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Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) brings the possibility to manufacture innovative near-net-shape part designs. But unfortunately, some designed surfaces suffer from rough surface finish due to characteristics of the LPBF process. This paper explores trends in managing surface roughness and through a space industry case study, a proposed process that uses Additive Manufacturing Design Artefacts (AMDAs) is used to investigate the relationship between design, surface roughness and fatigue. The process enables the identification of design uncertainties, however, iterations of AMDA's can be required.

Beim Gestalten legen die Konstruierenden eine Vielzahl der Produkteigenschaften fest, welche Einfluss auf den gesamten Produktlebenszyklus haben. Daher verlangt ein moderner Produktentwicklungsprozess, dass ein Produkt nicht nur aufgrund seiner Funktionserfüllung optimiert wird, sondern auch vor dem Hintergrund des Design for X (DfX), welches die Berücksichtigung von Anforderungen aus dem gesamten Produktlebenszyklus beinhaltet. Die zunehmende Komplexität in der Produktentwicklung und der fehlende Wissensaustausch, beispielsweise zwischen der Entwicklung und Fertigung, führen zu unnötigen Iterationsschleifen und hohen Kosten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird eine wissensbasierte Entwurfsbewertung der Produktgestalt mittels Multi-Agentensystemen vorgestellt, um den Konstruierenden ein digitales Assistenzsystem zur Überprüfung von CAD-Modellen hinsichtlich der DfX-Anforderungen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Hierzu werden, zum einen für die Repräsentation des domänenspezifischen Wissens wissensbasierte Entwicklungs- und Konstruktionssysteme untersucht und zum anderen für die Durchführung von dezentralen Schlussfolgerungsmechanismen und Verhandlungen das Multi-Agentensystem vorgestellt. Das methodische Vorgehen MaSE4D zur Entwicklung von Multi-Agentensystemen ermöglicht, ausgehend vom initialen Systemkontext, eine strukturierte Zusammensetzung der dezentral verteilten Wissensquellen, um eine ganzheitliche Bewertung in der Domäne der Produktgestaltung vorzunehmen. Durch einen generalisierten Aufbau einer Software-Architektur ist es zudem möglich ein 3D-Modell in einer CAD-Entwicklungsumgebung, mittels graphenbasierter Featureerkennung, zu analysieren und automatisiert anzupassen. Des Weiteren werden Templates für die Programmierung von Agenten zur Verfügung gestellt, welche die dezentrale Wissensverwaltung, die Kommunikation unter den Agenten sowie deren Verwaltung im Kontext der Produktgestaltung unterstützen. Die Anwendbarkeit und Validierung des methodischen Vorgehens und der Entwicklungsumgebung für das Multi-Agentensystem erfolgt durch die Bewertung von zehn unterschiedlichen Frästeilentwürfen., During the design process, the designers determine numerous product properties that have an influence on the entire product life cycle. Therefore, a modern product development process requires that a product is not only optimized based on its functional fulfillment but also regarding Design for X, which includes the consideration of requirements from the entire product life cycle. The increasing complexity in product development and the lack of knowledge exchange between development and manufacturing lead to iteration loops and higher costs. In the context of this work, a knowledge-based evaluation of embodiment design using multi-agent systems is presented to provide designers with a digital assistance system for the verification of CAD models regarding Design for X. For this purpose, knowledge-based engineering systems are investigated for the representation of domain-specific knowledge on the one hand. On the other hand, multi-agent systems are introduced for the execution of decentralized reasoning mechanisms and negotiations. The methodological approach MaSE4D for the development of multi-agent systems allows, starting from the initial system context, a structured composition of the decentralized distributed knowledge sources to perform a holistic evaluation in the domain of product design. A generalized software architecture allows analyzing and automatically adapting a 3D model in a CAD development environment using graph-based feature recognition. Furthermore, templates for programming agents are provided, which support decentralized knowledge management, communication among agents, as well as their management in the context of product design. The applicability and validation of the multi-agent system's methodological approach and development environment is performed by evaluating ten different milling designs.

It is recognized that design for excellence (DfX) methods could deliver significant performance improvements in industrialized construction (IC) projects. However, DfX methods in IC projects in Chi...

Extending the lifespan of products and parts is seen as a solution in the transition towards a circular economy. There are many proposed design approaches argued to facilitate this. However, extending the lifespan of products and parts is not always desirable, and product developers should instead strive to design for a specific longevity; the product's optimal lifetime. The latter in turn depends on many various contextual factors, and this paper has identified the three main contextual factors as; the user, the business, and the resource efficiency. Considering these three appropriately can help product developers to define their product's optimal lifetime. Altogether, these components promote the mindset of Design for Longevity. Specifically, as extracted from this paper: “Design for Longevity aims at designing products with an optimal lifetime, where optimal means taking the user, the business and the resource efficiency perspectives into account when designing the life of a product”. A Design for Longevity framework is proposed and evaluated in this paper, and it is concluded that the proposed Design for Longevity framework can support product developers to implement the Design for Longevity mindset.

Through appropriate operations and policies, such as green processes and product development (PDP), companies can respond to environmental sustainability. To remain competitive, one such approach, Design for X (DFX), involves considering the different environment and sustainable strategies through different factors Xs. With regards to the availability of different DFX techniques that consider environmental issues, the decision as to which approach needs to be adopted remains absent. This paper aims at presenting an overview from 1980 to 2020 of the developed research, applications, and DFX techniques for the assessment of green issues. Selected DFX techniques are linked with strategies used in organizations. Following a literature analysis, a collaborative knowledge-based framework that addresses the design concepts needed to assess environmental, safety, and health concerns in the development of the green product is proposed. Furthermore, as a pillar for considering the Semantic Web and an evolving approach linked with Natural language processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), an ontology-based knowledge management model for green assessment is developed for the representation, acquisition, organization and capitalization of knowledge in a computer interpretable manner. The findings are useful for both managers and practitioners as they provide a coherent domain ontology that can help them manage knowledge, improve teamwork, and make decisions in a collaborative green PDP. Besides, an understanding of the essential design considerations that are required to implement environmental, safety, and health issues, as well as competencies used in the PDP is presented. The key barriers, managerial and strategic implications and mitigation actions are also identified in this paper.

