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Dianthus × belkinii is an intersectional hybrid newly described from the Republic of Altai (Talduair massif). This taxon was also noted in Mongolia (Bayan-Ulegei aimag). The article describes the morphological features of the new taxon and discusses its relationship with parental species. The described hybrid has intermediate morphological features between the parental species, most notable are the fringed corollas. The stems are sparsely branched, relatively tall and similar to those of D.superbus. The calyx lobes and bracts are transitional between D. superbus and D. versicolor. The limb of the corolla is cut for ⅓–¼ of its length into a few lobes. Cytometry data showed an identical ploidy level of the new taxon and its putative parent species. The average value of the relative DNA content is almost intermediate, however, somewhat closer to D. versicolor. The ITS sequences of D. × belkinii show characteristic double peaks, which may point to a hybridogeneous origin of the plants. Identical chloroplast DNA sequences with D. versicolor but differences to D. superbus suggests that D. versicolor may be the maternal parent of this hybrid. Based on these polymorphisms, it is possible to state that the ITS sequence and D. versicolor × superbus itself are of a hybrid nature, where D. versicolor and D. superbus are the parent forms., Dianthus × belkinii – межсекционный гибрид, описанный как новый из Республики Алтай (массив Талдуаир). Отмечено произрастание данного таксона и в Монголии (Баян-Улэгэйский аймак). В статье описаны морфологические признаки нового таксона и обсуждены его взаимоотношения с родительскими видами. Новый, описываемый гибрид, с бахромчатым венчиком, габитуально имеет промежуточные морфологические признаки между родительскими видами. Стебли ветвятся малообильно, относительно высокие, чем похожи на таковые у D. superbus. Доли чашечки и прицветные листья носят переходный характер между D. superbus и D. versicolor. Отгиб венчика рассечен на ⅓–¼ на немногочисленные доли. Данные цитометрии показали идентичную плоидность у нового таксона и родительских видов, а среднее значение относительного содержания ДНК занимает практически промежуточное значение, ближе к D.versicolor. Последовательности фрагментов ITS D. × belkinii содержат двойные пики, что говорит о гибридной природе этого растения. Последовательности хлоропластных маркеров D. × belkinii, идентичные D. versicolor, но отличные от D. superbus, подтверждают, что D. versicolor может быть материнским родителем данного гибрида. На основе данных полиморфизмов возможно утверждать гибридную природу последовательности ITS изученного таксона и собственно D. versicolor × superbus, где родительскими формами выступают D. versicolor и D.superbus.

The nomenclature of 14 taxa from Central and Southern Europe within the Dianthus virgineus group is discussed. Dianthus aggericola Jord., D. collivagus Jord., D. consimilis Jord., D. orophilus Jord., D. saxicola Jord., D. juratensis Jord. are here lectotypified by specimens from the Jordan herbarium in LY, while D. godronianus Jord. by a specimen in P. Dianthus subacaulis Vill. is neotypified by a specimen collected on Mont Ventoux (S. France) and housed in MPU. For D. sylvestris Wulfen, a lectotype is here designated and its previous neotypification is discussed. Dianthus caryophyllus var. tenuifolius Moris, D. caryophyllus f. minor Moris and D. sylvestris var. garganicus Ten. are lectotypified by specimens housed in herbarium Moris (TO) and herbarium Tenore (K). Dianthus virgineus var. tergestinus Rchb. is lectotypified by a drawing from the Icones florae Germanicae & Helveticae, while D. contractus var. evolutus Lojac. is neotypified by a specimen in P. For each taxon the currently accepted name is provided including new synonymies. The type indication is followed by nomenclatural and taxonomic notes, in which the original material found is commented and the reasons for the identification of the types are discussed.

Carnation is a popular floricultural crop grown widely for its attractive cut flowers. Micro-propagation can be used to create large-scale carnation output. For growth and development, plants require some necessary nutrients as well as growth regulators. Due to the importance of carnation, the present work is carried out using leaf and nodal segments to examine the potential of several plant growth regulators for in vitro callus formation and adventitious shoot regeneration. Explants were sterilized properly with bavistin, sodium hypochlorite and mercuric chloride. The minor contaminated cultures were created by consecutively treating the explants with 0.25% bavistin, 0.50% sodium hypochlorite, and 0.1% mercuric chloride for ten, fifteen, and two minutes. MS media with 2.5 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) in combination with 0.75 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) resulted in the maximum callus induction (90.47%) from leaf explants. Maximum shoots (76.47%) were produced in MS media supplemented with 2.0 mg/l Thidiazuron (TDZ) + 0.25 mg/l NAA. NAA at 1.25 mg/l was most efficient for maximum root induction (83.32%). In the present study, an effective protocol of carnation explants sterilization was optimized for successful callusing and shoot regeneration.

Dianthus spp. is a genus with high economic and ornamental value in the Caryophyllaceae, which include the famous fresh-cut carnation and the traditional Chinese herbal medicine, D. superbus. Despite the Dianthus species being seen everywhere in our daily lives, its genome information and phylogenetic relationships remain elusive. Thus, we performed the assembly and annotation of chloroplast genomes for 12 individuals from seven Dianthus species. On this basis, we carried out the first comprehensive and systematic analysis of the chloroplast genome sequence characteristics and the phylogenetic evolution of Dianthus. The chloroplast genome of 12 Dianthus individuals ranged from 149,192 bp to 149,800 bp, containing 124 to 126 functional genes. Sequence repetition analysis showed the number of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) ranged from 75 to 80, tandem repeats ranged from 23 to 41, and pair-dispersed repeats ranged from 28 to 43. Next, we calculated the synonymous nucleotide substitution rates (Ks) of all 76 protein coding genes to obtain the evolution rate of these coding genes in Dianthus species; rpl22 showed the highest Ks (0.0471), which suggested that it evolved the swiftest. By reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships within Dianthus and other species of Caryophyllales, 16 Dianthus individuals (12 individuals reported in this study and four individuals downloaded from NCBI) were divided into two strongly supported sister clades (Clade A and Clade B). The Clade A contained five species, namely D. caryophyllus, D. barbatus, D. gratianopolitanus, and two cultivars (‘HY’ and ‘WC’). The Clade B included four species, in which D. superbus was a sister branch with D. chinensis, D. longicalyx, and F1 ‘87M’ (the hybrid offspring F1 from D. chinensis and ‘HY’). Further, based on sequence divergence analysis and hypervariable region analysis, we selected several regions that had more divergent sequences, to develop DNA markers. Additionally, we found that one DNA marker can be used to differentiate Clade A and Clade B in Dianthus. Taken together, our results provide useful information for our understanding of Dianthus classification and chloroplast genome evolution.

