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The phylogeography of coastal plant species is shaped by contemporary and historical biogeographic processes. In this study, we aim to decipher the phylogeography of Derris trifoliata, a woody legume of relatively recent origin and wide distribution, in coastal areas in the Indo-West Pacific (IWP) region.Genetic diversity and population structure were assessed by analyzing six nuclear and three chloroplast DNA sequences from 30 populations across the species' range. Phylogeography was inferred by estimating gene flow, divergence time, historical population size changes, and historical habitat suitability using paleoclimatic niche modeling.High genetic diversity was observed at the species level. The populations of three oceanic regions included in this study (i.e., Indian Ocean, South China Sea, and Pacific Ocean) formed distinct clades and likely diverged during the late Pleistocene. Potential barriers to gene flow were identified, including the Sunda and Sahul shelves, geographic distance, and current patterns of oceanic circulation. Analysis of changes in population size supported the bottleneck model, which was strengthened by estimates of habitat suitability across paleoclimatic conditions.The once widespread distribution of D. trifoliata was fragmented by changes in climatic suitability and biogeographic barriers that arose following sea-level changes during the Pleistocene. In addition, contemporary patterns of oceanic circulation and geographic distance between populations appear to maintain genetic differentiation across its distribution in the IWP.

Derris erythrocosta Boonprajan & Sirich., sp. nov., a new species of the genus Derris Lour. (Fabaceae) was discovered from Peninsular, Thailand. The taxon was considered as a distinct species in terms of integrative taxonomy approach. The overall morphology demonstrated that this species most resembled D. pubipetala. According to the macro-morphological and leaves micro-morphological studies, this taxon has several autapomorphies distinctively different from other Derris species, e.g., the presence of reddish midribs of the mature leaflets, sparsely hairy filaments, prominent hairs at base of anthers, and presence of glandular trichomes along the midrib. Additionally, HPLC fingerprints from phytochemical study of this species were also distinct. Results from molecular phylogenetic analyses strongly supported and clearly confirmed its status as a new of the genus Derris.

In 2018, the Natural History Museum (NHMUK, herbarium code: BM) undertook a pilot digitisation project together with the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (project Lead) and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh to collectively digitise non-type herbarium material of the subtribe Phaseolinae and the genera Dalbergia L.f. and Pterocarpus Jacq. (rosewoods and padauk), all from the economically important family of legumes (Leguminosae or Fabaceae). These taxonomic groups were chosen to provide specimen data for two potential use cases: 1) to support the development of dry beans as a sustainable and resilient crop; 2) to aid conservation and sustainable use of rosewoods and padauk. Collectively, these use case studies support the aims of the UK’s Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA)-allocated, Official Development Assistance (ODA) funding. We present the images and metadata for 11,222 NHMUK specimens. The metadata includes label transcription and georeferencing, along with summary data on geographic, taxonomic, collector and temporal coverage. We also provide timings and the methodology for our transcription and georeferencing protocols. Approximately 35% of specimens digitised were collected in ODA-listed countries, in tropical Africa, but also in South East Asia and South America.

2. Derris tonkinensis Gagnepain (1913: 349). Type: — VIETNAM. Tonkin, baie d’Along, 3 July 1885, B. Balansa 1189 (lectotype: P00700373 image!, designated by Lôc & Vidal 2001: 78; isolectotypes: P00700374 image!). = Millettia boniana Gagnepain (1913: 351). Type: — VIETNAM. Tonkin, prov. Ha Nam, Vo Xa, 12 September 1891, H. F. Bon 4871 (lectotype designated here: P02141778 image!; isolectotypes: P02141779 image!, P02141780 image!, P00800923 image!), syn. nov. Millettia boniana was described by Gagnepain (1913: 351) as a new species based on a single flowering collection from Tonkin, Vietnam (H. F. Bon 4871, Fig. 5: A). This is a poorly known species. The species is known only from the type locality, and its fruit information is still not provided in any literature. Lôc & Vidal (2001) stated that this species was also found in one locality in Thailand, but did not provide any voucher information. In Flora of Thailand, Mattapha (2020) recorded 27 species of Millettia, but did not include this species. We did not find any other specimens of the species except for four sheets of type specimens from Vietnam. In the protologue, Gagnepain (1913) described the species with terminal and axillary inflorescences, although he was not sure about its growth habit (“Arbor vel frutex scandens?”). Both Millettia and Derris Loureiro (1790: 432) contain trees and climbers, but Millettia species usually bear axillary inflorecences (Song et al. 2021), while many species of Derris are often recorded with terminal inflorecences (Chen & Pedley 2010, Sirichamorn et al. 2012). Millettia boniana was also described with slender branches bearing whitish lenticels, estipellate leaflets, whitish flowers, glabrous petals, a standard petal without basal callosities and auricles, biauriculate wings, and fewer ovules per ovary (Gagnepain 1913). In these characters, M. boniana is also very similar to some species of the genus Derris such as D. tonkinensis. Specially, in the discussions of Millettia boniana, Gagnepain (1913) pointed out that the collector (H. F. Bon) of its type specimens wrote Derris on the label. Furthermore, we found that a flowering syntype of Derris tonkinensis, collected by H. F. Bon (3347, Fig. 5C) from Tonkin, Vietnam, is strikingly similar to the type specimens of M. boniana in morphology. In addition, a fruiting specimen that was collected by H. F. Bon (3381, Fig. 5D) is consistent with M. boniana in appearance, but it has indehiscent, thin and winged pods and belongs to D. tonkinensis. Millettia and Derris are very similar in morphological characters, especially when lacking fruiting material, and this has caused transfer of some species names between the two genera (Merrill 1910, How 1954, Song et al. 2017a, Song & Pan 2022). In fact, the lectotype (B. Balansa 1189, Fig. 5B) and isolectotypes of D. tonkinensis were recorded by Drake (1891: 188) as Millettia sp. Based on these analyses, M. boniana is proposed here as a new synonym of D. tonkinensis. In addition, in the protologue of M. boniana Gagnepain (1913) just cited Bon 4871, but did not specify the holotype. Lôc & Vidal (2001) provided the type information of M. boniana [“Type: Bon 4871, Viȇtnam, Nam Ha, Vo Xa, sept. 1891, fl. (holo-, P!; iso-, P!)”], which means presence of more than one duplicates of this gathering and all of them should be considered as syntypes (see Art. 7.11 Ex. 12 and Art. 40 Ex. 3, Turland et al. 2018). We traced four duplicates of this collection in P, of which three labelled “TYPE” and the fourth labelled “ISOTYPE”. We designate one of them (P00700373) with “TYPE” as the lectotype of M. boniana., Published as part of Song, Zhu-Qiu, Li, Shi-Jin, Vu, Quang Nam & Khang, Nguyen Sinh, 2022, Taxonomic notes on the genus Millettia (Fabaceae: Millettieae) in Vietnam, pp. 169-185 in Phytotaxa 571 (2) on pages 179-181, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.571.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7284336, {"references":["Gagnepain, F. (1913) Especes nouvelles de Millettia. Notulae Systematicae 2: 350 - 367.","Loc, P. K. & Vidal, J. E. (2001) Legumineuses-Papilionoideae-Millettieae. In: Morat, P. (ed.) Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam 30. Museum National D'histoire Naturelle, Paris, 191 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.2001. tb 01334. x","Mattapha, S. (2020) Millettia. In: Chayamarit, K. & Balslev, H. (Eds.) Flora of Thailand. Vol. 4 Part 3.2. Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, pp. 421 - 450.","Loureiro, J. de (1790) Flora Cochinchinensis: sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes: quibus accedunt aliae observatae in Sinensi Imperio, Africa orientali, Indiaeque locis variis: omnes dispositae secundum systema sexuale Linnaeanum. Typis, et Expensis Academicis, Ulyssipone, 882 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 40199","Song, Z. Q., Pan, B., Li, B., Xu, D. X. & Li, S. J. (2021) Millettia lantsangensis is conspecific with Cruddasia insignis (Fabaceae). Phytotaxa 497 (1): 29 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 497.1.3","Chen, D. Z. & Pedley, L. (2010) Derris Loureiro. In: Wu, Z. Y., Raven, P. H. & Hong, D. Y. (eds.) Flora of China 10. Science Press, Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 166 - 170.","Sirichamorn, Y., Adema, F. A. C. B. & Van Welzen, P. C. (2012) The genera Aganope, Derris, and Paraderris (Fabaceae, Millettieae) in Thailand. Systematic Botany 37: 404 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364412 X 635467","Merrill, E. D. (1910) An enumeration of Philippine Leguminosae, with keys to the genera and species. Philippine Journal of Science 5 (2): 95 - 136.","How, F. C. (1954) A review of the Chinese species of Derris. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 3: 207 - 236.","Song, Z. Q., Yan, K. J., Zhu, C. J., Xia, Q., Xu, D. X. & Li, S. J. (2017 a) Millettia sapindifolia is a synonym of Derris yunnanensis (Leguminosae: Millettieae). Nordic Journal of Botany 35 (4): 404 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / njb. 01555","Song, Z. Q. & Pan, B. (2022) Transfer of Millettia pachycarpa and M. entadoides to Derris (Fabaceae), supported by morphological and molecular data. Phytotaxa 531 (3): 230 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 531.3.4","Drake, D. C. E. (1891) Contributions a l'etude de la Flore du Tonkin. Enumeration des plantes de la famille des Legumineuses recueillies au Tonkin par M. Balansa en 1885 - 89. Journal de Botanique (Morot) 5: 185 - 194.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashutten, 254 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

1. Derris taiwaniana (Hayata) Z.Q. Song in Song & Pan (2022: 238). ≡ Millettia taiwaniana (Hayata) Hayata (1920: 22) ≡ Pongamia taiwaniana Hayata (1913: 79) ≡ Whitfordiodendron taiwanianum (Hayata) Ohwi (1936: 660). Type: — CHINA. Taiwan, Taibei, Sankakuyu, 1902, K. Nagai s.n. (syntype, not seen); CHINA. Taiwan, 13 March, S. Yokoyama 27 (syntype, K001414935!). = Millettia pachycarpa Bentham (1852: 250). Type: — INDIA. Upper Assam. C. Jenkins s.n. (lectotype: K001415586!, designated by Song & Pan 2022: 238; isolectotypes: CAL0000008147 image!, K001415584!, K001415585!, L0019105 image!, NY!, P 02141837 image!, P 02141838 image!)., Published as part of Song, Zhu-Qiu, Li, Shi-Jin, Vu, Quang Nam & Khang, Nguyen Sinh, 2022, Taxonomic notes on the genus Millettia (Fabaceae: Millettieae) in Vietnam, pp. 169-185 in Phytotaxa 571 (2) on page 179, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.571.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7284336, {"references":["Song, Z. Q. & Pan, B. (2022) Transfer of Millettia pachycarpa and M. entadoides to Derris (Fabaceae), supported by morphological and molecular data. Phytotaxa 531 (3): 230 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 531.3.4","Hayata, B. (1920) Icones plantarum Formosanarum nec non et Contributiones ad Floram Formosanam Vol. 9. Government of Formosa, Taihoku, 155 pp.","Hayata, B. (1913) Icones Plantarum Formosanarum nec non et Contributiones ad Floram Formosanam Vol. 3. Government of Formosa, Taihoku, 222 pp.","Ohwi, J. (1936) Plantae Novae Japonicae (III). Journal of Japanese Botany 12 (9): 652 - 665.","Bentham, G. (1852) Leguminosae. In: Miquel, F. A. W. (ed.) Plantae Junghuhnianae Vol. 2. Sythoff, Leiden, 205 - 269."]}