Most methodologies developed to support the Product-Service System (PSS) design consider the integration of service features into the product design from a high-level of abstraction and are usually focused on the conceptual phase, neglecting the detailed level of design. Besides, the Knowledge Management perspective is not considered in those methodologies, also affecting how new design knowledge is created, formalized, and shared across the company’s organization. The PSS Design GuRu Methodology, grounded on Concurrent Engineering and Design for X approaches, was developed to fill these issues. This study presents how the PSS Design GuRu Methodology can be incorporated into a PSS detailed design process in a B2B company operating in the food and bakery machinery sector, focusing the analysis on its contribution to promoting Knowledge Management. In particular, a detailed case of development and integration of a service feature—the installation service—to a product in the PSS scope is conducted. The PSS Design GuRu Methodology proves to be effective in supporting the generation, management, use, sharing, and reuse of new knowledge in the shape of design guidelines and rules.

The global trend of digital business transformation forces a new look at many traditional disciplines and methodologies, in particular, the management of the logistics of a digital enterprise at the stages of the cycle of creating products for a given cost and in a given time. In order to achieve the desired competitiveness of production, it is necessary to manage the material and technical support of the digital enterprise at the stages of the cycle of creating products at a given cost and in a given time, in order to constantly find reserves for improvement.

One of the main aspects that must be considered while developing any industrial project is its cost. Design to Cost (DtC) processes allow the design team to manage any kind of project based on the costs of each of the phases and of the elements, by applying a number of methodologies, techniques, cost models and tools. In this paper, a DtC framework is proposed, taking other DtC centered research as references and focusing on a probabilistic approach, in order to lead the early design stages of large industrial products, where most of the information is unclear or is still being defined. A literature review about DtC methodologies and techniques is first carried out in order to analyze, compare and classify them and identify the strengths and weaknesses of each one.

The Axiomatic Design (AD) introduces several benefits for product innovation, but it doesn’t account for all required concerns in product lifecycle. Integrating Design for X (DFX) is proposed here to enhance the results of AD and measure the performance of proposed product designs. The introduced methodology is referred to as Axiomatic Design for X (ADFX). This idea enables adding several design and usage requirements as functional requirements and/or design axioms in addition to design constraints in a flexible framework for product design. Furthermore, this idea can inspire robust mathematical models for product design by agglomerating objective and subjective product requirements. This paper provides a base for other directions in the product design research.

Decision-making models such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Weighted Decision Matrix (WDM), Pugh Matrix and the likes have been able to assist in the decision process considering the objectives of each evaluation criteria in the alternatives. However, these models need to consider the qualitative and subjective nature of the design features. In order to reduce the unbalanced scale of judgment and the uncertainty associated with the crisp information in the decision process, fuzzified and hybridized models are necessary. Existing hybridized decision models applied for machine concept selection deploy several design features and sub-features at the conceptual product design, which thus make the decision making process to be tedious. In light of this, this article presents a hybridized decision-making model, which harness the comparative strength and computational integrity of fuzzy pairwise comparison matrix and fuzzy weighted average, to numerically analyse a reasonable amount of machine design features, thereby making decision making process less tedious. Design for reconfigurability and functionality which are peculiar to reconfigurable machines was introduced using a Reconfigurable Assembly Fixture (RAF) as a case study while other design features related to design concept evaluation were grouped under design for X. The result of the hybridized model shows that, concept three is the optimal design from four sets of designs. This is compared to previous publication using the RAF design concepts with different design features and sub-features. The comparison indicates that there is a close range in the final values of the designs due to the inclusion of several sub-features in the decision process which were not used in the previous study.

While designing and discussing exhibitions in science centers, common conceptual framework is needed. This paper provides a framework based on participation, virtuality, and collaboration, and two models - a Rubik’s cube model and a Scatter plot space. They are suitable tools for analysis and overview of existing and planned exhibitions, as well as for conceptual analysis during the design process. The classification and the models for the interaction have been developed in a research by design process, where 45 prototypes have been designed, exhibited and tested. The contribution of this paper is to provide designers and planners of science centers with a framework that can support design work and evaluation. I am the single author also of this paper.

With the growth of sustainability challenges, the automotive is regarded as one of the most important and strategic industries in the manufacturing sector. Reducing time in the product development process, seeking higher product quality, maintaining sustainable products, lowering product cost in the manufacturing process, and fulfilling customers’ requirements are the key factors of the success of a company. To achieve these requirements, automotive companies must consider the use of new sustainable models that ensure design efforts, customer, and societal needs from product ideation until its end-of-life. To do so, the leading companies adopt Design for X (DFX) as a concurrent approach, which considers several issues through different factors Xs. However, with the modified applications for various domains, several researchers have developed many DFX techniques. This multiplicity makes it difficult for researchers and practitioners to keep up with DFX development. Hence, the aim of this paper is first to use mixed and different techniques to organize and select the most prominent DFXs that consider quality and customer satisfaction strategies in designing automotive product. Second, a conceptual framework called, Design for Relevance (DFRelevance) is introduced. It addresses the design factors (guidelines) of each DFX and their associated modules to facilitate the collaboration between designers and all the project team during the whole product lifecycle. Furthermore, a modeling approach based on unsupervised learning is used to accomplish DFRelevance concerns. The aim of this approach is to cluster similar modules into homogenous groups to facilitate the simultaneous implementation of the concurrent engineering strategy.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T10:03:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-02-21 Purpose: Although product design is a fundamental element in the transition towards the circular economy, the knowledge of practices, methods and tools oriented to circular product design has not been widely developed. This study aims to contribute to the circular economy research area by investigating and analyzing the main design approaches to circular products and their relationship to new product development. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conducted a systematic review and qualitative analysis of 120 articles. In these studies, the authors analyzed aspects such as design strategies used, the barriers to the adoption of circular product design and the relationships between the phases of new product development processes with circular product design studies. Findings: The findings revealed that the circular product design approach has added new design strategies to those already recommended by ecodesign, such as multiple use cycles, emotional durability and biomimicry. Furthermore, the results showed that most circular product design articles focus on the planning and concept development phases of the new product development process. Originality/value: In this article, the authors systematized the findings of an emergent research area: the development of new products for the circular economy. Its main contributions lie in the identification of design strategies, the classification of Design for X approaches, analysis of such approaches during the new product development process and discussion of their main barriers. Finally, this study presents contributions for managers and designers who are starting the transition to a circular strategy. São Paulo State University (UNESP) Production Engineering Department Department of Industrial Engineering Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Department of Administration Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) São Paulo State University (UNESP) Production Engineering Department

