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The concept of immersion has been widely used for the design and evaluation of user experiences. Augmented, virtual and mixed-reality environments have further sparked the discussion of immersive user experiences and underlying requirements. However, a clear definition and agreement on design criteria of immersive experiences remains debated, creating challenges to advancing our understanding of immersive experiences and how these can be designed. Based on a multidisciplinary Delphi approach, this study provides a uniform definition of immersive experiences and identifies key criteria for the design and staging thereof. Thematic analysis revealed five key themes – transition into/out of the environment, in-experience user control, environment design, user context relatedness, and user openness and motivation, that emphasise the coherency in the user-environment interaction in the immersive experience. The study proposes an immersive experience framework as a guideline for industry practitioners, outlining key design criteria for four distinct facilitators of immersive experiences–systems, spatial, empathic/social, and narrative/sequential immersion. Further research is proposed using the immersive experience framework to investigate the hierarchy of user senses to optimise experiences that blend physical and digital environments and to study triggered, desired and undesired effects on user attitude and behaviour.

It is seen that the design-oriented criteria in the furniture product have been analyzed through consumer or user preferences until today. However, the design criteria determined or evaluated through user preferences are not sufficient for the development of products. For this reason, it is necessary to determine the criteria in the design process in the furniture industry from an expert point of view, to determine the importance and weights of these criteria, and to develop standards. In this context, the aim of this study is to determine the criteria and sub-criteria in the furniture design process, and to analyze the importance ratings and weights of these criteria relative to each other. AHP, which is one of the multiple decision-making methods, was applied for the literature review and the analysis of the importance and weights of the criteria and sub-criteria determined by five different experts in the field. A total of 4 main criteria and 25 sub-criteria were determined in order to evaluate the furniture design process with the opinion of experts. Accordingly, the main criterion that has the most importance when evaluating the furniture design process is functionality. This criterion is followed by technical, conceptual and aesthetic criteria, respectively. Planning in accordance with the intended use (functional), material quality (technical), sustainability (conceptual) and form / shape (aesthetic) are the most important sub-criteria under the basic criteria. The findings of the study have the potential to contribute to the objective evaluation of the instructors working in the institutions providing education in the field, to determine the evaluation criteria in national-international design competitions, or to make a joint group decision by multiple decision makers in the sector.

Active learning has been increasingly important in tertiary education in recent years due to its powerfully favourable impact on students’ learning attitudes and efficacy. Indeed, the way that a classroom is set up has a direct impact on how well students learn and how well teachers teach. The continuous evaluation of students’ learning performance is essential for guiding future classroom renovations and creating a cutting-edge learning environment for both students and teachers. The aims of this paper were to provide a better understanding of the latest development trend of learning mode preference in tertiary education and to investigate any underlying similarities and differences in the perceptions between teachers and students. To support both teaching and learning, an empirical questionnaire survey was conducted among teachers and students in Hong Kong to assess the effectiveness of various active learning techniques and passive learning techniques adopted in tertiary education. Opinion-based data were collected on the perceived benefits and disadvantages of both learning techniques as well as the importance of various classroom design features. To determine the significance of the variations in opinions between teachers and students on the survey responses, descriptive statistical analyses using the mean score and Mann–Whitney U-test were carried out. The results of the Mann–Whitney U-test on the advantages of traditional learning showed that the following variables significantly varied: ‘direct information from the teacher’; ‘timesaving (group discussion may waste time)’ and ‘allow more time for Q&A’. These advantages were generally rated higher from the viewpoint of students rather than teachers. However, no significant difference was established concerning the limitations of traditional learning. The findings of this study can help teachers and instructors to understand how different teaching and learning methods affect students’ ability to learn effectively, which can ultimately help institutional policymakers to determine the necessary essential requirements for orchestrating classroom designs to create more conducive teaching and learning environments. The findings also aim to inform policymakers and educational institutions on the impact of pedagogical change on the fundamental design requirements for a flexible classroom environment supportive of students’ active learning, especially in tertiary education.

Wire-wrapped screens have been established as one of the primary sand control devices in Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) wells due to the high open-to-flow area and superior plugging attributes. However, their design is still a point of interest for thermal operations. Generally, existing approaches rely on one or more particular points of reservoir sands’ particle size distribution (PSD) and rules of thumb inferred from other devices like the slotted liners. This study used Sand Retention Testing (SRT) to analyze the performance of WWS under various testing conditions, which were neglected in the current design criteria. The experimental investigation leads to a set of graphical design criteria that provide an optimum aperture size window. The results show that the sand retention performance of WWS is highly dependent on the flow velocities of the wetting phase. Moreover, the testing showed satisfactory plugging performance of WWS even with narrow aperture sizes, proving a superior performance for low-quality oil sands.

[ES] Todas estructuras, especialmente las conformadas con hormigón armado, no solo deben cumplir con la seguridad necesaria bajo los Estados Límites Últimos (ULS), además es imprescindible que garanticen un comportamiento adecuado frente a condiciones de servicio. En general, los requisitos fundamentales de servicio que debe cumplir este tipo de estructuras son: la funcionalidad, comodidad para el usuario y la apariencia. Sin embargo, estos no se pueden verificar de forma directa; por lo tanto, ha sido necesario definir criterios de desempeño tales como control de deflexión, control de vibración y control de agrietamiento para dar cumplimiento a lo indicado anteriormente. Además, se dificulta el cálculo de la capacidad de servicio debido al fenómeno de agrietamiento, el efecto de rigidez por tensión, la contracción y los efectos de fluencia. Por lo tanto, el control de la fisuración en estructuras de hormigón armado generalmente se logra limitando la tensión en el refuerzo de acero y la matriz de hormigón. Siendo así que, en los diseños incluidos en códigos relevantes a hormigón, especifican la tensión máxima del refuerzo de acero después de la fisuración y el ancho máximo de fisura para los miembros estructurales de CR o FRC, no obstante los aspectos de capacidad de servicio del diseño para el hormigón reforzado con fibras de ultra alto rendimiento reforzado (R-UHPFRC), no han sido incluidos en los códigos o recomendaciones de UHPFRC. A pesar de que se han realizado muchos esfuerzos en la investigación tanto experimental como teórica sobre el comportamiento de servicio de los elementos estructurales de CR o FRC durante las últimas décadas, para el R-UHPFRC se debe desarrollar aún más su conocimiento relacionado con los requisitos para el diseño de capacidad de servicio, incluyendo su comportamiento de tensión y agrietamiento. En este marco, el objetivo principal de la presente tesis doctoral es evaluar el comportamiento de servicio de R-UHPFRC. Por tal razón, es fundamental realizar la evaluación del comportamiento de deformación y fisuración de los elementos de tracción R-UHPFRC. Para ello, se abordaron y cumplieron adecuadamente dos puntos principales. El primero, diseñar una metodología de prueba innovadora y adecuada para ejecutar los experimentos requeridos para este proyecto de doctorado. En segundo lugar, se llevó a cabo la evaluación de la respuesta de rigidez a la tensión y el comportamiento de agrietamiento del R-UHPFCR, que son parámetros primordiales para el diseño de capacidad de servicio. Para estudiar estos dos parámetros, se consideraron algunos parámetros importantes tales como: el efecto del volumen del contenido de fibra, el tipo de fibra, el efecto del tamaño, el efecto de la relación de refuerzo y el efecto de la contracción. Finalmente, para evaluar los parámetros mencionados, se presentan cuatro campañas experimentales. Cada una de ellas, representa un nivel diferente de estudio. El primero corresponde a la validación de la metodología de ensayo de tracción propuesta y examinar los datos experimentales obtenidos, para emplearlos en futuros estudios de este proyecto. El segundo nivel consistió en establecer y realizar experimentos completos con dos tipos de fibra de acero, modificando además su cantidad, es así como se utilizaron diferentes proporciones de refuerzo y sección transversal para evaluar el efecto tanto del tamaño como del contenido de fibra, respectivamente. También, en un estudio experimental específico se indagó sobre el efecto de la combinación de micro y microfibras de acero en la deformación y el comportamiento de agrietamiento de los elementos R-UHPFRC de tracción. El tercer nivel corresponde a una prueba de contracción intensiva, necesaria para obtener el valor de contracción del UHPFRC utilizado en esta investigación. El último nivel comprende la modificación de la geometría de la probeta y el uso de probetas en forma de hueso de perro para evaluar el ancho medio y máximo de fisura (valor, [CA] Totes les estructures, especialment les conformades amb formigó armat, no només han de complir amb la seguretat necessària sota els Estats Límits Últims (ULS), a més és imprescindible que garanteixin un comportament adequat davant de condicions de servei. En general, els requisits fonamentals de servei que ha de complir aquest tipus d'estructures són: la funcionalitat, la comoditat per a l'usuari i l'aparença. Això no obstant, aquests no es poden verificar de forma directa; per tant, ha calgut definir criteris d'acompliment com ara control de deflexió, control de vibració i control d'esquerdament per a donar compliment al que s'ha indicat anteriorment. A més, es dificulta el càlcul de la capacitat de servei a causa del fenomen d'esquerdament, l'efecte de rigidesa per tensió, la contracció i els efectes de fluència. Per tant, el control de la fissuració en estructures de formigó armat generalment s'aconsegueix limitant la tensió al reforç d'acer i la matriu de formigó. És així que en els dissenys inclosos en codis rellevants a formigó, especifiquen la tensió màxima del reforç d'acer després de la fissuració i l'amplada màxima de fissura per als membres estructurals de CR o FRC, no obstant els aspectes de capacitat de servei del disseny per al formigó reforçat amb fibres d'ultra alt rendiment reforçat (R-UHPFRC), no han estat inclosos als codis o recomanacions d'UHPFRC. Tot i que s'han realitzat molts esforços en la investigació tant experimental com teòrica sobre el comportament de servei dels elements estructurals de CR o FRC durant les últimes dècades, per al R-UHPFRC s'ha de desenvolupar encara més el seu coneixement relacionat amb els requisits per al disseny de capacitat de servei, incloent el comportament de tensió i esquerdament. En aquest marc, l'bjectiu principal de la present tesi doctoral és avaluar el comportament de servei de R-UHPFRC. Per aquesta raó, és fonamental fer l'avaluació del comportament de deformació i fissuració dels elements de tracció R-UHPFRC. Per això, es van abordar i van complir adequadament dos punts principals. El primer, dissenyar una metodologia de prova innovadora i adequada per executar els experiments requerits per a aquest projecte de doctorat. En segon lloc, es va fer l'avaluació de la resposta de rigidesa a la tensió i el comportament d'esquerdament del R-UHPFCR, que són paràmetres primordials per al disseny de capacitat de servei. Per estudiar aquests dos paràmetres, es van considerar alguns paràmetres importants com ara l'efecte del volum del contingut de fibra, el tipus de fibra, l'efecte de la mida, l'efecte de la relació de reforç i l'efecte de la contracció. Finalment, per avaluar els paràmetres mencionats, es presenten quatre campanyes experimentals. Cadascuna representa un nivell diferent d'estudi. El primer correspon a la validació de la metodologia dassaig de tracció proposada i examinar les dades experimentals obtingudes, per a emprar-les en futurs estudis daquest projecte. El segon nivell va consistir a establir i realitzar experiments complets amb dos tipus de fibra d'acer, modificant-ne a més la quantitat, és així com es van utilitzar diferents proporcions de reforç i secció transversal per avaluar l'efecte tant de la mesura com del contingut de fibra, respectivament. També, en un estudi experimental específic, es va indagar sobre l'efecte de la combinació de micro i macrofibres d'acer en la deformació i el comportament d'esquerdament dels elements R-UHPFRC de tracció. El tercer nivell correspon a una prova de contracció intensiva, necessària per obtenir el valor de contracció de l'UHPFRC utilitzat en aquesta investigació. L'últim nivell comprèn la modificació de la geometria de la proveta i l'ús de provetes en forma d'os de gos per avaluar l'amplada mitjana i màxima de fissura (valor real detectat) provocat per esforços de tracció en els elements de tracció R-UHPFRC . És important esmentar que es van fer diferents anàlisis per a cada investigació experimental i es van ac, [EN] All structures, particularly reinforcement concrete structures, apart from meeting necessary security against Ultimate Limit States (ULS), must exhibit appropriate behaviour under service conditions. Generally, the fundamental serviceability requirements that concrete structures should meet are functionality, user comfort and appearance. These requirements cannot, however, be directly checked. Therefore, performance criteria, such as deflection control, vibration control and cracking control, are defined to meet these requirements. Serviceability calculation is complicated because of the cracking phenomenon, the tension stiffening effect, shrinkage, and creep effects. Cracking control in reinforced concrete (RC) structures is generally achieved by limiting stress in steel reinforcement and the concrete matrix. Many concrete code designs specify a maximum steel reinforcement stress after cracking and a maximum crack width for RC or fibre-RC (FRC) structural members, while the design serviceability aspects for Reinforced Ultra-High Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (R-UHPFRC) are poorly considered in UHPFRC codes or recommendations. Many efforts have been made in experimental and theoretical research into the serviceability behaviour of RC or FRC structural elements in the last few decades. However, for R-UHPFRC, knowledge about tension and cracking behaviour must improve and serviceability design requirements have to be further studied. Within this framework, the main purpose of the present PhD thesis is to evaluate the serviceability behaviour of R-UHPFRC. For this purpose, the evaluation of the deformation and cracking behaviour of R-UHPFRC tensile elements is essential. To that end, two main items were addressed and adequately met. The first one was to design an innovative and adequate test methodology to carry out the experiments required for this PhD project. The second involved evaluating the tension stiffening response and cracking behaviour of R-UHPFRC, which are fundamental parameters for R-UHPFRC structures' serviceability design. To study these two parameters, important parameters were considered, such as fibre content, fibre type, size effect, reinforcement ratio and shrinkage effect. In order to evaluate the aforementioned parameters, four experimental campaigns are presented. Each campaign represents a different study level. The first corresponds to the validation of the proposed tensile test methodology and to the examination of the obtained experimental data for future studies required for this PhD project. The second experimental study level corresponds to establishing and undertaking comprehensive experimental programmes with two different steel fibre types and fibre contents. Different cross-section and reinforcement ratios were used to evaluate the size effect and fibre content effect, respectively. The effect of the micro- and macro-steel fibres combination on the deformation and cracking behaviour of tensile R-UHPFRC elements was investigated in a specific experimental study. The third level corresponds to an intensive shrinkage test, which was conducted to obtain the shrinkage value of the UHPFRC used in this PhD study. The final level corresponds to a specific experimental study, done by modifying the specimen's geometry and using the dog bone-shaped specimens to evaluate the average and maximum crack width (real detected value) caused by tensile stresses in R-UHPFRC tensile elements. It is worth mentioning that different analyses were performed for each experimental research and appropriate results were achieved to fulfil the thesis aims. Keywords: cracking behaviour, design criteria, durability, fragility curve, post-cracking tensile stiffness, serviceability behaviour, shrinkage, SLS requirements, structural design, tensile elements, tension stiffening, test method, tie, UHPFRC., This work is part of Project “BIA2016-78460-C3-1-R” supported by the State Research Agency of Spain