Carnation is an important cut flower in the floriculture industry. A micropropagation method for carnation cv. ‘Irene’ has been standardized. Nodal plant explants were grown in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing plant growth regulators (PGRs). Determination of clonal fidelity of regenerated plantlets was performed with the help of SSR markers. Early formation of micro-shoots with maximum regeneration was noted in the half MS medium in combination of benzyl amino purine (BAP) thidiazuron (TDZ) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) in the concentrations 1.5, 0.25 and 0.5 mg L−1, respectively; while BAP (2.5 mgL−1), TDZ (1.0 mg L−1) and AgNO3 (1.5 mg L−1) produced maximum length of the micro-shoots. Quick induction of roots and maximum number of roots per culture were achieved in half MS basal rooting medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L−1 of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.5 mg L−1 of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for clonal fidelity analysis showed uniform genetic fidelity among the proliferated plantlets and the mother plant lines. The protocol can be suitable for commercial cultivation of carnation plants.

Larval settlement is a critical step for sessile benthic species such as corals, whose ability to thrive on diverse natural and anthropogenic substrates may lead to a competitive advantage in the colonization of new environments with respect to a narrow tolerance for a specific kind of substratum. Plastic debris, widespread in marine waters, provides a large, motile, and solid substratum supporting a highly diverse biological community. Here we present the first observation of a floating plastic bottle colonized by the deep-sea coral Desmophyllum dianthus. The density pattern and co-occurring species composition suggest a pioneer behavior of this coral species, whose peculiar morphologic plasticity response when interacting with the plastic substrate (i.e., low density polyethylene) has not been observed before. The tolerance of D. dianthus for such plastic substrate may affect ecological processes in deep water environments, disrupting interspecific substrate competition in the benthic community.

Thrips hawaiiensis is a common thrips pest that damages the flowers of various plants. The differing population sizes of T. hawaiiensis among host plants suggest its preference and performance vary among host plants. In this study, the host fitness of T. hawaiiensis for different flowers was assessed through field investigation. The behavioral responses of T. hawaiiensis to the color and volatiles of flowers eliciting different apparent fitness levels and their development and survival on the plants were also studied. Adults and larvae of T. hawaiiensis were found in the flowers of 21 species, which were classified into four fitness levels for this thrips species. T. hawaiiensis showed significantly different visual responses to the color and olfactory responses to the volatiles of four tested flowers (each representing one of the four fitness levels), with the rankings of visual preferences for Dianthus caryophyllus > Tulipa gesneriana > Hydrangea macrophylla > Rosa rugosa, and olfactory preferences for H. macrophylla ≥ T. gesneriana > D. caryophyllus > R. rugosa. Plant species had significant influences on the development and survival of T. hawaiiensis, with developmental times from egg to adult of 9.58 d, 9.92 d, 10.35 d and 10.75 d on H. macrophylla, T. gesneriana, D. caryophyllus and R. rugosa, respectively, and corresponding survival rates of 76.33%, 71.33%, 64.00% and 59.00%. In summary, this study shows that olfactory preferences were consistent with the field performance of T. hawaiiensis on the four flower plants tested. Further, fitness levels of host plant flowers are correlated with development rate and survivorship of T. hawaiiensis. Our study adds to the understanding of the mechanism of host selection by thrips and provides basic information to underpin the management of T. hawaiiensis on horticultural plants.

Determining the processes that drive the evolution of pathogen host range can inform our understanding of disease dynamics and the potential for host shifts. In natural populations, patterns of host range could be driven by genetically based differences in pathogen infectivity or ecological differences in host availability. In northwestern Italy, four reproductively isolated lineages of the fungal plant-pathogen Microbotryum have been shown to co-occur on several species in the genus Dianthus. We carried out cross-inoculation experiments to determine whether patterns of realized host range in these four lineages were driven by differences in infectivity and to test whether there was evidence of a trade-off between host range and within-host reproduction. We found strong concordance between field patterns of host range and pathogen infectivity on different Dianthus species using experimental inoculation, indicating that infection ability is a major driving force of host range. However, we found no evidence of a trade-off between the ability to infect a wider range of host species and spore production on a shared host.

Development of effective technology of rare and endangered plant species mass reproduction in vitro is one of the urgent nowadays tasks. Diantus hypanicus Andrz. of the Caryophyllaceae Juss. family belongs to this group of plants. It is an endemic, narrow-localized species listed in the Red Book of Ukraine, the European Red List and the Annex to the Berne Convention. Prospects for the conservation of this species are associated with the study of its viability and require the development of effective reproduction methods. Aim. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effect of different growth regulators concentrations on the D. hypanicus explants regenerative capacity during in vitro propagation. Methods. For the experiment the seed were used collected from plants of natural habitats and sown on a hormone-free nutrient medium according to the recipe of Murashige and Skoog. For 12–15 days, 4–6 cm long seedlings were obtained which were transferred to nutrient media modified with the content of growth-regulating substances: BAP 0.5–2.0 mg / l, IBA 0.01 mg / l and IAA 0.1 mg / l. Results. Initiation of adventitious buds with subsequent shoot formation was observed for 12–16 days. Each variant plants differed in number, growth activity and intensity, morphometric parameters. After 35–40 days from the explant introduction, conglomerates with well-developed leafy shoots were formed. It was found that, when modifying nutrient media with growth regulators BAP, IBA, IAA of different concentrations, D. hypanicus explants were actively undergoing regeneration processes of different intensity. Conclusions. It was proved that high ability to regenerate was the characteristic of explants cultured on a nutrient medium modified by the addition of BAP – 0.5 mg / l and IAA – 0.1 mg / l, where, on average, 18 ± 0.24 shoots of 2.42 ± 0.17 cm long were formed with a net reproduction of 19.06 ± 0.14. Shoots with 3.0–5.0 pairs of leaves that reached 3.5–6.0 cm were selected and transferred to nutrient media for rooting. Less developed shoots were planted on nutrient media for further reproduction. The next stage of the study is aimed at modifying nutrient media to achieve explants rhizogenesis and obtain a large number of plants necessary for the preservation of this endemic narrow-localized species in culture with subsequent repatriation to natural places of growth.