The leaders of construction innovation in China promote the integration of production best practices such as design for Excellence (DfX) in industrialized construction (IC) projects as a s...

ZERODUR® glass ceramic is a material well established in stability-critical industrial markets. While ZERODUR®’s chemical formulation has been unchanged for over 50 years, its thermal attributes can be tailored for specific temperature ranges. Especially, its near-zero thermal expansion, its homogeneous properties and its extensive characterization are favorable for applications requiring heightened dimensional stability performance. SCHOTT invested extensively into both comprehensive material characteristic studies, and into a newly dedicated highly capable machining and metrology facility. We will describe the capabilities of SCHOTT’s newly-build ZERODUR® competence center focusing on CNC machining and precise characterization of monolithic lightweight mirrors through 4-meter sizes. Beside the production of various light-weighted designs, any optical form on a mirror’s specular surface can be generated. This is done by precision grinding while, at the same time, minimizing the sub-surface damage. Subsequently, the optical finishers can expect a better starting point and the utility to the telescope designer becomes evident. Latest results on optimizing the front figure tolerance for different mirror substrate diameters are presented. We will emphasize the capabilities of the precisely controlled 5-m coordinate measurement equipment. These refined manufacturing methods support the design of better, more affordable, higher performance future optical assemblies and enable design-to-cost approaches for cost-critical projects.

This paper presents a novel framework for manufacturing and cost-related knowledge formalization. This artefact allows industries to capitalize the knowledge of experienced practitioners in the field of manufacturing and assembly, so that it can be used by designers for quickly and analytically estimating the production costs of components during product development. The framework consists of the following: (i) a cost breakdown structure used for splitting out the manufacturing cost, (ii) a data model (cost routing) to collect the knowledge required to define a manufacturing process, (iii) a data model (cost model) for collecting the knowledge required to compute the manufacturing cost of each operation within a manufacturing process, and (iv) a workflow to define the manufacturing process. The proposed framework provides several advantages: (i) knowledge formalization of product manufacturing cost, (ii) knowledge sharing among design/engineering departments, and (iii) knowledge capitalization for decision-making process. The proposed framework is used to formalize the knowledge required for analytically estimating the manufacturing cost of open-die forged components. Results highlight that the framework addresses the most important requirements for a knowledge-based cost estimation system.

The design of various products is driven by requirements that describe extremes. In marine structural design, joint extremes of environmental variables like wave height and wind speed are used to define load cases. Similarly, in ergonomic design minimum and maximum values of anthropometric variables are considered to make sure a product is suitable for a wide range of users. Here, we present a method that supports designers to define requirements using joint extreme values: the requirements contour method. The method is based on structural engineering's environmental contour method and uses a dataset and statistical methods to specify a region in the variable space that must be considered in the design process. That region's enclosure is the requirements contour and holds the joint extremes. After formally describing the method, we give an illustrative example of its usage: we use it to define requirements for the design of an ergonomic handle for a power tool. The requirements contour method is a field-independent approach to design for extremes. In the tradition of design for X, we think that a design project can benefit from applying methods that focus on different 'X's.

The use of Industry 4.0 technologies has sped up the growth of production on which manufacturing systems are being turned into automated and connected ones. As a result of the complexity of products and the exponential change in consumer demands, the amount of uncertainties in today's technology and industrial environments is rapidly increasing. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and Big Data (BD), in particular, have played an increasingly important role in the product development process (PDP) in a variety of industries, leading to value growth, competitive advantage and idea generation. Besides, to meet customer and sustainable requirements over the product Iifecycle, the PDP requires the use of Design for X (DFX) approach to integrate different factors X's, In this regard, this paper aims to combine knowledge from various fields into a detailed, realistic and holistic approach for the implementation and development of services and products using DFX techniques, BD and IIoT technologies. More clearly, this study uses fuzzy multi-criteri a theory to provide practitioners and managers with a guide to selecting the most important DFX techniques that consider quality attributes in product or service design while considering the advantages of BD and IIoT technologies.

The present study aims to validate a new research method called IDeS (industrial design structure) through the design of an electric bicycle for everyday city life. IDeS is the latest evolution of a combination of innovative and advanced systematic approaches that are used to set a new industrial project. The IDeS methodology is sequentially composed of quality function deployment (QFD), benchmarking (BM), top-flop analysis (TFA), stylistic design engineering (SDE), design for X, prototyping and testing, budgeting, and planning. The present work illustrates how to integrate the abovementioned design methods and achieve a convincing result. In going through the IDeS method step by step, we compare the different solutions on the market in order to understand which are the best performing products and to understand what is missing on the market. This method allowed us to design a bicycle that is as close as possible to the “ideal bike”, obtained with the top/flop analysis.