With the intelligent tool cutting force measurement model as the engineering background, the selection, design, and optimization of the substrate structure of the tool-embedded thin-film strain sensor are studied. The structure of the thin-film strain sensor is studied, and the substrate structure design is divided into function area structure design and connection area structure design. Establishing the substrate structure library of the sensor, we subdivide the library into six layouts of function area infrastructure and five layouts of connection area infrastructure. Taking the sensitivity, fatigue life, and comprehensive mechanical properties of the substrate structure as the design indexes, based on the statics theory, the functional relationship between the structural parameters and the deflection of the six layouts of the substrate function area is established; based on the dynamics theory, the functional relationship between the parameters and the natural frequency of six layouts of the function area is established; based on the coupling of structural statics design theory and dynamics design theory, the evaluation method for the comprehensive performance of the parameters of six layouts of the function area is established. Based on the function area structure, five connection area structures are designed for comprehensive performance analysis. The structural sensitivity of the substrate function area design and optimization is expanded 1.75 times, and the comprehensive performance is expanded 1.53 times. The sensitivity of the connection area design and optimization is expanded 2.3 times, and the comprehensive performance is expanded 1.72 times. The structure is optimized according to the structural stress characteristics, the design, selection, and optimization process of the substrate structure summarized herein, and five design criteria of the substrate structure are proposed.

Over the past years, a wide range of dental implants has been proposed. In general, the dentists may find the best solutions according to the specific needs of the patients. A variety of factors influences the level of osseointegration and, consequently, the anchorage of the implant to the bone. The stress transfer mechanism along the bone-implant interface depends upon the surface area of the bone-implant contact. Great efforts have been devoted to the design of 3D porous lattice structures with tailored architectural features in order to reduce the implant stiffness as well as to favour bone ingrowth, thus stabilizing the device. Accordingly, the aim of the current study was to provide further insight into the design criteria for dental implants. In particular, starting from a screw implant (Implant A), different concepts of dental implants were developed: i) Implants B1–B5, with lattice shell surrounding a solid core, without thread; ii) Implant C, with lattice structure; iii) Implant D as topography optimized implant. Finite element analysis on the several models of bone-implant provided interesting information in terms of stress distributions in cortical and trabecular bone. Some differences among the implants may be ascribed to the different design criteria.

Evsizlik, günümüzde küresel ölçekte karşılaşılan en ciddi sorunlardan biridir ve bu durum Türkiye’de de potansiyel bir tehdit düzeyine ulaşmıştır. Dünya genelinde evsiz sayısının giderek arttığı gözlemlenmekte ve evsizlerle ilgili çalışmaların önem kazanacağı düşünülmektedir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde evsizlik sorununun çözümüne yönelik çeşitli kurum ve organizasyonların başarılı uygulamaları ve etkin politikaları olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmalar mimari açıdan tasarlanacak evsiz yaşam birimlerinin tasarım ve uygulama sürecine yön veren uygulamalardır. Türkiye’de de evsizler için yapılacak mimari çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, evsizlik sorununu mimari açıdan incelemek, evsizler için geliştirilecek modüler yaşam birimlerinin tasarım kriterlerini belirlemek ve Türkiye’de evsizler için üretilecek mimari projeler için öneriler geliştirmektir. Tez çalışmasında öncelikle, literatür araştırması kapsamında evsizler için modüler yaşam birimlerinin tasarım kriterlerine ilişkin yerleşim, mekansal ve yapısal ölçekteki kriterler belirlenmiş ve analiz çerçevesi oluşturulmuştur. Bu kapsamda, gelişmiş ülkelerdeki uygulanmış ve tasarım düzeyinde olan evsizler için üretilmiş modüler yaşam birimi örnekleriyle birlikte yazara ait tasarım düzeyinde olan proje de analize dahil edilerek toplam sekiz örnek belirlenen kriterler bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirme sonucunda, çalışma mimarlık bina bilgisi alanında yapıldığından örneklerin analizinde yerleşim ve mekansal ölçeklerine odaklanılmış, örneklerin tasarım kriterleri tespit edilmiş ve örnekler hem literatürdeki kriterlerle hem de birbiriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu değerlendirmeler sonucunda, Türkiye’de evsizler için üretilecek modüler yaşam birimlerinin tasarım kriterlerine yönelik öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın, gelişmekte olan ülkeler için mimari açıdan örnek teşkil edebileceği ve Türkiye’de belediyeler ve merkezi yönetim için uygulanabilirlik konusunda bir rehber olabileceği öngörülmektedir. Homelessness is one of the most significant problems encountered on a global scale today, and this situation has reached the level of a potential threat in Türkiye as well. It is observed that the number of homeless persons is increasing gradually around the world, and it is thought that studies related to homelessness will gain importance. It is seen that various institutions and organizations have successful practices and effective policies to solve the homelessness problem in developed countries. These studies are the applications that guide the design and implementation process of the homeless living units to be designed in terms of architecture. It is believed that there is a need for architectural studies for the homeless persons in Türkiye. The aim of this research is to examine the problem of homelessness from an architectural perspective, to determine the design criteria of modular living units to be developed for the homeless, and to develop suggestions for architectural projects to be produced for the homeless in Türkiye. In the thesis, within the scope of literature research, first of all, project site, spatial, and structural scale criteria for the design criteria of modular living units for the homeless were determined, and the analysis framework was created. In this context, along with the project samples of modular living units produced for the homeless in developed countries and in design stage, the project in design stage of the author was included in the analysis, and a total of eight samples were evaluated in the context of the determined criteria. As a result of this evaluation, as the study was carried out in the field of architectural building design and theory, the analysis of the samples focused on project site and spatial scales, the design criteria of the samples were determined, and the samples were compared both with each other and the criteria in the literature. As a result of these evaluations, suggestions have been developed for the design criteria of modular living units to be produced for the homeless in Türkiye. It is envisaged that this study can set an architectural sample for developing countries as a guide on applicability for municipalities and central government in Türkiye.