Objectives: The aim of the present study is to isolate an antifungal compound from Derris indica (Lam) Bennett seed oil with various solvents and evaluation of its antifungal activity against the clinical species of Candida. Methods: D. indica seed hexane extract was tested against Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans and Candida albicans. Hexane extract was fractioned using different solvents through column chromatography (CC). Isolated compound D1 was identified and characterized using ultraviolet, Fourier-transform infrared, 1HNMR, and mass spectroscopy. In vitro evaluation of D1 carried out against 12 Candida strains. In vivo evaluation of D1 carried out against T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, and C. albicans using an excision wound healing model on male Wistar rats. Results: Different concentrations of hexane extract showed antimicrobial activity against tested microorganism with varying minimum inhibitory concentration values. On fractionation with hexane-petroleum ether through CC, it yielded a crystalline fraction. Compound D1 characterized as a 3,5-bis (4,4’’-dimethoxy-[1,1’: 2’,1’’-terphenyl]-4’-yl)-4H-pyrazole-4,4-diol. A novel alkaloid compound from D. indica is a new report and proved to be inhibitory against C. albicans MTCC 3017 (14.83±0.28), MTCC 1637 (16.0±0.0), Candida glabrata MTCC 3814 (16.83±0.28) and MTCC 3014 (16.66±0.57), Candida tropicalis MTCC 230 (20.0±0.0), MTCC 1406 (12.33±0.57). C. glabrata MTCC 3981 was found to be resistant to the compound. In vivo studies showed no visual symptoms at the end of treatment indicating the therapeutic property of the compound. Conclusion: The D1 was found to be effective against human fungal pathogens and can be used as a base molecule in designing new antifungal drugs.

Objective: The aim of the study was to isolate alkaloid compound from seed oil of Derris indica (Lam) Bennett where relevant antimicrobial properties in traditional medicines. Methods: The plant was selected based on their usage in traditional medicines and ethnopharmacological importance. Crude extract from D. indica seeds fractioned with different solvents through column chromatography. Isolated pure fraction was identified and characterized using UV, FTIR, 1HNMR and Mass spectroscopy. Results: D. indica seeds hexane extract on fractionation with ethyl acetate and methanol through column chromatography yielded a crystalline fraction. The fraction was identified as alkaloid group and characterized as a 2-(6-methoxyphenanthridin-8-yl) propan-2-ol. The compound is a new report from D. indica seed oil. Conclusion: The usage of D. indica plant is much in traditional health care for treatment of diseases. Isolation of alkaloid compound from D. indica seeds in traditional herbal medicines may be found a good source of drug discovery.

[THE INFLUENCE OF BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES BASED ON CROTON OIL AND DERRIS ROOT AGAINST BROWN PLANTHOPPER]. Brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens Stall) is a serious pest in rice. Using synthetic insecticide to control BPH is harmful for human health and can caused environmental pollution. The objective of this research is to find out ecofriendly insecticide to control BPH. Research has been conducted at Entomological laboratory, Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute (ISMECRI), Bogor. It was designed with CRD, 16 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments consisted of botanical insecticides based on Croton tiglium and Derris elliptica. Each material was extracted by water, methanol, and xylene, and then tested by individually and combination, so there were 15 formulas and 1 control treatment (water). Third nymph BPH and IR64 rice variety were used in this research. Research was done in two methods, i.e. contact application and residual application. The result shows that there are 11 formulas which are prospective to be further developed i.e aqueous extraction (6 formulas) and combination extraction (aqueous with xylene and methanol (5 formulas). The aqueous extraction maybe the most prospective formulation since the technique could easily be adopted by farmers. Botanical pesticide based on Croton tiglium and Derris elliptica are very promising, therefore the research should be continued to find out the best formula of botanical insecticides for controlling BPH).

One of the problems in developing Nyawai plants is the attack of snail pests Achatina fulica (Ferussac, 1821) at seedling level of the plants. Plant damage caused by these pests is quite large and causes seedling death. One of the control efforts that can be done is utilizing biomaterials which have molluscicidal properties (can kill mollusks). This study aimed to determine the toxicity of some extracts of biomaterial to control Achatina fulica (Ferussac, 1821) pests. The research was conducted on a laboratory scale. The study used a factorial random design with 3 replications. The treatment consisted of four biomaterials namely sembung (Blumea balsamifera), gadung (Discorea hispida), tuba (Derris eliptica and betel nut (Areca catechu) with each concentration of 10.25.50 g/l. Each concentration used 4 snails as a test sample. The parameters observed were snail mortality, and Lethal Concentration (LC50 and LC95). The results showed that the gadung tuber extract had the highest toxicity as indicated by mortality of 75 % and the lowest LC95 value of 80.63 g/l. While the lowest toxicity is betel nut with mortality of 49.75 % and the highest LC95 value is 567.75 g/l. The Toxicity of tuba, pinang, and sembung are highest on 50 g/l concentration, excepted the gadung extract. In gadung extract, the highest toxicity was obtained on 10 g/l concentration. However, the application was consideration to the attack intensity of Achatina fulica (Ferussac, 1821) because the toxicity effect of biomaterial pesticide was slower than chemical molluscicide. Keywords: Achatina fulica (Ferussac, 1821), biomaterial, concentration, toxicity

lt;bgt;Background and Objective:lt;/bgt; The methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts oflt;igt;D. ellipticalt;/igt; root have high larvicidal activity againstlt;igt;Aedes aegyptilt;/igt; larvae, the primary vector of dengue but have not been understood their potential againstlt;igt;Ae. albopictuslt;/igt; larvae, the secondary vector of dengue that also transmits Chikungunya and Zika viruses. Thislt;igt;in vitrolt;/igt; study aims to understand the larvicidal activity of the 3 extract types oflt;igt;D. ellipticalt;/igt;root againstlt;igt;Ae. albopictuslt;/igt; larvae.lt;bgt;Materials and Methods:lt;/bgt; The tuba root extract types were obtained from the sequential extraction process with 3 steps of liquid-liquid partition as described in the previous report. Six concentrations were occupied in this experiment ranging of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 10.0 and 15.0 mg Llt;supgt;1lt;/supgt; each concentration was 5 times replicated and placed in 250 mL plastic cups. As many as 20 of 3rd instar larvae oflt;igt;Ae. albopictuslt;/igt; were subjected in each treatment cup and larval mortality was observed after 24 and 48 hrs of exposure.lt;bgt;Results:lt;/bgt; Larval mortality rates based on concentration range of 13.75-97.00 and 43,75-100%, 14.00-44.00, 34.00-90.00%, 12.00-47.00 and 28.00-88.00%, with the LClt;subgt;50lt;/subgt; after 24 and 48 hrs of exposure were 2.925 and 0.414, 16.184, 2.900, 15.789 and 4.380 mg Llt;supgt;1lt;/supgt;, respectively for methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts.lt;bgt;Conclusion:lt;/bgt; The methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract of tuba root have high larvicidal activity againstlt;igt;Ae. albopictuslt;/igt; larvae. Further study on prototype formulation of larvicide and elucidation of the specific phytochemical compounds of the extracts were necessarily conducted.