A tecnologia tem sido uma constante no processo evolutivo das empresas. Para que os avanços aconteçam e se obtenham produtos de excelência, a criatividade, disciplina e método em projeto são imprescindíveis. Atualmente, as necessidades inerentes à produção de um novo produto, são solucionadas por equipas multidisciplinares, que contribuem para reforçar o valor acrescentado do design e engenharia nos processos de inovação das empresas. A presente dissertação assenta em re-conceber e desenhar uma nova versão de smartbox, da empresa Watgrid, em contexto de estágio. Este dispositivo surge de práticas colaborativas e parcerias estratégicas que visam estabelecer comunicação entre sensores e servidor em contexto vinícola. Para garantir monitoramento das propriedades do vinho, a smartbox recorre a tecnologia de leitura e registo de dados com recurso a hardware e software, desenvolvidos internamente. Com a ambição de otimizar as fases de produção do vinho, a empresa desenvolve dispositivos baseados em materiais e componentes sustentáveis, que potenciam a vida útil dos produtos, através de tecnologias económicas, ágeis, robustas e competitivas. Consciente dos princípios de Design e Engenharia que devem estruturar o desenvolvimento de novos produtos industriais, a Watgrid desafiou a estrutura do mestrado em engenharia e design do produto para uma investigação aplicada, que prontamente foi aceite pela candidata. O trabalho iniciou-se com a desconstrução da versão anterior do dispositivo smartbox, na perspetiva do reconhecimento das necessidades e requisitos para o redesenho da nova solução. A fase de projeto estruturou-se em conceitos criativos e requisitos técnicos, validados pelo processo e testes que conformaram a proposta apresentada em detalhe neste documento. Technology has been a constant in the evolutionary process of companies. In order for progress to occur and product excellence to be attained, creativity, discipline and method in design are essential. Currently, the challenges imposed during the development and production of a new product are solved by multidisciplinary teams, which contribute to reinforce the added value of design and engineering in the innovation processes of companies. The work here reported establishes the premises established during the design of a new version of a smartbox within the context of a curricular internship undertaken in the company Watgrid. The device here under analysis arises from collaborative practices and strategic partnerships aiming to establish the communication between sensors and server within the wine context. To ensure proper monitoring of wine properties, the smartbox uses technology for assessing and recording data using in-house hardware and software. Moreover, to optimize the wine production stages, Watgrid has been developing devices using sustainable materials, enhancing the life cycle of products, through economic, agile, robust and competitive technologies. Aware of the principles of Design and Engineering that should structure the development of new industrial products, Watgrid has challenged the structure of the master’s degree in engineering and product design for applied research, and hence the current project has arised and promptly accepted. Furthermore, the work began with the deconstruction of the previous version of the smartbox device, with the intention to recognize the needs and requirements for the redesign of the new solution. The project phase was structured, and the creative concepts and technical requirements were systematically validated through process and tests, forming the detailed proposal presented in this document. Mestrado em Engenharia e Design de Produto

The current take-make-dispose economy is based on the rapid procurement and satisfaction of needs, and does not emphasise on sustainability. The production of goods requires a large number of primary resources (e.g. raw materials, water and energy) that, when end-up as waste, have negative impacts on the environment. As an alternative, the model of circular economy (CE) has been proposed in which products and services are designed in such a way that their components, materials or waste can be reintegrated into the system. Circular product design makes the extension of product life possible through the loops of maintain/prolong, reuse/redistribute, refurbish, remanufacture and recycle. Materials in the product should be selected and designed to maintain their purity and the product structure should allow reuse, disassembly and reassembly, among others. At the end-of-life, the product, its parts and materials will again become resources. Components are reclaimed in remanufacturing and materials continue their life through recycling. The concept of CE is complex, and it includes business, technical, legislation and other aspects that all are connected. The literature on circular design focusses on many other things than the technical design and engineering, and, in fact, does not discuss much about the design process and details of technical design in CE. How the requirements are set and what competencies the designer is expected to have blur the boundaries between technical design and other operations, such as business and service planning. The report is organised as follows. After the introduction in Section 1, the design for X approach is discussed in Section 2. In Sections 3 and 4, respectively, the circular design and the guidelines and strategies for developing circular products are discussed. The frameworks and tools supporting circular design are highlighted in Section 5. Various competencies required by designers are listed in Section 6. Some of the identified challenges in design for CE are discussed in Section 7, and in Section 8, the findings are discussed and conclusions are made.

The current take-make-dispose economy is based on the rapid procurement and satisfaction of needs, and does not emphasise on sustainability. The production of goods requires a large number of primary resources (e.g. raw materials, water and energy) that, when end-up as waste, have negative impacts on the environment. As an alternative, the model of circular economy (CE) has been proposed in which products and services are designed in such a way that their components, materials or waste can be reintegrated into the system. Circular product design makes the extension of product life possible through the loops of maintain/prolong, reuse/redistribute, refurbish, remanufacture and recycle. Materials in the product should be selected and designed to maintain their purity and the product structure should allow reuse, disassembly and reassembly, among others. At the end-of-life, the product, its parts and materials will again become resources. Components are reclaimed in remanufacturing and materials continue their life through recycling. The concept of CE is complex, and it includes business, technical, legislation and other aspects that all are connected. The literature on circular design focusses on many other things than the technical design and engineering, and, in fact, does not discuss much about the design process and details of technical design in CE. How the requirements are set and what competencies the designer is expected to have blur the boundaries between technical design and other operations, such as business and service planning. The report is organised as follows. After the introduction in Section 1, the design for X approach is discussed in Section 2. In Sections 3 and 4, respectively, the circular design and the guidelines and strategies for developing circular products are discussed. The frameworks and tools supporting circular design are highlighted in Section 5. Various competencies required by designers are listed in Section 6. Some of the identified challenges in design for CE are discussed in Section 7, and in Section 8, the findings are discussed and conclusions are made.