Following Hurricane Katrina, the US Army Corps of Engineers, supported in part by the risk and reliability analysis conducted by the Interagency Performance Evaluation Task Force (IPET), made a major shift from ‘protection’ to ‘risk reduction’ as the principal goal in flood mitigation. The mitigation of the flood risk in Southeast Louisiana was embodied in the design and construction of the ‘Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System’, the post-Katrina initiative for New Orleans flood mitigation. It also spawned a major overhaul of many of the Corps of Engineers’ technical guidance and engineering practice documents, incorporating risk as a key measure in the planning and design processes. The criteria applied for the design of the HSDRRS are discussed, with summaries of the associated major changes in Corps engineering guidance and practice relevant to flood mitigation. HIGHLIGHTS The losses from Hurricane Katrina and subsequent forensic and risk analyses for New Orleans resulted in substantial changes to the knowledge base and guidance for planning and designing coastal risk reduction systems.; The new knowledge was a substantial input to the design of the Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System that is currently in place in New Orleans.; The processes used were considerably different from past practice and resulted in a more robust and resilient system with some capacity to deal with uncertainty and change. This paper highlights the new processes.; The same knowledge base was the stimulus for significant changes to the US Army Corps of Engineers engineering guidance and practice documents. A major change was the incorporation of risk-based decision making in many aspects of project development and execution.

ilustraciones, diagramas, mapas En esta investigación se realiza análisis operacional de la carretera 2+1 con el fin de estudiar su viabilidad como alternativa intermedia óptima para implementarse en un diseño por etapas hacia la doble calzada, que parta de una carretera convencional a una 2+1, y finalmente a doble calzada. Para ello, se realizó estudio de caso, donde se consideraron datos operacionales de la carretera CV13 ubicada en la provincia de Valencia (España), sobre la cual se simulan 109 escenarios combinando variables de volumen entre 700 veh/h hasta 1600 veh/h por sentido y porcentaje de camiones entre 10% y 50%, estos escenarios son simulados en TWOPAS (programa calibrado para condiciones de tránsito de vehículos que transitan en carretera colombiana), y permiten comparar la operación vehicular en tres etapas: dos carriles, 2+1 y doble calzada. Para el diseño de la carretera 2+1 se verificaron criterios establecidos por diversos autores y se identificaron hallazgos que permitieron proponer criterios con mejor respaldo técnico a la hora de generar un tramo de carretera “2+1”. Se presentan resultados y análisis de las variables de velocidad promedio de recorrido y porcentaje de tiempo en seguimiento para cada sentido de circulación y combinando ambos, obteniendose para la combinación de los dos sentidos porcentajes de tiempo en seguimiento de 82% a 94% y de 63% a 83% para las etapas de dos carriles y 2+1 respectivamente, con beneficios en reducciones de 11% a 19%. En cuanto a las velocidades promedio de recorrido, para la combinación de los dos sentidos, se obtiene un rango entre 34km/h a 47km/h y entre 37km/h a 59km/h para la etapa de dos carriles y 2+1 respectivamente. Con base en el análisis de estos indicadores operacionales se determinó que el umbral para pasar de dos carriles a 2+1 es de 800veh/h por sentido y para pasar de 2+1 a doble calzada es de 1200 veh/h por sentido. Por tanto, la etapa donde la carretera 2+1 explotan sus máximos beneficios, se da entre el volumen de 800 veh/h y 1200 veh/h por sentido, lo que estaría en un rango aproximado de TPD entre 16.000 a 24.000 veh/día considerando diferentes porcentajes de camiones. En esta etapa se presentan reducciones de porcentaje de tiempo en seguimiento (PTSF) entre 11% y 19% y aumentos de hasta 14 Km/h. Finalmente, se realiza evaluación económica en los diferentes umbrales hallados y para las diferentes etapas, considerando solamente los ahorros en tiempo de viaje y costos operacionales, dando como resultado que esta alternativa es viable operacional y económicamente. (Texto tomado de la fuente) In this research, an operational analysis of the 2+1 highway is carried out in order to study its viability as an optimal intermediate to be implemented in a design in stages towards the double carriageway, which starts from a conventional highway to a 2+1, and finally a dual carriageway. For this, a case study was carried out, where operational data of the CV13 highway located in the province of Valencia (Spain) were considered, on which 109 scenarios are simulated combining volume variables between 700 veh/h up to 1600 veh/h per direction and percentage of trucks between 10% and 50%, these scenarios are simulated in TWOPAS (program calibrated for traffic conditions of vehicles traveling on Colombian highways), and allow comparison of vehicle operation in three stages: two lanes, 2+1 and dual carriageway. For the design of the 2+1 road, criteria established by various authors were verified and findings were identified that allowed proposing criteria with better technical support when generating a "2+1" road section. Results and analysis of the variables of average travel speed and percentage of time in follow-up for each direction of circulation and combining both are presented, obtaining for the combination of the two directions percentages of time in follow-up from 82% to 94% and 63 % to 83% for the two-lane and 2+1 stages respectively, with benefits in reductions from 11% to 19%. Regarding the average travel speeds, for the combination of the two directions, a range between 34km/h to 47km/h and between 37km/h to 59km/h is obtained for the two-lane stage and 2+1 respectively. Based on the analysis of these operational indicators, it was determined that the threshold to go from two lanes to 2+1 is 800 veh/h in each direction and to go from 2+1 to dual carriageway is 1,200 veh/h in each direction. Therefore, the stage where the 2+1 highway exploits its maximum benefits occurs between the volume of 800 veh/h and 1,200 veh/h per direction, which would be in an approximate range of TPD between 16,000 and 24,000 veh/day considering different percentages of trucks. In this stage, there are reductions in the percentage of time in follow-up (PTSF) between 11% and 19% and increases of up to 14 km/h. Finally, an economic evaluation is carried out at the different thresholds found and for the different stages, considering only the savings in travel time and operational costs, resulting in this alternative being operationally and economically viable. Maestría Magister en Ingeniería: Infraestructura y Sistemas de Transporte Desarrollo y gestión de la infraestructura vial y de transporte Área Curricular de Ingeniería Civil

The ad hoc comparative analysis method, applied to the standards of fire stations in urban areas of South American Andean countries, allowed evaluating similarities and differences between the implicit norms or regulations of Venezuela, Colombia, Chile and Peru, with the purpose of obtaining design criteria or guidelines for new stations in Lima. Among the results obtained, location criteria have been established based on aspects such as: coverage area, location and risks for the building, public services, emergency communication network, among others. The architectural program consists of areas for: equipment and maintenance, training and education, residential and leisure, administrative and services. The architectural design criteria were grouped into: formal, functional aspects, and technical specialties that condition architecture. Additionally, it was concluded that in the urban area of ​​Lima, for the architectural program, a minimum of 1,317.6 m2 of roofed area is required. El método de análisis comparativo ad hoc, aplicado a los estándares de las estaciones de bomberos en ámbitos urbanos de países andinos sudamericanos, permitió evaluar similitudes y diferencias entre las normas o regulaciones implícitas de Venezuela, Colombia, Chile y Perú, con la finalidad de obtener criterios o lineamientos de diseño para nuevas estaciones en Lima. Entre los resultados obtenidos se han establecidos criterios de localización basados en aspectos como: área de cobertura, emplazamiento y riesgos para la edificación, servicios públicos, red de comunicación de emergencias, entre otros. El programa arquitectónico consta de zonas para: equipos y mantenimiento, entrenamiento y capacitación, residencial y de esparcimiento, administrativo y de servicios. Los criterios de diseño arquitectónico se agruparon en: aspectos formales, funcionales, y de especialidades técnicas que condicionan la arquitectura. Adicionalmente, se concluyó que en la zona urbana limeña para el programa arquitectónico se requiere como mínimo 1,317.6 m2 de área techada.

Tourist villages are constructed as a means for reducing the stress caused by the rapid changes in modern life by providing a comfortable environment for users to integrate with. Nevertheless, many villages cannot achieve a satisfactory performance level due to the ignorance of urban designers of the relationship between humans and their environment and its impact on developing successful urban spaces. This paper aims to analyze and measure the impact of humanitarian needs on the spatial formation of shared urban spaces in three tourist villages on the Northern Coast in Egypt, as it is one of the significant areas that the government and the private sector focus on developing and considering as a domestic and international touristic area. Furthermore, the study uses different quantitative techniques to achieve its goals, such as spatial analysis and data analysis of user questionnaires using SPSS to measure the factors that affect each need. The study’s findings place special emphasis on the connection between spatial formation’s capacity for meeting and satisfying user needs. Moreover, the results highlight design criteria that contribute to creating responsive urban spaces and should be considered by urban designers to achieve the highest performance quality in these shared spaces and generate social sustainability.

The carrier-based propeller transport aircraft has a compact layout, where the large nacelle in size and weight is sensitive to propeller slipstream, and thus calls for sophisticated flight load design studies, which are still insufficient considering domestic experience. In detail, the design methods on aerodynamic load, inertial load, gyrostatic moment, as well as studies on design criteria and maneuver simulation technology are shown for a reference aircraft. The design range applied to this nacelle's flight load is firstly determined by understanding and selecting the design criteria. The typical loadcases of the nacelle are derived from aircraft maneuver simulation. The data of pressure distribution under a series of propeller slipstream strengths is obtained by CFD method. The Design Loads and Design Loadcases of the nacelle are calculated and selected. The effects of the propeller slipstream are compared in an example of the increment on aerodynamic load in a maneuver. The results show that the Design Loads of the nacelle are obtained from the abrupt pitching maneuver under the maximum normal load factor (Nz), the yawing maneuver under the Design Dive Speed(VD), and the maximum propeller pull under the maximum landing weight; the transverse loads of the nacelle are dominated by the aerodynamic load, and the normal loads are dominated by the inertial load, in which the inertial force exceeds the aerodynamic force by 4 times under the extreme circumstances. In some manoeuvres or status, the total aerodynamic force of the whole nacelle is increased by above 90% due to propeller slipstream; the front part of the nacelle which is close to the propeller sees a much bigger increment.

