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The third national lockdown began early January 2021 and started to ease on 8th March when schools and limited outdoor social contact resumed. Police-recorded crime rates per 10,000 population (in orange) are here compared to expected rates (black lines, with confidence intervals in grey). Crime effects in January and February 2021 were similar to first lockdown (Apr-Jun 2020) but with notable differences. Acquisitive crime except bike theft fell sharply but began to increase in March. Increases in anti-social behaviour and drug offences were smaller than first lockdown.

CapaCiTY study 3 Gantt chart. (DOC 49 kb)

Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) checklist. (DOC 121 kb)

Aim To assess the outcomes of colectomy in adults with chronic constipation (CC). Method Standardised methods and reporting of benefits and harms were used for all CapaCiTY reviews that closely adhered to PRISMA 2016 guidance. Main conclusions were presented as summary evidence statements (SES) with a summative Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (2009) level. Results Forty articles were identified, providing data on outcomes in 2045 patients. Evidence was derived almost exclusively from observational studies, the majority of which concerned colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis (CIRA) rather than other procedural variations. Average length of stay (LOS) ranged between 7–15 days. Although inconsistent, laparoscopic surgery may be associated with longer mean operating times (210 vs 167 min) and modest decreases in LOS (10–8 days). Complications occurred in approximately 24% of patients. Six (0.4%) procedure-related deaths were observed. Recurrent episodes of small bowel obstruction occurred in about 15% (95%CI: 10–21%) of patients in the long-term, with significant burden of re-hospitalisation and frequent recourse to surgery. Most patients reported a satisfactory or good outcome after colectomy but negative long-term functional outcomes persist in a minority of patients. The influence of resection extent, anastomotic configuration and method of access on complication rates remains uncertain. Available evidence weakly supports selection of patients with an isolated slow-transit phenotype. Conclusion Colectomy for CC may benefit some patients but at the cost of substantial short- and long-term morbidity. Current evidence is insufficient to guide patient or procedural selection.

Aim\ud \ud This manuscript provides the introduction and detailed methodology used in subsequent reviews to assess the outcomes of surgical interventions with the primary intent of treating chronic constipation in adults and to develop recommendations for practice.\ud \ud Method\ud \ud PRISMA guidance was adhered to throughout. A literature search was performed in public databases between January 1960 and February 2016. Studies that fulfilled strictly-defined PICOS (patients, interventions, controls, outcome, and study design) criteria were included. The process involved two groups of participants: (i): ‘a clinical guidance group’ of 18 UK experts (including junior support) who performed the systematic reviews and produced summary evidence statements (SES) based strictly on data synthesis in each review. The same group then produced prototype graded practice recommendations (GPRs) based on coalescence of SES and expert opinion; (ii): a European Consensus group of 18 ESCP (European Society of Coloproctology) nominated experts from nine European countries evaluated the appropriateness of each prototype GPR based on published RAND/UCLA methodology.\ud \ud Results\ud \ud An overview of the search results is provided in this manuscript. A total of 156 studies from 307 full text articles (from 2551 initially screened records) were included, providing data on procedures characterized by: (i) colonic resection (n = 40); (ii) rectal suspension (n = 18); (iii) rectal wall excision (n = 44); (iv) rectovaginal septum reinforcement (n = 47); (v) sacral nerve stimulation (n = 7). The overall quality of evidence was poor with 113/156 (72.4%) studies providing only Oxford level IV evidence. The best evidence was extracted for rectal excisional procedures, where the majority of studies were Oxford level I or II. The five subsequent reviews provide a total of 99 SES (reflecting perioperative variables, efficacy, harms and prognostic variables) that contributed to 100 prototype GPRs covering patient selection, procedural considerations and patient counselling. The final manuscript details the 85/100 GPRs that were deemed appropriate by European Consensus (remaining 15 were all uncertain) and future research recommendations.\ud \ud Conclusion\ud \ud This manuscript and the following 6 papers suggest that the evidence base for surgical management of chronic constipation is currently poor although some expert consensus exists on best practice. Further studies are required to inform future commissioning of treatments and of research funding.

Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Rhynchota Aphididae) is an important aphid pest of wheat and barley crops in many countries. Populations of Russian wheat aphid (RWA) from different origins show different reproductive behaviour, but the situation in Argentina was unknown. The aim of the current research was to determine the reproductive behaviour of RWA in Argentina based on samples from populations at six different localities with contrasting land use, altitude and climate. RWA were collected from cultivated and wild grasses from February to December 2005, and 10-15 colonies of aphids were established by collecting parthenogenetic adult females from each population. These colonies were kept under natural conditions at La Plata (36°36′ South Latitude) from 21 December 2005 to 21 December 2007. In more than half of the colonies, oviparous females and eggs were recorded in both years when temperatures were low and the photoperiod either short or increasing and relatively long. Consequently, oviparous females and eggs were recorded from early autumn (April) until the following spring (October), when day length was 11:33 and 13:44 hours, respectively. In both years the temperature and the altitude at the place of origin were highly correlated with the timing of sexual development. The production of eggs enables RWA to survive periods of adverse conditions and generate variability. Thus, by reproducing sexually, RWA may be able to adapt to new environmental conditions and give rise to new, more aggressive biotypes, which can overcome the current resistant varieties of wheat., Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