Natural preservatives such as herbal essential oils have the ability to extend the life of fresh-cut flower pots after harvest. The effect of clove oil, lavender oil and thyme oil, especially when combined with antimicrobial agents such as 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate and silver nitrate, on vase life and post-harvest value of carnations picked after harvest, was studied. The results showed that the use of different preservative solutions consisting of clove, lavender and thyme oils mixed with silver nitrate and 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate has a significant effect on the characteristics of cloves. The study confirmed that the effect between clove essential oil and silver nitrate was significant for most of the traits. The highest percentage of those studied traits were when carnation flowers were treated with 200 mg l-1 clove essential oil and 30 mg l-1 of silver nitrate

The current study was carried out at Antoniades Research Branch, Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Res. Dept., Hort. Res. Inst., ARC, Alexandria, Egypt, over two consecutive seasons of 2019 and 2020. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of silver nitrate (AgNO3) at (20, 30, and 40 mg l-1), 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS) at (50, 100, and 200 mg l-1), citric acid (CA) at (50, 100, and 150 mg l-1) and salicylic acid (SA) at (100, 150, and 200 mg l-1) as holding preservative solutions for reducing bacterial decay and prolonging the vase life on cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers. The following records were evaluated at the conclusion of the experiment: vase life (days), which was calculated as the number of days before the flowers started to wilt, loss of flower fresh weight percentage (LFFW percent), final water uptake (g), flower fresh weight/flower dry weight ratio (FWR), relative fresh weight, vase solution uptake rate, and several chemical component tests. The results showed that the highest significant improvement in most measurements were obtained when treated with silver nitrate AgNO3 at a concentration of 30 mg l-1 including improved vase life, final water uptake, flower fresh weight/flower dry weight ratio, chlorophyll a & b, carotene content, and sugars content. It also reduced the number of bacterial colonies in the vase water. The treatment with 8-hydroquinoline sulfate at 200 mg l-1 was the closest to that treatment in most of the studied characteristics

Calcium-enriched compounds have great potential in the treatment of heavy-metal contaminated wastewater. Preparing stable basic calcium carbonate (BCC), which is a calcium-enriched compound, and applying it in practice is a great challenge. This work investigated the formation process of hierarchical hydroxyapatite (HAP)/BCC nanocomposites and their adsorption behaviors regarding lead ions (Pb2+). The morphology of the HAP/BCC nanocomposite was controlled by the addition of monododecyl phosphate (MDP). The carnation-like HAP/BCC nanocomposite was achieved with the addition of 30 g of MDP. The carnation-like HAP/BCC nanocomposite had a high Pb2+ adsorption capacity of 860 mg g−1. The pseudo-second-order and Freundlich model simulation results indicated that the adsorptions of Pb2+ on the nanocomposites belonged to the chemisorption and multilayer adsorption processes. The main effective adsorption components for the nanocomposites were calcium-enriched HAP and BCC. Through the Ca2+ ions exchanging with Pb2+, the HAP and BCC phases were converted to hydroxyl-pyromorphite (Pb-HAP) and hydrocerussite (Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2), respectively. The carnation-like HAP/BCC nanocomposite has great potential in the treatment of heavy metal ions. This facile method provides a new method for preparing a stable HAP/BCC nanocomposite and applying it in practice.

Toxic heavy metal contaminants seriously affect plant growth and human health. Reducing the accumulation of toxic metals by phytoremediation is an effective way to solve this environmental problem. Dianthus spiculifolius Schur is an ornamental plant with strong cold and drought tolerance. Because of its fast growth, well-developed root system, and large accumulation of biomass, D. spiculifolius has potential applications as a heavy metal hyperaccumulator. Therefore, the aim of this study was evaluate the ability of D. spiculifolius and other Dianthus species to remediate heavy metals, with an ultimate goal to identify available genetic resources for toxic metal removal. The cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) tolerance and accumulation of six Dianthus species were analyzed comparatively in physiological and biochemical experiments. Compared with the other Dianthus species, D. spiculifolius showed higher tolerance to, and greater accumulation of, Cd and Pb. Second-generation transcriptome analysis indicated that glutathione transferase activity was increased and the glutathione metabolism pathway was enriched with genes encoding antioxidant enzymes (DsGST, DsGST3, DsGSTU10, DsGGCT2-1, and DsIDH-2) that were up-regulated under Cd/Pb treatment by RT-qPCR in D. spiculifolius. When expressed in yeast, DsGST, DsGST3, DsGSTU10 and DsIDH-2 enhanced Cd or Pb tolerance. These results indicate that D. spiculifolius has potential applications as a new ornamental hyperaccumulator plant, and that antioxidant enzymes might be involved in regulating Cd/Pb accumulation and detoxification. The findings of this study reveal some novel genetic resources that can be used to breed new plant varieties that tolerate and accumulate heavy metals.

The stratified Chilean Comau Fjord sustains a dense population of the cold-water coral (CWC) Desmophyllum dianthus in aragonite supersaturated shallow and aragonite undersaturated deep water. This provides a rare opportunity to evaluate CWC fitness trade-offs in response to physico-chemical drivers and their variability. Here, we combined year-long reciprocal transplantation experiments along natural oceanographic gradients with an in situ assessment of CWC fitness. Following transplantation, corals acclimated fast to the novel environment with no discernible difference between native and novel (i.e. cross-transplanted) corals, demonstrating high phenotypic plasticity. Surprisingly, corals exposed to lowest aragonite saturation (omega(arag) < 1) and temperature (T < 12.0 degrees C), but stable environmental conditions, at the deep station grew fastest and expressed the fittest phenotype. We found an inverse relationship between CWC fitness and environmental variability and propose to consider the high frequency fluctuations of abiotic and biotic factors to better predict the future of CWCs in a changing ocean. The cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus benefits from stable environmental conditions in deep waters of Comau Fjord (Chile) and is able to acclimatise quickly to new environmental conditions after transplantation.