1. Derris entadoides (Z. Wei) Z.Q. Song, comb. nov. ��� Millettia entadoides Z. Wei (1985: 278, fig. 7). Type: ��� CHINA. Yunnan, Chen-Kang Hsien [Zhenkang County], mountain slope, 1500 m, March 1936, Chi-Wu Wang 72150 (holotype: PE, not seen; isotypes: A00283892!, KUN0645004!, LBG00094202!). Liana large, climbing. Stems cylindric, dark brown, densely scattered with brown lenticels, pithy inside; young shoots yellow tomentose, glabrescent when mature. Stipules ovate-triangular, ca. 2 �� 2.5 mm, rounded to acute at apex. Leaves imparipinnate, 9���13-foliolate (usually 11), juvenile at anthesis, reddish when young; rachis 9.7���21.6 cm long, including petiole 5.1���11.6 cm long; leaflet blades oblanceolate to oblong, 4.5���12.8 �� 1.5���4.6 cm (ratio usually 2���4), papery to subleathery, glabrous above, appressed puberulent to glabrescent and glaucous beneath, acuminate at apex, cuneate to rounded at base; lateral veins 9���12 on each side of midvein, obvious, looped near margin; petiolules 5.5���6.5 mm long; stipels usually not persistent even on young leaves but occasionally present. Pseudoracemes 5���15 cm long, usually inserted in the leafless axil of leaf on the lower part of branchlets of current year; rachis appressed tawny hairy; brachyblasts distinct, wart-like or knob-like, up to 4 mm long and 1.5 mm wide on the lower part of the inflorescence, with 3���5 flowers on the top of each brachyblast; bracts inserted at base of brachyblasts and pedicels; bracteoles 2, inserted at the base of calyx. Flowers pink, ca. 1.3 cm long; pedicels 0.4���0.6 cm long, appressed tawny hairy; calyx campanulate, green at first and then becoming dark red, 4-lobed, with very short calyx lobes, pubescent outside, tube 2.5���3 mm long; standard blade glabrous, suborbicular, 11.0���11.6 �� 10.5���11.5 mm, reflexed, emarginate at the apex, with a yellow-green patch and a 2.5���3.0 mm long claw; wing blade glabrous, oblong, 8.7���9.0 �� 3.5 mm, with a 3.0��� 3.5 mm long claw; keel blade pocketed at side, pubescent on the outer surface at apex, oblong, 8.8���9.0 �� 3.8���4.5 mm, with a 3.0��� 3.5 mm long claw; stamen 10, monadelphous, 11.5���12.0 mm long, with two small openings (fenestrae) at base; floral disk indistinct; ovary appressed hairy, with 5���6 ovules; style inflexed, glabrous; stigma minutely capitate. Pods compressed at first and becoming inflated with time, slightly to deeply constricted between seeds, 4.2���15.5 �� 2.2���5.1 �� 2 cm, pubescent, with a distinct beak at apex, without warts outside, usually indehiscent; sutures thickened; fruiting pedicels 0.4���0.6 cm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide. Seeds 1���4, large, dark brown, reniform, 3���3.7 �� 2.6���2.8 cm. Phenology and habitat: ���Flowering from March to April, and fruiting from April to next March. The flowers and leaves develop together. It grows in evergreen forests at elevations of 600���1500 m. Distribution: ��� China and Thailand. The species is first reported here for the flora of Thailand (Fig. 5). Additional specimens examined. CHINA. Yunnan: Cangyuan, 16 Jun. 1974, Y. H. Li 12254 (HITBC), 680���700 m, 19 Jun. 1974, Y. H. Li 12352 (HITBC, KUN, SYS); Jiangcheng, 22 Jun. 2011, S. S. Zhou 10147 (HITBC), 846 m, 19 June 2020, D. P. Ye 919 (HITBC); Jinghong, 755 m, 21 Nov. 2006, T. Zhang et al. SCSB-B-000273 (KUN), 1300 m, 1987, G. D. Tao 14594 (HITBC, IBSC), 750 m, 9 Aug. 1977, G. D. Tao 16715 (HITBC), 1000 m, 21 Apr. 1957, Sino-USSR Exped. 8056 (IBSC); Jinggu, 950 m, 6 Aug. 2001, H. Wang 4886 (HITBC, IBSC); Lancang, 1400 m, 21 Oct. 1989, G. D. Tao & X. W. Li 39719 (HITBC); Menghai, 1200 m, 29 Oct. 2012, J. W. Li 2683 (HITBC), 1179 m, 31 Mar. 2021, Z. Q. Song 2021019 (IBSC); Mengla, 900 m, 31 Oct. 1983, Exped. 23833 (HITBC), 963 m, 20 Aug. 2020, Z. Q. Song 202039 (IBSC), cultivation, 19 Aug. 2020, Z. Q. Song 202033 (IBSC); Pu���er, 800���1300 m, 20 September 1955, P. I. Mao 6140 (KUN), 900 m, 14 Aug. 1977, G. D. Tao 17384 (HITBC); Shuangjiang, 1050 m, 13 Nov. 1981, Anonymous 2035 (SWFC); Zhenkang, 1500 m, Mar. 1936, C. W. Wang 72150 (A, KUN, LBG). THAILAND. Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao District, 1400 m, 27 Sep. 1994, W. Nanakorn et al. 1846 (HITBC, IBSC). 2. Derris taiwaniana (Hayata) Z.Q. Song, comb. nov. ��� Pongamia taiwaniana Hayata (1913: 79) ��� Millettia taiwaniana (Hayata) Hayata (1920: 22) ��� Whitfordiodendron taiwanianum (Hayata) Ohwi (1936: 660). Type: ��� CHINA. Taiwan, Taibei, Sankakuyu, 1902, K. Nagai s.n. (syntype, not seen); CHINA. Taiwan, 13 March, S. Yokoyama 27 (syntype, K001414935!). = Millettia pachycarpa Bentham (1852: 250), non Derris pachycarpa Merrill (1922: 312). Type: ��� INDIA. Upper Assam. Jenkins s.n. (Lectotype: K001415586!, designated here; isolectotypes: K001415584!, K001415585!, L0019105!, NY!, P 02141837!, P 02141838!). = Millettia dunnii Merrill (1918: 139). Type: ��� CHINA. Guangdong, Boluo, Loh Fau [Luofu] Mountain, in thickets near So Liu Koon, 200 m, 13 August 1917, E. D. Merrill 10861 (holotype: PNH, may be destroyed, photo in A!; isotypes: CAS0007371!, NY00016340!, US 00003978!). = Millettia fooningensis Hu (1955: 360). Type: ��� CHINA. Yunnan, Foo-ning [Funing County], 550 m, 11 April 1940, Chi-Wu Wang 88378 (holotype: PE00022404!; isotypes: KUN0754399!, KUN0754400!, KUN0754601!, KUN0754602!, KUN0754603!, KUN0755303!). Liana large, climbing. Stems cylindric, dark brown, densely scattered with white to brown lenticels, pithy inside; young shoots yellow tomentose, glabrescent when mature. Stipules ovate-triangular, ca. 3.5 �� 3.0 mm. Leaves imparipinnate, 13���17-foliolate (usually 13), juvenile at anthesis, reddish when young; rachis 21.8���38.8 cm long, including petiole 8.6��� 14.0 cm long; leaflet blades oblanceolate to oblong, 5.8���20.3 �� 2.3���6.1 cm (ratio usually 2���4), papery to subleathery, glabrous above, appressed pubescent to densely hairy beneath, acute to acuminate at apex, cuneate to rounded at base; lateral veins 10���16 on each side of midvein, obvious, looped near margin; petiolules ca. 5 mm long; stipels absent. Pseudoracemes 10.9���39.8 cm long, usually inserted in the leafless axil of leaf on the lower part of branchlets of current year; rachis appressed hairy; brachyblasts distinct, wart-like or knob-like, up to 7���11 mm long on the lower part, with 3���5 flowers on the top of each brachyblast; bracts inserted at base of brachyblasts and pedicels; bracteoles 2, inserted at the base of calyx. Flowers pink, pale purplish white to white, ca. 2.1���2.6 cm long; pedicels 0.7���1.2 cm long, appressed tawny hairy; calyx campanulate, dark red, 5-lobed, pubescent outside, with short calyx lobes, the lower lobe longest, ca. 2 mm long, 4 mm wide, the tube ca. 6 mm long; standard blade glabrous, suborbicular, ca. 2.3 �� 2.1 cm, reflexed, emarginate at the apex, with a yellow-green patch and a 3.5���4.5 mm long claw; wing blade pubescent on the outer surface at apex, oblong, ca. 1.8 �� 0.7 cm, with a 7 mm long claw; keel blade pocketed at side, pubescent on the outer surface at apex, oblong, 1.6 �� 0.7 cm, with a 7 mm long claw; stamen 10, monadelphous, 2.2 cm long, with two small openings (fenestrae) at base; floral disk indistinct; ovary appressed hairy, 2.2 cm long, with 6���8 ovules; style inflexed, glabrous; stigma minutely capitate. Pods inflated, slightly to deeply constricted between seeds, 6.0���14.6 �� 3.2���4.1 �� 3 cm, glabrous when mature, with a distinct beak at apex, densely covered with warts, usually indehiscent; fruiting pedicels 0.9 cm long. Seeds 1���5, large, dark brown, reniform, 2.1���3.3 �� 1.8���2.4 cm. Phenology and habitat: ���Flowering from March to June, and fruiting from April to next March. The flowers and leaves develop together. It grows in evergreen forests at elevations of 0���2500 m. Distribution: ��� Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam (Fig. 5). Notes: ���Transfer of Millettia pachycarpa Bentham (1852) to Derris Lour. would lead to a later homonym because of the existence of Derris pachycarpa Merrill (1922: 312). Pongamia taiwaniana Hayata (1913) is the next earliest legitimate name for this species. Therefore, according to Art. 11.4 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018), we made the new combination Derris taiwaniana (Hayata) Z.Q. Song based on Pongamia taiwaniana Hayata. This new combination is not threatened by the nomen nudum ��� Derris taiwaniana Matsum. ���, which is merely cited as a synonym of Pongamia taiwaniana, and thus, an invalid name (Art. 36.1, Turland et al. 2018). Additional specimens examined. BHUTAN. Punakha District: 1350 m, 11 Oct. 1984, I. W. J. Sinclair & D. G. Long 5598 (E, K); Tashigang: 1360 m, 18 Jun. 1979, A. J. C. Grierson & D. G. Long 2039 (E, K), 1050 m, 28 Jun. 1979, A. J. C. Grierson & D. G. Long 2350 (E), 3000 ft, 17 Aug. 1915, R. E. Cooper & A. K. Bulley 4504 (BM, E). CHINA. Chongqing: Banan, 19 Nov. 1940, C. Pei 7722 (NAS); Dazu, 100 m, 12 Jul. 1978, Anonymous 440 (SM); Fengdu, 590 m, 12 May 1964, J. A. Wang & Y. X. Wang 59 (CDBI); Hechuan, 11 May 1959, 1-Section 1586 (CDBI); Nanchuan, 500 m, 30 Oct. 1957, G. F. Li 65000 (IBSC, KUN, NAS), 800 m, 12 Oct. 1995, S. R. Yi 15680 (MO), 750 m, 21 Aug. 1990, Z. Y. Liu 12864 (IMC), 200 m, 20 Aug. 1996, Z. Y. Liu 2029201 (IMC); Rongchang, 27 May 1978, Anonymous 30 (SM); Tongliang, 500 m, 27 Aug. 1978, Anonymous 549 (SM); Wulong, 24 Sep. 1978, Anonymous 1224 (SM); Fujian: Dehua, 1250 m, 5 May 1930, P. C. Tsoong 193 (AU, IBSC, PE); Fuzhou, 2 Jun. 1951, T. J. Liu 112 (FJSI), Huaan, 10 Jun. 1959, S. M. Huang 5118 (IBSC), 710 m, 15 Apr. 1987, W. D. Han 20425 (NF), Huai Pin Hsiang, 16 Apr. 1937, H. Migo s.n. (NAS), 11 Jul. 1937, H. Migo s.n. (NAS); Longyan, 260 m, X. F. Zeng ZXF13580 (CZH); Nanan, 850 m, 31 May 1965, Fujian Exped. 