İnsanlık tarihindeki birçok salgın, yetersiz kentsel sanitasyon sistemleri ve evsel alanların sıhhi olmayan düzenlemeleri gibi bir dizi nedenden dolayı, insanların diğer canlılarla birlikte yaşama biçimlerini ve kentsel alan kullanımlarını etkilemiştir. Aralık 2019'da ortaya çıkan ve halen devam eden Covid-19 süreci, şehirleri kalıcı olarak etkileyen küresel bir pandemi olarak tarihsel süreci etkilediği gibi bugünümüzü ve geleceğimizi de etkilemektedir. Son iki yılda "yeni normal" olarak belirtilen yaşam düzenine uyum sağlamakta zorlanan kentsel kullanıcıları, salgının ekonomik, sosyal, fiziksel ve psikolojik etkileriyle mekânsal kullanımlarını değiştirmektedir. İnsanların kamusal alan kullanımlarında odak noktası olan kent mobilyaları da bu süreçten etkilenmiştir. Kent mobilyaları kullanımının bir ürünü olan kentsel oturma elemanları da bu süreçte en çok etkilenen ve üzerinde düşünülmesi gereken konulardan biri olmuştur. Çalışmanın kavramsal çerçevesinde kent mobilyası olarak oturma elemanlarına ait bilgiler incelendikten sonra, kentsel oturma elemanlarının tasarım kriterleri ile salgın arasındaki ilişkiden bahsedilecektir. Çalışmada incelenecek olan kentsel oturma elemanları, güncel tasarım süreçleri ve eğilimlerin izlenebildiği proje yarışmalarının bir türü olarak kent mobilyaları tasarım yarışmaları kapsamında seçilmiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, yaşanan Covid-19 pandemisinin kamusal alan kullanımındaki kentsel oturma elemanı tasarımları üzerindeki etkisinin literatür kapsamında belirlenmiş olan parametreler üzerinden değerlendirmesinin sunulmasıdır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, pandeminin kent mobilyaları tasarımı üzerindeki etkisinden kamusal alanların kullanımına kadar getirdiği değişikliklere odaklanan birçok araştırmaya da ilham kaynağı olacaktır., Many epidemics in human history have affected the way people live with other living beings and their use of urban space for several reasons, such as inadequate urban sanitation systems and non-sanitary arrangements in domestic areas. The Covid-19 process, which emerged in December 2019 and is still ongoing, affects our present and future as well as the historical process as a global pandemic that affects cities permanently. Urban users, who have difficulty in adapting to the living order stated as the "new normal" in the last two years, are changing their spatial uses with the economic, social, physical, and psychological effects of the epidemic. Urban furniture, which is the focal point of people's use of public spaces, has also been affected by this process. Urban seating elements, which are a product of the use of urban furniture, have also been one of the most affected and important issues to be considered in this process.Within the conceptual framework of the study, after examining the information about the seating elements as urban furniture, the relationship between the design criteria of the urban seating elements and the epidemic will be mentioned. Urban seating elements to be examined in the study; it has been selected within the scope of urban furniture design competitions as a type of project competition where current design processes and trends can be monitored. The aim of this research is to present the evaluation of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on urban seating element designs in the use of public space through the parameters determined within the scope of the literature. In this context, the study will also inspire many researchers focusing on the changes brought by the pandemic from its impact on urban furniture design to the use of public spaces.

In order to reduce the environmental and financial burden for future generations, approaches are needed to shorten aftercare of landfills. Aeration of the waste-body is a promising approach, however, the poor understanding of transport of gas and water through a waste-body makes it difficult to design an effective aeration strategy. The aim of this study is to develop a tool to determine the optimal aeration strategy for landfills. This study presents a comparison of aeration strategies based on the air distribution they generate with a 3-D multiphase model. The implemented theory is based on parameter values obtained from (laboratory) experiments performed under conditions which are similar to those in a full scale landfill. Calibration with field scale gas extraction data from the Dutch pilot site Wieringermeer shows that the model gives a good description of the average gas flow under extraction. Scenario analyses for the case study landfill indicate that injection strategies reach a larger volume fraction of waste with a higher air flow compared with extraction strategies, especially at the bottom of the landfill. Extraction, however, supplies oxygen more homogeneously through-out the waste. An import design criterion is also the distance between the wells. Too large distances lead to ineffective treatment because too large volumes of waste/leachate remain untreated. In addition to the comparison of aeration strategies, an optimal aeration strategy for the pilot site is presented. A combination of (alternating) injection and extraction wells which are maximum 20m apart seems to be the optimal strategy.

The present paper focuses on traffic load definition for road bridge design according to past Italian codes. In particular, starting from the first code of ’33 up to the current Technical Standard for Constructions (NTC2018), several different approaches have been assumed by the codes. Hence, a historical review is firstly proposed and each code is analyzed together with the proposed load schemes. Such a review has allowed the definition of a parametric investigation on typical Italian r.c. decks. In particular, bending moments due to the traffic loads for which the bridges were conceived are investigated, and thus a preliminary estimation of past-to-current design bending moment ratios is carried out with reference to continuous beams.

[EN] Permeable pavement systems are one of the most highly regarded sustainable urban drainage techniques for sustainable stormwater management. This work aims to highlight and analyse the most relevant international and national references in permeable pavement systems design. An exhaustive review of the state of the art of the hydrological and hydraulic, environmental and structural design criteria of permeable pavements, together with operation and maintenance tasks proposed in Spanish guidance was developed. Recent innovations developed in Spain show that an improvement in design can optimise its operation functions. For example, the consideration of the management rainfall volume adapted to climate conditions of the installation site, the addition of reactive materials for pollutant control, the employment of appropriate permeable surfaces or an improved operation and maintenance process. Knowledge generated by research studies, complemented with graphic information adapted to municipal regulations, should promote the development of manuals and design guides, exclusive to permeable pavement systems, adapted to cities particularities., [ES] Los sistemas de pavimento permeable son una de las técnicas de drenaje urbano sostenible mejor consideradas para la gestión sostenible de las aguas pluviales. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivos destacar y analizar las referencias internacionales y nacionales más importantes para el diseño de sistemas de pavimento permeable, llevándose a cabo una exhaustiva revisión del estado del arte de los criterios de diseño hidrológico e hidráulico, ambiental y estructural de estas estructuras, así como de las recomendaciones para su operación y mantenimiento, propuestos en las guías españolas. Innovaciones recientes desarrolladas en España, reflejan que el ajuste y la mejora del diseño de los sistemas de pavimento permeable puede ayudar a optimizar su funcionamiento. Por ejemplo, la consideración de volúmenes de gestión de lluvia adaptados a las condiciones climatológicas del lugar de instalación, la incorporación de materiales reactivos para el control de contaminantes, la elección de superficies permeables más apropiadas o la ejecución de un proceso de mantenimiento mejorado. El conocimiento generado por la investigación, apoyado con información gráfica adaptada a la normativa municipal, debe promover el desarrollo de manuales y guías de diseño, exclusivas de sistemas de pavimento permeable, adaptadas a las singularidades de cada municipio., Esta investigación se ha desarrollado en el marco de los proyectos ENGODRAIN (Ref. RTI2018-094217-B-C31) MELODRAIN (RTI2018-094217-B-C32) y POREDRAIN (RTI2018-094217-B-C33) financiados por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ y del Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa). Eduardo García Haba agradece la ayuda para contratos predoctorales para la formación de doctores de la convocatoria de 2019 (Ref. PRE2019-089409) financiada por MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 y por “FSE invierte en tu futuro”.

In the 19th century, the concept for designing metallic structures was to compare the stresses resulting from the loads with a working stress, a fraction of the ultimate strength of the material. The choice of the working stress depended mainly on the experience and theoretical knowledge of designers as early regulations left a lot of discretion to engineers. This paper traces the evolution of French design criteria used in practice for elements made of wrought iron or mild steel, working in tension or compression, based on an extensive survey of the French literature of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. These design criteria are compared with original design reports of train sheds, which show that designers used working stresses higher than recommended in the literature and ensured buckling safety through constructive measures instead of calculations.

In 2007 the Italian National Research Council published the technical document CNR-DT 206/2007 “Instructions for the design, execution and control of timber structures”, with the purpose to provide a technical support to the operators of the sector, in line with the most advanced knowledge at that time. Since then, the world of timber engineering has largely used such document, even though the instructions are not mandatory standard rules, so that they became the most common tool in Italy for the structural use of timber, opening the markets and favouring competition and new applications. In latest years new studies, researches and innovative proposals have promoted the development and the growth of timber constructions also in the civil residential field. The framework of standard rules for constructions and products, both Europeans and Italians, has evolved too. For these reasons, CNR has considered as opportune to proceed to the editing of a new version, updated and widened, namely with the acronym DT 206-R1. The document comes from the spontaneous cooperation of an open group of specialists and operators of the sector, based on a wide discussion on the common scientific and technical expertise and knowledge. The current version has already taken into account the results of the public inquiry phase (concluded by now). The paper presents the main contents of the document, evidencing the innovations.