As coastal destinations continue to grow, due to tourism and residential expansion, the demand for public beach access and related amenities will also increase. As a resultagencies that provide beach access and related amenities face challenges when considering both residents and visitors use beaches and likely possess different needs, as well as different preferences for management decisions. Being a resident of a coastal county provides more opportunity to use local beaches, but coastal tourism is an important and growing economic engine in coastal communities (Kriesel, Landry, & Keeler, 2005; Pogue & Lee, 1999). Therefore, providing agencies with a comprehensive assessment of the differences between these two groups will increase the likelihood of effective management programs and policies for the provision of public beach access and related amenities. The purpose of this paper was to use a stated preference choice method (SPCM) to identify the extent of both residents’ and visitors’ preferences for public beach management options. (PDF contains 4 pages)

In little more than a decade, the use of electronic fetal monitoring has become standard obstetric practice. Increasingly it is being suggested that all labors should be monitored electronically, and that such universal monitoring will result in improved neonatal outcome. This paper reviews the evidence in what has been termed "the fetal monitoring debate",(1) concluding that there is no indication for monitoring low risk labors, and that in fact too many-rather than too few-labors are being monitored.

Family medicine is an emerging discipline, in the process of generating a literature and language of its own. This paper explores the ways in which language can both facilitate and inhibit changes in the way the world is seen and thought about.

Is there a difference in the way family physicians and specialists deal with clinical problems? Family physicians, in contrast to specialists, work in a practice environment in which there is a high prevalence of symptomatic discomfort, but a low prevalence of frank disease. These circumstances result in clinical strategies that are very different to those used in secondary and tertiary levels of care, and which run counter to what are usually accepted as medical norms. The primary care physician must often diagnose what things are not, rather than what they are, must make management decisions prior to, or instead of, diagnostic decisions and must resist the temptation to be ;thorough' These imperatives are reflected in the language family physicians sometimes use in their conversations with patients. Clinical reasoning in primary care involves important but poorly understood intellectual processes which may be of significance to all levels of medicine.

In this study of six month's prescribing in a solo practice, drug use is examined in terms of the populations receiving different types of drugs, the relation to morbidity and the effect of the investigating doctor's attitudes and habits.

This thesis examines the devices employed by various algorithms to search for maximal complete subgraphs in graphs. Also known as cliques, in Chapter 1 these subgraphs are seen to play an important role in graph theory, information retrieval, Sociometry, logic design, and computational complexity. The enumeration of cliques using the Harary-Rcss, Bonner, Peay, and Bron-Kerbosch algorithms is discussed in Chapter 2. The Reduced Redundancy algorithm is introduced, and the performance of the five procedures is assessed using an alternative approach to empirical testing. Each of the algorithms is shown to generate a "derivation tree" for a given graph whose size can be used as a measure of its efficiency. In Chapter 3, the possibility of exploiting vertex similarity is examined with a view to reducing the size of the derivation tree. As a consequence, algorithms are proposed for finding non-similar cliques. The concept of "complete subgraph equivalence" of vertices is introduced to develop a means for expressing the cliques of a graph as the Cartesian product of vertex subsets. An algorithm for detecting the existence of a clique of order k in a certain class of k-partite graphs in polynomial time is proposed in Chapter 4. This class consists of all graphs reducible by the algorithm to k-partite graphs having at most two vertices per block of degree greater than 0. This algorithm is shown to provide an efficient heuristic which can be used in a procedure for determining whether a well-formed formula is a tautology. The thesis is concluded with an empirical analysis of the techniques employed by the enumeration algorithms of Chapter 2. In addition, the efficiency of the Clique Detection algorithm is compared with that of the Reduced Redundancy algorithm.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the graph isomorphism problem for a special class of graphs. Each graph is characterized by its edge set, and a subgroup of its automorphism group, called the colour group. In particular, a simple, efficient algorithm for determining whether two graphs are isomorphic if at least one is a member of the class is developed. Chapter 1 provides some basic definitions and lemmas required in the text. The concepts of reducibility and reducible bipartite graphs are introduced, and the properties of the colour groups of such graphs are investigated. Chapter 2 establishes some results concerning the existence of reducible graphs. Conditions based on the existence of vertices with prescribed properties are shown to provide sufficient conditions for a graph to be reducible. In the special case of trees they are shown to be both necessary and sufficient. Necessary conditions for the reducibility of graphs, based on their radius and diameter are also established. Chapter 3 describes an algorithm for determining whether a graph is completely reducible, which is applied to a test for isomorphism. An investigation of the speed of this algorithm is made and its efficiency is compared with an algorithm of D. Corneil [5], which this author considers the best for arbitrary graphs in the current literature.