2164 (NAS), Nanjing, 400 m, 26 Feb. 1989, H. B. Chen 2252 (FJSI), 450 m, 10 Apr. 1991, H. B. Chen 2553 (MO), 17 May 1942, J. He 1938 (FJSI, PE); Shanghang, 340 m, 5 Sep. 1983, Meihuashan Exped. 9 (FJSI); Xiamen, 27 Oct. 2019, Z. W. Mao 363 (AU); Yanping, 280 m, 24 May 1980, H. Y. Zou 477 (NF), 280 m, 21 Oct. 1980, H. Y. Zou 858 (NF), 14 May 1905, S. T. Dunn 2564 (IBSC); Yongchun, 702 m, 24 Oct. 2018, X. F. Zeng ZXF41394 (CZH); Yongtai, 203 m, 7 Nov. 2012, Q. Tian et al. TQ02522 (CSH), 230 m, 30 May 1931, Y. Lin 316 (AU, IBSC, PE); Guangdong: Boluo, 125 m, 13 Aug. 1917, C. O. Levine 1371 (A), Feb. 27 1930, H. T. Ho 60155 (IBK, NY, IBSC), 30 Jul. 1930, N. K. Chun 41461 (IBK, IBSC, SYS), 26 Feb. 1930, S. P. Ko 50112 (NY, IBSC); Chaoan, 690 m, 6 Dec. 2009, X. F. Zeng 8719 (CZH), 510 m, 3 May 2009, X. F. Zeng ZXF6573 (CZH); Conghua, 24 Nov. 1958, Sino-Germany Exped. 1158 (IBSC); Dabu, 500 m, 2 Nov. 1996, B. H. Chen et al. 83 (IBSC), 350 m, 11 May 1984, Dabu Exped. 489 (IBSC); Dongguan, 2500 ft, 16���17 Mar. 1932, S. Y. Lau 20102 (A, NY, IBSC, SYS); Gaozhou, 6 May 1929, Y. Tsiang 2163 (IBK, IBSC, SYS); Guangzhou, 27 May 1924, To & Tsang 12170 (A, BM, E, MO, NAS, P, US), 16 May 1935, Y. Tsiang 392 (IBK); Heping, 298 m, 1 Jul. 2002, C. M. Tam Y06622 (JJF, SZG); Heyuan, 14 Apr. 1930, C. L. Tso 21552 (IBSC); Huidong, 24 May 1983, B. Y. Chen et al. 461 (IBSC); Jiaoling, 650 m, 25 May 1957, L. Teng 4898 (IBSC, NAS, PE); Lechang, 450 m, 4 Aug. 1986, B. Y. Chen et al. 2626 (IBK, IBSC), 8 May 1929, C. L. Tso 20268 (NY, IBSC), 8 May 1929, C. L. Tso 20271 (IBSC), 17 May 1934, S. P. Ko 54519 (IBK, IBSC, NAS), 300 m, 24 May 1934, S. P. Kuo 80676 (IBSC), 23 Aug. 1950, T. S. Chu 104 (IBSC); Liannan, 18 May 1951, T. S. Chu 60986 (IBSC); Lianzhou, 27 May 1951, T. S. Chu 730 (IBSC); Longchuan, 24 Jul. 1990, B. H. Chen 992 (IBSC); Longmen, 250 m, 17 May 1986, Nanling Exped. 2155 (IBSC); Maoming, 280 m, 30 Apr. 1957, Zhanjiang Exped. 4087 (IBSC); Nanxiong, 21 Aug. 1985, Z. Y. Li 739 (MO); Qujiang, 14 Jun. 1985, Z. Y. Li 624 (MO); Raoping, 16 Apr. 1931, N. K. Chun 42677 (IBK, IBSC); Ruyuan, 20 Aug. 1935, C. S. Chung 10867 (IBSC), 25 Oct. 1938, S. K. Lau 29096 (IBK, IBSC), 21 Jul. 1941, S. K. Lau 29618 (IBSC); Shenzhen, 9 Dec. 1999, F. W. Xing & Y. X. Zhang 12126 (IBSC), 400 m, 17 Oct. 1992, J. F. Chen 2275 (SZG), 100���200 m, 25 Apr. 2005, S. Z. Zhang et al. 587 (PE, SZG), 100���200 m, 10 May 2005, S. Z. Zhang et al. 1291 (PE, SZG); Shixing, 150 m, 11 Aug. 1958, L. Teng 7166 (IBSC, NAS), 27 Jul. 1985, X. B. Ye 35010 (MO); Wengyuan, 22 Sep. 1933, S. K. Lau 2382 (A, SYS), 23 Nov. 1939, S. K. Lau 25293 (IBK, IBSC); Xinfeng, 1���19 Jun. 1938, Y. W. Taam 859 (P, IBSC); Xinxing, 3 Oct. 1958, Y. S. Lau 2434 (IBSC); Xinyi, 18 Jul. 1931, C. Wang 30979 (IBK, IBSC, SYS), 25 Apr. 1932, C. Wang 32211 (IBK), 29 Nov. 1951, T. S. Chu 1137 (IBSC); Yangchun, 4 Nov. 1935, C. Wang 38641 (IBK, IBSC), 300 m, 6 Sep. 1990, Yunkai Exped. 46 (IBSC); Yangshan, 29 Jul. 1936, L. Teng 206 (IBSC), 400 m, 17 Sep. 1985, Nanling Exped. 1463 (IBSC), Jul. ���Sep. 1932, T. M. Tsui 762 (A, MO, NY, IBSC, NAS, PE, SYS); Yingde, 18 Oct. 1931, Anonymous 61400 (IBSC), 11 May 1931, H. Y. Liang 60953 (IBK, IBSC, PE), 14 Jan. 1929, Y. K. Wang 510 (A, IBSC, K, MO, P, PE), 9 Jun. 1985, Z. Y. Li 576 (MO); Yunfou, 10���22 Feb. 1928, Y. Tsiang 1892 (NAS); Yunfu, 26 Mar. 1955, C. Wang & L. Teng 501 (IBSC), 19 Nov. 1934, L. Teng 10116 (IBSC); Zhaoqing, 6 Jun. 1975, G. L. Shi 11457 (IBSC), 9 Aug. 1977, G. L. Shi 13089 (IBSC); Guangxi: Baise, 20 Apr. 1936, Kwangsi Prov. Mus. 11188 (IBSC), 2000 ft, 12 Sep. 1928, R. C. Ching 7359 (A, NY, IBSC, NAS); Bama, 26 Apr. 1957, Y. K. Li P01014 (IBK); Cangwu, 200 m, 21 Jul. 1956, S. H. Chun 9954 (IBSC), 200 m, 21 Jul. 1956, S. H. Chun 9956 (IBK, KUN, LBG); Chongzuo, 251 m, 27 Mar. 2015, Y. T. Peng et al. 451402150327042LY (GXMG); Dahua, 355 m, 23 Apr. 2018, D. X. Nong et al. 451029180423017LY (GXMG); Daxin, 29 Jul. 2016, Y. T. Peng et al. 451424160729013LY (GXMG), 26 Jul. 1958, Z. X. Zhang et al. 3842 (IBK); Debao, 613 m, 26 Jun. 2015, Debao Exped. 451024160626122LY (GXMG, IBK); Donglan, 200 m, 18 Jan. 1958, C. C. Chang 11364 (IBK, IBSC); Du���an, 21 Apr. 1978, Du���an Exped. 4-10-0232 (GXMI), 5 Jul. 1957, Y. K. Li P01613 (IBK); Fengshan, 933 m, 2 Apr. 2013, B. Y. Huang et al. 451223130402046LY (GXMG), 696 m, 25 Aug. 2013, D. X. Nong et al. 451223130825037LY (GXMG), 750 m, 26 Oct. 2012, H. Z. Lv et al. 451223121026048LY (GXMG); Fusui, 24 Apr. 1957, S. H. Chun 12047 (IBK, IBSC, KUN); Guanyang, 209 m, 26 Nov. 2015, Guanyang Exped. 450327151126006LY (GXMG, IBK); Guilin, 28 Oct. 1950, C. S. Chung 808606 (IBK, IBSC, PE); Hechi, 11 Jun. 1928, Anonymous 92059 (IBK); Hengxian, 30 Apr. 1957, Z. Z. Chen 50352 (IBK); Hexian, 200 m, 20 Oct. 1989, Daguishan Exped. 81028 (GXMI); Huanjiang, 500 m, 23 Oct. 1991, Dian-Qian-Gui Exped. 70158 (IBK), 236 m, 20 Jul. 2013, Huangjiang Exped. 451226130720003LY (GXMG, IBK); Jingxi, 26 Jul. 1977, Y. Lin 3-54276 (GXMI); Jinxiu, 24 Feb. 1954, Anonymous 24 (IBK), 18 Apr. 1982, Dayaoshan Exped. 14381 (IBSC), 310 m, 19 Apr. 1982, Dayaoshan Exped. 14411 (MO, IBSC), 500 m, 22 Nov. 1981, Dayaoshan Exped. 811983 (GXMI), 9 May 1929, S. S. Sin 8222 (IBSC), 28 Jun. 1934, S. S. Sin 23356 (IBK, IBSC), 11 Dec. 1958, Y. C. Chen 1163 (IBK); Laibin, 3 Aug. 1977, Y. A. Shi 574-92 (GXMI); Leye, 5 May 1960, Lingle Exped. 33022 (IBK), 1250 m, 14 May 1960, Lingle Exped. 33115 (IBK), 23 Jun. 1960, N. K. Liang 10173 (GXMI), 19 Jun. 1960, N. K. Liang 11115 (GXMI), 882 m, 10 Sep. 2013, X. Y. Huang et al. 451028130910030LY (GXMG); Lingchuan, 615 m, 17 May 2013, Lingchuan Exped. 450323130517016LY (GXMG, IBK); Lingui, 12 Jan. 1953, L. H. Chun 93247 (IBK, MO, IBSC, PE), 189 m, 11 Aug. 2015, Lingui Exped. 450322150811023LY (GXMG), 12 May 1964, X. Z. Zheng 249 (GXMI); Lingyun, 18 Jul. 1933, A. N. Steward & H. C. Cheo 711 (P), 21 Dec. 1958, C. T. Ting & J. Z. Wang 1336 (NAS), 17 Apr. 1957, C. Wang 43053 (IBSC), 8 Dec. 1984, Guangxi Exped. 327 (GXMI), 350 m, 10 Sep. 1989, Huanan Exped. 1180 (IBSC), 450 m, 8 Oct. 1989, Huanan Exped. 2338 (IBSC), 617 m, 21 Mar. 2013, Lingyun Exped. 451027130321036 (GXMG, GXMI), 14 Jul. 1937, S. K. Lau 28639 (IBK, IBSC, KUN, PE); Longan, 24 Apr. 1978, X. X. Chen & Y. P. Huang 2-281 (GXMI); Longlin, 650 m, 24 Jul. 1959, Anonymous 604 (HGAS), 24 Jul. 1959, Anshun Exped. 604 (KUN), 800 m, 5 Nov. 1957, C. C. Chang 10812 (IBK, IBSC, KUN), 1 May 1957, C. F. Liang & T. L. Wu 32033 (IBK, IBSC), 560 m, 14 Oct. 1957, Nanzhidi 4593 (IBK, IBSC), 1000 m, 10 Sep. 1987, S. Q. Tang et al. 130 (IBK); Longsheng, 480 m, 13 May 2014, Longsheng Exped. 450328140513016LY (GXMG), 3 May 1987, X. X. Chen & D. R. Liang 6133 (GXMI); Longzhou, 550 m, 23 Dec. 1957, P. C. Tam 57590 (IBSC); Luocheng, 21 Apr. 1978, Luocheng Exped. 4-1-086 (GXMI), 179 m, 21 Apr. 2013, Luocheng Exped. 451225130421004LY (IBK); Nandan, 2500 m, 22 Jun. 1937, C. Wang 40840 (IBK, IBSC, PE); Nanning, 25 Mar. 1959, D. Fang 1907 (GXMI); Napo, 1400 m, 9 Dec. 1958, C. C. Chang 13506 (IBK, IBSC), 19 Oct. 1962, C. C. Lee 1215 (IBK), 22 Dec. 1958, C. T. Li 602312 (IBK, PE), 1250 m, 4 Jan. 1959, C. T. Li 602533 (IBK), 1200 m, 23 Apr. 1981, D. Fang et al. 22420 (GXMI), 10 Oct. 1935, S. P. Ko 55892 (IBSC); Ningming, 12 Oct. 1958, C. C. Chang 12167 (IBK, IBSC, KUN), 9 Jun. 1959, H. Q. Li 40911 (IBK), 15 Nov. 1959, X. F. Deng 10591 (IBK); Pingguo, 13 Oct. 2015, H. Z. Lv et al. 451023151013061LY (GXMG); Pingle, 22 Dec. 1958, S. Q. Zhong A62834 (KUN, PE); Pingxiang, 377 m, 15 Apr. 2016, Y. Y. Xie et al. 451481160415005LY (GXMG); Qinxian, 330 m, 1 Aug. 1958, C. C. Chen 490 (IBSC); Quanzhou, 344 m, 30 Jan. 2013, Quanzhou Exped. 450324130130027LY (GXMG, IBK); Rongshui, 700 m, 5 Jun. 1959, Liuzhou Exped. 2346 (IBK); Shanglin, 19 Apr. 1978, Shanglin Exped. 2-432 (GXMI), 20 Apr. 1978, Shanglin Exped. 2-439 (GXMI); Shangsi, 13 Jul. 1959, H. Q. Li 40865 (IBK), 30 m, 7 Jan. 1944, S. H. Chun 4288 (IBSC); Tiandeng, 7, Published as part of Song, Zhuqiu & Pan, Bo, 2022, Transfer of Millettia pachycarpa and M. entadoides to Derris (Fabaceae), supported by morphological and molecular data, pp. 230-248 in Phytotaxa 531 (3) on pages 237-239, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5886324, {"references":["Wei, Z. (1985) A revision of the Chinese Millettia (Papilionoideae) (cont.). Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 23: 275 - 292.","Hayata, B. (1913) Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam, Vol. 3. Government of Formosa, Taihoku, 222 pp.","Hayata, B. (1920) Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam, Vol. 9. Taihoku (Government of Formosa), Taipei City, 155 pp.","Ohwi, J. (1936) Plantae Novae Japonicae (III). Journal of Japanese Botany 12 (9): 652 - 665.","Bentham, G. (1852) Leguminosae. In: Miquel, F. A. W. (Ed.) Plantae Junghuhnianae 2. Sythoff, Leiden, pp. 205 - 269.","Merrill, E. D. (1922) New or noteworthy Bornean plants: Part II. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 86: 312 - 342.","Merrill, E. D. (1918) Notes on the flora of Loh Fau Mountain, Kwangtung. Philippine Journal of Science 13 (3): 123 - 162.","Hu, H. H. (1955) Six new species of Millettia from China. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 3 (3): 355 - 360.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. H., Li, D. Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J., Smith, G. F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashutten, pp. 1 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