Введение. Описаны особенности проектирования установок с СВЧ-энергоподводом для переработки сырья агропредприятий. Научная проблема – низкая энергоэффективность установок, предназначенных для переработки сырья агропредприятий пароводяной смесью, конвективным способом подвода тепла, и отсутствие установок непрерывно-поточного действия для агропредприятий, обеспечивающих сохранение потребительских свойств продукта при сниженных эксплуатационных затратах. Цель настоящей работы − обосновать пути повышения энергоэффективности установок с СВЧ-энергоподводом для переработки сырья агропредприятий. Материалы и методы. При проектировании учитывали системы требований к установкам с СВЧ-энергоподводом в соответствии с предназначением (для сушки, термообработки, избирательного нагрева и т. п.). Трехмерное моделирование конструкционного исполнения установок проведено в программе Компас 3D, определение электродинамических параметров системы – в программе CST Microwave Studio. Результаты и обсуждение. Реализация цели показана на примере хмелесушилок и воскотопки с СВЧ-энергоподводом. В конструкциях использованы: керамические отражатели, один из типов замедляющих систем в виде запредельных волноводов, цепочки связанных резонаторов; гребенки; цилиндрические спирали; кольцо-стержень; встречные штыри; резонаторы, открытые на уровне критических сечений. Применены: диссекторы для изменения частоты генератора и увеличения числа видов колебаний; несколько магнетронов одинаковой частоты или работающие на близких частотах. Согласована глубина проникновения волны в сырье с его размерами, предусмотрены перемешивающие и транспортирующие механизмы с соблюдением скважности технологического процесса. Проведена интерференция волн при использовании трех магнетронов в резонаторе. Определены значения собственных добротностей резонаторов для оценки термического КПД резонатора. Заключение. Путем реализации замедляющих систем и керамических отражателей в резонаторах с магнетронами воздушного охлаждения, расположенными со сдвигом на 120 градусов, можно повысить энергоэффективность установки с СВЧ-энергоподводом непрерывного режима работы, соблюдая электромагнитную безопасность без экранирующего корпуса при переработке сырья агропредприятий., Introduction. The features of designing installations with microwave energy supply for processing raw materials of agricultural enterprises are described. The scientific problem is the low energy efficiency of installations intended for processing raw materials of agricultural enterprises with a steam-water mixture, a convective method of heat supply, and the absence of continuous-flow installations for farms that ensure the preservation of consumer properties of the product at reduced operating costs. The purpose of this work is to substantiate ways to improve the energy efficiency of installations with microwave power supply for processing raw materials of agricultural enterprises. Materials and methods. When designing, we took into account the systems of requirements for installations with microwave energy supply in accordance with their intended purpose (for drying, heat treatment, selective heating, etc.). Three-dimensional modeling of the structural design of the installations was carried out in the Compass 20 program, determination of the electrodynamic parameters of the system in the CST Microwave Studio program. Results and discussion. The implementation of this goal is shown on the example of hop dryers with microwave energy supply to metal-dielectric resonators of various designs. The designs used: ceramic reflectors, one of the types of retarding systems in the form of transcendental waveguides, a chain of coupled resonators; combs; cylindrical spiral; ring-rod; counter pins; resonators open at the level of critical sections. Applied: dissectors to change the frequency of the generator and increase the number of modes of oscillation; several magnetrons of the same frequency or operating at close frequencies. The depth of penetration of the wave into the raw material is coordinated with its dimensions, mixing and transporting mechanisms are provided, in compliance with the duty cycle of the technological process. The interference of waves was carried out using three magnetrons in the resonator. The values ​​of the intrinsic Q-factors of the resonators are determined to estimate the thermal efficiency of the resonator. Conclusion. By implementing retarding systems and ceramic reflectors in resonators with air-cooled magnetrons arranged with a shift of 120 degrees, it is possible to increase the energy efficiency of a plant with a microwave energy supply of continuous operation, observing electromagnetic safety without a shielding case when processing agricultural raw materials.

Inspired by the underactuated robotic hand mechanism and its feature of shape adaptive and compliant envelop grasping, the paper presents an underactuated symmetric pinch mechanism to solve the problem of pinch rollers idle and slipped or pinched too tightly. Pinch roll machine is a key device in the high-speed wire rod product line. It is usually designed with actuated symmetric pinch mechanism. The paper considered the pinching and conveying condition of linear objects and discussed the possibility of the underactuated symmetric pinch mechanism to be applied in the pinch roll machine for the first time. Three kinds of underactuated symmetric pinch mechanism solutions are presented. A displacement can be generated at the underactuated joint when the symmetric synchronous pinch action is implemented. The spring system can buff the instantaneous clamping force to reduce the dynamic impact of clamping force. Suitable design criteria are deduced from statics and kinematics analysis. In the process of pinching and conveying wire rods, the contact force is required to be kept at a constant value when the size of wire rods changes. Thus, it can protect the rod from being damaged while pinching and conveying and it can avoid the fatigue damage caused by excessive pinching impact force. Then, the pinching and conveying conditions of four different kinds of variable diameter wire rods are analyzed through 3D modeling and motion simulation experiments. Simulation results show that the proposed underactuated pinching and conveying mechanism can satisfy shape adaptive pinching and conveying irregular long-shaped wire rods. The research method is novel and feasible. The design result will be beneficial to improve the service life of the pinch roll machine.

This paper investigates the potentials of inter-story isolation systems (IIS) for retrofitting irregular masonry buildings by means of an isolated vertical addition realised on the roof of the existing structure. By assuming a case study, a wide parametric analysis is firstly carried out on lumped-masses model for identifying the dynamic properties of the isolated superstructure that minimizes the global seismic response. Hence, a 3D FE model is adopted for the detailed design and analysis of the IIS structure, with different solutions, in order to regularize the global seismic response of the IIS complex. Finally, some general design criteria are suggested.

In the context of increasing urbanization and global warming, there is a growing interest in the implementation of green infrastructure (GI) across different climates and regions. Identifying an appropriate GI design criteria is essential to ensure that the design is tailored to satisfy local environmental requirements. This article aims to compare the hydrological performance of GI facilities in eleven Swedish cities by isolating the effect of climatic conditions using an identical GI design configuration. Long-term simulations based on 23-years of meteorological time-series were used as inputs for the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) with Low Impact Development (LID) controls representing two types of facilities: a biofilter cell (BC) and a green roof. (GR). Large differences in potential annual and seasonal runoff retention were found between locations, driven mainly by the extent of winter/spring season, and the distribution of precipitation patterns (for BCs) and the sequence of rainy days-dry periods and evapotranspiration rates (for GRs). Winter/spring and summer demonstrated the highest/lowest differences between the seasons, results that suggest that implications for design might be aligned to the spatio-temporal distribution of precipitation patterns, and runoff regimes generated by snowmelt and rain-on-snow events, in locations where snowmelt represent high portion of runoff generation. Validerad;2022;Nivå 2;2022-11-28 (hanlid) Drizzle – Centre for Stormwater Management

Objectives, purpose, or aim: This study aims to gain insights into the implementation of theoretical knowledge on dementia-friendly design into practice to (1) identify key design criteria stimulating spatial orientation and wayfinding for seniors with dementia and (2) determine the optimal design for this purpose. Background: Spatial orientation problems of seniors with dementia can be counteracted by the design of the physical environment of inpatient care facilities. Research has been conducted about design features supporting wayfinding skills for this target group, however, not on their implementation. Methods: Fourteen floor plans of the living group of built projects have been evaluated on 14 design criteria supporting wayfinding skills for the target group and measurable in floor plans by the performance of a comparative floorplan analysis and multicriteria assessment. Results: Although one third of the evaluated design criteria are properly implemented, all floor plans of the selected projects had some gaps in fulfilling all design criteria. Five typological floor plans—based on the circulation systems of the cases—were distinguished: one straight corridor structured by two walls, one corridor with corners, two corridors separated from each other by the living room, a continuous loop corridor, and a corridor framed by a wall and interior elements (e.g., cabinets). The majority of the cases was based on a linear system with one straight corridor. Conclusions: Based on this study, three of the five discovered typological floor plans work well for stimulating wayfinding. Furthermore, special attention need to be given to the configuration of the floor plans, shape, and daylight in the corridor.

International audience; This article focuses on resonant ice protection systems and studies fracture mechanisms at work for flexural modes having frequencies lower than100 kHz. The objective is to study the power required for fracture initiation and propagation in this frequency range. Two types of deicing mechanisms are studied in this paper: tensile stress dominant flexural modes and shear stress dominant flexural modes. Criteria are introduced to enable the comparison between these deicing mechanisms according to their power requirements and the selection of the most promising configurations. Eventually, the numerical results are compared to experiments to verify assumptions and computations. The contribution of this article is to put forward power-efficient de-icing configurations for resonant electromechanical de-icing systems using flexural modes. Low frequency flexural modes appear to be less power consuming for both mechanisms. Tensile stress dominant flexural modes have lower power requirements than shear stress dominant modes. The instantaneous peak power requirement to cover 90% of the area is estimated to be 5.5 kW/m².

As the interior space structure in yachts starts to gain a shape, the design process of interior equipment becomes directly affected. The design process of the equipment that interact with the interior brings along many different application methods depending on the structure of boats, the factors caused by the sea conditions and the user profile. In addition to structural solutions, to build a correct relationship between the design of space, equipment and user, enables the user to experience a comfortable life in useful volumes that serve the purpose. This study focuses on the fact that interior equipment should be well-resolved in terms of ergonomics, function, form and material in order to obtain a livable space design in yachts. The aim is to consider the process of interior equipment being effected by all these factors, and to illustrate and emphasize that the reinforcements can be designed in the light of many binding factors and in line with the design criteria. As a method; literature was reviewed, oral interviews were provided, and the yachts that were the subject of the study were examined in the field and determined. As a result of the study, it was emphasized that the creation of habitable spaces in yachts is possible through the inclusion of equipment, adequate to design criteria, in the planning process. Thus it was concluded that spaces designed by the relevant professionals who did not specialize in this field and did not gain experience could not meet the expectations.

This paper aimed to describe architectural design model of vocational high school that is accessible and meets the behavioral needs of children with visual impairment. The method used was a rational design method or often called as a glass box method, which was divided into four steps: 1) design criteria; 2) children with visual impairment’s behaviour; 3) programming; 4) designing model. The design criteria was combined based on its accessibility, space, sensory awareness, enhancement of learning, flexibility and ability, health and well-being condition, safety and security, sustainability, incorporation of nature environment and buildings, and availability of open space. These principle implemented from outside to inside the building, as well as from the site, landscape, building to interior of classroom. We believe that this study gives important for the need of architectural building model for students with special needs.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Surface processing of the materials used for the heat exchanging surfaces in condensing economizers and related facilities are used to deliver coatings to protect them from the corrosive condensates. By delivering increased corrosion protection, intact thermal conductivity, along with robust mechanical and wear resistance characteristics at low process costs, the lifetime of the investment is increased and the service periods become longer. However, during the past years surface processing has provided tools towards solutions for additional favorable surface features related to wetting phenomena. Coatings to enhance the dropwise condensation over the film-wise condensation, to increase the condensate collection rate and to promote the self-jumping of the condensates are far from rare. These features have a tremendous effect on the heat transfer coefficient and hence on the thermal efficiency of related heat exchange applications. Still, such features are typically not included on the testing protocols for the coatings being developed or demonstrated and they are not among the standard engineering selection criteria. In this work we briefly describe these features and provide preliminary equations for design and evaluation of their importance on the heat transfer coefficient. European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme

BackgroundPowered hand exoskeletons are an emerging technology that have shown promise in assisting individuals with impaired hand function. A number of hand exoskeleton designs have been described in the literature; however, the majority have not been supported by patient-oriented criteria.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to define preliminary end-user needs and expectations for an assistive hand exoskeleton.Study designExplorative interview and case series.MethodsSix clinicians and eight individuals with impaired hand function were interviewed in small groups or individually. A standardized list of questions was used to elicit feedback on specific design criteria or promote the discovery of new criteria. In addition, three participants with impaired hand function returned for a second session where hand characteristics, such as range of motion and force required to flex/extend fingers, were recorded to further quantify design requirements.ResultsInterview responses indicated that there was general consensus among participants on criteria relating to important grasp patterns, grip strength, wear time, and acceptable bulk/weight. However, interview responses and hand characteristics also revealed important differences between individuals with impaired hand function.ConclusionQualitative and quantitative data were collected to develop an understanding of end-user design requirements for assistive hand exoskeletons. Although the data collected were helpful in identifying some preliminary criteria, differences between participants exist and identifying a universal set of criteria applicable across individuals with impaired hand function is challenging. This work reinforces the importance of involving users of rehabilitation technology in the device development process.