The present investigation was undertaken to elevate different carnation varieties for the performance of Growth, yield and post-harvest quality under protected condition. The experiment was conducted in Horticultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, The Nilgiris, India . The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with Eleven varieties of Carnation viz., Big one, Turbo, Solex, Hunza, Easy Golem, Express Golem, Red King, Golem, Gioele, Big mama and Happy Golem. observation were recorded for plant height (cm), days to first flower, flowering duration, length of flower stem (cm), diameter of flower (cm), Number of flowers per plant and Calyx splitting (High : 60% and above, Medium: 30 – 50%, Low : less than 30%), Strength of flower stem, vase life solutions viz., AOA (25ppm), AOA (50ppm), CoCl2 (10ppm) ,CoCl2 (20ppm) and plain water for 30 minutes. The cultivar Happy Golem recorded maximum plant height of 100.50cm and the minimum plant height of 77.0 cm was noticed in Golem. Maximum number of shoots per plant was recorded in the cultivar Gioele (7.98 ) followed by Hunza (7.50) and minimum number of shoots per plant was observed in the entry Golem (5.30).Maximum number of leaves (195.20) and Leaf length (13.55 cm) was recorded in the entry Gioele. The Days to first flower ranged between 130.01 to 139.20 days from planting. The cultivar Turbo (130.01) recorded early to initiate the flower bud followed by Golem (130.10) .The cultivar Red king recorded maximum flowering duration of 13.50 days followed by big mama (13.20 days)) and minimum flowering duration was observed in Happy Golem (10.47 days).The Cultivar Gioele recorded the highest stalk length of 93.00 cm and the lowest stalk length of 68.50cm was observed by Golem. With respect to yield parameters maximum number of flowers per plant was recorded in Gioele (7.50 nos) followed by Red king (7.17 nos) and Hunza (6.97 nos) and Minimum number of flowers per plant was recorded in Golem (5.11 nos). Maximum number of A and B grade flower stems are produced in the Variety Gioele. Among the cultivar for prolonging the vase life of Carnation, treatment comprising of AOA @50ppm recorded maximum vaselife of 19 days by cultivar, minimum flower diameter (5.3cm) and maximum total water absorbed (45.0 ml) and found to be the best to increase the shelf life of carnation.

Dianthus muglensis are proposed as replacement name for D. elegans var. gramineus non D. gramineus by Schur, based on morphological data and according to the Art. 53.1 of ICN. Tha name D. leucophaeus var. patens was also investigated from both nomenclatural and taxonomical points of views reaching to the conclusioon that it deserves the species rank (the correct name is D. goerkii). Expanded descriptions, as well as data about distribution, habitat, and phenology are also provided for both the studied taxa.

Although ethnopharmacologically renowned, wax constituents of Dianthus species were sporadically studied. A combination of GC-MS analysis, synthesis, and chemical transformations enabled the identification of 275 constituents of diethyl-ether washings of aerial parts and/or flowers of six Dianthus taxa (Dianthus carthusianorum, D. deltoides, D. giganteus subsp. banaticus, D. integer subsp. minutiflorus, D. petraeus, and D. superbus) and one Petrorhagia taxon (P. prolifera) from Serbia. Seventeen of these constituents (nonacosyl benzoate, additional 12 benzoates with anteiso-branched 1-alkanols, eicosyl tiglate, triacontane-14,16-dione, dotriacontane-14,16-dione, and tetratriacontane-16,18-dione) and two additional synthesized eicosyl esters (angelate and senecioate) represent completely new compounds. The structures of the tentatively identified β-ketones were confirmed by analysis of the mass fragmentation of the corresponding pyrazoles and silyl enol ethers obtained by transformations of crude extracts and extract fractions. Silylation allowed the identification of 114 additional constituents, including a completely new natural product (30-methylhentriacontan-1-ol). The results obtained by multivariate statistical analyses showed that the chemical profile of Dianthus taxa’s surface waxes is subject to both genetic and ecological factors, whereas the latter seemingly takes a more important role for the studied Dianthus samples.

Under light-limiting conditions, many ornamental greenhouse-grown plants show undesired morphological characteristics, such as plant elongation (hypocotyl and epicotyl length) and low dry mass, which reduce plant quality. Research has shown that use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and changes in both light intensity and spectral composition can reduce these undesired characteristics. However, little is known about the role of the combined effects of supplemental lighting and PGRs on the production of ornamental seedlings. The objective of this study was to characterize the combined and independent effects of light intensity, spectral composition, and PGR applications on the greenhouse production of ornamental transplants. Petunia (Petunia × hybrida), geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum), pansy (Viola × wittrockiana) and dianthus (Dianthus chinensis) were grown for 32–42 days under three supplemental light (SL) treatments: 1) high-pressure sodium (HPS), 2) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with a 6 blue (B):5 green (G):89 red (R) (percent photon flux ratio), and 3) LEDs with 19B:81R (100 μmol m−2 s−1, 18 h photoperiod for all treatments). A control (No SL) was also included. In addition, a portion of plants were also sprayed with the paclobutrazol PGR (PBZ and No PBZ). The synergistic effects of the combination of PBZ and supplemental lighting resulted in the most compact plants, caused by a reduction in plant height by PBZ and an increase in dry mass by SL. However, PBZ reduced shoot dry mass of most plant species and light combinations. Plant compactness was greater under the 6B:5G:89R LED composition for petunia and when combined with PBZ for geranium than for plants under HPS lighting. Root dry mass of petunia, geranium, and pansy plants increased in response to SL compared with no SL by 2.4–5.7-fold. Results from the two LED spectra were unexpected; plants under 6B:5G:89R were more compact (petunia, geranium), had higher anthocyanin concentrations (petunia), were shorter (petunia, pansy, dianthus) and had less leaf area (petunia, pansy, dianthus) than plants in the SL treatment with a higher B and lower G PF (19B:81R). Supplemental lighting and PBZ can be used in conjunction or independently to improve plant morphology. The increased light from SL provided the most benefits by improving dry mass, compactness, and leaf number for most plant species. However, when PBZ was used in combination with SL, plant compactness increased for some species. The spectral composition of SL had an impact on plant growth and morphology, warranting additional research on plant responses to small changes in the spectral composition of SL.