The design, development and manufacturing of products inevitably involve environmental aspects (e.g., material and energy consumption) that lead to negative environmental impacts (Herrmann in Ganzheitliches Life Cycle Management, Nachhaltigkeit und Lebenszyklusorientierung in Unternehmen. VDI-Buch. Springer, Berlin, 2010, [1]). The awareness of these issues enables an understanding of the immediate effects that design and manufacturing have on the environment and how products can affect the ecosystems around them. We face many problems, and we can only solve if the design of products is geared to ecological requirements. This requires that product development is regarded as a holistic and interlinked process. This results in the consideration of processes such as recycling, downcycling as well as maintainability and material separation in our product life cycles. Hence, production and environmental problems were treated independently of each other for a long time, and the environment had received little attention in the phases of the product development process (Huang in Design for X, Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht, 1996, [2]). Especially small- and medium-sized enterprises will increasingly face problems in aligning their innovation activities with ecological requirements. So far there is no practical approach to holistic and interlinked product development that sufficiently takes ecological requirements into account and is easy to adopt for SMEs.

We propose that a systems engineering methodology may be applied in an effective interactive design environment for lifecycle cost estimation and value optimization in the context of a manufacturing enterprise. In order to optimize a product design for value, engineering and manufacturing businesses need to be able to estimate accurately product lifecycle costs during the early design phases of its development, because this is when the majority of these costs are determined. Systems engineering defines realizing value as meeting stakeholder requirements and emphasizes formalizing these in order to link coherently the individual estimated costs of a design to the needs it fulfils. Furthermore, formalized requirement and design parameters are suitable for modelling and simulation, and we envision a systems model implemented within existing knowledge-based engineering tools embedded in a design environment. The results of this model may support design decisions, as well as reinforce systems engineering analyses in evaluating processes for value chain simulations.

Design for Excellence (DfEx) is the name given to an engineering process where a product is designed to meet a set of objective functions that cover its lifecycle. There are negative correlations between different objective functions in this set and issues related to technological complexity are added, since modern products typically fall into the category of smart connected mechatronic products. This context leads to complexity in terms of tackling the design process. Simultaneous engineering and PLM platforms can only partially handle such levels of complexity. To our knowledge, the subject of DfEx was treated in current researches from a limited perspective, which does not necessarily cover the complexity of the present-day context. In order to formulate a reliable DfEx framework, this research considers a strategy based on tools that manage in a systematic way the process of identifying the comprehensive set of barriers and conflicts that obstruct DfEx. This research highlights the level of complexity in setting up a reliable methodology to DfEx of modern, sophisticated mechatronic products. A set of guidelines to be placed at the foundation of an effective DfEx methodology is formulated with the support of TRIZ.

In the past, many frameworks have been conceived in order to support companies and their designers to develop sustainable products. In the circular economy, however, these frameworks no longer appear to be sufficient, due to the difficulty in identifying multiple design strategies for the different product life cycles across time dimensions. By adopting a Design for X (DfX) approach, this paper develops a multi-hierarchical DfX framework that allows designers to incorporate different strategies to better address product life cycles. This framework could facilitate the further development of a more comprehensive and interdisciplinary DfX tool. A key part of the method deployed is an interview guide approach, where five experts from across academia and industry, were interviewed. This qualitative research draws on their diverse expertise and generates an intersectoral link between different fields. Moreover, the DfX tool can be used to highlight relationships between different circular economy strategies, by providing insights into how interdisciplinary design decisions influence each other. Such an approach could allow designers to effectively visualize a bigger picture and positively influence the application and acceleration of the circular economy.

The three-initial steps of the new product development process are critical. The first is to identify all different customers who will be sources of design inputs, and then effectively capture customer needs and expectations to guide our design. The next major step is transforming the design inputs (customer’s needs) into a sound design concept by applying using tools like Robust Design, Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Design for X (DFX), Design for Six Sigma (DFSS), or Quality by Design. Finally, a quality engineer must utilize the design review process periodically to confirm that our design efforts are always intended to deliver a quality product. When we have completed these three steps, we have done a lot of the heavy lifting required for developing a new product. The Design Outputs (DU) should identify the product features that are essential for the proper functioning of the device in some industries. These are critical quality attributes (CQAs), critical to quality (CTQ), or critical material attributes (CMAs).

When a new production facility is set up abroad, it is necessary to consider the specific requirements of the respective location in order to align the production facility to the local market conditions and thus fully exploit the potential of global production. This is basically possible in different ways: On the one hand, a pure adaptation of the production technology and the internal logistics (e.g., change of the degree of automation or adaptation of the material flow) can be carried out. On the other hand, the design of the product manufactured abroad also offers scope for adaptation to the local conditions. Such adaptations can be market-related or—as in this chapter—bring the product closer to the locally available labor force, skills, and production resources, thus leading to an optimized and cost-reduced production for the foreign location. In order to provide practitioners with guidelines for the location-specific adaptation of production processes and product design when opening a new production site abroad, this chapter gives an overview of the factors that need to be examined with regard to necessary adaptations. Besides, the chapter presents different design options being used to adapt products and production processes to local conditions.

Inadequate planning and poor stake holder management are considered as root cause to delays and cost overruns in construction projects. Compartmentalized working of various stakeholders prevents smooth flow of information to achieve intended design–construction interface. The construction industry is gradually evolving to a manufacturing and product delivery process where design for manufacturability and assembly takes precedence. Design for a specific target value according to the utility has been an evolutionary process. The objective of the study is to look into the relevance and effectiveness of an iterative approach in design process to streamline the target values to optimize effort and resources in employing pre-engineered and pre-cast technology. The study also examines the various factors influencing the smooth interface from design to construction and critically examine the bottlenecks. Design for X (DfX) approach gives the stakeholders more rationale inputs for monitoring and decision making in a more controlled environment of manufactured construction. The study attempts to predict the future of manufacturability in construction where smooth assembly with automation is getting preference over conventional cast-in situ methodology. The bottom up approach of new policy initiatives and better communication between stakeholders promise more refined designs in the future where technology will be pushed to align with lean construction principles which will form part of deliverables.