This paper presents an innovative Mechatronic Concurrent Design procedure to address multidisciplinary issues in Mechatronics systems that can concurrently include traditional and new aspects. This approach considers multiple criteria and design variables such as mechanical aspects, control issues, and task-oriented features to formulate a concurrent design optimization problem that is solved using but not limited to heuristic algorithms. Furthermore, as an innovation, this procedure address all considered aspects in one step instead of multiple sequential stages. Finally, this work discusses an example referring to Mechatronic Design to show the procedure performed and the results show its capability.

Using rainwater harvesting (RWH) system is influenced by socioeconomic, environmental and technical factors. This work presents as analysis of the influence of the rainfall time series characteristics and design criteria on RWH performance of five Brazilian capitals with different climatic characteristic: Goiânia, João Pessoa, Manaus, Porto Alegre and São Paulo. The analysis combined different rooftop areas, storage volumes and the indoor and outdoor demands. Rainfall temporal discretization and the types of demands were the most important characteristics when assessing RWH reliability. Daily rainfall data were suitable for sizing the RWH, the time series length influenced the sizing of larger storage volumes, and the RWH efficiency was not significantly affected by the first-flush. Toilet flushing and the irrigation demands had the greatest impact on RWH performance. The greatest potentials for the implementation of RWH were observed for Porto Alegre, because of well distributed rainfall throughout the year, and for Manaus owing to higher annual volumes of precipitation. These results highlight relevant aspects that must be observed during the conception and design of RWH, complementing the guidelines provided in the Brazilian technical standards.

A simplified method has been developed and applied to reevaluate accurately sliding safety in six gravity and buttresses dams based on the results of numerical linear models. The method has been validated by nonlinear analysis and experimental measurements. Rotary boreholes have been drilled, with core recovery, close to the upstream face, to study the current state of the concrete-rock interface and a possible presence of cracks. Extensometers have been installed and cracks opening data has been analyzed. The results obtained show that the design criteria used in the 1950s, in some cases do not cover the expected margin of uncertainty. The need of reassessmenting of Spanish large dams is supported, updating data as Technical Standards for Dam Safety recently approved by the Government of Spain require., Se ha desarrollado y aplicado un método simplificado para reevaluar de forma más precisa la seguridad al deslizamiento en seis presas de gravedad y contrafuertes en base a los resultados de modelos lineales numéricos, verificando su validez mediante análisis no lineales y medidas experimentales. Se han llevado a cabo sondeos con recuperación de testigo cercanos al tacón aguas arriba para inspeccionar posibles agrietamientos en las interfases hormigón-roca y se han instrumentado con extensómetros para analizar los datos de aperturas. Los resultados obtenidos, demuestran que los criterios de diseño utilizados en los años 50, en algunos casos no cubren el margen de incertidumbre esperado, respaldando así la necesidad de revisar las grandes presas españolas actualizando los análisis tal como rezan las Normas Técnicas de Seguridad de Presas que recientemente ha aprobado el Gobierno.

The overall safety of dams depend on several stipulations. One of them is global stability of the dam, which is addressed with approaches like that in (RIDAS, 2017) (the Swedish power companies’ guidelines for dam safety). When designing a new dam, two global failure modes; sliding and overturning should be considered according to RIDAS. However, this is a simplification and other failure modes may exist, such as the combination of sliding and overturning failure. In this combined mode, the dam typically starts to overturn slightly, then as it looses its contact in the upstream area of the footprint, the dam starts to slide. This combined failure mode is yet to be fully addressed in design codes.One additional failure mode that may occur is an internal failure which is caused by material failure of the dam or where existing cracks govern the failure mode. Reinforced concrete structures are expected to crack and hence it likely that such failure mode may occur. The objective of this report is to understand the behavior of a pre-cracked buttress dam under typical loading conditions, and to analyze potential internal failure modes caused by these cracks. Moreover, the validity of using RIDAS design criteria for evaluating the safety of cracked concrete buttress dams will be examined. Finally, this report will study the influence of various possible cracks to study if these are critical and influence the overall dam safety.The stated objectives were investigated by performing analytical calculations and FE-analyses for three different geometries, where each geometry was analyzed with and without pre-existing cracks. The analytical calculations were carried out using MATLAB, to study the two global failure modes suggested by RIDAS: sliding and overturning for the selected geometries. FE-analyses were performed using BRIGADE Plus 6.2 software, where all geometries were studied for all potential global failure modes, including a combination of sliding and overturning failure modes. When comparing results of uncracked and cracked sections, whether it was obtained analytically or by FE-analyses, the influence of cracks in reducing the overall safety of the structure could be clearly highlighted. Moreover, the results comparing analytical solution using RIDAS and FE-analysis did not follow a uniform pattern, therefore, no concrete results could be concluded and further studies to develop more detailed analytical calculation methods were suggested. Finally, the cracks develop between the inspection gangway and the front-plate was proven to have larger influence on the residual mass of the dam, and thus, the overall safety of the dam.

Smart roads, AV and CAV are emerging technologies that represent the new paradigm of mobility. To support the public and private road operators better prepare themselves to implement these technologies in their respective existing or planned infrastructures, there is an urgent need to develop an integrated analysis framework to evaluate the impact of these novel systems on road capacity and safety in function of different market penetration levels of AVs and CAVs. The research focuses on novel smart road geometric design and review criteria based on the performance of AVs and CAVs. The case study of one of the first planned smart roads in Italy has been analysed.

Against the background of the current housing affordability crisis, a new wave of ‘collaborative housing’ (CH) is developing in many European cities. In this paper, CH refers to housing projects where residents choose to share certain spaces and are involved in the design phase. While many authors point to the alleged economic benefits of living in CH, the (collaborative) design dimension is rarely mentioned in relation to affordability. This paper seeks to fill this knowledge gap by identifying design criteria used in CH to reduce building costs, increasing this way its affordability. We carry out a comparative case study research, where we assess the design phase of 16 CH projects in different European cities. Findings suggest that collaborative design processes increase the chances of improving housing affordability, mainly due to the often-applied needs-based approach and the redefinition of minimum housing standards. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2021.2009778.

Modern-day flood management has evolved into a variety of flood management alternatives. The selection of appropriate flood measures is crucial under a variety of flood management practices, approaches, and assessment criteria. Many leading countries appraise the significance of risk-based flood management, but the fixed return period is still the de facto standard of flood management practices. Several measures, approaches, and design criteria have been developed over time. Understanding their role, significance, and correlation toward risk-based flood management is crucial for integrating them into a plan for a floodplain. The direct impacts of a flood are caused by direct contact with the flood, while indirect impacts occur as a result of the interruptions and disruptions of the socio-economical aspects. To proceed with a risk-based flood management approach, the fundamental requirement is to understand the risk dynamics of a floodplain and to identify the principal parameter that should primarily be addressed so as to reduce the risk. Risk is a potential loss that may arise from a hazard. On the one hand, exposure and susceptibility of the vulnerable system, and on the other, the intensity and probability of the hazard, are the parameters that can be used to quantitatively determine risk. The selection of suitable measures for a flood management scheme requires a firm apprehension of the risk mechanism. Under socio-economic and environmental constraints, several measures can be employed at the catchments, channels, and floodplains. The effectiveness of flood measures depends on the floodplain characteristics and supporting measures.

Property investment is always enticing, especially the high-rise residential property. The promise of the raising future value of it keeps investors attracted. Urbanisation also contributes to the massive development in this business, and it is hardly ignored. To run the business and to be able to compete with others, developers have to keep the cost attracted for the residents/buyers. The property needs to be well designed to satisfy the economical capital expenditure as well as low operation and maintenance cost. The high density of this development in an urban area makes developers tend to have low awareness of practising sustainability. Inconsistent evaluation, as well as unwell-defined assessment for sustainability, worsen the situation. This research aims to investigate and develop performance evaluation criteria of sustainability for high-rise residential building. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were implemented through surveys. Three main factors, which are the promotion of a healthy environment, comfortability of residents and energy-saving, found to be the main categories of criteria to be considered. Based on validation through a case study, it is found that providing easy access to public transport is the most critical criteria for promoting a healthy environment. Besides, the usage of low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) paint can give comfort to residents because it provides healthy indoor air quality. Lastly, the usage of LED bulbs and natural light supports energy saving. The criteria are then used to develop the decision-making model in selecting the best alternative for the building refurbishment, by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Application of the decision model in a case study reveals that repainting the building using low VOC paint become the best fit option for enhancing the environment. Developers may implement this in their policy for the redevelopment of their building. The result is limited to the aggregation value, thus, future research is directing into coalition and negotiation among stakeholders by applying payoff optimum and agreement options and also automation in selecting the best technical solution.