Our aim was to elaborate an efficient and reproducible protocol for medium-term culture of the threatened taxon Dianthus nardiformis. To reduce the growth, sucrose, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, Abscisic acid and Jasmonic acid were tested. For assessing the in vitro response, the growth and regeneration were registered after different time intervals. Mannitol is the most effective for medium-term preservation viable cultures which can be maintained unlimited time through transfer at every 3 months. In its presence, somatic embryogenesis was induced and in vitro growth in the minimal cultures was reduced between 9 and 12 times comparing to the control. Antioxidant enzymes assay revealed qualitative and quantitative differences among the experimental variants, and also between different concentrations of the same compound in correlation with the growth reduction and regeneration. POX was the most suitable to detect the efficiency of different treatments to induce medium-term cultures.

Soil legacies play an important role for the creation of priority effects. However, we still poorly understand to what extent the metabolome found in the soil solution of a plant community is conditioned by its species composition and whether soil chemical legacies affect subsequent species during assembly. To test these hypotheses, we collected soil solutions from forb or grass communities and evaluated how the metabolome of these soil solutions affected the growth, biomass allocation, and functional traits of a forb (Dianthus deltoides) and a grass species (Festuca rubra).Results showed that the metabolomes found in the soil solutions of forb and grass communities differed in composition and chemical diversity. While soil chemical legacies did not have any effect onF. rubra,root foraging byD. deltoidesdecreased when plants received the soil solution from a grass or a forb community. Structural equation modelling showed that reduced soil exploration byD. deltoidesarose via either a root growth-dependent pathway (forb metabolome) or a root trait-dependent pathway (grass metabolome). Reduced root foraging was not connected to a decrease in total N uptake. Our findings reveal that soil chemical legacies can create belowground priority effects by affecting root foraging in later arriving plants.

The carnation flower (Dianthus caryophyllus) is one of the most accepted and distributed worldwide, for its production, fertilization and the application of phytohormones have been optmized, thereby seeking to improve flower quality. However, little has been tested on the effect of the application of plant growth promoting bacteria. In the present work, carnation plants cv. Lilliput, were inoculated with 5X107 cells of Bacillus megaterium M6 and Bacillus subtilis P12, both individually and in interaction (M6 x P12), registering agronomic parameters related to flowering. The results showed that none of the inoculations had an effect on the percentage of flowering plants, neither on the height nor the diameter of the flower, only P12 increased flower number per plant by 38 %, compared to the control without inoculation. Being the period between 96 and 127 days after transplantation (dat), where tha highest number of total flowers was recorded (70) with respect to the other treatments (M6:36, M6 x P12: 24 and control: 32). In conclusion, Bacillus subtilis P12 has a promoter activity to improve the flowering of carnation plants.

This study was conducted to provide basic data for future landscape flower research by analyzing changes in flower festivals and plant usage for scenery in regional festivals with the theme of scenery flowers held from 2006 to 2019 in Korea. Among the 10,800 regional festivals held from 2006 to 2019, the number of festivals related to landscape flowers by period and region, and the types of plants and their production status were analyzed. Flower festivals were held at an average of 94 events annually, with 1,312 cases, accounting for 12.1% of local festivals. Regional festivals declined from the peak in 2008 and have been increasing since 2014, whereas the rate of flower festivals decreased slightly from 2008 to 2010 and continued to increase, accounting for 15.5% in 2019. By season, the average hosting rate was 66.7% in spring, 25.7% in autumn, 6.8% in summer, and 0.8% in winter. By region, Jeon-nam has an average of 18 events per year, and the number of events has been increasing since 2010, while Gyeong-nam has an average of 10 events per year, which has continuously decreased since 2010 and has increased since 2016. In addition, approximately nine events were held annually in Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul, Jeon-buk, and Chung-nam, followed by three to four events in Chung-buk, Gyeong-buk, Jeju-do, and Daegu, and two cases in Incheon, Ulsan, Busan, Gwangju, and Daejeon. Overall, there were few flower-related festivals in metropolitan cities except Daegu. The number of events held in 2019, including small-scale festivals searched online, was Gyeonggi-do (49), Jeon-nam (40), Seoul (28), Jeju-do (25), Chung-nam (25), Gyeong-nam (24), Gangwon-do (17), and Gyeong-buk (12). For landscape flowers, woody plants were used as theme plants in an average of 51 flower festivals yearly, followed by annuals (11 cases), grasses (9 cases), perennials (8 cases), aquatic plants (3 cases), and bulbous plants (3 cases). Twenty-six species were used as main plants, including woody plants (12 species), annual plants (4 species), grass (4 species), perennial plants (3 species), and bulbous plants (3 species), and most plants except bulbs were used repeatedly in two to four festivals. Flower production for scenery creation was in the order of Gyeong-nam, Jeon-nam, Ulsan, Gyeong-buk, Jeon-buk, Gangwon, Gyeong-gi, Choong-buk, and Choog-nam. By species, chrysanthemum and marigold were produced for more than 1 million pots, pansy and petunia were produced more than 500,000, and cauliflower, begonias, crape myrtle, Dianthus spp., scarlet sage, and cockscomb were produced for more than 100,000 pots.

Cuticular wax plays a role in plant responses to environmental stresses. To understand the contribution of cuticular wax to plant responses to low-temperature stress, the morphological and physiological responses of a Dianthus spiculifolius high-wax (HW) mutant and wild type (WT) were compared. Under low-temperature stress (0 and -10 °C), HW plants showed a lower mortality rate and electrolyte leakage (El) than that WT plants. In plants treated with low-temperature stress (0 and -10 °C), HW mutant leaves exhibited higher soluble sugar and free proline contents and lower malondialdehyde contents than those WT leaves. The photosynthetic capacity, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in HW mutant leaves were the least inhibited by low temperature than those in WT leaves. The dewaxing experiments showed no significant difference in the phenotype and El between the dewaxed-treated HW mutant and WT leaves under low-temperatures stress, indicating that cuticular wax causes differences in resistance to low-temperatures between HW and WT. Principal component analysis and the membership function value of the physiological data showed that the average membership value of the HW mutant was greater than that in WT. In general, the results indicated that high cuticular wax contributes positively to the response to low-temperature stress by D. spiculifolius.

