work is the improvement of model-based data worth analysis for groundwater systems with the use of surrogate models. Physically-based groundwater models are wide-spread tools used to make diverse predictions for research and management problems. They allow incorporation of system knowledge and a multitude of data. Often, this complexity is accompanied with high model run times. This is especially problematic for applications such as uncertainty analysis or data worth analysis, which necessitate many model runs. Surrogate models aim to address these challenges with run time reduction through simplification of the model, usually through techniques of the following three major categories: projection-based methods, data-driven methods and structural reduction methods. The run time reduction through the use of surrogate models is associated with impairments regarding their applicability, accuracy of system representation, predictive uncertainty quantification and integration of system knowledge. In light of these potential limitations, this thesis compares the ability of three different surrogate models in reproducing diverse model predictions and data worth estimates of a complex, real-world benchmark model. The surrogates used are a spatially and parametrically simplified physically-based model, a set of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and a projection-based 'proper orthogonal decomposition' (POD) model. In the first part of this dissertation, the potentials and shortcomings of the popular POD method in regard to boundary representation are detailed and an extension of the method for accurate boundary depiction is proposed. The explicit treatment of boundary conditions is shown to eliminate reduction-induced errors at Dirichlet and Neumann boundaries (and reduce errors at Cauchy boundaries) for a small trade-off in general groundwater head accuracy. Ease of implementation and the potential for purposeful application of the extension allow modelers a target-oriented refinement of POD models. The second part of this dissertation addresses the challenge of quantifying the model simplification error of a surrogate model in light of erroneousness of their model predictions. An existing method for predictive uncertainty quantification is extended to estimate the simplification error and bias of different model predictions of all three surrogate models compared to the complex benchmark model predictions. Results show that the magnitude and structure of model simplification error is highly dependent on both the type of model prediction and surrogate model. In the final part of the thesis, two of the surrogate models are compared with the complex model in their application for analysis of worth of different data types. First-order second-moment data worth analysis methods are extended to account for the non-uniqueness of calibrated model parameters in a robust method. It is then used in collaboration with the surrogate models to analyze the worth of existing, 'future' and 'parametric' data for varying model predictions. The comparison of changes in predictive uncertainty variance between complex model and the surrogates shows that the simplified, physically-based model is only able to identify data worth in the existing calibration data set. The POD model is a suitable surrogate for data worth analysis in regards to all differing predictions and worth of existing, 'future' and 'parametric' data when combined with the strengths of the proposed robust data worth analysis method.:1 Introduction 2 State of the art 2.1 Surrogate modeling for groundwater systems 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Projection-based methods 2.1.3 Data-driven methods 2.1.4 Structural simplification methods 2.1.5 Open research questions 2.2 Uncertainty and data worth analysis 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Sources of uncertainty in groundwater modeling 2.2.3 Types of uncertainty analysis 2.2.4 Data worth analysis 2.2.5 Open research questions 3 Objectives and contributions 3.1 Explicit boundary treatment in POD 3.2 Analysis of model simplification error 3.3 Robust data worth analysis using surrogate models 3.4 Expected impact 4 Methods 4.1 The Wairau Plain aquifer, the complex model and its surrogates 4.1.1 The Wairau Plain aquifer 