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Most of the concrete volume in multi-storey buildings is cast in solid slabs, which are frequently flat slabs supported on columns. By using two-way spanning ribbed slabs, concrete consumption could be significantly reduced. However, due to the high costs associated with formwork, such a complex rib configuration is rarely used nowadays. With the advent of technologies for automated formwork fabrication, the material-saving potential inherent in this structural system could again be exploited. This paper investigates the feasibility of material-efficient ribbed concrete slabs on a building scale using conventional concrete and steel reinforcing bars cast inside a 3D-printed plastic-based formwork. To that end, the code-compliant design of ribbed slabs is first discussed, followed by the introduction of a concept for an automated design-to-production workflow. The sustainability of this slab system is compared to a solution using conventional formwork in a case study consisting of a multi-bay office building with slabs spanning 8 m in both directions, revealing that ribbed slabs use 40% less concrete than solid slabs. Several representative structural elements of the case study (ribs, slab-column transition) were produced at full-scale and tested until failure to investigate the feasibility of production and structural performance. Three T-beams with various rib shapes (straight, kinked with diaphragms, curved) were tested in a three-point bending configuration, showing a ductile behaviour with longitudinal reinforcement yielding and indicating the relevance of torsional effects in curved ribs. Punching tests on two slab-column connections (ribbed, solid) revealed that the optimised ribbed slab could prevent brittle punching failures and achieve an ultimate load 105% higher than the solid reference slab. All specimens’ load-bearing behaviour could be predicted using established design formulas, showing the feasibility of producing code-compliant ribbed slabs with the applied technology. ISSN:1464-4177 ISSN:1751-7648

The computational fabrication community is developing an increasing interest in the use of patterned surfaces, which can be designed to show ornamental and unconventional aesthetics or to perform as a proper structural material with a wide range of features. Geometrically designing and controlling the deformation capabilities of these patterns in response to external stimuli is a complex task due to the large number of variables involved. This paper introduces a method for generating sets of tileable and exchangeable flat patterns as well as a model-reduction strategy that enables their mechanical simulation at interactive rates. This method is included in a design pipeline that aims to turn any general flat surface into a pattern tessellation, which is able to deform under a given loading scenario. To validate our approach, we apply it to different contexts, including real-scale 3D printed specimens, for which we compare our results with the ones provided by a ground-truth solver.

Project Report: Pacheco et al. (2023) Recycled Aggregates and 3D printing technology: production requirements, printability and way forward (Deliverable D1.1.). Project Title: Recycled aggregates for 3D printed concrete structures Acronym: Recycl3D Project website: https://recycl3d.eu/, This project has received funding under Grant agreement nº 101003575. Funding Scheme ERA-MIN 3 Cofund 2021.

[EN] The use of developable surfaces in Architecture is an important topic that has gained attention on a number of occasions in recent developments in Geometry in Architecture. Computational approaches in this area omit, in certain cases, concepts from traditional descriptive or projective geometry, focusing more on mathematical-type analytical developments. Some geometrical issues are simply taken as given, and thus the geometrical deviation that occurs in certain cases is hidden in the leap from graphic space to the physical realm. In this article we detail one of these issues, which is assumed to be true in much of the existing literature. In reality, an important lack of geometrical precision remains unresolved. We expose an existing error in the conditions of developability when plotting rectifying surfaces on geodesic curves in the discretization of double curvature surfaces, in particular the design and construction of gridshell reticular structures., [ES] La utilización de superficies desarrollables en Arquitectura es un tema recurrente y de gran importancia en los desarrollos recientes sobre Geometrí­a en Arquitectura. Los acercamientos de tipo computacional en esta materia dejan de lado, en ciertos casos, los conceptos de la geometrí­a descriptiva o proyectiva tradicional centrándose más en desarrollos analí­ticos de tipo matemático. Algunas cuestiones geométricas se asumen como ciertas quedando oculto en el salto desde el espacio gráfico al ámbito fí­sico la desviación geométrica que se produce en ciertos casos. En el presente artí­culo se expone uno de estos aspectos geométricos son aceptados como verdaderos por la comunidad cientí­fica, existiendo detrás una importante inexactitud geométrica. Expondremos el error existente en las condiciones de desarrollabilidad del trazado de las superficies rectificantes sobre curvas geodésicas en la discretización de superficies de doble curvatura, en concreto el diseño y la construcción de estructuras reticulares de tipo gridshell.

[EN] This research is part of an exploration of the opportunities that developable surfaces offer in Architecture, with a specific focus on digital fabrication. Convalute surfaces have been subject to increasing attention over recent years. This attention is related to both a search for discretization systems for free surfaces and complex shapes with flat facets or developable strips, and with the use of these geometric shapes as an element for design composition. Making connections between geometry and construction is not new, and can be identified in the very foundations that led to the formulation of descriptive geometry as a tool applied to construction. Through an in-depth review of traditional pre-computational geometry based on classical descriptive geometry, this research reinterprets traditional graphic procedures. Through instrumentalisation using computational work processes, it is now possible to achieve in practice a level of development in this area that was until relatively recently contemplated only at a theoretical level. Specifically, this research develops and reformulates the concept of developable surfaces resting on two directrices in space, that is, developable strips. These surfaces are referred to as convolute surfaces in much of the current Spanish bibliography., [ES] La investigación que se presenta forma parte de la exploración de las posibilidades que ofrecen las superficies desarrollables en la construcción de Arquitectura enfocadas principalmente a la fabricación digital. Este tipo de superficies han sido profusamente tratadas en los últimos años, asociadas tanto a la búsqueda de sistemas de discretización de superficies libres y formas complejas con facetas planas o tiras desarrollables como a la utilización de estas formas geométricas como elemento de composición proyectual. Esta asociación de geometría y construcción no es nueva y se puede encontrar en los propios fundamentos que llevaron a la formulación de la Geometría Descriptiva como herramienta aplicada a la construcción. A través de una profunda revisión de la geometría tradicional pre-computacional basada en la Geometría Descriptiva clásica, se ha procedido a reinterpretar los procedimientos gráficos tradicionales. Mediante la instrumentalización a través de los nuevos procesos computacionales de trabajo es posible alcanzar niveles de desarrollo que previamente quedaban meramente planteados a nivel de formulación teórica. Concretamente se desarrolla y reformula la idea de las superficies desarrollables que se apoyan en dos directrices en el espacio, es decir, es decir tiras desarrollables,que son conocidas en la bibliografía tradicional española como superficies convolutas.