2. Derris taiwaniana (Hayata) Z.Q. Song, comb. nov. ��� Pongamia taiwaniana Hayata (1913: 79) ��� Millettia taiwaniana (Hayata) Hayata (1920: 22) ��� Whitfordiodendron taiwanianum (Hayata) Ohwi (1936: 660). Type: ��� CHINA. Taiwan, Taibei, Sankakuyu, 1902, K. Nagai s.n. (syntype, not seen); CHINA. Taiwan, 13 March, S. Yokoyama 27 (syntype, K001414935!). = Millettia pachycarpa Bentham (1852: 250), non Derris pachycarpa Merrill (1922: 312). Type: ��� INDIA. Upper Assam. Jenkins s.n. (Lectotype: K001415586!, designated here; isolectotypes: K001415584!, K001415585!, L0019105!, NY!, P 02141837!, P 02141838!). = Millettia dunnii Merrill (1918: 139). Type: ��� CHINA. Guangdong, Boluo, Loh Fau [Luofu] Mountain, in thickets near So Liu Koon, 200 m, 13 August 1917, E. D. Merrill 10861 (holotype: PNH, may be destroyed, photo in A!; isotypes: CAS0007371!, NY00016340!, US 00003978!). = Millettia fooningensis Hu (1955: 360). Type: ��� CHINA. Yunnan, Foo-ning [Funing County], 550 m, 11 April 1940, Chi-Wu Wang 88378 (holotype: PE00022404!; isotypes: KUN0754399!, KUN0754400!, KUN0754601!, KUN0754602!, KUN0754603!, KUN0755303!). Liana large, climbing. Stems cylindric, dark brown, densely scattered with white to brown lenticels, pithy inside; young shoots yellow tomentose, glabrescent when mature. Stipules ovate-triangular, ca. 3.5 �� 3.0 mm. Leaves imparipinnate, 13���17-foliolate (usually 13), juvenile at anthesis, reddish when young; rachis 21.8���38.8 cm long, including petiole 8.6��� 14.0 cm long; leaflet blades oblanceolate to oblong, 5.8���20.3 �� 2.3���6.1 cm (ratio usually 2���4), papery to subleathery, glabrous above, appressed pubescent to densely hairy beneath, acute to acuminate at apex, cuneate to rounded at base; lateral veins 10���16 on each side of midvein, obvious, looped near margin; petiolules ca. 5 mm long; stipels absent. Pseudoracemes 10.9���39.8 cm long, usually inserted in the leafless axil of leaf on the lower part of branchlets of current year; rachis appressed hairy; brachyblasts distinct, wart-like or knob-like, up to 7���11 mm long on the lower part, with 3���5 flowers on the top of each brachyblast; bracts inserted at base of brachyblasts and pedicels; bracteoles 2, inserted at the base of calyx. Flowers pink, pale purplish white to white, ca. 2.1���2.6 cm long; pedicels 0.7���1.2 cm long, appressed tawny hairy; calyx campanulate, dark red, 5-lobed, pubescent outside, with short calyx lobes, the lower lobe longest, ca. 2 mm long, 4 mm wide, the tube ca. 6 mm long; standard blade glabrous, suborbicular, ca. 2.3 �� 2.1 cm, reflexed, emarginate at the apex, with a yellow-green patch and a 3.5���4.5 mm long claw; wing blade pubescent on the outer surface at apex, oblong, ca. 1.8 �� 0.7 cm, with a 7 mm long claw; keel blade pocketed at side, pubescent on the outer surface at apex, oblong, 1.6 �� 0.7 cm, with a 7 mm long claw; stamen 10, monadelphous, 2.2 cm long, with two small openings (fenestrae) at base; floral disk indistinct; ovary appressed hairy, 2.2 cm long, with 6���8 ovules; style inflexed, glabrous; stigma minutely capitate. Pods inflated, slightly to deeply constricted between seeds, 6.0���14.6 �� 3.2���4.1 �� 3 cm, glabrous when mature, with a distinct beak at apex, densely covered with warts, usually indehiscent; fruiting pedicels 0.9 cm long. Seeds 1���5, large, dark brown, reniform, 2.1���3.3 �� 1.8���2.4 cm. Phenology and habitat: ���Flowering from March to June, and fruiting from April to next March. The flowers and leaves develop together. It grows in evergreen forests at elevations of 0���2500 m. Distribution: ��� Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam (Fig. 5). Notes: ���Transfer of Millettia pachycarpa Bentham (1852) to Derris Lour. would lead to a later homonym because of the existence of Derris pachycarpa Merrill (1922: 312). Pongamia taiwaniana Hayata (1913) is the next earliest legitimate name for this species. Therefore, according to Art. 11.4 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018), we made the new combination Derris taiwaniana (Hayata) Z.Q. Song based on Pongamia taiwaniana Hayata. This new combination is not threatened by the nomen nudum ��� Derris taiwaniana Matsum. ���, which is merely cited as a synonym of Pongamia taiwaniana, and thus, an invalid name (Art. 36.1, Turland et al. 2018). Additional specimens examined. BHUTAN. Punakha District: 1350 m, 11 Oct. 1984, I. W. J. Sinclair & D. G. Long 5598 (E, K); Tashigang: 1360 m, 18 Jun. 1979, A. J. C. Grierson & D. G. Long 2039 (E, K), 1050 m, 28 Jun. 1979, A. J. C. Grierson & D. G. Long 2350 (E), 3000 ft, 17 Aug. 1915, R. E. Cooper & A. K. Bulley 4504 (BM, E). CHINA. Chongqing: Banan, 19 Nov. 1940, C. Pei 7722 (NAS); Dazu, 100 m, 12 Jul. 1978, Anonymous 440 (SM); Fengdu, 590 m, 12 May 1964, J. A. Wang & Y. X. Wang 59 (CDBI); Hechuan, 11 May 1959, 1-Section 1586 (CDBI); Nanchuan, 500 m, 30 Oct. 1957, G. F. Li 65000 (IBSC, KUN, NAS), 800 m, 12 Oct. 1995, S. R. Yi 15680 (MO), 750 m, 21 Aug. 1990, Z. Y. Liu 12864 (IMC), 200 m, 20 Aug. 1996, Z. Y. Liu 2029201 (IMC); Rongchang, 27 May 1978, Anonymous 30 (SM); Tongliang, 500 m, 27 Aug. 1978, Anonymous 549 (SM); Wulong, 24 Sep. 1978, Anonymous 1224 (SM); Fujian: Dehua, 1250 m, 5 May 1930, P. C. Tsoong 193 (AU, IBSC, PE); Fuzhou, 2 Jun. 1951, T. J. Liu 112 (FJSI), Huaan, 10 Jun. 1959, S. M. Huang 5118 (IBSC), 710 m, 15 Apr. 1987, W. D. Han 20425 (NF), Huai Pin Hsiang, 16 Apr. 1937, H. Migo s.n. (NAS), 11 Jul. 1937, H. Migo s.n. (NAS); Longyan, 260 m, X. F. Zeng ZXF13580 (CZH); Nanan, 850 m, 31 May 1965, Fujian Exped. 2164 (NAS), Nanjing, 400 m, 26 Feb. 1989, H. B. Chen 2252 (FJSI), 450 m, 10 Apr. 1991, H. B. Chen 2553 (MO), 17 May 1942, J. He 1938 (FJSI, PE); Shanghang, 340 m, 5 Sep. 1983, Meihuashan Exped. 9 (FJSI); Xiamen, 27 Oct. 2019, Z. W. Mao 363 (AU); Yanping, 280 m, 24 May 1980, H. Y. Zou 477 (NF), 280 m, 21 Oct. 1980, H. Y. Zou 858 (NF), 14 May 1905, S. T. Dunn 2564 (IBSC); Yongchun, 702 m, 24 Oct. 2018, X. F. Zeng ZXF41394 (CZH); Yongtai, 203 m, 7 Nov. 2012, Q. Tian et al. TQ02522 (CSH), 230 m, 30 May 1931, Y. Lin 316 (AU, IBSC, PE); Guangdong: Boluo, 125 m, 13 Aug. 1917, C. O. Levine 1371 (A), Feb. 27 1930, H. T. Ho 60155 (IBK, NY, IBSC), 30 Jul. 1930, N. K. Chun 41461 (IBK, IBSC, SYS), 26 Feb. 1930, S. P. Ko 50112 (NY, IBSC); Chaoan, 690 m, 6 Dec. 2009, X. F. Zeng 8719 (CZH), 510 m, 3 May 2009, X. F. Zeng ZXF6573 (CZH); Conghua, 24 Nov. 1958, Sino-Germany Exped. 1158 (IBSC); Dabu, 500 m, 2 Nov. 1996, B. H. Chen et al. 83 (IBSC), 350 m, 11 May 1984, Dabu Exped. 489 (IBSC); Dongguan, 2500 ft, 16���17 Mar. 1932, S. Y. Lau 20102 (A, NY, IBSC, SYS); Gaozhou, 6 May 1929, Y. Tsiang 2163 (IBK, IBSC, SYS); Guangzhou, 27 May 1924, To & Tsang 12170 (A, BM, E, MO, NAS, P, US), 16 May 1935, Y. Tsiang 392 (IBK); Heping, 298 m, 1 Jul. 2002, C. M. Tam Y06622 (JJF, SZG); Heyuan, 14 Apr. 1930, C. L. Tso 21552 (IBSC); Huidong, 24 May 1983, B. Y. Chen et al. 461 (IBSC); Jiaoling, 650 m, 25 May 1957, L. Teng 4898 (IBSC, NAS, PE); Lechang, 450 m, 4 Aug. 1986, B. Y. Chen et al. 2626 (IBK, IBSC), 8 May 1929, C. L. Tso 20268 (NY, IBSC), 8 May 1929, C. L. Tso 20271 (IBSC), 17 May 1934, S. P. Ko 54519 (IBK, IBSC, NAS), 300 m, 24 May 1934, S. P. Kuo 80676 (IBSC), 23 Aug. 1950, T. S. Chu 104 (IBSC); Liannan, 18 May 1951, T. S. Chu 60986 (IBSC); Lianzhou, 27 May 1951, T. S. Chu 730 (IBSC); Longchuan, 24 Jul. 1990, B. H. Chen 992 (IBSC); Longmen, 250 m, 17 May 1986, Nanling Exped. 2155 (IBSC); Maoming, 280 m, 30 Apr. 1957, Zhanjiang Exped. 4087 (IBSC); Nanxiong, 21 Aug. 1985, Z. Y. Li 739 (MO); Qujiang, 14 Jun. 1985, Z. Y. Li 624 (MO); Raoping, 16 Apr. 1931, N. K. Chun 42677 (IBK, IBSC); Ruyuan, 20 Aug. 1935, C. S. Chung 10867 (IBSC), 25 Oct. 1938, S. K. Lau 29096 (IBK, IBSC), 21 Jul. 1941, S. K. Lau 29618 (IBSC); Shenzhen, 9 Dec. 1999, F. W. Xing & Y. X. Zhang 12126 (IBSC), 400 m, 17 Oct. 1992, J. F. Chen 2275 (SZG), 100���200 m, 25 Apr. 2005, S. Z. Zhang et al. 587 (PE, SZG), 100���200 m, 10 May 2005, S. Z. Zhang et al. 1291 (PE, SZG); Shixing, 150 m, 11 Aug. 1958, L. Teng 7166 (IBSC, NAS), 27 Jul. 1985, X. B. Ye 35010 (MO); Wengyuan, 22 Sep. 1933, S. K. Lau 2382 (A, SYS), 23 Nov. 1939, S. K. Lau 25293 (IBK, IBSC); Xinfeng, 1���19 Jun. 1938, Y. W. Taam 859 (P, IBSC); Xinxing, 3 Oct. 1958, Y. S. Lau 2434 (IBSC); Xinyi, 18 Jul. 1931, C. Wang 30979 (IBK, IBSC, SYS), 25 Apr. 1932, C. Wang 32211 (IBK), 29 Nov. 1951, T. S. Chu 1137 (IBSC); Yangchun, 4 Nov. 1935, C. Wang 38641 (IBK, IBSC), 300 m, 6 Sep. 1990, Yunkai Exped. 46 (IBSC); Yangshan, 29 Jul. 1936, L. Teng 206 (IBSC), 400 m, 17 Sep. 1985, Nanling Exped. 1463 (IBSC), Jul. ���Sep. 1932, T. M. Tsui 762 (A, MO, NY, IBSC, NAS, PE, SYS); Yingde, 18 Oct. 1931, Anonymous 61400 (IBSC), 11 May 1931, H. Y. Liang 60953 (IBK, IBSC, PE), 14 Jan. 1929, Y. K. Wang 510 (A, IBSC, K, MO, P, PE), 9 Jun. 1985, Z. Y. Li 576 (MO); Yunfou, 10���22 Feb. 1928, Y. Tsiang 1892 (NAS); Yunfu, 26 Mar. 1955, C. Wang & L. Teng 501 (IBSC), 19 Nov. 1934, L. Teng 10116 (IBSC); Zhaoqing, 6 Jun. 1975, G. L. Shi 11457 (IBSC), 9 Aug. 1977, G. L. Shi 13089 (IBSC); Guangxi: Baise, 20 Apr. 1936, Kwangsi Prov. Mus. 11188 (IBSC), 2000 ft, 12 Sep. 1928, R. C. Ching 7359 (A, NY, IBSC, NAS); Bama, 26 Apr. 1957, Y. K. Li P01014 (IBK); Cangwu, 200 m, 21 Jul. 1956, S. H. Chun 9954 (IBSC), 200 m, 21 Jul. 1956, S. H. Chun 9956 (IBK, KUN, LBG); Chongzuo, 251 m, 27 Mar. 2015, Y. T. Peng et al. 451402150327042LY (GXMG); Dahua, 355 m, 23 Apr. 2018, D. X. Nong et al. 451029180423017LY (GXMG); Daxin, 29 Jul. 2016, Y. T. Peng et al. 451424160729013LY (GXMG), 26 Jul. 1958, Z. X. Zhang et al. 3842 (IBK); Debao, 613 m, 26 Jun. 2015, Debao Exped. 451024160626122LY (GXMG, IBK); Donglan, 200 m, 18 Jan. 1958, C. C. Chang 11364 (IBK, IBSC); Du���an, 21 Apr. 1978, Du���an Exped. 