Fusarium wilt is one of the most widespread diseases in carnation crops in a large number of countries. Plant protection products commonly used to remedy the disease have been considered ineffective and environmentally unsafe for commercial use. As an alternative, the use of suppressive growth media has been proposed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a rapid method such as near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to monitor and evaluate suppressive media potential. The NIR spectra were collected from 6 plant growth media used in a series of trials to evaluate suppressiveness to carnation Fusarium wilt namely grape marc compost, cork compost, olive oil husk + cotton gin trash composted and mixed with rice husk, spent mushroom composted and mixed with peat, coir fiber and light peat. The NIR calibration models showed promising results for estimating pH, β-glucosidase activity, disease severity (AUDPC and RLSBX) in the growth media evaluated, with coefficients of determination of 0.99, 0.98, 0.98 and 0.90; SECV of 0.09, 11.63, 0.05 and 0.10; and RPD values of 13.86, 6.62, 7.19 and 3.24; respectively. NIR spectroscopy could become a useful non-destructive and fast analytical tool for the identification of Fusarium wilt suppressive composts, avoiding the use of reagents.

A biological method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using the leaf extracts of Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg. was developed. The optimum conditions of input materials were found with leaf autoclaving in 15 min, 20 g fresh leave, and 4 mM of silver nitrate (AgNO3). To study the role of time, temperature, and solution pH of the reaction, varying time reaction (5, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min), temperature reaction (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50oC) and pH of the solution (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) were investigated. The optimal biosynthesis conditions were achieved in 180 min of reaction time at 50oC and pH 11. The obtained nanoparticles have spherical and oblong in shape with average size of 26.4 nm. The SNPs in 4 concentrationss (5, 15, 25, and 35 ppm) combined with and without 2% sucrose extended vase life, enlarged flower diameter, and maintained increase the relative fresh weight with vase solution uptake rate. SNPs inhibited significantly the bacterial growth in the stem end and vase solution, reduced the blockage in stems and therefore promoted the postharvest quality of carnation cut flowers. Out of the treatments, administration of 5 ppm SNPs with 2% sucrose of vase solution gave the best results for all parameters. The biosynthesis SNPs could be applied as a promising preservative solution for carnation cut flowers.

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one of the most commercially important cut flowers of the world. It can be used for cut flowers, bedding, edging, boarders, pots and rock garden. Four Spanish carnation varieties were tested with three levels of boron under ultra-violet stabilized polytunnels from August 2017 to April 2018 at Godawari, Nepal. The objective of the research was to evaluate vegetative, floral, and vase life parameters in relations to growth, yield and quality of carnation. The research was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The variety Baltico had the maximum leaf length (19.3 cm), numbers of lateral branches (10.5), internodal length (5.1 cm), flower diameter (8.6 cm), and vase life (24.0 days). The numbers of nodes (5) and flower weight (25.4 g) were highest in the variety Vinco with the lowest cracked area on the stem (0.2 cm2/ crack). The numbers of stem cracks per plant significantly (p ≤0.01) reduced with an increasing level of boron though non-significant relation was observed on 60 ppm and 120 ppm. Variety Baltico was found as a better variety compared to the Vinco, Cervantes and Master varieties according to the vegetative, floral, yield and vase life parameters. Among the levels of boron tested, 60 ppm was found as the optimum dose. Thus, variety Baltico and 60 ppm boron is suggested to be used at the climatic condition of Lalitpur.

The bio-chemical changes occurred in the carnation after inoculation with F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi was studied under in vitro. Carnation plants inoculated with fourteen isolates of F.oxysporum f.sp.dianthi and monitored for their ability to production of fungal pectin-degrading enzymes viz., Pectin Methyl Esterase (PME), Polygalacturonase (PG) and Pectin Trans Eliminase (PTE) involved in development of disease symptoms. Production of pectinolytic enzymes in carnation plants were assessed from 2 days up to 8 days after inoculation at 48h intervals. The accumulation of these enzymes increased in two days after inoculation and attained a peak at six days after inoculation and slowly declined thereafter in all the inoculated plants. Among the fourteen isolates, YRPFOD2 had maximum ability to increase the activity of pectinolytic enzymes viz., Pectin Methyl Esterase (0.49 μ mole hydrogen ion / min / ml), Polygalacturonase (16.11% reduction in viscosity) and Pectin Trans Eliminase (57.59 % reduction in viscosity) after six days of inoculation in infected plants.

Studies were conducted to study the effect of different holding solutions on vase life and associated characteristics of cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers. Serotonin (300 uM) resulted in earliest flower opening, maximum flower diameter, maximum amount of holding solution consumption, maximum score for freshness of cut flowers, maximum RWC and maximum membrane stability. Cut flowers exhibited highest vase life of 27.37 days when placed in serotonin (300 uM) followed by 24.67 days in holding solution containing sucrose (2%) + 8HQC (150ppm) + BA (5ppm). Therefore, serotonin (300 uM) can be used as a noble environmental friendly alternative holding solution in floriculture industry to replace harmful chemical compounds which are being used to increase flower longevity of carnation cut flowers.

Research was conducted at Hi-tech farm of Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan to evaluate the effects of different mulches and environmental conditions on growth, quality and yield of carnation cut flowers under naturally ventilated polyhouse conditions. Different types of mulch were replicated six times in a plot of 1.0 × 1.0 m size. Mulching with spent mushroom compost (M1), grass (M2), pine needles (M3) along with control (M0) was done 15 days after transplanting of rooted cuttings. The results revealed that plants mulched with spent mushroom compost (M1) recorded maximum duration of flowering (28.77 & 28.97 days), minimum days taken to reach harvesting stage (141 & 132.33 days), highest number of cut flowers per plant (6.50 & 9.47) and vase life (18.30 & 23.37 days) during first and second flush, respectively as compared to control. The maximum temperature and relative humidity inside greenhouse were 39.8oC and 85 %, respectively. However, maximum soil temperature was recorded in the plots mulched with pine needles.

The article is devoted to the results of the introduction study of Dianthus andrzejowskianus (Zapal.) Kulcz. on the basis of the South-Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS. Data on the ontogenesis of this species are provided. Three age periods (latent, pregenerative and generative) and 6 ontogenetic states (seedlings, juvenile, immature, virginal, young and middle-aged generative states) are described. Indicator signs of age-related conditions are: for seedlings - the presence of a thin germ root, two oval-shaped cotyledons; for juvenile individuals - the appearance of the first true leaves; for immature individuals - the transition of plants to sympodial growth and the growth of the root system. In the virginal state, the vegetative sphere increases, the plant acquires the features of adults. Young generative plants have few reproductive shoots. The middle-aged generative state is characterized by the most powerfully developed vegetative and reproductive spheres.