Manufacture of the Fab Helmet: Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation for Patients with COVID-19. Objective: This article aims to report the lessons learned from the development of the Fab Helmet. Method: Interdisciplinary and interinstitutional work for the elaboration of the device, considering those imported from other countries and used in national hospitals, but also the necessary and possible adaptations for Costa Rica and its reality. This implies that both materials available in the national market and the type of components of the device had to be compatible to work adequately in the conditions of Costa Rican health system. Results: Construction of the prototype suitable for Costa Rica, replicable with national materials and staff; supplying the medical system with more than 200 Fab Helmets, documentation and complete systematization of the process; obtaining the emergency permission for using the device, the operating permission for manufacturing medical and dental devices in UNED's Fabrication Laboratory and the only sanitary registration for category 2 Biomedical Equipment and Material given to a public university. Conclusions: Work process carried out left a series of lessons learned for both UNED team and the doctors involved in the project Fabricación del Fab Helmet: ventilación mecánica no invasiva para pacientes con COVID-19. Objetivo: Este artículo de divulgación pretende dar a conocer los aprendizajes obtenidos a partir de la elaboración del Fab Helmet. Método: Trabajo interdisciplinario e interinstitucional para la elaboración del dispositivo, considerando los que se importan desde otros países y que se usan en los hospitales nacionales, pero también las adaptaciones necesarias y posibles para Costa Rica y su realidad. Esto implica que tanto los materiales disponibles en el mercado nacional como el tipo de componentes de dicho dispositivo debían ser compatibles para funcionar adecuadamente en las condiciones del sistema de salud costarricense. Resultados: Construcción del prototipo adecuado para Costa Rica, replicable con materiales y mano de obra nacional; dotación al sistema médico de más de 200 Fab Helmet, se registra la documentación y la sistematización completa del proceso; obtención del permiso de uso por emergencia para el dispositivo, del permiso de funcionamiento para la elaboración de dispositivos médicos y odontológicos en los espacios del Laboratorio de fabricación de la UNED y del único registro sanitario de un Equipo y Material Biomédico categoría 2 proveniente de una universidad pública. Conclusiones: El proceso de trabajo realizado dejó una serie de aprendizajes tanto para el equipo de la UNED como para los médicos relacionados con el proyecto, estos se muestran en este artículo de divulgación. &nbsp

Design is a goal-oriented planning activity for creating products, processes, and systems with desired functions through specifications. It is a decision-making exploration: the design outcome may vary greatly depending on the designer’s knowledge and philosophy. Integrated design is one type of design philosophy that takes an interdisciplinary and holistic approach. In civil engineering, structural design is such an activity for creating buildings and infrastructures. Recently, structural design in many countries has emphasized a performance-based philosophy that simultaneously considers a structure’s safety, durability, serviceability, and sustainability. Consequently, integrated design in civil engineering has become more popular, useful, and important. Material-oriented integrated design and construction of structures (MIDCS) combine materials engineering and structural engineering in the design stage: it fully utilizes the strengths of materials by selecting the most suitable structural forms and construction methodologies. This paper will explore real-world examples of MIDCS, including the realization of MIDCS in timber seismic-resistant structures, masonry arch structures, long-span steel bridges, prefabricated/on-site extruded light-weight steel structures, fiber-reinforced cementitious composites structures, and fiber-reinforced polymer bridge decks. Additionally, advanced material design methods such as bioinspired design and structure construction technology of additive manufacturing are briefly reviewed and discussed to demonstrate how MIDCS can combine materials and structures. A unified strength-durability design theory is also introduced, which is a human-centric, interdisciplinary, and holistic approach to the description and development of any civil infrastructure and includes all processes directly involved in the life cycle of the infrastructure. Finally, this paper lays out future research directions for further development in the field.

Digital fabrication (dfab) in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) is a growing research field producing an increasingly wide array of new technologies and methods. For more than two decades, ETH Zurich has been a pioneer in on research dfab in AEC. The National Centre of Competence Digital Fabrication in Architecture (NCCR Digital Fabrication), initiated at ETH Zurich in 2014, has become a leading research initiative in this evolving field and has demonstrated its research in the DFAB HOUSE project, a full-scale construction project implementing fundamentally new dfab methods. The potential impact of future dfab adoption on the AEC field is increasingly being recognized. As one of the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitters and consumer of primary resources, AEC faces vast ecological, economic, and societal challenges: the shift towards circular economy principles, the elimination of its substantial greenhouse gas emissions, and the need to provide a sustainable built environment. Dfab could become instrumental in addressing these challenges by reducing resource intensity and carbon emissions, increasing productivity, and improving working conditions in the construction industry. For these reasons, dfab is expected to increasingly complement or replace conventional construction methods. However, the AEC industry is struggling to adopt dfab, and there is a growing divide between the technology advances made in dfab research and the slow pace of its adoption to practical application. Despite this challenge, little research has looked at how dfab technologies can be integrated in the complex socio-technical processes of planning and constructing the built environment. While research continues to focus on solving the persistent technical challenges posed by construction-scale dfab, the socio-technical implications of adopting dfab for projects and stakeholders in AEC largely remained unexplored, and little research has explicitly focused on the challenges of organizing for the use of dfab in AEC. This doctoral thesis addresses this gap by studying full-scale dfab implementation projects and the stakeholder perspectives of technology inventors and dfab adopters to explain the underlying organizational and socio-technical principles that shape the process of dfab adoption in AEC praxis. Its first contribution presents an initial socio-technical description of a full-scale dfab project, thematizing the interaction between multiple dfab technologies on one project and reflecting on socio-technical learnings from dfab application at full scale. The second contribution establishes a socio-technical framework of dfab adoption in AEC projects, defining the main challenges to dfab adoption on a construction project and the implementation strategies and practices to overcome them. In addition, it presents three theoretical propositions on the relevance of demonstrator projects for dfab adoption. The third contribution presents an analytical framework of the effects of full-scale construction demonstrators on dfab adoption, describing three main effects of full-scale demonstrators on project organization, technology development, and innovation management. The fourth contribution is the DFC Evaluation Framework, a conceptual framework for assessing adoption potential of concrete dfab technologies and the corresponding DFC Scoreboard, a practical tool to systematically match technology potential and adopter needs. The findings of this thesis are intended to aid the adoption of dfab technologies in the practical realm and to help advance these novel technologies from invention by the NCCR Digital Fabrication and other research and industry initiatives to widespread innovation across the AEC industry.

The reduction of the concrete volume used in the construction sector – triggered by the urgent demands on sustainability – has become one of the critical drivers for developing new composite materials and structural typologies. This thesis presents a novel approach for stay-in-place fexible formworks with integrated textile reinforcement based on the KnitCrete technology, reducing the environmental footprint of concrete structures through structurally informed geometries and slender dimensions, enabled by the use of weft-knitted fabrics and non-corrosive high-strength fbrous materials. The frst part of the thesis explores the possibilities arising from knitted textiles – including the feasibility of creating doubly curved geometries and introducing continuous rovings and spatial ribs – and revisits conventional reinforcement types and their suitability for complex geometries, proposing two directions for lean reinforcement strategies: (i) use of high-strength fbrous materials for the manufacturing of weft-knitted textiles and (ii) guiding conventional reinforcement (i.e. deformed steel bars or post-tensioning tendons) with integrated features within the fexible formworks. The second part of the thesis aims at characterising the mechanical behaviour of weft-knitted textile reinforced concrete regarding the (i) strength, (ii) stifness, (iii) bond, and (iv) deformation capacity. To this end, several experimental campaigns are conducted to prove the feasibility of the manufacturing procedure and examine the structural response under various loading conditions, including uniaxial tension, bending, and shear. The investigations focus on various knitting patterns, textile materials, coating types, and the infuence of shear connectors to enhance the bond conditions and the addition of short fbres to the concrete to improve the post-cracking behaviour. Furthermore, the combination of brittle and ductile reinforcement materials and the optimisation of the geometry by means of thinwalled cross-sections are studied. The load-deformation and failure behaviour is evaluated using refned measuring techniques, i.e. digital image correlation and distributed fbre optical sensing, which allow assessing the mean strains in the reinforcement and the crack kinematics. Analytical methods following the Tension Chord Model, which considers the stress transfer between the reinforcement and the concrete based on mechanically consistent assumptions, allow the adaptation to the specifc geometry of the weft-knitted textile reinforcement, the back-calculation of bond shear stresses, and the consideration of the short fbres in the concrete. The resulting predictions are validated with the experimental results. The load-bearing capacity of concrete beams with integrated transverse textile reinforcement is analysed regarding various contributions from the concrete and the high-strength rovings to the shear transfer across the governing crack and modelled using numerical simulations based on the Compatible Stress Field Method. The third part of the thesis discusses potential structural applications based on the fndings on the mechanical behaviour obtained from the experimental investigations. The implications of using brittle reinforcement materials are addressed, and various means to implement ductility in the global structural response are discussed, eventually proposing a classifcation framework for safe and reliable design principles to achieve an adequate post-cracking behaviour. The thesis concludes with a case study examining the structural behaviour of doubly curved concrete shells using non-linear fnite element analyses, highlighting the potential of the developed reinforcement approach for structures with complex geometries.