4-10-0232 (GXMI), 5 Jul. 1957, Y. K. Li P01613 (IBK); Fengshan, 933 m, 2 Apr. 2013, B. Y. Huang et al. 451223130402046LY (GXMG), 696 m, 25 Aug. 2013, D. X. Nong et al. 451223130825037LY (GXMG), 750 m, 26 Oct. 2012, H. Z. Lv et al. 451223121026048LY (GXMG); Fusui, 24 Apr. 1957, S. H. Chun 12047 (IBK, IBSC, KUN); Guanyang, 209 m, 26 Nov. 2015, Guanyang Exped. 450327151126006LY (GXMG, IBK); Guilin, 28 Oct. 1950, C. S. Chung 808606 (IBK, IBSC, PE); Hechi, 11 Jun. 1928, Anonymous 92059 (IBK); Hengxian, 30 Apr. 1957, Z. Z. Chen 50352 (IBK); Hexian, 200 m, 20 Oct. 1989, Daguishan Exped. 81028 (GXMI); Huanjiang, 500 m, 23 Oct. 1991, Dian-Qian-Gui Exped. 70158 (IBK), 236 m, 20 Jul. 2013, Huangjiang Exped. 451226130720003LY (GXMG, IBK); Jingxi, 26 Jul. 1977, Y. Lin 3-54276 (GXMI); Jinxiu, 24 Feb. 1954, Anonymous 24 (IBK), 18 Apr. 1982, Dayaoshan Exped. 14381 (IBSC), 310 m, 19 Apr. 1982, Dayaoshan Exped. 14411 (MO, IBSC), 500 m, 22 Nov. 1981, Dayaoshan Exped. 811983 (GXMI), 9 May 1929, S. S. Sin 8222 (IBSC), 28 Jun. 1934, S. S. Sin 23356 (IBK, IBSC), 11 Dec. 1958, Y. C. Chen 1163 (IBK); Laibin, 3 Aug. 1977, Y. A. Shi 574-92 (GXMI); Leye, 5 May 1960, Lingle Exped. 33022 (IBK), 1250 m, 14 May 1960, Lingle Exped. 33115 (IBK), 23 Jun. 1960, N. K. Liang 10173 (GXMI), 19 Jun. 1960, N. K. Liang 11115 (GXMI), 882 m, 10 Sep. 2013, X. Y. Huang et al. 451028130910030LY (GXMG); Lingchuan, 615 m, 17 May 2013, Lingchuan Exped. 450323130517016LY (GXMG, IBK); Lingui, 12 Jan. 1953, L. H. Chun 93247 (IBK, MO, IBSC, PE), 189 m, 11 Aug. 2015, Lingui Exped. 450322150811023LY (GXMG), 12 May 1964, X. Z. Zheng 249 (GXMI); Lingyun, 18 Jul. 1933, A. N. Steward & H. C. Cheo 711 (P), 21 Dec. 1958, C. T. Ting & J. Z. Wang 1336 (NAS), 17 Apr. 1957, C. Wang 43053 (IBSC), 8 Dec. 1984, Guangxi Exped. 327 (GXMI), 350 m, 10 Sep. 1989, Huanan Exped. 1180 (IBSC), 450 m, 8 Oct. 1989, Huanan Exped. 2338 (IBSC), 617 m, 21 Mar. 2013, Lingyun Exped. 451027130321036 (GXMG, GXMI), 14 Jul. 1937, S. K. Lau 28639 (IBK, IBSC, KUN, PE); Longan, 24 Apr. 1978, X. X. Chen & Y. P. Huang 2-281 (GXMI); Longlin, 650 m, 24 Jul. 1959, Anonymous 604 (HGAS), 24 Jul. 1959, Anshun Exped. 604 (KUN), 800 m, 5 Nov. 1957, C. C. Chang 10812 (IBK, IBSC, KUN), 1 May 1957, C. F. Liang & T. L. Wu 32033 (IBK, IBSC), 560 m, 14 Oct. 1957, Nanzhidi 4593 (IBK, IBSC), 1000 m, 10 Sep. 1987, S. Q. Tang et al. 130 (IBK); Longsheng, 480 m, 13 May 2014, Longsheng Exped. 450328140513016LY (GXMG), 3 May 1987, X. X. Chen & D. R. Liang 6133 (GXMI); Longzhou, 550 m, 23 Dec. 1957, P. C. Tam 57590 (IBSC); Luocheng, 21 Apr. 1978, Luocheng Exped. 4-1-086 (GXMI), 179 m, 21 Apr. 2013, Luocheng Exped. 451225130421004LY (IBK); Nandan, 2500 m, 22 Jun. 1937, C. Wang 40840 (IBK, IBSC, PE); Nanning, 25 Mar. 1959, D. Fang 1907 (GXMI); Napo, 1400 m, 9 Dec. 1958, C. C. Chang 13506 (IBK, IBSC), 19 Oct. 1962, C. C. Lee 1215 (IBK), 22 Dec. 1958, C. T. Li 602312 (IBK, PE), 1250 m, 4 Jan. 1959, C. T. Li 602533 (IBK), 1200 m, 23 Apr. 1981, D. Fang et al. 22420 (GXMI), 10 Oct. 1935, S. P. Ko 55892 (IBSC); Ningming, 12 Oct. 1958, C. C. Chang 12167 (IBK, IBSC, KUN), 9 Jun. 1959, H. Q. Li 40911 (IBK), 15 Nov. 1959, X. F. Deng 10591 (IBK); Pingguo, 13 Oct. 2015, H. Z. Lv et al. 451023151013061LY (GXMG); Pingle, 22 Dec. 1958, S. Q. Zhong A62834 (KUN, PE); Pingxiang, 377 m, 15 Apr. 2016, Y. Y. Xie et al. 451481160415005LY (GXMG); Qinxian, 330 m, 1 Aug. 1958, C. C. Chen 490 (IBSC); Quanzhou, 344 m, 30 Jan. 2013, Quanzhou Exped. 450324130130027LY (GXMG, IBK); Rongshui, 700 m, 5 Jun. 1959, Liuzhou Exped. 2346 (IBK); Shanglin, 19 Apr. 1978, Shanglin Exped. 2-432 (GXMI), 20 Apr. 1978, Shanglin Exped. 2-439 (GXMI); Shangsi, 13 Jul. 1959, H. Q. Li 40865 (IBK), 30 m, 7 Jan. 1944, S. H. Chun 4288 (IBSC); Tiandeng, 730 m, 29 Apr. 2015, H. Z. Lv et al. 451425150429044LY (GXMG); Tiandong, 17 Sep. 1977, S. G. Wang 3-15226 (GXMI), 146 m, 26 Mar. 2018, Tiandong Exped. 451022180326024LY (GXMG); Tian���e, 23 Aug. 1958, C. T. Li 601326 (IBK, KUN), 17 Jul. 1977, Tiane Exped. 4-6-613 (GXMI); Tianlin, 200 m, 5 Jun. 1958, C. T. Li 600614 (IBK, IBSC, KUN), 16 Jun. 1936, H. Y. Liang 67725 (IBK, IBSC), 600 m, 18 Apr. 1989, Hongshuihe Exped. 89-69 (PE), 320 m, 21 Mar. 2013, Tianlin Exped. 451029130321001 (GXMG), 1072 m, 22 Apr. 2013, Tianlin Exped. 4510291300422040 (GXMG); Tianyang, 21 Nov. 2002, N. Li et al. 11280 (SZG), 676 m, 23 May 2016, Tianyang Exped. 451021160523031LY (GXMG); Tze-an, 1400 ft, 3 Jul. 1928, R. C. Ching 6341 (A, NY, US, IBSC, NAS, PE); Wuming, 21 Apr. 1978, G. G. Xie 2-106 (GXMI); Xingan, 400 m, 16 May 2016, Xingan Exped. 450325160516005LY (GXMG); Yangshuo, 9 May 1954, C. S. Chung 31292 (IBK), 280 m, 1 Nov. 1963, Z. Z. Chen 53271 (IBK); Yao-shan, S. S. Sin 592 (IBSC); Yongfu, 425 m, 25 Mar. 2013, Yongfu Exped. 450326130325030LY (GXMG, IBK); Yulin, 26 May 1959, Y. K. Li 404459 (IBK); Zhaoping, 26 Oct. 1958, Y. K. Li 403556 (IBK, IBSC). Guizhou: Anlong, 1000 m, 12 May 1960, Guizhou Exped. 2393 (NAS, PE), 500 m, 14 May 1960, Guizhou Exped. 2616 (NAS), 1100 m, 9 Jun. 1960, Guizhou Exped. 3185 (HGAS, NAS), 700 m, 16 May 1960, Guizhou Exped. 3449 (HGAS), 1200 m, 15 Jun. 1960, Guizhou Exped. 3534 (HGAS), 1300 m, 20 May 1960, Guizhou Exped. 3646 (HGAS), 900 m, 24 May 1960, Guizhou Exped. 3741 (HGAS), 1100 m, 12 Jun. 1960, Guizhou Exped. 4343 (HGAS), 1700 m, 15 Jun. 1960, Guizhou Exped. 4534 (NAS), 28 Sep. 1985, J. B. Zuo 75-007 (GFS); Bijie, 648 m, 22 Nov. 2016, S. Y. Peng 522401161122009LY (GZTM); Ceheng, 600 m, 3 May 2005, F. C. Wang 637 (HITBC, PE), 4 Nov. 1930, Y. Tsiang 9204 (A, NY, IBSC, NAS), 23 Oct. 1980, Z. L. Ding & H. H. Zhang 25 (GFS); Chishui, 500 m, 10 Apr. 1959, Bijie Exped. 1162 (KUN), 850 m, 25 Sep. 1959, Bijie Exped. 1744 (KUN), 430 m, 27 Jul. 1998, D. X. Wang 2073 (GFS), 28 Mar. 1986, H. H. Zhang 1204 (GFS), 5 Apr. 1986, H. H. Zhang 1322 (GFS), 500 m, 22 Jul. 1995, Z. T. Wang & Z. Y. Cao 57 (PE); Congjiang, 430 m, 7 May 1982, J. M. Yuan 838 (HGAS); Daozhen, 393 m, 13 May 2016, Pucha Sect. 520325160513545LY (GZTM), 650 m, 7 Jun. 2003, Z. Y. Liu et al. 2032994 (IMC); Dejiang, 720 m, Guizhou Uni. Exped. DJ-0135 (GZAC), 493 m, 2 May 2016, M. C. Wang 520381160502097LY (GZTM), 473 m, 21 May 2016, X. G. Lu 522227160521025LY (GZTM); Dushan, 984 m, M. T. An DS-0561 (GZAC), 330 m, 25 Aug. 1930, Y. Tsiang 6679 (A, IBSC, NAS); Guanling, 24 Nov. 1935, S. W. Teng 1675 (IBSC); Guiding, 1908, J. Cavalerie 3340 (K); Huangping, 1299 m, 23 Mar. 2017, M. C. Wang 520402170323407LY (GZTM); Jinping, 9 Jun. 1965, J. M. Wang 1196 (GFS); Kaiyang, 610 m, 23 Sep. 1983, M. Z. Yang 1570 (HGAS), 900 m, 24 Sep. 1983, M. Z. Yang 1664 (HGAS); Libo, 25 Jul. 1959, Libo Exped. 1384 (HGAS, PE), 730 m, 8 May 1981, M. Z. Yang 810274 (HGAS), 350 m, 2 May 1983, X. H. Song 657 (NF), 650 m, 22 May 1983, X. H. Song 857 (NF), 780 m, 1 Oct. 1983, X. H. Song 1111 (NF), 350 m, 2 May 1983, Xiang-Hou Song et al. 657 (K, MO), 650 m, 22 May 1983, Xiang-Hou Song et al. 857 (K), 545 m, 14 May 1982, Y. K. Li 9427 (HGAS, PE); Liping, 350 m, 16 Jun. 1981, D. F. Huang 766 (HGAS, NAS); Luodian, 200 m, 27 Mar. 1960, Guizhou Exped. 44 (HGAS), 180 m, 29 Mar. 1960, Guizhou Exped. 375 (HGAS), 621 m, 2 Nov. 2015, Luodian Exped. 522728151102005LY (GZTM), 1026 m, 23 Oct. 2015, M. C. Wang GYZ20151023017 (GYBG), 600 m, 6 Apr. 1959, S. Guizhou Exped. 257 (HGAS, KUN), 200 m, 8 Apr. 1959, S. Guizhou Exped. 368 (KUN), 10 Apr. 1959, S. Guizhou Exped. 766 (HGAS); Pingtang, 22 Apr. 1965, Anonymous 31 (HGAS), 700 m, 22 Apr. 1965, Anonymous 74 (HGAS); Renhuai, 10 Oct. 1929, P. C. Tsoong 146 (PE); Rongjiang, 480 m, 2 Aug. 1965, Z. P. Jian et al. 51357 (HGAS, KUN); Sandu, 630 m, 29 Aug. 2004, J. Y. Ping 31 (HITBC, PE), 6 Jan. 1960, S. Guizhou Exped. 21 (HGAS), 500��� 303 m, 27 Oct. 1980, Y. K. Li et al. 8541 (HGAS, IBSC, KUN); Suiyang, 1123 m, 3 Jun. 2015, M., Published as part of Song, Zhuqiu & Pan, Bo, 2022, Transfer of Millettia pachycarpa and M. entadoides to Derris (Fabaceae), supported by morphological and molecular data, pp. 230-248 in Phytotaxa 531 (3) on pages 238-239, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5886324, {"references":["Hayata, B. (1913) Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam, Vol. 3. Government of Formosa, Taihoku, 222 pp.","Hayata, B. (1920) Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam, Vol. 9. Taihoku (Government of Formosa), Taipei City, 155 pp.","Ohwi, J. (1936) Plantae Novae Japonicae (III). Journal of Japanese Botany 12 (9): 652 - 665.","Bentham, G. (1852) Leguminosae. In: Miquel, F. A. W. (Ed.) Plantae Junghuhnianae 2. Sythoff, Leiden, pp. 205 - 269.","Merrill, E. D. (1922) New or noteworthy Bornean plants: Part II. 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Rotenone ([2R-(2α,6aα,12aα)]-1,2,12,12a-tetrahydro-8,9-dimethoxy-2-(1-methylethenyl)-[1]benzopyran[3,4-b]furo [2,3-h][1]benzopyran-6(6aH)-one) is a naturally occurring compound derived from the roots and stems of Derris, Tephrosia, Lonchocarpus and Mundulea plant species. Since its discovery at the end of the 19th century, rotenone has been widely used as a pesticide for controlling insects, ticks and lice, and as a piscicide for management of nuisance fish in lakes and reservoirs. In 2000, Betarbet et al. reproduced most of the behavioural, biochemical and pathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD) in rotenone-treated rats. Since that time, rotenone has received much attention as it would be one of the environmental neurotoxins implicated in etiopathogenesis of PD. Moreover, it represents a common experimental model to investigate the underlying mechanisms leading to PD and evaluate the new potential therapies for the disease. In the current general review, we aimed to address recent advances in the hazards of the environmental applications of rotenone and discuss the updates on the rotenone model of PD and whether it is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of the disease.