4.1.2 Complex MODFLOW model of the Wairau Plain aquifer (CM) 4.1.3 Surrogate 1: simplified MODFLOW model (SM1,sMm) 4.1.4 Surrogate 2: linearized POD model (SM2,POD) 4.1.5 Surrogate 3: artificial neural networks (SM3,ANN) 4.2 POD extension for explicit boundary treatment 4.2.1 Groundwater models and basic POD 4.2.2 Theory of explicit treatment of boundary conditions in POD 4.2.3 Different boundary conditions in eb-POD 4.2.4 Cost of eb-POD compared to basic POD 4.3 Model simplification error analysis - theory 4.3.1 A linear model, solution space and null-space 4.3.2 Surrogate model: definition and calibration 4.3.3 Parameter simplification - relationship between complex model and surrogate model parameters 4.3.4 Simplification error of surrogate model predictions 4.4 Model simplification error analysis - scatter plot analysis 4.4.1 Methodology 4.4.2 General features of the scatter plots 4.4.3 Contributions of error terms 4.4.4 Prediction pairs 4.4.5 Summary 4.5 Robust data worth analysis 4.5.1 First-order second-moment uncertainty estimation 4.5.2 Worth of data 4.5.3 Generating calibrated parameter sets - null-space parameter perturbation 4.5.4 Robust data worth analysis 5 Results and discussion 5.1 Explicit treatment of boundary conditions in POD 5.1.1 (Variable) Dirichlet boundaries 5.1.2 Neumann boundaries 5.1.3 Cauchy boundaries 5.1.4 Applying eb-POD: summary 5.2 Quantifying model simplification error 5.2.1 Simplified MODFLOW model: SM1,sMm 5.2.2 POD surrogate model: SM2,POD 5.2.3 ANN surrogate model: SM3,ANN 5.2.4 Surrogate comparison: simplification errors in model predictions 5.3 Robust data worth analysis using surrogate models 5.3.1 Worth of existing data 5.3.2 Worth of 'future' data 5.3.3 Worth of 'parametric' data 5.3.4 Data worth with surrogate models: summary 5.4 Discussion 6 Conclusions and outlook A Appendix: Publications Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Verbesserung modellbasierter Datenwertanalyse in Grundwassersystemen mittels Ersatzmodellen. Vielfältige Fragestellungen im Fachgebiet Grundwasser werden in Wissenschaft und Praxis mithilfe von physikalisch basierten Modellen beantwortet. Solche Modelle können hierbei vorhandene Kenntnisse über das System sowie eine Vielzahl gemessener Daten einbinden. Jedoch führt die zugrundeliegende Komplexität häufig zu langen Modelllaufzeiten, was insbesondere für Anwendungen mit vielen Modellläufen, wie Unsicherheits- oder Datenwertanalyse, problematisch ist. Hier greifen Ersatzmodelle an: eine Vereinfachung des Modells reduziert die zugehörigen Laufzeiten. Solche Ersatzmodelle lassen sich in drei Kategorien einteilen: projektionsbasierte Methoden, datengetriebene Methoden und strukturreduzierende Methoden. Ersatzmodelle haben jedoch auch verschiedene Nachteile: eingeschränkte Anwendbarkeit, geringere Genauigkeit der Systemabbildung, verringerte Qualität ihrer Vorhersage- und Unsicherheitsschätzung, sowie Restriktionen bei der Integrierung vorhandener Systemkenntnisse. Zur Abschätzung dieser möglichen Einschränkungen vergleicht diese Arbeit drei verschiedene Ersatzmodelle mit einem realen, komplexen Benchmarkmodell in Bezug auf ihre Fähigkeit, verschiedene Modellvorhersagen und Datenwertabschätzungen glaubhaft zu reproduzieren. Die drei Ersatzmodelle sind: ein räumlich und parametrisch vereinfachtes, physikalisch basiertes Modell, ein Verbund künstlicher neuronaler Netze und ein projektionsbasiertes 'proper orthogonal decomposition' (POD) Modell. Der erste Teil der Arbeit widmet sich den Ungenauigkeiten der weitverbreiteten POD Methode bei der Abbildung von Randbedingungen und zeigt eine Erweiterung der Methode zur präziseren Darstellung der Randbedingungen in POD auf. Es wird nachgewiesen, dass diese explizite Behandlung der Randbedingungen in POD reduktionsbasierte Fehler in den Dirichlet- und Neumann-Randbedingungen eliminiert sowie Fehler in den Cauchy-Randbedingungen reduziert. Die Methode führt jedoch zu einer leicht verringerten Genauigkeit bei der allgemeinen Abbildung der Grundwasserstände im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen POD. Dennoch ist die Methode ein nützliches Werkzeug, da sie eine zielgerichtete Anpassung von POD-Ersatzmodellen erlaubt. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit stellt sich der Aufgabe, den durch die Modellvereinfachung eingebrachten Fehler der Ersatzmodelle bezogen auf ihre Modellvorhersagen zu beurteilen. Hierzu wird eine vorhandene Methode zur Berechnung von Vorhersageunsicherheiten angepasst und erweitert, um Fehler und Bias durch Modellvereinfachung zwischen den drei Ersatzmodellen und dem Benchmarkmodell für verschiedene Modellvorhersagen abzuschätzen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Größe und Struktur des Fehlers durch Modellvereinfachung stark von der Art der Modellvorhersage und des jeweiligen Ersatzmodells abhängen. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit werden zwei der Ersatzmodelle mit dem Benchmarkmodell bezüglich ihrer Nutzbarkeit zur Datenwertanalyse verglichen. Die verwendete, lokale Methode zur Datenwertanalyse wird auf mehrere plausible Parameterfelder angewandt, um die Nichteindeutigkeit kalibrierter Modellparameter mit einzubeziehen. Mittels dieser erweiterten, robusten Methode werden vorhandene, 'zukünftige' und 'parametrische' Datenwerte in Bezug auf verschiedene Modellvorhersagen für die Ersatzmodelle sowie das Benchmarkmodell evaluiert. Der Vergleich der auf Vorhersageunsicherheiten bezogenen Datenwerte zwischen Benchmarkmodell und dem vereinfachten, physikalisch basierten Modell zeigt, dass dieses Ersatzmodell nur die Ergebnisse für vorhandene Daten korrekt wiedergibt. Das POD Modell dagegen ist ein geeignetes Ersatzmodell hinsichtlich seiner Fähigkeit, Datenwerte des Benchmarkmodells mittels der vorgestellten robusten Methode zu reproduzieren. Dies ist unabhängig von der gewählten Vorhersage und davon, ob vorhandene, 'zukünftige' oder 'parametrische' Daten betrachtet werden.:1 Introduction 2 State of the art 2.1 Surrogate modeling for groundwater systems 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Projection-based methods 2.1.3 Data-driven methods 2.1.4 Structural simplification methods 2.1.5 Open research questions 2.2 Uncertainty and data worth analysis 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Sources of uncertainty in groundwater modeling 2.2.3 Types of uncertainty analysis 2.2.4 Data worth analysis 2.2.5 Open research questions 3 Objectives and contributions 3.1 Explicit boundary treatment in POD 3.2 Analysis of model simplification error 3.3 Robust data worth analysis using surrogate models 3.4 Expected impact 4 Methods 4.1 The Wairau Plain aquifer, the complex model and its surrogates 4.1.1 The Wairau Plain aquifer 4.1.2 Complex MODFLOW model of the Wairau Plain aquifer (CM) 4.1.3 Surrogate 1: simplified MODFLOW model (SM1,sMm) 4.1.4 Surrogate 2: linearized POD model (SM2,POD) 4.1.5 Surrogate 3: artificial neural networks (SM3,ANN) 4.2 POD extension for explicit boundary treatment 4.2.1 Groundwater models and basic POD 4.2.2 Theory of explicit treatment of boundary conditions in POD 4.2.3 Different boundary conditions in eb-POD 4.2.4 Cost of eb-POD compared to basic POD 4.3 Model simplification error analysis - theory 4.3.1 A linear model, solution space and null-space 4.3.2 Surrogate model: definition and calibration 4.3.3 Parameter simplification - relationship between complex model and surrogate model parameters 4.3.4 Simplification error of surrogate model predictions 4.4 Model simplification error analysis - scatter plot analysis 4.4.1 Methodology 4.4.2 General features of the scatter plots 4.4.3 Contributions of error terms 4.4.4 Prediction pairs 4.4.5 Summary 4.5 Robust data worth analysis 4.5.1 First-order second-moment uncertainty estimation 4.5.2 Worth of data 4.5.3 Generating calibrated parameter sets - null-space parameter perturbation 4.5.4 Robust data worth analysis 5 Results and discussion 5.1 Explicit treatment of boundary conditions in POD 5.1.1 (Variable) Dirichlet boundaries 5.1.2 Neumann boundaries 5.1.3 Cauchy boundaries 5.1.4 Applying eb-POD: summary 5.2 Quantifying model simplification error 5.2.1 Simplified MODFLOW model: SM1,sMm 5.2.2 POD surrogate model: SM2,POD 5.2.3 ANN surrogate model: SM3,ANN 5.2.4 Surrogate comparison: simplification errors in model predictions 5.3 Robust data worth analysis using surrogate models 5.3.1 Worth of existing data 5.3.2 Worth of 'future' data 5.3.3 Worth of 'parametric' data 5.3.4 Data worth with surrogate models: summary 5.4 Discussion 6 Conclusions and outlook A Appendix: Publications

International audience