Digital Fabrication (DFAB) is a systemic innovation with low adoption rates in architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) projects. Managing requirements of a new design process is one major challenge for the increased DFAB adoption. For other types of innovations, practices such as Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) improve design management by integrating process, information and organisation in construction projects. In theory, BIM and ECI could improve design management and increase the adoption of DFAB. However, the relationship between DFAB, BIM and ECI has not yet been studied thoroughly. There is a need to understand new paradigms of DFAB design management in regard to process integration, information integration and organisational integration. This study undertakes a comparative study of four DFAB adoptions in AEC projects with varying levels of BIM and ECI implementation. The design processes of DFAB are traced using swimlane process diagrams. From this, relationships between DFAB, BIM, and ECI are derived using a quadripartite interrelationship diagram. This work illustrates the proposed relationships in DFAB adoption in design using a fishbone diagram. This work concludes with potential future research in design management for digital fabrication, including five takeaways for practitioners to adopt and manage DFAB in the design process of construction projects., Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 19 (1), ISSN:1745-2007

This dissertation explores the potential of architectural glass beyond mere transparency: as an informed, digital material. By combining the benefits of mass production, artisanship, and digital fabrication, the presented research develops novel digital fabrication methods to refine and customize mass-produced float glass at scale for architecture. Throughout history, advancements in glass engineering for buildings have primarily targeted the advancement of transparency, size, and standardized quality of flat glass. Since the invention of the float glass process facilitated its mass production, glass surfaces with minimal visual presence have increasingly become a globally present style in modern and contemporary buildings. Situated in the context of additive manufacturing and glass in architecture, this dissertation takes a new perspective on glass by exploring its presence as an informed, differentiated material. The work investigates the presence of color, shape, and textures in the glass. To enable novel material languages, traditional glass crafting techniques for color and shape customization are translated into robotic glass crafting techniques. A series of robotic fabrication and 3D printing methods are developed to enable the automated inscription of three-dimensional and polychromatic properties into float glass. Granular materials, colored granulated glass, and sand inform the float glass’s form and shape in the kiln under high temperatures. Computational design and simulation tools are investigated to design and predict outcomes. Through empirical research, potentials and constraints are tested along with different material systems and scales. A set of prototypes demonstrate different approaches to color patterning and shaping. Float glass-based printing methods offer an economical, fast approach for glass building elements to enable cost-efficient upscaling for architectural applications. The resulting mono-material glass elements solely consist of glass without any secondary material applied. Experiments result in large-scale elements and, ultimately, in a large-scale demonstrator that exemplifies the potential of robotic refinement and novel material expressions in a panoramic glass space. This work demonstrates how glass can be enriched with color, shape, and material gestures—beyond mere transparency. The research produced and future steps could enable a glass architecture of opulent materiality that utilizes glass as versatile architectural material producing intriguing light effects in the material itself and in architectural spaces.

Design education utilising digital fabrication is characterised by a dynamic project-based learning environment in which ideas are embodied in prototypes. This environment affects the way design and fabrication activities are taught, including sustainability considerations in the process and the outcomes. With the objectives of refining the sustainability indicators in the context of digital fabrication design education and identifying educational interventions for improving sustainability, we analyse the processes and outcomes of a digital fabrication course. We further develop a conceptual framework for sustainable prototyping based on the prototyping and testing stages in the design thinking model. The sustainability considerations in the prototyping process and outcomes in the design education context in FabLab are exemplified. The findings will help enhance sustainability and develop interventions in the context of design education.

The adoption of digital fabrication with concrete (DFC) has the potential to bring sustainability, productivity, and process innovation to the construction industry. However, DFC adoption towards market-ready construction systems is lagging due to a lack of understanding in matching its technology capabilities with the needs of potential adopters. This paper describes a DFC Evaluation Framework, analyzing current advancements in DFC through a Conceptual Framework Analysis. The framework is focused on the inputs, process parameters and outcomes of a given technology solution independently of the enabling technology type. It can be used to classify and compare DFC technologies along their systemic characteristics, which are both technical and non-technical in nature. The DFC Scoreboard, an interactive tool to match DFC technologies with the needs of prospective adopters, is developed and tested based on the framework. The paper discusses how the DFC Evaluation Framework and Scoreboard offer one of the first systemic overviews of DFC adoption, with the capability to match technology capabilities and user needs in the technology adoption process., Automation in Construction, 154, ISSN:0926-5805

This paper describes the structural design and engineering of “Striatus”, a 3D-concrete-printed unreinforced masonry pedestrian bridge built in Venice in 2021 as part of the Time Space Existence exhibition organised by the European Cultural Centre. The project combines the latest developments in 3D concrete printing with the structural principles of historic unreinforced masonry. Typically, the structural applications of 3D concrete printing are limited to elements such as columns and walls loaded vertically, perpendicularly to the horizontal printing layers, to formwork elements or secondary structural elements. Indeed, fabrication constraints, delamination issues and the low tensile strength of the concrete have been seen as limiting factors to 3D concrete printing for structural applications demanding resistance to bending or predominant loading directions not perpendicular to the printing layers. By using unreinforced-masonry structural principles, this paper shows that structural elements spanning space horizontally, such as a pedestrian bridge, can be built by using the 3D concrete printing components as the main structure, working only in compression, loaded perpendicularly to the printed layers. Furthermore, as a compression-only structure following masonry principles, Striatus enabled the use of unreinforced concrete without any mechanical or chemical connections between the elements and the separation of concrete and steel, only used for the supports and to equilibrate the horizontal thrust of the arch effect through the tension ties. This work shows how the application of unreinforced masonry principles to 3D concrete printing offers new opportunities in terms of structural design and represents a strategy to increase sustainability by reducing material consumption and allowing reusability and recyclability of the structure. Finally, this paper discusses the critical aspects related to the design of Striatus from an engineering and construction point of view., Engineering Structures, 292, ISSN:18737323, ISSN:0141-0296