The present work aims to study the pharmacological studies such as physico-chemical and phytochemical screening on Dregea volubilis and Derris trifoliate. The samples were collected, washed, dried in hot air oven and were grinded to form fine powder. Both the powders were subjected to various physic-chemical tests such as ash value, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash and loss on drying. Solvent optimization was carried out and it was found that water and organic solvent Methanol showed best extractive values. Further Methanolic extract was subjected to phytochemical screening which showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloid, flavonoids, tannins and phenols were present in both the plants. Saponins were only present in Dregea volubilis plant powder.

Four new compounds (derriscandenon D (

An ethanolic extract of Derris scandens flowers showed potent preferential cytotoxicity against PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells under nutrient-deprived condition, with a PC50 value of 0.7 μg/mL. Phytochemical investigation of this active extract led to the isolation of four prenylated isoflavones (1–4) including a new compound named 4′-O-methylgrynullarin (1). The structure elucidation of the new compound was achieved by HRFABMS and NMR spectroscopic analysis. The isolated compounds exhibited potent anti-austerity activity against four different human pancreatic cancer cell lines under nutrient-deprived conditions. The new compound 4′-O-methylgrynullarin (1) was also found to inhibit PANC-1 cell migration and colony formation under nutrient-rich condition. Mechanistically, compound 1 inhibited key survival proteins in the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Therefore, 4′-O-methylgrynullarin (1) can be considered as a potential lead compound for the anticancer drug development based on the anti-austerity strategy.

Anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum capsici) is one of the main problem in the cultivation of chili. This study was aimed to discover about the extract of leaf extract of cattapa (Terminalia catappa L) and leaf extract of derris (Derris elliptica) against the growth of Colletotrichum capsici causes anthracnosis in chilli. The study was conducted at the Mycology Laboratory of Institute Vegetables Research Indonesia, on July - September 2018. The study used a randomized design complete (CRD) with nine treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of: leaf extract of derris (0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5%; 2.0%), leaf extract of cattapa (0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5%; 2.0%), and control (without treatment). The result showed that the leaf extract of derris more effective to suppress the conidial production of C. capsici. Development of colonies diameter leaf extract of derris was relatively smaller (3.24-4.31 cm), while for the treatment of leaf extract of cattapa showed larger colony size (6.02-6.82 cm).

Three previously undescribed isoflavones, derrisrobustones A-C, and a previously undescribed natural isoflavone, derrisrobustone D, along with eight known isoflavones, were isolated from the twig extract of Derris robusta (DC.) Benth. All structures were identified by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Derrisrobustones A-C were obtained as scalemic mixtures and were resolved by chiral HPLC. The (1″R, 2″R) absolute configuration of (+)-derrisrobustone B was established by single-crystal X-ray crystallography using Cu Kα radiation. The absolute configurations of derrisrobustones A and C were determined by analysis of experimental and calculated ECD data. All compounds were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Of these, derrubone displayed the best α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC

Since the Dengue virus spreads rapidly and the vector becomes resistant to insecticides and larvicides, exploration of new compounds that overcome resistance problems, are easily degraded and do not lead to bioaccumulation, is needed. This study evaluated four extract types of Derris elliptica represented the polar, semi-polar and nonpolar extract against the 3rd-instar larvae of Ae. aegypti and determined the effective concentration among the extracts.The crude extract was obtained from the maceration of root powder of the plant with methanol and subsequently evaporated. The crude extract was diluted in distilled water and partitioned sequentially with ethyl-acetate, n-hexane and water to obtain their fractions. All the fractions were evaporated to obtain their extract types. Initial bioassay test of the extracts with concentration ranges of 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 mg L-1 against Ae. aegypti larvae and resulted in 86-100% larval mortality rates at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg L-1, except for water extract. The lower concentration range of 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg L-1 of three extract types were tested.Larval mortality rates of 18.4-100, 1.6-99.2 and 0.8-98.4% with LC50 of 4.088, 14.066 and 21.063 mg L-1, respectively for n-hexane, methanol and ethyl-acetate. FTIR analysis indicated nine lead compounds in which rotenone and ceramides were observed in all extract types.The n-hexane extract showed the highest larvicidal toxicity and its specific compounds are necessarily isolated to obtain pure bioactive ingredients.