GeneAll GenExTM Plant kiti, GeneMATRIX Plant & Fungi DNA Purification kiti, DNeasy Plant kiti ve E.Z.N.A. Plant DNA kiti yaprak ve gövde dokusu DNA barkodlama çalışmaları için kaliteli ve yüksek genomik DNA elde etmek amacıyla test edilmiştir. Geleneksel olarak yaprak dokusu genomik DNA kaynağı olarak kullanılmaktadır fakat Dianthus taksonları yaprak sklerankima dokusu nedeniyle bu bakımdan sorunludur. Genomik DNA, üretici firmanın sağladığı protokole göre elde edilmiştir ve yedi barkod bölgesi PCR yöntemiyle çoğaltılmıştır. DNA konsantrasyonu florometrik yöntemle ölçülmüş, PCR ürünleri agaroz jelde görüntülenmiştir. Sonuçlar, DNA barkodlama çalışmalarında kullanılabilecek PCR başarısı bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, kullanılan ekstraksiyon kitleri zahmet, fiyat ve zaman bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlarımıza göre, yaprak ve gövde dokusundan genomik DNA ekstraksiyonu başarıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tüm ekstraksiyon kitleri PCR amplifikasyonu bakımından başarılı olmasına rağmen en yüksek verim GeneMATRIX kiti kullanılarak elde edilmiştir.

The typification of the names Cerastium biebersteinii, Dianthus glumaceus, D. plumarius, Gypsophila collina, and G. elegans is discussed. Specimens from the herbaria G, LE, LINN, and P are designated as lectotypes, or neotype (G. elegans) of the concerned names.

This study was carried out to study the effect of infested carnation plants (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by Carnation Thrips, Haplothrips cottei (Vuillet) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) andBemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on the quantity of annual production of carnation flowers under glasshouse conditions at three locations (governorates), International Garden (Cairo Governorate), El-Orman Garden, (Giza Governorate) and International Garden (Alexandria Governorate) during successive season 2018, 2019. Therefore, this study was divided into three parts, the first part studied population fluctuation of H. cottei andB. tabacion the carnation plants during successive season. The second part studied the effect of infested carnation plants by the two insects on the quantity of annual production of carnation flowers at the three locations. And the third part studied the effect of insect infestation by the two insects on the internal components of carnation plants. Results obtained showed that the infestation by H. cottei reduced the quantity of annual production of carnation flowers after picking more the infestation byB. tabaci compared to control (which non infested by the same insects). Also, results showed that the infestation by H. cottei reduced total sugar and total protein as the infested carnation flowers more than the infestation byB. tabacicompared to control.

In this study, lectotypifications of 21 valid or synonym names of the genus Dianthus L. (Caryophyllaceae) were determined. Among these; the types of D. acrochlorus Stapf, D. haussknechtii Boiss., D. hypochlorus Boiss. & Heldr., D. kastembeluensis Freyn & Sint., D. kotschyanus Boiss. & Heldr., D. lydus Boiss., D. micranthus Boiss. & Heldr., D. multipunctatus Ser. var. gracilior Boiss., D. pallens Sibth. & Sm. var. oxylepis Boiss. and D. striatellus Fenzl were based upon the specimens collected from two or more localities. The types of D. bitlisianus Kotschy ex Boiss., D. brevicaulis Fenzl, D. carmelitarum Reut. ex Boiss., D. cibrarius Clem., D. hymenolepis Boiss., D. muschianus Kotschy ex Boiss., D. polycladus Boiss. and D. setisquameus Hausskn. ex Bornm. were based upon the specimens collected from a single locality without mentioning any “type”. And D. arpadianus Ade & Bornm. var. trojanus Bornm. & Sint., D. engleri Hausskn. & Bornm. and D. siphonocalyx Blakelock were based upon the specimens for which multiple “types” were stated. Most of the specimens of the lectotypes determined in this study were collected from Turkey and the rest came from Syria and Iraq.

The Flora of Turkey includes 88 Dianthus taxa. Some interesting populations belonging were observed in the Sivas province (C-Turkey). On the basis of both morphological and molecural investigations the Sivas population was here described as a new species for the science, named Dianthus hamzaoglui. A diagnosis, detailed description, distribution area, habitat, and IUCN assessment, as well as original photos were provided, as well as a comparison with the related D. burdurensis.

Background and objective Flavonols in plants are catalyzed by flavonol synthase (FLS) enzyme. FLS was reported expressed in flowers and fruits, i.e., Dianthus caryophyllus L. (Caryophyllaceae), Petunia hybrida Hort. (Solanaceae), Arabidopsis thaliana L. (Brassicaceae), Citrus unshiu Marc. (Rutaceae). However, none reported about FLS in medicinal plants, particularly those which possess anti-inflammatory activity. This study was aimed to extract and identify FLS in the rhizome of Boesenbergia rotunda (Zingiberaceae) and to determine quercetin in the ethanol extract of the rhizome. Materials and methods The protein extraction of the rhizome was carried out by employing Laing and Christeller's (2004) and Wang's (2014) methods. The extracted-proteins were separated by using SDS-PAGE, followed by the measurement of FLS intensity by using Gel Analyzer. The FLS-1 of recombinant A. thaliana was employed as the standard. The determination of quercetin in the rhizome was carried out using LC-MS. Results The FLS occurred as a thick band at 38 kDa with intensity 116-158. The LC chromatogram of the extract indicated a small peak at 7.94 min similar to that of quercetin standard. The MS spectra at 7.94 min indicated that quercetin is present in the B. rotunda rhizome (m/z = 303.0549). The concentration of quercetin in the extract is 0.022% w/v. Conclusion The FLS, an enzyme which plays an important role in producing quercetin, was detected in B. rotunda rhizome planted in Indonesia. As a consequence, quercetin in a small amount, was also quantified in the rhizome of this plant. This report will add a scientific insight of B. rotunda for biological sciences.