Resilient and sustainable supply chain management (SCM) practices have been established in recent decades to reduce the likelihood and consequences of disruptions and the negative environmental effects along the supply chain. To deal with such issues, it's important to be able to quantify the effectiveness of all supply chain processes in a circular economy model while taking technological revolution into account. Furthermore, Design for X (DFX) approaches show significant potential for improving product and service functionality from a variety of perspectives X. In this respect, the aim of this paper is first to propose a circular digital SCOR model that depicts the impact of digital technology on various circular SCOR processes. Second, using DFX techniques, a conceptual model, called Design for circular digital Supply chain (DFCDSC), has been proposed that includes the key design factors for the development and implementation of the circular digital supply chains. Since it highlights the main lines of research in the area, the proposed framework will provide crucial managerial perspectives for practitioners and managers.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is widely studied in many fields, including aeronautics, automotive, medicine, and construction. Some researchers expect AM to benefit construction practice in terms of reducing waste, alleviating time overrun, and breaking design limitations. With the high-level customizability of AM construction, designers are less constrained, e.g., by design standardization, in designing bio-inspired forms, natural curves, and uniqueness in construction projects. Nevertheless, AM technology also faces challenges, such as high printing cost, inability to print, and weak structure during a layer-by-layer printing process. Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) has, therefore, been proposed for the construction industry. This paper revisits the lessons learned from the problems and the DfAM solutions to real-life cases. First, due to AM’s capability to construct without casting molds, self-support structure, e.g., plate and shell structure, should be included in the designs. Secondly, according to DfAM guidelines, a large amount of temporary support structure, overhang, thin feature, and flat surface are among the major factors affecting the efficiency of AM. In comparison, there are several architectural elements, such as long-span structure, cantilever part, thin wall, and flat roof can be the barriers to AM in construction. In order to promote the application of AM in construction and achieve higher efficiency, new DfAM guidelines for the construction sector are demanded.

Pursuing sustainability implies setting a multitude of open-ended goals to address environmental and socioeconomic issues today as well as those for future generations. The circular economy (CE) paradigm appears more focused regarding goals and agency to address environmental issues by using the economic system. However, companies and governments aiming to operationalize CE in practice, it has been claimed, will face six key challenges limiting the CE “net sustainability impact” potential. This work focuses on the challenges for manufacturers to adopt and operationalize CE for their business. The two key levers for manufacturers to navigate on their path from the linear (take-make-dispose) to a sustainable CE are innovating and designing of the business model and of their products. To date, however, understanding the role of product design in developing circular business models has received little attention in research. This review article builds upon the CE literature foundation, including definitions, challenges, and business modeling frameworks needed to better understand the role of product design. Building on the work of several highly cited CE-centric literature reviews and voices in research and industry, we selected and merged complementing frameworks: Slowing-Closing-Narrowing, Circular Design, and the Circular Business Model Innovation framework. To understand how to put these frameworks into practice, we analyzed CE's links with electric vehicle and white goods research and industry perspectives respectively and collectively. The review and analysis of CE and selected industries’ research was supported by a co-occurrence keyword analysis of 5,960 most cited papers in CE as well as the two product categories, electric vehicles and white goods. The analysis indicated limited maturity and linkage of circular business models and role of product design toward a CE in the research literature for the product categories. This result corroborated the knowledge gap and guided our focus in searching for further research and industry clues. We structured the clues of interest that were specific to or common across product categories and industries, using the integrated framework to visualize our Design for X conclusion. The merged framework visualizes how paths toward CE by design and logic of value creation, delivery, and capturing may differ. To conclude, the authors’ own experience and literature examples from relevant industry-leading and start-up companies are used to apply the framework and reveal strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Future research and industry experiments focused on the circular business models based on product service systems and design for CE strategies identified, will be needed to test and extend the framework to other product categories and industry sectors.

The realization of Modular Construction (MC) is impeded by several barriers, e.g., initial investment, logistics constraints, and negative perception. Design, a profoundly creative process to alleviate difficulties in the built environment, is prospected to enhance this construction method. Under this circumstance, many guidelines, recommendations, and avoidances have been proposed to design. However, every coin has two sides. This research, therefore, argues that MC also provides new design opportunities, which have not been yet extensively investigated. It does so by comprehensive literature review and detailed archival study of successful case studies. The result unveils that although MC, by nature, may impose several design limitations, e.g., design simplification, standardization, and limited dimension, it can also serve demands and construct an outstanding architectural design by, for example, a composition of three-dimensional unit, mass customization, and product prototype. This research creates a balanced view of MC in a design process, and highlights the new approach for further design and research development in this discipline.

There has been a wealth of research carried out in pursuit of understanding "Design for X" where "X" can be manufacturing, assembly, recycling, serviceability, or any other aspect of the product (or product family) life cycle. In this paper we review the possible meanings of "Design for Metrology" and how the evolution of the lifecycle of modern products has brought these interpretations to light. The most direct interpretation of Design for Metrology would be that the designer explicitly adds or modifies product characteristics or attributes in order that they may be measured. However, this presumes that measurement in and of itself is a design concern. More realistically, we must acknowledge that metrology provides support to manufacturing, assembly, and other activities by producing actionable information to validate, improve, or control these activities. This paper evaluates the explicit and implicit interaction between the designer and measurement processes.