[EN] Design codes include serviceability limit state (SLS) provisions for stress, crack, and deflection control in concrete structures, which may limit the structural design. When drawing on reinforced ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete (R-UHPFRC), the process of cracking differs significantly from traditional concretes. Thus, it remains unclear whether the traditional provisions are applicable to R-UHPFRC or should be reviewed. Uniaxial tensile tie test is an excellent option to analyse and review these criteria. This work proposes a novel test methodology to study the behaviour of R-UHPFRC under serviceability conditions, which lets the study of the global and local deformation behaviour by using different measurement equipment. Two different types of R-UHPFRC ties with variant fibre content were tested. The global average tensile stressstrain curve, cracking behaviour, number, and width of cracks were obtained. Promising preliminary results admitted that this methodology can be useful to propose design criteria of R-UHPFRC under SLS., State Research Agency of Spain, Grant/Award Number: BIA2016-78460-C3-1-R

The document corresponds to O3A1 of the INOS Project. This framework elaborates the literature on how to conduct open knowledge activities, and particularly focuses on the organizational aspects of how to create open knowledge activities between the higher education institutions and external stakeholders engaging the wider public. The framework proposes the model for implementing, evaluating and reporting open knowledge activities in O3A2.

Conocer el estado de la calidad del aire que respiramos es de importancia vital por ser esta un factor de fuerte impacto sobre la salud y el bienestar de las personas. El nivel de deterioro de la calidad del aire y su influencia en la salud, se relaciona directamente con la carga y características del material contaminante emitido hacia la atmósfera por determinado tipo de fuente. De estos aditamentos industriales se destacan los de origen antropogénico, como las fuentes fijas, típicamente asociadas a los procesos de producción y manufactura, las fuentes móviles y las fuentes naturales, que involucran, entre otras, los incendios forestales, las actividades volcánicas y la erosión. (IDEAM, 2016) Con el objeto de conocer el panorama de la contaminación atmosférica urbana en Colombia, durante las últimas décadas se han venido implementando los Sistemas de Vigilancia de la Calidad del Aire (SVCA) en las ciudades más pobladas, de mayor desarrollo y potencialmente más contaminadas. Administrados por las respectivas autoridades ambientales regionales, se monitorean principalmente las especies reguladas por las normas nacionales e internacionales (OMS), en especial, las denominadas contaminantes criterio, y dependiendo el caso, se monitorean aquellos contaminantes considerados en la literatura científica como tóxicos, que afectan la salud humana y el ambiente. El correcto monitoreo de campo y la oportuna vigilancia de los niveles permisibles de contaminante en el ambiente atmosférico, se reglamenta a través de la Resolución No. 2254 del 2017 del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible MADS. Fundamentado en la normativa antes mencionada y por el apoyo que en los programas de Gestión Ambiental Urbana ofrecen los SVCA para determinar el estado de la calidad del aire, el presente proyecto tiene como objetivo establecer los criterios a considerar en el diseño básico de un sistema de vigilancia para la Zona Metropolitana de Bucaramanga. Dado que el actual SVCA fue instalado recientemente con equipos analizadores automáticos modernos y hacia el futuro se prevé evaluar su funcionamiento por parte del AMB, es oportuno explorar si la arquitectura actual de la red, al igual que su cobertura y el número de estaciones, son espacialmente representativas de las condiciones geográficas y ambientales para la zona. Igualmente, es conveniente explorar opciones para monitorear otros contaminantes del aire. La información adicional que arroje tal exploración, permitirá sugerir una nueva arquitectura para el sistema de monitoreo y sus componentes. Se pretende, además, exponer los resultados del trabajo a las autoridades del área Metropolitana encargadas de la gestión de la calidad del aire, y de ser posible, considerarlos dentro de los proyectos de ampliación o mejoramiento del actual SVCA. Knowing the quality air condition we breathe is really importance because this is a factor with a strong impact on people's health and well-being. The level of air quality deterioration and its health influence is directly related to the polluting material load and characteristics emitted into the atmosphere by a certain type of source. Of these industrial attachments, those that belongs to anthropogenic origin stand out, such as stationary sources, typically associated with production and manufacturing processes, mobile sources and natural sources, which involve, among others, forest fires, volcanic activities and erosion. (IDEAM, 2016) In order to get to know the urban air pollution panorama in Colombia, in the last decades Air Quality Surveillance Systems (SVCA) have been implemented in the most populated, most developed and potentially most polluted cities. Administered by the respective regional environmental authorities, the species regulated by national and international standards (OMS) are monitored, especially the so-called criteria pollutants, and depending on the case, those pollutants considered in the scientific literature as toxic are monitored, those that affect human health and the environment. The correct field monitoring and timely monitoring of the permissible pollutant levels in the atmospheric environment, are regulated through the Resolusión No. 2254 del 2017 del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible MADS. Based on the aforementioned regulations and the support that the SVCA offers in the Urban Environmental Management programs to determine the air quality condition, this project aims to establish the criteria to be considered in the basic design of a system of surveillance for the Zona Metropolitana de Bucaramanga. Given that the current SVCA was recently installed with modern automatic analyzer equipment and it is planned to evaluate its operation by the AMB in the future, it is appropriate to explore whether the current network architecture, as well as its coverage and the amount of stations, are spatially representative of the geographical and environmental conditions for the area. Similarly, exploring options for monitoring other air pollutants is desirable. The additional information provided by such exploration will allow us to suggest a new architecture for the monitoring system and its components. It is also intended to present the results of the work to the metropolitan area authorities in charge of air quality management, and if possible, consider them within the expansion or improvement projects of the current SVCA. Magister en Ciencias y Tecnologías Ambientales http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Maestría

As is known, there are currently two regulations in force in Brazil that dictate the design of structural masonry, differently from European and American normative codes which use only one standard. Separated by the type of material of the structural block, there is the standard for ceramic blocks and the one that addresses concrete blocks. Thus, the new Standard NBR 16868:2020 – Part 1: Project, which is currently in the process of national consultation, aims to unify the regulations in force in the country, so that there is a single standard that addresses the design of structural masonry. This work has as main objective to comparatively analyze the normative criteria of ABNT NBR 15812 – 1 (2010) Structural masonry - Ceramic blocks Part 1: Projects and ABNT NBR 15961 – 1 (2011) Structural masonry – Concrete blocks Part 1: Projects, with the proposals of the Standard Project of NBR 16868:2020 – Part 1: Project, in order to contribute and subsidize, through examples, the discussions with the technical environment. The requirements, properties of the masonry and its components, safety and limit states, actions, design values, structural analysis, displacements, cracks and dimensioning were analyzed. It was concluded that the standard design of NBR 16868: 2020 enters public consultation in good time, due to the long period without updates to the standards and their criteria. Effective and positive changes were introduced for the design of structural masonry, but without the maintenance of some specific criteria, which would fit alterations, in addition to communication failures between the regulations and the reader. Como é conhecido, atualmente há duas normativas vigentes no Brasil que ditam o dimensionamento da alvenaria estrutural, diferentemente dos códigos normativos europeus e americanos, que usam somente uma normativa. Separadas pelo tipo de material do bloco estrutural, há a norma referente aos blocos cerâmicos e a que aborda os blocos de concreto. Assim, a nova norma NBR 16868:2020 – Parte 1: Projeto, que atualmente está em processo de consulta nacional, tem o objetivo de unificar as normativas vigentes no país, para que haja uma única norma que aborda o dimensionamento da alvenaria estrutural. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar comparativamente os critérios normativos das normas ABNT NBR 15812 – 1 (2010) Alvenaria estrutural — Blocos cerâmicos Parte 1: Projetos e ABNT NBR 15961 – 1 (2011) Alvenaria estrutural — Blocos de concreto Parte 1: Projetos, com as propostas da primeira parte do projeto de norma da NBR 16868:2020 – Parte 1: Projeto, no intuito de contribuir e subsidiar discussões junto ao meio técnico. Foram analisados os requisitos, propriedades da alvenaria e de seus componentes, segurança e estados limites, ações, valores de cálculo, análise estrutural, deslocamentos, fissuras e dimensionamento. Concluiu-se que o projeto de norma da NBR 16868:2020 entra em consulta pública em um momento oportuno, devido ao longo período sem atualizações das normas e seus critérios. Foram introduzidas mudanças efetivas e positivas para o dimensionamento da alvenaria estrutural, porém sem a manutenção de alguns critérios pontuais, os quais caberiam alterações, além de falhas de comunicação entre a normativa e o leitor.

In the pursuit of a lighter composite wing design, fast and effective methodologies for sizing and validating the wing members (e.g., spar, ribs, skins, etc.) are required. In the present paper, the preliminary design methodology of an airliner main composite wing, which has an innovative multispar configuration instead of the conventional two-spar design, is investigated. The investigated aircraft wing is a large-scale composite component, requiring an efficient analysis methodology, for this purpose, the initial wing sizing is mostly based on simplified Finite Element (FE) stress analysis combined to analytically formulated design criteria. The proposed methodology comprises three basic modules, namely, computational stress analysis of the wing structure, comparison of the stress&ndash, strain results to specific design allowable and a suitable resizing procedure, until all design requirements are satisfied. The design constraints include strain allowable for the entire wing structure, stability constraints for the upper skin and spar webs, as well as bearing bypass analysis of the riveted/bolted joints of the spar flanges/skins connection. A comparison between a conventional (2-spar) and an innovative 4-spar wing configuration is presented. It arises from the comparison between the conventional and the 4-spar wing arrangement, that under certain conditions the multispar configuration has significant advantages over the conventional design.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Tendo em vista os acidentes envolvendo torres de linhas aéreas de transmissão nos últimos anos, surge a necessidade de verificação dos procedimentos normativos brasileiros sobre o dimensionamento dessas estruturas. A norma brasileira (ABNT NBR 5422:1985) aplicável ao projeto de linhas de transmissão (LTs) se encontra desatualizada, o que pode acarretar estruturas com níveis de segurança inadequados nos sistemas de LTs. A ABNT NBR 5422:1985 não considera conceitos de confiabilidade, sendo esses já amplamente utilizados em publicações mais recentes da ABNT. Atualmente, uma referência consolidada para a elaboração de normas regionais voltadas para LTs com base em conceitos de confiabilidade estrutural é a IEC 60826, enquanto outra tradicional voltada para procedimentos de dimensionamento de cantoneiras de LTs é a ASCE 10-15. Com base nessas normas e visando suprir as necessidades das normas brasileiras, este trabalho propõe critérios de projeto para LTs localizadas no Brasil. Por serem estruturas demasiadamente esbeltas e de baixo peso próprio, as estruturas de LTs são susceptíveis às forças de vento. Assim, uma avaliação criteriosa e atualizada das velocidades máximas de vento na região da estrutura conduz a um dimensionamento mais confiável e realístico desta. Diante dos critérios propostos, foi realizada a avaliação da segurança estrutural de uma torre de suspensão presente em uma LT localizada no estado de Minas Gerais, projetada na década de 80. A avaliação da segurança consistiu na verificação estrutural das barras da estrutura com auxílio da ferramenta computacional ANSYS v.19.2, por meio da qual foi possível realizar a modelagem estrutural da torre, bem como calcular os índices de utilização das barras para cada hipótese de ações. Para o cálculo das forças devidas ao vento, foram coletados dados de máximas velocidades médias anuais em estações meteorológicas próximas à localização da estrutura, sendo depois aplicada a teoria dos valores extremos e adotada a distribuição de probabilidade de Gumbel. Para as hipóteses avaliadas, os resultados indicaram que a estrutura apresenta barras com níveis de segurança inadequados, sugerindo a necessidade de uma maior atenção com os ativos das concessionárias de energia. Bearing in mind the accidents involving overhead transmission line towers in the last years, the revision of the Brazilian codes design procedures applied to these structures arises. The Brazilian code (ABNT NBR 5422:1985) applied to design of transmission lines is outdated, which can lead to risks in the security level of transmission lines systems. The ABNT NBR 5422:1985 does not cover any application of reliability concepts, although it has been widely used in other ABNT publications. Nowadays, a consolidated reference for the elaboration of national standards applied to transmission lines using structural reliability concepts is the IEC 60826, while another traditional standard oriented to steel angle design of transmission lines is the ASCE 10-15. In order to base future Brazilian standards this work proposes design criteria of transmission lines located in Brazil, based on IEC 60826. Structures of transmission lines are more susceptible to wind forces, once it is slender structures with low self-weigh. Therefore, a solid evaluation and up-to-date local wind data velocities leads to a more reliable and realistic structural design. The structural safety of a suspension tower belonging to a transmission line located in the state of Minas Gerais, designed in the ’80s was evaluated with proposed criteria. The safety evaluation was performed based on the structural model developed on ANSYS v.19.2 considering the tower structure isolated, and the utilization factors were determined for each load combination. For wind forces calculation, data of average maximum annual velocities at meteorological stations near the tower location were collected. Afterward, the extreme value theory was applied and the Gumbel distribution was adopted. For the combination of the actions evaluated, the suspension tower structure showed bars with inappropriate security levels, suggesting the need for greater attention to assets of the power utilities.