Most of the concrete volume in multi-storey buildings is cast in solid slabs, which are frequently flat slabs supported on columns. By using two-way spanning ribbed slabs, concrete consumption could be significantly reduced. However, due to the high costs associated with formwork, such a complex rib configuration is rarely used nowadays. With the advent of technologies for automated formwork fabrication, the material-saving potential inherent in this structural system could again be exploited. This paper investigates the feasibility of material-efficient ribbed concrete slabs on a building scale using conventional concrete and steel reinforcing bars cast inside a 3D-printed plastic-based formwork. To that end, the code-compliant design of ribbed slabs is first discussed, followed by the introduction of a concept for an automated design-to-production workflow. The sustainability of this slab system is compared to a solution using conventional formwork in a case study consisting of a multi-bay office building with slabs spanning 8 m in both directions, revealing that ribbed slabs use 40% less concrete than solid slabs. Several representative structural elements of the case study (ribs, slab-column transition) were produced at full-scale and tested until failure to investigate the feasibility of production and structural performance. Three T-beams with various rib shapes (straight, kinked with diaphragms, curved) were tested in a three-point bending configuration, showing a ductile behaviour with longitudinal reinforcement yielding and indicating the relevance of torsional effects in curved ribs. Punching tests on two slab-column connections (ribbed, solid) revealed that the optimised ribbed slab could prevent brittle punching failures and achieve an ultimate load 105% higher than the solid reference slab. All specimens’ load-bearing behaviour could be predicted using established design formulas, showing the feasibility of producing code-compliant ribbed slabs with the applied technology., Structural Concrete, 24 (2), ISSN:1464-4177, ISSN:1751-7648

This paper introduces an integrated computational design framework for the design and realization of arbitrarily-curved bending-active architectural structures. The developed framework consists of a series of methods that enable the production of a complex 3D structures composed of a set of flat 2D panels whose mechanical properties are locally tuned by varying the shape of embedded spiraling patterns. The resulting panels perform as variable stiffness elements, and they are optimized to match a desired target shape once assembled together. The presented framework includes all the steps for the physical delivery of architectural objects, including conception, static assessment, and digital fabrication. The developed framework has been applied to an architectural scale prototype, which demonstrates the potential of integrating architectural design, computational simulation, structural engineering, and digital fabrication, opening up several possible novel applications in the building sector.

Broader adoption of timber construction is a strategy for reducing negative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions created by the construction industry. This paper proposes a novel solid timber building envelope that uses computational design and digital fabrication to improve buildings’ energy performance. Timber beams are sawn with deep slits that improve thermal insulation and are milled with various joints for airtight, structural connections. To minimize embedded energy and to simplify disposal, the envelope is assembled without adhesives or metal fasteners. The building envelope is evaluated for thermal resistance and airtightness, and fabrication is evaluated for duration and power output during sawing. Finally, a Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) is carried out. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) is compared to that of other wood envelope systems with similar thermal conductance. Compared to other timber constructions with similar building physics properties, the proposed system showed lower GWP values (−15.63 kg CO2 eq./m² construction). The development and analysis demonstrate the potential to use digitally controlled subtractive manufacturing for improving the quality of solid timber to achieve higher environmental performance in building envelopes. However, further design and fabrication optimizations may be necessary to reduce required materials and production energy.

In this study, a method, in which parametric design and robotic fabrication are combined into one unified framework, and integrated within a mixed reality environment, where designers can interact with design and fabrication alternatives, and manage this process in collaboration with other designers, is proposed. To achieve this goal, the digital twin of both design and robotic fabrication steps was created within a mixed-reality environment. The proposed method was tested on a design product, which was defined with the shape-grammar method using parametric-modeling tools. In this framework, designers can interact with both design and robotic-fabrication parameters, and subsequent steps are generated instantly. Robotic fabrication can continue uninterrupted with human–robot collaboration. This study contributes to improving design and fabrication possibilities such as mass-customization, and shortens the process from design to production. The user experience and augmented spatial feedback provided by mixed reality are richer than the interaction with the computer screen. Since the whole process from parametric design to robotic fabrication can be controlled by parameters with hand gestures, the perception of reality is richer. The digital twin of parametric design and robotic fabrication is superimposed as holographic content by adding it on top of real-world images. Designers can interact with both design and fabrication processes both physically and virtually and can collaborate with other designers.

The paper describes the physical realisation of a 3D-concrete-printed, mortar-free, unreinforced masonry arched footbridge, designed for disassembly and reuse. The paper also details the novel integrated design, engineering and fabrication framework and the manufacturing and assembly processes used for the project. The research, motivated by the rapid growth in large-scale 3D concrete printing (3DCP), addresses the current lack of both design tools and integrated design-to-production solutions. It is guided by the insight regarding the applicability of design and analysis methods used in unreinforced masonry to large-scale, layered 3D printing with compression dominant materials such as concrete. Thus, the underlying computational framework and integrated design environment further extends and adapts advances in the computational design and analysis of unreinforced masonry structures to 3DCP masonry blocks. Adopting an unreinforced masonry paradigm for the design of 3DCP structures can make it possible to (i) reduce the amount of concrete used by allowing precise placement of concrete only where needed along the compressive flow of forces, (ii) reduce the amount of steel needed by reducing tensile and flexural strength requirements through a compression-appropriate design of both the global, shape and the block discretisation, and (iii) reuse components, repair the structures and recycle materials more easily. This paper builds on the relevance of the computational masonry paradigm to both delivering the ecological promises of 3DCP and to the development of a 3DCP-specific, design-to-production toolkit., Architecture, Structures and Construction, 2 (4), ISSN:2730-9894, ISSN:2730-9886

Food and architecture have always been intertwined. When humans started to build settlements, we began to dictate where the food would be grown. Simultaneously, natural resources such as water, light and nutrients dictate how a plant grows. When a climbing plant or vines are planted, humans begin to plan the route for the plant to grow, forcing it to take on certain forms. Is it possible to control the plant below the surface of the soil as it is above the soil? Plant roots seek out and grow towards the water source, posing the possibility to control the network of roots that are often hidden deep within the soil. Today architects are working with nature to create an architecture that is both responsive to and harmonious with nature. As resources, in particular land, become increasingly scarce and our human population continues to grow, we have to find new solutions for both food production and housing. Our cities provide us with new opportunities to reshape the urban fabric while responding to these current issues. While plants provide food, they can also potentially provide other resources that could be used in architectural applications. Plants already provide us with many benefits such as food, medicine, and cleaning the air, to name but a few. Often, once the fruit or seed is removed and the plant no longer fruits, the plant is removed from the soil and discarded - hopefully composted. This poses the question; is it possible to simultaneously harvest other elements of the plants and make use of them before they biodegrade and end up back in the soil? RootSkin is a research developed to explore the creation of biodegradable textiles made from the roots of plants as well as producing food during the “growth” of the textile. The aim being that these textiles can then form part of architectural installations such as skins for pavilions or buildings, for example. In addition, the natural biodegradation allows for an element of change to be incorporated into design.

Fablab Bohol as the first FABLAB in the Philippines together with the JICA Volunteers and local makers develop this machine called ‘’Heat Press Machine’’. This press machine allows to maximize the use of waste shopping bags thru converting it into an Upcycled Plastic Sheets as a new raw material. The main thrust of this study was to design, fabricate and assess the functionality of Upcycled Plastic Sheets as a Material for a Home Accessories Collection. This experiment further sought to verify the result of the physical and performance level of the material and the acceptability of the material applied in Home Accessories Collection. As the result of the development of 2025 Home Accessories Collection from upcycled plastic sheets is acceptable as a new alternative material for Home Accessories, according to the respondents for the acceptability level from Cebu City Philippines where also been recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Network of Creative Cities as a "City of Design”. Thus, the use of upcycled plastic sheets could be applied into various designs of Home Accessories. It implies that the development of this project thru Fablab has a significant impact to the community.