The need for designs with extended capabilities and customization calls for a robust conceptual design phase of an equipment or a product. It becomes important to appraise different design concepts using a holistic approach for the comparison process in order to obtain an optimal design. In this article, a decision analysis for selecting optimal design of a Reconfigurable Assembly Fixture (RAF) from a set of alternative design concepts is presented by developing a Multi-Attribute Decision Model (MADM). The MADM developed in this article hybridize the aggregating strength of the fuzzified weighted decision matrix and computational strength of the fuzzy TOPSIS in terms of separation from positive and negative solutions and closeness coefficient to ideal solution. The design for X tools (manufacture, assembly and disassembly, maintenance, reliability, life cycle cost, serviceability and environment) are used to represent the design features and factors or constraints for evaluating the designs with several sub-factors in order to have a robust decision process. Two other tools added to the X-tools are design for reconfigurability and functionality. These two tools were added in order to consider the reconfigurable characteristic features for the design concepts of the RAFs. Results obtained from the decision process proves that there are slight differences in the final values of the design concepts which can be linked to the performance of each design concept in the decision process and the weights or priority of the design features. Also, the close variations in the final values of the design concepts may be due to inclusion of weights of the design attributes in computation of the distances to the positive and negative ideal solutions.

Design-for-X (DfX) approaches continues to prove their importance to support design management in increased complexity products and towards sustainable development. Permanent increasing of market competitiveness lead the companies to narrow budgets and increase the application of Lean practices among their departments. Lean Design for eXcellence (LeanDfX) methodology was developed to cross Lean Thinking and Design-for-X project support, assessing multiple domains such as optimization, manufacturing, assembly, maintenance, eco-design, modularity or adaptability. This approach brings a systematic applicability for design engineers and technical managers, assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of a given product design. A LeanDfX index metric, ranging between 0-100%, and original scorecard were created for consistent decision support for comparison of different design concepts or design versions of products, integrating different ‘X’ domains. In this work, the LeanDfX methodology results are presented for a real industrial case study related to a robot gripper design of a palletizing production cell.

The concept of the sustainable development which is defined in terms of the triple bottom line (economic, environmental and social) is becoming increasingly important. Until now, however, the social aspects have been under-investigated in comparison to environmental and economic aspects. From the product design point of view there is an emergency for development tools and methodologies that are directly linked with the social pillar of sustainability. The research has as main target to discover the future role of designers and engineers to address sustainability as well as emerging priorities from societal to environmental challenges. Furthermore, the present paper presents a model named sustainability push & pull, which is focused on the cultivation of sustainable behaviour to the citizens. The key issue is the users/citizens participation during the product design process, playing an active role to the product development. The whole work was based on a framework which was built according to the direct communication between users and designers. Focused on this target, two new design for X methodologies a) Design for Promoting Sustainable Principles through user education and b) Design for Green Usability developed following the guidelines of the proposed User Assessment Tool. The research garnered responses from 72 participants who answered detailed questions during the whole design process. Data analysis was accomplished according to the data analysis process proposed by Miles and Huberman. The positive view to the whole process made clear that the used methodologies are friendly and very interesting for both the users/citizens and designers. The results from both the questionnaires and interviews show that it is also very educating while the proportions of knowledge about sustainability were grown up.

Process plans in additive manufacturing (AM) have a profound impact on the performance of fabricated parts such as geometric accuracy and mechanical properties. Due to its layer-based, additive nature, AM processes can be controlled at multiple scales starting from the scan vector/pixel scale. However, most process planning methods in AM configure process settings at the part scale. This leaves large unexplored regions in the design space that may include optimal designs. To address these untapped potentials, we present a process planning strategy based on the concept of manufacturing elements (MELs) to harness process variables at low scales for design. First, we decompose a part design into multiple MELs that contain geometric and manufacturing information. Two-scale process–structure–property (PSP) relationships are then constructed for MELs and their assembly. Decision tools, including the compromise decision support problem, are employed to navigate two-scale PSP relationships for supporting designers in design exploration on process variables and optimization of process plans. The proposed strategy is illustrated with a process planning example for a lattice structure, which has multiple design goals and is to be fabricated using material extrusion.

The following case study portrays the several steps required to conceive a product from scratch. The first step involves an in-depth analysis of today’s electric bicycle market in order to obtain data and information relating to the levels of innovation and comfort required by customers. Then, we evaluate the implementation of a useful method to understand the level of innovation that the product must have to be competitive on the market. The second part studies the architecture of the product, considering the different components already sold on the market which will become part of the project. The third part concerns a comparison between different stylistic trends that the vehicle may have (in order to outline the best one). The fourth part concerns the CAD realization of the virtual model complete with all its parts, including a structural verification study of the frame. The last part studies the presentation of the product to the customer, exploring different effective ways to communicate what the strengths of the new product will be (also allowing them to customize it before its realization). The plan for the realization of the new product, starting from the concept to arrive at the final presentation to the customer, follows the methods proposed by applying a series of steps to develop a generic new product in an efficient, sensible, and methodical manner. Therefore, we will refer to quality function deployment (QFD), benchmarking (BM), design for X, until reaching the final prototyping and testing phases.

D***esign-for-X (DfX) approaches are of great importance to support sustainable development of new products, since the goal of DfX practices is to improve life cycle cost, life cycle environmental performance, increase design flexibility, manufacturing efficiency, etc. Therefore DfX supports a better decision-making process whenever a new complex product is being developed. In this work the new Lean Design-for-X (LDfX) approach is presented embracing the principles of Lean Product Development and Modular Design, for a systematic applicability by design engineers and product managers, assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of a given product design. An LDfX index metric, ranging between 0-100%, and original scorecard were created for consistent decision support for the comparison of different design concepts or products, integrating different “X” domains. The approach was applied in a real design study of a machine tool (press-brake), integrating Ecodesign principles, Design for Structural Optimization and Modular Design.