Modern-day flood management has evolved into a variety of flood management alternatives. The selection of appropriate flood measures is crucial under a variety of flood management practices, approaches, and assessment criteria. Many leading countries appraise the significance of risk-based flood management, but the fixed return period is still the de facto standard of flood management practices. Several measures, approaches, and design criteria have been developed over time. Understanding their role, significance, and correlation toward risk-based flood management is crucial for integrating them into a plan for a floodplain. The direct impacts of a flood are caused by direct contact with the flood, while indirect impacts occur as a result of the interruptions and disruptions of the socio-economical aspects. To proceed with a risk-based flood management approach, the fundamental requirement is to understand the risk dynamics of a floodplain and to identify the principal parameter that should primarily be addressed so as to reduce the risk. Risk is a potential loss that may arise from a hazard. On the one hand, exposure and susceptibility of the vulnerable system, and on the other, the intensity and probability of the hazard, are the parameters that can be used to quantitatively determine risk. The selection of suitable measures for a flood management scheme requires a firm apprehension of the risk mechanism. Under socio-economic and environmental constraints, several measures can be employed at the catchments, channels, and floodplains. The effectiveness of flood measures depends on the floodplain characteristics and supporting measures.

Modern-day flood management has evolved into a variety of flood management alternatives. The selection of appropriate flood measures is crucial under a variety of flood management practices, approaches, and assessment criteria. Many leading countries appraise the significance of risk-based flood management, but the fixed return period is still the de facto standard of flood management practices. Several measures, approaches, and design criteria have been developed over time. Understanding their role, significance, and correlation toward risk-based flood management is crucial for integrating them into a plan for a floodplain. The direct impacts of a flood are caused by direct contact with the flood, while indirect impacts occur as a result of the interruptions and disruptions of the socio-economical aspects. To proceed with a risk-based flood management approach, the fundamental requirement is to understand the risk dynamics of a floodplain and to identify the principal parameter that should primarily be addressed so as to reduce the risk. Risk is a potential loss that may arise from a hazard. On the one hand, exposure and susceptibility of the vulnerable system, and on the other, the intensity and probability of the hazard, are the parameters that can be used to quantitatively determine risk. The selection of suitable measures for a flood management scheme requires a firm apprehension of the risk mechanism. Under socio-economic and environmental constraints, several measures can be employed at the catchments, channels, and floodplains. The effectiveness of flood measures depends on the floodplain characteristics and supporting measures.

Metal casting operation is branch of Engineering Sciences, which use to development the basic technical skills that are necessary to preparing the designer of metal furniture and constructions. Because of their abundance and low costs, many students turn to implementation their applications by using sand casting method. This usually results many problems, especially in casting surfaces, which affect adversely at function and aesthetics of the products that produced by this method. These problems are due to by two reasons: 1st castings lacking to basic design criteria that did not take at design process, and 2ed, technical errors in the operations of: modeling, molding, melting, feeding, and solidification. Although, it can solve many practical problem by some awareness and training for technicians, but it cannot solve design problems, unless the student learn how to following methodology and design criteria when he designing the castings. Hence, the research tries to prepare an analytical study to support the design criteria of metal castings with some technical limitations and engineering considerations, especially for sand casting products. This will provide innovative castings with most accurate results and high-quality of surfaces finishing, in the same time benefit of all advantages offered by mechanical, chemical or electrochemical methods in finishing operations. Therefore, the problem of research stems from: metal product produced by sand mold casting are lacking of design considerations and technical determinants that are impact negatively on the quality and accuracy of product finishing. then, the problem of research stems from trying to answer the following questions.1st What are the main problems faced students when designing products that produced by sand casting? 2ed what are the most important considerations to design, implement and finish metal castings with high quality? And 3ed is there a mechanism to measure the quality of finishing based on the quality of the design? Accordingly, the main aim of research is based on introducing an analytical study about design considerations and technical determinants of metal castings and studying their impact on the quality of product finishing. This aim will be achieved according to Inference descriptive analytical methodology that contains three topics: 1st Casting Process (concepts and techniques), 2ed Surface Finishing Quality in Applications of Casting Technology Course (Analytical Study) & 3ed Design considerations for improvement of surface quality of metal castings The research concluded with some results such as: The problems affecting the surface quality of castings vary, but most of them are under three main axes: (design problems, special problems of the material, problems with production methods and finishing) Cast defects are visible only after the mold has been frozen and removed from the mold. Proactive steps must be taken to avoid the expected problems to ensure the surface quality of cast The method of checking and optimizing castings depends on the nature of the characteristics and specifications to be obtained and the function for which they are designed. For example, the aesthetic characteristics are just examined by looking, and the structural characteristics need to be mechanical inspection before casting finishing The designer must be fully aware of the casting as a process of production and the problems that occur especially, which affect the quality of surface finishing in order to avoid these defects when starting to design and build the model When designing castings produced by sand casting, it is preferable to avoid sudden changes in thickness when designing different sections and take into consideration the gradual transition from large to small sections and the removal of high-walls as possible, and reducing communication between parts as much as possible When designing the cast and model, avoid sharp edges and corners and replace them with roundness, taking into account the dimensions of the holes and gaps, avoiding the sharp and straight angles and replacing them with angular angles Consider the addition of the necessary tolerances to the real dimensions represented in the shrinking thicknesses and finishing emphases which vary depending on the type of metal cast. Be as simple as possible and avoid complex forms.

For a safe overtaking manoeuvre on two-lane highways, drivers need a sufficient sight distance along the roadway, but it depends on the traffic environment. To provide an adequate Passing Sight Distance (PSD), a number of models have been proposed since the initial model introduced by American Association of State Highways and Transport Officials (AASHTO) in 1954. It is a current design practice in Sri Lanka as well, however, not validated for local traffic conditions. This paper will present an alternative PSD model and an evaluation of AASHTO model for national highway design. Experiment was based on GPS data collection. In conclusion, PSD demand was satisfied by AASHTO PSD under mix traffic conditions, but not the safety concerns for speeds greater than 80 km/h, while alternative model successful for all speeds.

Design codes establish seismic site classifications to determine the seismic demand of a structure according to the response of the soil foundation under the action of earthquake ground motions, the site classification can even condition the feasibility of a project. The occurrence of great earthquakes in Chile has tested its design codes, generating much information and experience regarding the seismic design of structures that have allowed researchers to identify variations in seismic demands according to the kind of ground foundation and to propose seismic site classification methods in Chilean regulations since the 1930s, countries in the vanguard of seismic design, such as the USA, Japan, and New Zealand, proposed methods even earlier. In this document, the evolution of methodologies for seismic site classification according to the criteria in Chilean codes is analysed from their implementation in the 1930s to the most recently proposed design code NCh 433, 2018–2021. Although the distinctive features of each country shape the criteria in their design codes, clear knowledge of the evolution of established criteria from their origins is considered an important tool that contributes to the better understanding, interpretation and application of the seismic site classification methodologies contained in a design code with better criteria. Likewise, the review indicates a distinct need to conduct a continuous evaluation of the classification criteria supported by records of new earthquakes, as well as by physical and numerical models that allow incorporating variables which condition the response of the terrain such as topography, lateral heterogeneities, and basic effects.

Children with cancer are frequently hospitalized during diagnosis and treatment. Since the early 1980s, parents are co-admitted because their presence positively affects children’s adjustment to hospitalization and reduces post-traumatic stress. However, the size and overall architectural design of the rooms were never adapted to the doubling of the occupancy rate. Since studies show that many parents experience high levels of distress due to their child’s illness, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the architecture of the aged patient rooms on parental distress. A video observation targeted parent–child interaction related to five architectural determinants: (a) function and place of interaction, (b) distance between parent and child, (c) used space, (d) withdrawal, and (e) duration of the interaction. A total of 22 families were included in two Dutch children’s hospitals. Results show a significant association between parental distress and three architectural determinants: The less anxious the parents were and the better they estimated their child’s well-being, the more distance they created between themselves and their child, and the more space, privacy, and withdrawal options were used. These findings are discussed within a new patient room typology, the parent–child patient unit (PCPU), which reacts to the evident association of parental distress and the design.