En los últimos años, la fabricación digital ha estado impactando no solo en los procesos productivos, sino también en la manera en la que nos relacionamos con el patrimonio cultural inmaterial. La artesanía no es la excepción, pues sus procesos creativos han estado cambiando en la última década y lo seguirán haciendo. Esta investigación busca predecir el futuro de las artesanías desde dos miradas: una cuantitativa (estadística) y otra cualitativa (empírica). La perspectiva cuantitativa identifica variables que nos permiten predecir las tendencias estadísticas del sector artesanal. La perspectiva cualitativa se apoya en el testimonio de expertos cuyos proyectos se alinean con los principios del modelo de ciudad sostenible “Fab City”. Los proyectos e ideologías de los diseñadores entrevistados abarcan un amplio espectro, desde aportes sociales y de conservación del patrimonio cultural hasta mejoras en modelos de negocios artesanales. Discutiremos si la metodología de innovación que utilizan permitirá a las artesanías permanecer vigentes en el futuro. Revitalize Cultural Heritage Through Innovation and Digital Fabrication In recent years, digital fabrication has been impacting not only on production processes, but also on the way in which we relate to intangible cultural heritage. Handicrafts are no exception, as their creative processes have been changing in the last decade and will continue to do so. This research seeks to predict the future of handicrafts from two perspectives: one quantitative (statistical) and the other qualitative (empirical). The quantitative perspective identifies variables that allow us to predict the statistical trends of the artisanal sector. The qualitative perspective is based on the testimony of experts whose projects are aligned with the principles of the “Fab City” sustainable city model. The projects and ideologies of the interviewed designers cover a wide spectrum, from social contributions and conservation of cultural heritage to improvements in handicrafts business models. We will discuss whether the innovation methodology they use will allow handicrafts to remain in force in the future. &nbsp

[ES] El presente Trabajo Final de Máster tiene como objeto el diseño de un elemento de iluminación de interior para el fabricante digital de iluminación contemporánea, Gantri. Esta empresa fabrica luminarias sostenibles bajo demanda utilizando tecnología de impresión 3D y materiales de origen vegetal. Por ello, el elemento de iluminación se diseñará para ser fabricado mediante tecnología de impresión 3D y bajo los principios de sostenibilidad., [EN] The purpose of this Master's Final Project is to design an interior lighting element for the digital manufacturer of contemporary lighting, Gantri. This company makes sustainable lamps ondemand using 3D printing technologies and plant-based materials. Therefore, the lighting element will be designed to be manufactured using 3D printing technologies and under the principles of sustainability., [CA] El present Treball Final de Màster té com a objecte el disseny d'un element d'il·luminació d'interior per al fabricant digital d'il·luminació contemporània, Gantri. Aquesta empresa fabrica llums sostenibles sota demanda utilitzant tecnologies d'impressió 3D i materials d'origen vegetal. Per això, l'element d'il·luminació es dissenyarà per a ser fabricat mitjançant tecnologies d’impressió 3D i sota els principis de sostenibilitat.

A reabilitação de espaços interiores, num contexto de personalização em série, requer uma mudança na forma como os sistemas construtivos são desenhados, construídos e reutilizados. Recorrendo a plataformas digitais para a participação os arquitetos, em colaboração com outros atores na indústria AEC, podem desenvolver e oferecer soluções personalizadas e desmontáveis a utilizadores genéricos. Esta investigação propõe o uso de sistemas de construção personalizada em série (CPS) para fornecer sistemas de divisórias desmontáveis fabricadas digitalmente usando metodologias do levantamento à produção ligadas a configuradores online, em que os utilizadores co-projetam soluções para a reabilitação de espaços interiores. A metodologia de investigação socorre-se de pesquisa e análise teórica para definir critérios e objetivos a serem explorados em resolução de problemas de projeto. A partir destas experiências são sintetizados princípios e uma metodologia para a conceção de sistemas CPS de sistemas de divisórias personalizáveis e desmontáveis para a reabilitação. A metodologia clarifica os papeis dos atores, passos, e arquitetura do sistema para implementar um sistema CPS do levantamento à produção. A investigação demonstra que a metodologia de levantamento proposta é utilizável por utilizadores especialistas e não-especialistas, com os últimos a apresentarem em média melhores resultados, e que estes levantamentos têm precisão suficiente para processos do desenho à produção. Também se demonstra que a metodologia do levantamento à produção, a gramática genérica, e os critérios são úteis para os arquitetos conceberem sistemas de divisórias desmontáveis e personalizáveis para sistemas CPS abertos. Building renovation of interior spaces, in the context of mass customization, requires a shift in how construction systems are designed, built, and reused. Leveraging digital frameworks for user participation, architects in collaboration with other stakeholders in the AEC industry may design anddeliver customized and disassemble-able solutions to generic end-users. The research proposes mass customization construction (MCC) systems can deliver cost-effective digitally fabricated and disassemble-able construction systems using survey-to-production workflows deployed in web configurators for end-users to co-design solutions in building renovation. The research methodology uses theoretical inquiry and analysis to define criteria and objectives to be explored in design problem solving. From these experiments generalizable principles and a lowkey workflow for the design of MCC systems of customizable and disassemble-able partition wall construction systems for open building renovation are synthetized. The workflow clarifies stakeholder roles, steps, and system architecture to implement an MCC system from survey to production. This investigation demonstrates the proposed survey workflow is usable by non-expert and expert instance-designers, with the former having on-average better results, and that these can survey spaces with sufficient precision for design-to-production workflows. It is also shown the survey-to-production workflow, the generic grammar, and criteria are useful for architects to design customizable and disassemble-able partition wall systems for open MCC systems.

Tectonics as the visual communication of creating buildings by linking the construction processes with structural form should inform the dialogue between new and existing fabric at interventions in historic buildings, but has not been mapped in the relevant theoretical debate. This paper attempts this mapping by highlighting two underlying concepts: firstly, how such a component in the vocabulary of designers informs their role in conservation; secondly the value of this communication for the user, i.e. how to appreciate historical fabric by connecting with more familiar forms and matter from contemporary architecture. The study develops around modern traits in tectonic explorations that can be used to preserve and communicate the historical ways through which construction produced architectural space: the generation of structural form and its relation to the construction processes around the nature of the main material systems (existing and new). The tectonics of composing historic and modern material systems is explored, including innovative materials like mass timber.

Supervisor:永井 由佳里, 先端科学技術研究科, 博士

Connections are a persistent challenge for traditional reinforced concrete construction and even more for digital fabrication with concrete (DFC). The latter, on the other hand, opens up new possibilities for producing connections with tailored geometries and surface roughness. Based on the findings of an exploratory, experimental campaign, this paper discusses the design, fabrication and structural testing of digitally fabricated joints using the DFC technology Eggshell to 3D print the formwork for joint surfaces in an additive manufacturing process. The programme includes (i) unreinforced and reinforced construction joints whose joint surface texture was varied to control the roughness and (ii) digitally fabricated dry keyed joints with varying geometry. Both, the construction joints as well as the dry keyed joints, were produced using set-on-demand concrete with a relatively small maximum aggregate size of 0 to 4 mm – i.e., strictly speaking, mortar rather than concrete – as typically applied in DFC. The experimental campaign included thorough instrumentation: a 3D scan of the joint surface before testing and high-resolution digital image correlation (DIC) combined with distributed fibre optical sensing (DFOS) during testing. The deviations from the targeted surface geometry, determined with 3D scans, were below 2 mm, with a standard deviation between 0.4 mm and 0.7 mm for keyed joints. The high-resolution DIC allowed measuring the compressive strains locally at (i) the corrugation of unreinforced or reinforced construction joints and (ii) the key chamfer of dry joints and, hence, studying strain variations over the height of the joints and the efficiency of different keys with varying dimensions. Finally, the shear transfer capacity, evaluated in a push-off test setup, showed that all digitally fabricated joints met or even outperformed the requirements defined in pertinent design codes despite the smaller aggregate size., Engineering Structures, 285, ISSN:0141-0296

This contribution illustrates the results of research that aims to connect the workflow for knowledge – survey, interpretation, modeling – to the transmission of this knowledge and enhancement of Cultural Heritage by physical models, demonstrating its potential in a “Design for All” perspective. Palazzo Mazzonis, the current seat of the MAO (Museo d’Arte Orientale), is one of the many buildings in the historic city center of Turin characterized by a particular complex vaulted atrium: it has been investigated through TLS survey tools for the production of two-dimensional drawings (for the detailed representation of architectural features) and three-dimensional models (for the interpretation of the design idea through geometry). The last phase of work aims to translate the interpretative digital models into tactile models for Cultural Heritage transmission, through processes of digital fabrication, with obvious impacts on the visit path inside the museum, also with didactic purposes.