Industrial symbiosis is characterized mainly by the reuse of waste from one company by another company as raw material. This concept has advanced in the sense that companies seek to develop this type of relationship. We believe that one of the next steps is to consider industrial symbiosis in the product development. It is in this context that enters the DFX (Design for X), as it seeks to maximize the product features with respect to the approach to which the X refers. This work aims to examine two possibilities; the first is to consider the industrial symbiosis within the Design for Environment, since it is an already existing approach that considers the environmental aspect, so industrial symbiosis would be just another factor. The second possibility is the proposal of the Design for Industrial Symbiosis (DFIS) and its systematization in an application method. Considering the industrial symbiosis in the product development would also bring financial benefits, not only environmental.

O processo de desenvolvimento de produtos e composto por diversos metodos e ferramentas que precisam ser gerenciados e utilizados para a obtencao de produtos. Dentre aqueles que contribuem com a otimizacao,tem-se o Design for X (DFX), que e uma importante base de conhecimento para os projetistas, sendo utilizado com o intuito de projetar produtos com foco em caracteristicas otimizadas, podendo o “X”, que e uma habilidade ou caracteristica, ser substituido por vinte e cinco possibilidades, como: montagem, ergonomia, confiabilidade, custo, seguranca, dentre outros. Devido a elevada quantidade de alternativas para o “X”, torna-se necessario a utilizacao de um metodo ou ferramenta de selecao para projetar o produto conforme habilidades requisitadas pelos usuarios e especificadas pelos projetistas. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em identificar e analisar producoes relevantes referentes a DFX, apresentando o historico, asituacao atual, os trabalhos desenvolvidos, e principalmente a existencia de metodos de selecao e identificacao de lacunas existentes. Para isso, realizou-se uma revisao bibliografica sistematica (RBS), intitulada RBS road map, sendo apresentadas as bases de dados, os criterios de inclusao e exclusao dos trabalhos, aspalavras-chave e as strings utilizadas atraves da questao da pesquisa: “Se existe e quais sao os metodos e/ou ferramentas para selecao do X (habilidade) durante o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos?”. Foram encontrados 5842 trabalhos nas bases de dados, sendo que apos a utilizacao de filtros, foram selecionadosos 18 trabalhos mais relevantes. Como principais resultados tem-se a existencia de poucos metodos e ferramentas de selecao da habilidade e como lacunas existentes a necessidade de desenvolvimento de uma metodologia e/ou ferramenta para a selecao precisa dos Xs requeridos.

Purpose This paper aims to examine the perceptions of good design attributes and propose a model to estimate their relative importance through fundamental drivers. Design activities must understand and meet customer and producer expectations and deliver products in a profitable manner. Requirements analysis is conducted to understand customer expectations, but in new product development, this information can be available too late in the development cycle. Moreover, customer needs are often unclear to designers at early stages of design, with customers often unable to articulate their requirements or unaware of how a new product may solve problems or create complications. Evaluating non-product-specific drivers to generalized good product design attributes can help designers estimate important factors in early requirements analysis. Design/methodology/approach Quantification of the weight designers place in their mental models of what makes up a good product is determined from linear regression modeling, providing a more concrete evaluation of inherently subjective perceptions. A survey is deployed using Mechanical TurkTM to collect perceptions of good product attributes and drivers through product case studies. Data are analyzed using a utility theory framework and importance of attributes is estimated from the importance of drivers. Findings A generalized model that estimates good design attributes from drivers is presented. This study also demonstrates that non-product-specific attribute importance can be extracted from specific product cases. An application example demonstrating the relative importance of good design attributes is given for different types of watches. Research limitations/implications The approach is intended to supplement ordinary product design and development processes, and is not intended to replace market research and concept testing activities. Model coefficient weights are dependent on the quality of the data that was collected, which has limitations. While the current study included confounding variables, introducing interactions into the model could make attribute importance prediction more accurate. Practical implications While design requirements analysis is now central to modern design practice, these estimates can be available too late in the development cycle, especially when customers have no experience with the product type. The developed model quantifies design attributes that consumers, manufacturers and society as a whole use to distinguish if a product will be considered well designed. Product designers can better focus their development resources toward good design attributes based on guidance generated from generalized drivers. Originality/value Historically, requirements analysis is undertaken specific to the product being designed. This paper provides a model to give designers early guidance in a non-product-specific framework. The framework also considers good design attributes as holistic, including societal and producer concerns. Although all of the proposed good design attributes can be associated with a well-engineered product, it is unnecessary to design a product that performs exceptionally on every attribute. This model provides identification of the handful of attributes that can make the most significant difference for design success.

International audience; Over the last decades, concurrent engineering and design for X approaches have introduced knowledgebased decision supports, analysis methods and feature-based modelling techniques to deliver designed solutions ready for specific lifecycle purposes. However, to cover the emerging knowledge synthesis issue in engineering design, the underlying 3D representations need to be better understood and chained. This paper aims at developing original multi-representation and multi-scale CAD models to integrate properly knowledge in their most suitable form. Reconciliation mechanisms can be set up to validate semantic continuity of the geometric models and to justify the knowledge structuring the design solutions space.

The development of a comprehensive system for understanding the early stages of product development process helps in preventing excessive changes in the advanced phases of the life cycle. Increasing the transparency among product goals and potentials, arising from different life cycle phases is essential to enhance the process of product planning. Therefore, the primary objective of this work is to explore how the network of DFX guidelines can be characterized, and thereby, interrelations among the life cycle phases can be studied based on their association with different DFX guidelines. Conclusions about which life cycle phase plays an important role in pursuing and meeting certain life cycle-oriented goals and how these phases are interlinked are also drawn. The analyses were carried out using a Multiple Domain Matrix (MDM)-based approach, which includes deriving respective Design Structure Matrices (DSMs) to allow the detection of central life cycle phases and DFX guidelines based on structural metrics addressing the centrality of elements.