In this study, Dianthus caryophyllus L. was used as the experimental plant to investigate the effects of rooting substrate and exogenous auxin concentration on the adventitious rooting of the stem cuttings. Our results showed that the formulated substrates with different physicochemical properties significantly affected the root formation. The substrate with a ratio of cocopeat to perlite at 1:1 (v:v) resulted in the optimum rooting of D. caryophyllus cuttings. Different Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) concentrations affected the rooting percentage and seedling rate of D. caryophyllus. Application of NAA at 1000 mg·kg−1 with IBA at 100 mg·kg−1 resulted in the greatest rooting percentage and improved breeding speed. The rooting percentage and seedling rate did not increase with the increase in auxin concentration. Based on these results, we concluded that an appropriate rooting substrate is required to fulfill proper rooting of D. caryohhyllus cuttings, whereas an exogenous application of IBA and NAA at 1000 mg·kg−1 and 100 mg·kg−1 promoted the rooting and a higher auxin concertation inhibited rooting.

The effect of different organic inputs viz., neem cake, mauha cake, coirpith and vermi compost were evaluated against the wilt disease incidence and the growth and yield of carnation. Preliminary screening of different oil cakes and water extracts of organic manures against the growth Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi was carried out by poisoned food technique under laboratory conditions. Among the oil cake and organic manures tested in vitro, neem cake (10%) effectively reduced the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi which recorded a minimum mycelial growth of 1.76 cm with maximum per cent inhibition of 80.44 over control. In organic field experiment, neem cake significantly reduced the disease incidence (12.47 PDI), followed by mauha cake and vermi compost which recorded 14.45 and 16.04 PDI of wilt incidence, respectively. The use of vermicompost significantly increased the growth and yield parameters viz., stalk length (85.25 cm), stalk girth (3.88 cm), no of branches (3.85/plant), no of flowers (3.11/plant) and flower diameter (4.32 cm).

International audience; Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is one of the most popular ornamental flowers in the world. Although numerous studies on carnations exist, the underlying mechanisms of flower color, fragrance, and the formation of double flowers remain unknown. Here, we employed an integrated multi-omics approach to elucidate the genetic and biochemical pathways underlying the most important ornamental features of carnation flowers. First, we assembled a high-quality chromosome-scale genome (636 Mb with contig N50 as 14.67 Mb) of D. caryophyllus, the 'Scarlet Queen'. Next, a series of metabolomic datasets was generated with a variety of instrumentation types from different parts of the flower at multiple stages of development to assess spatial and temporal differences in the accumulation of pigment and volatile compounds. Finally, transcriptomic data were generated to link genomic, biochemical, and morphological patterns to propose a set of pathways by which ornamental traits such as petal coloration, double flowers, and fragrance production are formed. Among them, the transcription factors bHLHs, MYBs, and a WRKY44 homolog are proposed to be important in controlling petal color patterning and genes such as coniferyl alcohol acetyltransferase and eugenol synthase are involved in the synthesis of eugenol. The integrated dataset of genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics presented herein provides an important foundation for understanding the underlying pathways of flower development and coloration, which in turn can be used for selective breeding and gene editing for the development of novel carnation cultivars.

Background Deciphering the mechanisms of meiosis has important implications for potential applications in plant breeding programmes and species evolution. However, the process of meiosis is poorly understood in carnation, which is famous for its cut flowers. Results We report that Dianthus caryophyllus parallel spindle 1 (DcPS1) regulates omission of second division like a (OSDLa) during pollen development and 2n gamete production in carnation meiosis. In DcPS1 and OSDLa RNAi lines, an absence of the second meiotic division and the abnormal orientation of spindles at meiosis II might be the main reason for dyad/triad formation, resulting in unreduced gametes. We also found that carnation OSDLa interacted with DcPS1 and DcRAD51D. In the DcPS1 RNAi lines, a decrease in OSDLa and DcRAD51D expression was observed. In the OSDLa RNAi lines, a decrease in DcPS1 and DcRAD51D expression was also observed. We propose that DcPS1 regulates OSDLa expression, allowing entry into meiosis II and the proper orientation of the metaphase II spindle in meiosis II. We also propose that OSDLa regulates DcRAD51D expression, allowing for homologous recombination. Conclusions These results suggest a critical role for DcPS1 and OSDLa in diplogamete production during meiosis and open a new pathway for meiosis-related studies.

33 heat shock protein 20 (Hsp20) genes were identified from the carnation genome whose expression were altered by abiotic stresses. DcHsp17.8 may function to improve the heat resistance of Arabidopsis. Heat shock proteins 20 (Hsp20s) mainly function as molecular chaperones that play crucial roles in relieving abiotic stresses such as heat stress. In this study, we identified and characterized 33 DcHsp20 genes from the carnation genome that were classified into 9 subfamilies. Gene structure analysis showed that 25 DcHsp20 genes contained 1 intron whilst the remaining 8 DcHsp20 genes did not contain introns. Motif analysis found that DcHsp20 proteins were relatively conserved. Cis-regulatory elements analysis of the Hsp20 promoters revealed a number of cis-regulatory elements that regulate growth and development, hormone and stress responses. Gene expression analysis revealed that DcHsp20 genes had multiple response patterns to heat stress. The largest range of induction occurred in DcHsp17.8 after 1 h of heat stress. Under cold stress, or treatment with saline or abscisic acid, the expression of most DcHsp20 genes was inhibited. To further understand the function of DcHsp20 genes in response to heat stress, we overexpressed DcHsp17.8 in Arabidopis and the plants showed improved heat tolerance, O

Whole-genome duplication and post-polyploidization genome downsizing play key roles in the evolution of land plants; however, the impact of genomic diploidization on functional traits still remains poorly understood. Using Dianthus broteri as a model, we compared the ecophysiological behaviour of colchicine-induced neotetraploids (4xNeo) to diploids (2x) and naturally occurring tetraploids (4xNat). Leaf gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence analyses were performed in order to asses to what extent post-polyploidization evolutionary processes have affected 4xNat. Genomic diploidization and phenotypic novelty were evident. Distinct patterns of variation revealed that post-polyploidization processes altered the phenotypic shifts directly mediated by genome doubling. The photosynthetic phenotype was affected in several ways but the main effect was phenotypic diploidization (i.e. 2x and 4xNat were closer to each other than to 4xNeo). Overall, our results show the potential benefits of considering experimentally synthetized versus naturally established polyploids when exploring the role of polyploidization in promoting functional divergence., Colchicine-induced polyploidization in Dianthus broteri demonstrates that ‘phenotypic diploidization’ occurs in functional traits, which can lead to the creative role of polyploidization being underestimated.