This paper reports on nine elementary, middle, and high school in-service teachers who participated in a series of workshops aimed at exploring the wonder, joy, and beauty of mathematics through the creation and application of digitally fabricated tools (i.e., laser-cut and 3D printed). Using the Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework to investigate technological, pedagogical, contextual, and content knowledge, researchers applied qualitative methods to uncover the affordances and constraints of teaching and learning math concepts with digitally fabricated tools and examined how the workshops supported broadening participation in mathematics by focusing on the connections between mathematical inquiry, nature, and the arts. Affordances include opportunities for hands-on learning, visual support at the secondary level, and real-world connections that go beyond the state standards. Barriers include purchasing a laser-cutter, ventilation and noise issues, time constraints, misalignment with school and district priorities, and a lack of administrative support. All participants indicated that they were interested in additional workshops focused on designing their own digitally fabricated mathematics tools that better align with their grade level(s) and standards.

This thesis contributes to sharpening process theories of organisational emergence. It studies the co-evolution of new product development (NPD) and new venture creation (NVC) activities for nascent entrepreneurs in the process of commercialising their idea. The empirical context selected for studying this process is that of entrepreneurs in Fabrication Spaces, open design and fabrication workshops. This thesis unpacks and analyses the process of entrepreneurial innovation in its defining components, providing empirical evidence for its challenges and associated key resources from the perspective of entrepreneurs. By focusing on the very initial stages of such process, I identify some of the key antecedents of entrepreneurial innovation behaviour and how they are harvested through Fabrication Spaces as example of entrepreneurial support systems. The outcome of the study is the introduction of a revised view on the contemporary process, resources and context of entrepreneurial innovation, a phenomenon that is gaining particular relevance in digital, crowd-sourced, and collaborative economies. First the exploratory research draws upon a review of the literature on the venture creation process for nascent entrepreneurs. This review highlights one major knowledge gap, concerning how the development of technical products and production capabilities in a new venture intertwine with the development and launch of the business. To address this gap, an initial theoretical model is outlined and used to structure the analysis of data captured from 19 in-depth and cross-sectional case studies. Then, the social and technical resources employed by entrepreneurs to navigate the entrepreneurial innovation journey are mapped onto the corresponding stages and events of the process described by the theoretical model. This mapping uncovers new contextual influences for the process of entrepreneurial innovation, in particular for what concerns the role of acquired psychological and technical capital in the early stages of the process. Acquiring such capital through community embeddedness and resource sharing in Fabrication Spaces allowed nascent entrepreneurs to refine and perfect their venture ideas through rapid cycles of learning in line with the lean entrepreneurship approach and create venture prototypes through dispersed entrepreneurial agency. To strengthen these results, I run a cluster analysis of the current landscape of Fabrication Spaces available in the UK and confirm that, despite not addressing entrepreneurship directly in their agenda, these spaces are adapting their offering to increasingly accommodate entrepreneurial needs. The theoretical contributions help to sharpen and expand entrepreneurship process theories and suggest how Fabrication Spaces can complement the current available landscape of support systems available to start-ups by increasing the robustness of entrepreneurs’ propositions very early on and improving their chances to be later appreciated by entrepreneurship programmes and investors., EPSRC DTP, RADMA

In the absence of a formwork, printable materials are expected to quickly increase their consistency in order to resist the self-weight of the structure being printed. Resolving this rheological requirement with the printing process is the key to successful printing. It is therefore necessary, from a material design, from a process design and from a daily quality control point of view, to have the ability to measure the relevant fresh properties. Because of the range of stresses of interest, there only exist a few standard tests in literature allowing for such an assessment while some new ones were developed in the last decade. The present paper aims at presenting some of these tests along with some preliminary data supporting their ability to capture the material properties of interest while discussing the remaining and related open research questions.

At the intersection of art, technology, biology and science, the emergent field of SoftRobotics can be a beneficial and engaging topic for designers, artists, and educators,who want to implement transversal and innovative projects. Moreover, it enablesinclusive learning about robotics and materials applying digital fabrication andbiomimetics, offering an explorative space for makers and professionals. This paperdiscusses the challenges of actuated materials and Soft Robotics inside thetransdisciplinary program Fabricademy [1] and informal educational activities inshemakes.eu [2]. Fabricademy explores further the practices of wearable technology and the applicationof Soft Robotics in a distributed educational format, while shemakes.eu project engagesparticipants from girls in STEAM to women innovators, introducing inclusive practicesand digital skills. Both aim to bring this complex knowledge into a hands-on approach inthe laboratory, experimenting with different challenges from Soft Robotics, actuatedmaterials, and bio-based composites. This paper will describe some of the practices andchallenges starting with the concept, modelling, and manufacturing, that participants andlecturers face during the workshops and lectures. Further, it addresses the impact of thistopic area on 4 key areas of education; interaction, fabrication, inclusion and gender gap. The goal of this paper is to highlight how the field of Soft Robotics and actuated materialscan (re)shape the implications and applications of wearable technology in education and(re)define emergent approaches in the textile and clothing industry.

As digital fabrication machines have become more accessible and widely available, practitioners in maker communities have become increasingly responsive to the opportunities to achieve bespoke modifications, known colloquially as ‘modding’. Drawing on interviews with five experienced makers who engage in modding a laser cutter, along with ethnographic observations of maker-machine interactions, we analyse makers’ experiences and ‘war stories’ to frame modding as a prevalent but less explored maker activity. We highlight how makers care for machines, how they cope with risks when engaging in modding, and how mods are essentially creative projects. Based on our findings, we present the conceptualisation of the ‘pliable machine’ – a socio-technical system constituted by, (1) an accessible machine that can be altered, (2) maker skills that go beyond intended use, and (3) a surrounding ‘maker culture’ of caring, sharing and experimentation. Treating the machine as a material offers an alternative perspective on our interactions with technology; we show how the laser cutter becomes pliable in the hands of those who mod.

The pursuit of reducing waste and carbon emissions in the building industry is a challenge which is collective, prescient, and an opportunity for explorations of new material practices and fabrication methods. This thesis seeks to show how digital fabrication can serve as a tool in material reclamation and reuse in architecture. Utilizing the design of a pharmaceutical headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts as a vessel for investigation, both the challenges and potentials of such a process are evaluated. This proposal includes a process by which material reclamation drives design decisions in order to show that when architects consider material lifecycles and design for a process, rather than just a product, new possibilities can be realized for a building and its implications. By reusing existing metal cladding in the pharmaceutical building's solar veil, not only is waste reduced, but a narrative is conveyed about possible futures. Through creative material practices and digital tools, architects have the opportunity to create a future that is locally grounded, resource efficient, and less wasteful while meeting the needs of an expanding global population. This thesis raises a number of questions around material use in buildings, fabrication methods, facade design, and the balance between performance and embodied traits. The journey of designing for material systems is documented here in order to show the possibilities for change in the industry towards more sustainable material practices. Master of Architecture Around the world, buildings are one of the top producers of carbon emissions and waste. Responsible and creative methods for material use in buildings is imperative to address the current global climate and environmental crises. This thesis seeks to show how digital fabrication can serve as a tool in material reclamation and reuse in architecture. Utilizing the design of a pharmaceutical headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts as a vessel for investigation, both the challenges and potentials of such a process are evaluated. In this proposal, material reclamation drives design decisions in order to show that when architects consider material lifecycles and design for a process, rather than just a product, new possibilities can be realized for a building and its larger impacts. By reusing existing metal cladding in the pharmaceutical building's solar veil, not only is waste reduced, but a narrative is conveyed about possible futures. Through creative material practices and digital tools, architects have the opportunity to create a future that is locally grounded, resource efficient, and less wasteful while meeting the needs of an expanding global population. This thesis raises a number of questions around material use in buildings, fabrication methods, facade design, and the balance between performance and embodied traits. The journey of designing for material systems is documented here in order to show the possibilities for change in the industry towards more sustainable material practices.

The project seeks to create a building envelope that functions as structure, enclosure, and insulation, which is assembled from one solid timber construction element type. Wood has clear environmental benefits when compared to other standard construction materials such as steel and concrete, a good strength-to-weight ratio, relatively high thermal insulation, and low production costs. This research seeks to leverage these characteristics to simultaneously reduce the number of material layers in timber building envelopes while improving the building physics performance. Thus, the environmental impact of buildings can be reduced during planning, construction, operation, and disposal. The project proposes a system that reduces material layers and improves envelope performance by combining contemporary fabrication technologies with traditional woodworking techniques. Design tools should allow for compelling formal opportunities and facilitate fabrication and construction. The system manifests as a free-form, curvilinear log-cabin. Solid timber beams are used to minimise binders and fillers found in composite wood products, and the entire primary construction is achieved with pure wood joinery. CNC machining allows for the precise joining of members to achieve robust, easy-toassemble, structural and airtight fa��ades. By sawing deep slits into solid timber beams, the resulting air chambers improve thermal insulation values up to 30% compared to comparable solid wood assemblies while also relieving naturally occurring internal stresses. Computational design algorithms generate toolpaths and construction data directly from simple input curves, enabling direct coordination of architects, engineers, and contractors. To evaluate the system, multiple prototypes are fabricated to test constructability, thermal conductance, and airtightness, including a demonstrator building to test full-scale implementation. Laboratory tests and the successful completion of the IBA: Timber Prototype House demonstrate the potential for this renewable material to fulfil the requirements of contemporary building envelopes and open the door for the development of all-wood multi-storey fa��ades., Journal of Facade Design and Engineering, Vol. 9 No. 1 (2021): Special Issue Powerskin 2021

The present article communicates knowledge in sustainability of a method of digital fabrication in precast concrete production. The method, known as Ice Formwork, serves in production of ultrathin lightweight architectural elements – a novel design typology that has emerged with the development of High-Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (HPFRC). This class of prefabricated concrete structures is expected to reduce cement consumption, adopt digital fabrication processes, and increase design flexibility. In practice however, this production employs suboptimal methods of mould-making, using petrochemical or engineered wood products for single-use moulds. Thus, the excessive amount of non-recyclable waste raises the question of qualities of the advanced digital precast concrete production. The current work builds on the research and development of a novel production method Ice Formwork facilitated through single-use moulds made of artificially frozen water. Previously published work on the subject has covered topics such as cement hydration at subfreezing temperature (Sitnikov and Sitnikov 2018), subtractive digital processing of ice (Sitnikov 2019), and a case of practical application illustrated with the production of a prototype of a lightweight façade rain screen (Sitnikov et al. 2019). Yet, since artificial refrigeration and processing of large amounts of water is essential for Ice Formwork production, the environmental performance of this method requires a thorough examination. Thus, the current piece of work attempts to address two major issues, namely: Energy consumption of industrial refrigeration in production of Ice Formwork. Changes in water mineral content after a cycle of Ice Formwork concrete production. For both topics, the research work required development of an original experimental methodology. This aspect has been given great attention and required development of new technical solutions on many levels. Further research and development is needed to come to a comprehensive environmental assessment, and the results of the current study merely provide a preparatory overview that can help to orient and properly set the objectives for the following research stages. QC 20201103

Bridging the gap between the material and geometrical aspects of a structure is critical in lightweight construction. Throughout the history of structural development, shape rationalization has been of prime focus for designers and architects, with biological forms being a major source of inspiration. In this work, an attempt is made to integrate different phases of design, construction, and fabrication under a single framework of parametric modeling with the help of visual programming. The idea is to offer a novel free-form shape rationalization process that can be realized with unidirectional materials. Taking inspiration from the growth of a plant, we established a relationship between form and force, which can be translated into different shapes using mathematical operators. Different prototypes of generated shapes were constructed using a combination of existing manufacturing processes to test the validity of the concept in both isotropic and anisotropic material domains. Moreover, for each material/manufacturing combination, generated geometrical shapes were compared with other equivalent and more conventional geometrical constructions, with compressive load-test results being the qualitative measure for each use case. Eventually, a 6-axis robot emulator was integrated with the setup, and corresponding adjustments were made such that a true free-form geometry could be visualized in a 3D space, thus closing the loop of digital fabrication.

Ontenna is a device that can be worn on the hair, earlobe, collar, or sleeve, and it transmits sound characteristics to the human body through vibration and light. It can serve as an auxiliary acoustic sensory device for hearing-impaired people, whereas for others, it can serve as a novel acoustic perception device. A condensermicrophone mounted on the main body of Ontenna acquires the sound pressure and drives the vibration motor and light emitting diode in real-time according to the input signal. This allows the user to perceive various sonic features such as the rhythm, pattern, and strength of sound. Furthermore, by simultaneously controlling several Ontenna devices through a controller, a rhythm can be transmitted to each user. In this paper, we present the inclusive design of Ontenna for hearing-impaired people, along with the design process of Ontenna, which was improved through digital fabrication. Additionally, in this paper, we present case studies regarding the usage of Ontenna in a hearing-impaired school and case studies on Ontenna ’s application in the field of entertainment for hearing-impaired people and others.

This paper describes the efforts of an interdisciplinary team of researchers as they collaborated to create a digital fabrication curriculum module for mathematics teacher education. The initial four-day workshop design was piloted with five pre-service teachers. The design objective was to introduce digital fabrication techniques joint with mathematical concepts and the design of classroom activities to develop pre-service teachers' technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge. The workshops included activities to find, adapt, create, and share mathematical manipulatives using digital fabrication tools, techniques, and platforms. Manipulatives are tangible objects reifying mathematical concepts and one type of representation used in mathematics teaching. The paper reports on the design process and our design motivations to address contextual constraints and varying levels of exposure to digital fabrication for both pre-service teachers and teacher educators. The developed "find-adapt-create-share" framework for introducing digital fabrication was evaluated through researchers' self-reflection and pre-service teachers' feedback during concluding interviews.

In the technical human-computer interaction (HCI) community, two research fields that gained significant popularity in the last decade are digital fabrication and augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR). Although the two fields deal with different technical challenges, both aim for a single end goal: creating "objects"instantly - either by fabricating them physically or rendering them virtually. In this panel, we will discuss the pros and cons of both approaches, discuss which one may prevail in the future, and what opportunities exist for closer collaboration between researchers from the two research fields.

Concrete is the most used human-made material in the world, and it is responsible for around 8% of the total greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Hence, efficient concrete construction methods are one of the main foci of research in architecture, civil engineering, and material science. One recent development that promises to achieve this goal is the use of digital fabrication for building components. Most investigations focus on direct extrusion 3D printing with concrete, which has already been covered in several review articles. Conversely, this article reviews a different approach, which focuses on the indirect digital fabrication of concrete through 3D printed formworks. This approach is under investigation for structural and nonstructural, as well as for onand off-site applications, with a number of projects having already been built, but a comprehensive review of 3D printed formworks has not yet been compiled to synthesize the findings. This article provides a comprehensive map of the state-of-the-art of five different 3D printing technologies used for the fabrication of formworks so far. The aim is to serve as a fundamental reference for future fesearch, provide a basis for consistent language in this field, and support the development of construction standards. The article further discusses the new geometric possibilities with 3D printed formworks and their potential for making concrete construction more sustainable. In addition, the opportunities and challenges of 3D printed formworks are evaluated in the context of other traditional and digital fabrication tools. A synthetic classification in five functional typologies is proposed and illustrated with 30 representative case studies. Finally, the article concludes with a brief reflection on the role of 3D printing in the broader context of formwork innovation and a possible outlook for this technology. ISSN:2329-7662 ISSN:2329-7670

In the age of Industry 4.0, transformative technologies are radically changing design practice, workflow and fabrication; what outputs are designed; and in turn, the impact products and/or experiences created have on the user and ways of manufacturing. The research is focused on the role of Additive Manufacturing (AM) within Industry 4.0; industries being disrupted by these shifts, and the opportunities this presents for customised solutions. Key questions driving the research are: as emerging technologies transform ways of designing and fabricating, what opportunities does this present for more customised, personalised user experiences; for localised fabrication; for more sustainable futures (to include the relationship between sustainable materials research and the rise of Additive Manufacturing), and the role of design research to engage with these new paradigms and the impact on future design practice. The research is divided into four case studies, two focused on Design + Health and two on Industry 4.0 + Additive Manufacturing. The first two case studies utilise Additive Manufacturing for rapid prototyping and conceptual customised product design solutions across scales. These case studies identified opportunities with Additive Manufacturing and also gaps within industry to use these technologies for customised and localised solutions. In an age of rapid development of Additive Manufacturing tools that can radically enhance our ways of working and the outcomes possible (such as complexity of form, mass customisation and sustainable material use), accessibility to these tools within industry and by designers is a critical component of industry transformation in Advanced Manufacturing. When considering future design practice and the role design research can play to facilitate the uptake of new technologies within industry, the last two case studies are focused on industry integrated projects. As suggested by the World Economic Forum when discussing the rise of Additive Manufacturing in Industry 4.0, “whatever the requirements, they are non-negotiable for manufacturers, regulators and consumers … a focus on product life cycle intrinsically implies an even stronger focus on materials. The age of the application of Additive Manufacturing is in fact the age of materials.”1 The research started with Additive Manufacturing technologies identified as a means to facilitate more localised, customised and sustainable manufacturing, and ends with exploration into the future of Additive Manufacturing and the role research can play.Essentially, as we look to embrace new fabrication methods, the material-environmental and social-cultural sustainability impact are crucial considerations.2 This is supported by the CSIRO Advanced Manufacturing Roadmap (2016), which states that sustainable manufacturing and innovation (enabled through technologies such as Additive Manufacturing) are key to the future growth of Australia’s manufacturing and design industry.3 Along with the identification of the need for “improved collaboration and alignment between industry and research.”4 With the current impact of COVID-19 on supply chains, this perspective has been further enhanced by the CSIRO COVID-19: Recovery and Resilience report (2020)5, along with the recent release of the Circular Economy Roadmap for Plastics, Glass, Paper and Tyres (2021)6. As designers locally and globally, there are opportunities to respond to these issues with localised production, re-framing material use through the use of emerging technologies and Advanced Manufacturing.

This paper is a summary of the research on parametric design methods and digital fabrication in architecture and industrial design. Through the author’s projects, he presents how effective parametric designing process can be in contemporary architecture. This publication is a testimony of a long and full production process of a set of concrete fencings – from design part, through prototyping, digital fabrication, post-production, concreate fabrication and selling process. The design part of this research pertains to algorithmic design methods in Grasshopper software as well as presents a broad range of various technological aspects involved in the fabrication process. In the conclusion part of this paper, the author discloses his expectations towards the future of concrete fencing in Poland and describes a set of appropriate rules that foster a further development of this technology.

Nearing the end of the second decade of the twenty-first century many craftspeople and makers are waking up to the inevitable reality that our next human evolution may not be the same, that this time it could be different. Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum refers to what we are beginning to experience as the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Schwab 2017, 01). Schwab and his colleagues believe that this revolution could be much more powerful and will occur in a shorter period than the preceding industrial and digital revolutions. This revolution will cause a profound change in how we practice, labour and orient ourselves in the world. Rapidly evolving technologies will proliferate the use of robotics and personalised robots (co-bots) that can sense our presence and safely work alongside us. Digital algorithms are already becoming more reliable predictors of complex questions in medicine and economics than their human counterparts. Therefore, the gap between what a computer can learn and solve and what a robot can do will quickly close in the craft traditions. This article will engage in the discourse of posthumanism and cybernetics and how these debates relate to craft and making. Intentionally this work is not a proud manifesto of positions, strategies, and guidelines required for greatness. Alternatively, it is a humble attempt to reorient makers to the necessary discourse required to navigate the inevitable changes they will face in their disciplines. Thus, the article seeks to transfer posthumanist literary understanding to intellectually position craft in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

This paper introduces and examines the latest and current background of digital fabrication in the context of Latin American architecture and presents updated information from the Homo Faber: Digital Fabrication in Latin America Project, which focuses on laboratories exploring the application of manufacturing technologies in architectural experiments and design objects. The results point to a context including several dynamics involving the emergence of digital craft in communities, the redesign of standard building components, the creation of mobile laboratories, experiments connecting low and high technologies, hacking practices, as well as bottom-up strategies to implement these technologies in the industry. The overall conclusion is that technology transfer and technological appropriation processes are still being carried out in the region.

What we design and how it is made are intimately connected. The need to make modular components is a consequence of construction methodology and disposition in production and manufacturing. With the prevalence of digital modelling, designers and architects use modularity not only as design strategy but also to explore new aesthetics. This article examines design and architectural projects that prioritise geometrical and dimensional constraints at different scales, to highlight modular systems as essential areas of research. Here, Material Architecture Lab put together a series of speculative designs that investigate modular components and spatial configurations to accompany the written component. This article scans through a selection of discourses around modularity in architecture to contextualise, question and challenge the innovative potential of modular systems. By engaging with modular design of various types and materials, our aim is to articulate the value attached to a bottom-up design research, from digital modelling to fabrication processes.