Entomopathogenic microbes viz., bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, virus, protozoans; microbial metabolites; phytochemicals from plants viz., neem, chrysanthemum, tobacco, derris, basil, citrus, etc., and compounds of animal origins viz., nereistoxin and insect pheromones have evidenced excellent protection against crop pests and are commercially available. Most of these microbes and bioactive molecules of natural origins are target specific, biodegradable, and eco-friendly. Insecticides from natural products will act as an effective alternative to pollution-causing synthetic agrochemicals with high health hazard to nontarget organism in the ecosystem. Extensive research to screen and identify environmentally safe biomolecules of natural origin with high efficacy against target organisms and intensive studies on their biological activity, mode of action, and ways to enhance their bio-efficacy using biotechnological tools may help in improving their bioactivity and target specificity. This chapter discusses about diverse group of entomopathogens, microbial metabolites, botanicals, insecticidal toxins of animal origin, and semiochemicals conferring plant protection against herbivorous insect pests and their potential application for crop protection.

The present study aims to identify a potential substitute for the harmful synthetic fibers in the field of polymer composites. With this objective, a comprehensive characterization of Derris scandens stem fibers (DSSFs) was carried out. The presence of high strength gelatinous fibers with a traditional hierarchical cell structure was found in the anatomical study. The chemical compositional analysis estimated the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of 63.3 wt%, 11.6 wt%, and 15.3 wt%, respectively. Further analysis with XRD confirmed the presence of crystalline cellulose having a size of 11.92 nm with a crystallinity index of 58.15%. SEM and AFM studies show that these fibers are porous, and the average roughness is 105.95 nm. Single fiber tensile tests revealed that the DSSFs exhibited the mean Young's modulus and tensile strength of 13.54 GPa and 633.87 MPa respectively. Furthermore, the extracted fibers were found to be thermally stable up to 230 °C, as confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis. The fibers extracted from the stem of medicinal plant Derris scandens have the properties comparable to that of existing natural fibers, thus, suggesting it to use as a highly promising reinforcing agent alternative to synthetic fibers in polymer matrix composites.

Genus Pongamia and Derris belong to the Leguminosae family and are reported synonymously in literature. Although many compounds have been isolated from different plant parts but seed oil is known to produce non-edible medicinally important furanoflavonoids. The seed oil, commonly known as Karanj oil in Ayurvedic and Siddha traditional systems of medicine, is reported for the treatment of various skin infections and psoriasis. Several phytopharmacological investigations have proved the medicinal potential of furanoflavonoids in the skin and other disorders. Not only furanoflavonoids but several other important phenolic constituents such as chalcones, dibenzoylmethanes, aurones, isoflavones, flavanone dihydroflavonol, flavans, pterocarpans, rotenoids, coumarins, coumestans, stilbenoids and peltygynoids and their glycosides have been reported for different biological activities including antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, insecticidal, anti-alzheimer’s, gastro protective, antifungal, antibacterial, etc. In the present review, the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the genera Pongamia and Derris have been summarized.

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors have been used as a first-line medicine for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. In the search for new phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors from natural sources, we found that the 95% ethanol extract of Derris scandens stem showed phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of about 7 µg/mL. Seven isoflavones and a coumarin constituent isolated from this plant were investigated for phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitory activity. The results showed that osajin (8), 4′,5,7-trihydroxybiprenylisoflavone (4), and derrisisoflavone A (2) had the ability to inhibit phosphodiesterase 5 with IC50 values of 4, 8, and 9 µM, respectively. These compounds exhibited selectivity on phosphodiesterase 5 over phosphodiesterase 1, however, the selectivity on phosphodiesterase 5 over phosphodiesterase 6 was low. In order to quantitatively determine these bioactive constituents in D. scandens extract, LC-QTOF-MS method has been developed and validated. The limit of quantitation values in the range of 0.1 – 5 µg/mL were obtained. The assay showed satisfactory precision and accuracy. The results from our method showed that the 95% ethanol extract of D. scandens stem was comprised of all eight compounds, with derrisisoflavone A (2) and lupalbigenin (3) presenting as the major constituents.

The plants in the genus Derris have proven to be a rich source of rotenoids, of which cytotoxic effect against cancer cells seem to be pronounced. However, their effect on angiogenesis playing a crucial role in both cancer growth and metastasis has been seldom investigated. This study aimed at investigating the effect of the eight rotenoids (1–8) isolated from Derris trifoliata stems on three cancer cells and angiogenesis. Among them, 12a-hydroxyrotenone (2) exhibited potent inhibition on both cell growth and migration of HCT116 colon cancer cells. Further, anti-angiogenic assay in an ex vivo model was carried out to determine the effect of the isolated rotenoids on angiogenesis. Results revealed that 12a-hydroxyrotenone (2) displayed the most potent suppression of microvessel sprouting. The in vitro assay on human umbilical vein endothelial cells was performed to determine whether compound 2 elicits anti-angiogenic effect and its effect was found to occur via suppression of endothelial cells proliferation and tube formation, but not endothelial cells migration. This study provides the first evidence that compound 2 could potently inhibit HCT116 cancer migration and anti-angiogenic activity, demonstrating that 2 might be a potential agent or a lead compound for cancer therapy.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common degenerative disease of the nervous system. The pathogenesis of PD is not yet clear. However, it has been reported that many factors including age, environmental factors, and genetic factors are included. Rotenone is one of the naturally occurring insecticides found in many plants of the Derris, Lonchocarpus, Tephrosia and Mundulea species. It is also one of the classic neurotoxic drugs to produce PD models. Ndfip1 has been reported to be a neuroprotective protein in the brain. Therefore, in this study, we examined the expression of Ndfip1 in the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone-induced PD models in MES23.5 dopaminergic cells. Our results showed that rotenone has a concentration-dependent and time-dependent impairment effect on MES23.5 cells. When the concentration of rotenone was 25 nmol/L, the viability of the cells was significantly decreased at 24 hrs. Further study showed that the expression of Ndfip1 increased in the mRNA levels at 6 hrs after 25 nmol/L rotenone treatment. The protein levels of Ndfip1 increased at 3 hrs, 6 hrs and decreased at 12 hrs after 100 nmol/L rotenone treatment. This indicates that rotenone caused damage to MES23.5 dopaminergic cells, which is accompanied by a decrease of Ndfip1.Read Complete Article at ijSciences: V72018041659 AND DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijSci.1659

Rotenone, a plant-derived pesticide belonging to genera Derris and Lonchorcarpus, is an inhibitor of NADH dehydrogenase complex. Studies have shown that rotenone was applied as a neurotoxic agent in various neuronal models. Hydroxytyrosol [2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethanol] is a natural phenolic compound found in the olive (Olea europaea L.). Studies of hydroxytyrosol have dramatically increased because this compound may contribute to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Although hydroxytyrosol has received increasing attention due to its multiple pharmacological activities, it is not explored whether hydroxytyrosol inhibited rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in the neuronal cell model. The aim of this study was to explore whether hydroxytyrosol prevented rotenone-induced Ca2+ signaling, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in HCN-2 neuronal cell line. In HCN-2 cells, rotenone (5–30 μM) concentration-dependently induced cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) rises and cytotoxicity. Treatment with hydroxytyrosol (30 μM) reversed rotenone (20 μM)-induced cytotoxic responses. In Ca2+-containing medium, rotenone-induced Ca2+ entry was inhibited by 2-APB (a store-operated Ca2+ channel modulator) or hydroxytyrosol. In Ca2+-free medium, treatment with thapsigargin (an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor) or hydroxytyrosol significantly inhibited rotenone-induced [Ca2+]i rises. Furthermore, treatment with hydroxytyrosol reversed ROS levels, cytotoxic responses, and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GPX and CAT) in rotenone-treated cells. Together, in HCN-2 cells, rotenone induced Ca2+ influx via store-operated Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and caused oxidative stress. Moreover, hydroxytyrosol ameliorated Ca2+ or ROS-associated cytotoxicity. It suggests that hydroxytyrosol might have a protective effect on rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in human neuronal cells.

Objective To evaluate the acaricidal activity of the essential oil obtained from roots of Derris floribunda (D. floribunda) (Miq.) Benth, and its main constituent nerolidol against the Mexican mite Tetranychus mexicanus (T. mexicanus) (McGregor). Methods The essential oil from the roots of D. floribunda collected in the Amazon region (Brazil) was obtained by hydrodistillation. Its chemical composition was determined by GC–MS analysis. The acaricidal activities of this essential oil and nerolidol, were evaluated by recording the number of dead females (mortality) and eggs (fertility). Results The essential oil showed sesquiterpenes as major volatile components. Nerolidol, the main component, represented 68.5% of the total composition of the essential oil. D. floribunda essential oil and nerolidol showed acaricidal activity, with LC50 of 9.61 μg/mL air and 9.2 μg/mL air, respectively, over a 72 h period. In addition, both the essential oil and nerolidol significantly reduced the fecundity of T. mexicanus. Conclusions Due to the economic importance of T. mexicanus and the lack of new pesticides, our data are very promising in the search for efficient and safer acaricidal products. Furthermore, this is the first report about the chemical composition and bioactivity of the essential oil of the Amazon plant species D. floribunda.

Millettia and Derris are two taxonomically complicated genera of the tribe Millettieae (Leguminosae), and when only flowering material is available they are not easily distinguished from each other. A critical examination of literature and specimens as well as a field survey show that Millettia sapindifolia T. C. Chen, a Chinese species described on the basis of two flowering collections, is conspecific with Derris yunnanensis Chun & F. C. How. The two are closely similar in various characters, such as the inflorescence type, monadelphous stamens, branches with longitudinal ridges, and size, shape, number and hairiness of leaflets. Therefore, the former is here reduced to a synonym of the latter.

With the aim to investigate the sweet-tasting compounds in Derris eriocarpa How (a substitute for licorice in "Zhuang" and "Dai" ethnopharmacy in Guangxi and Yunnan provinces of China) as well as to ascertain why the stem of D. eriocarpa can be used to substitute for licorice in the sweetness taste aspect, taste sensory-guided fractionation was conducted to isolate sweet constituents from the extract of D. eriocarpa. Four sweet-tasting triterpenoid saponins were obtained, including millettiasaponin A (1) and three new saponins named derrisaponins A-C (2-4). The sweetness potency was evaluated by a human sensory panel test. The sweetness intensities of compounds 1-4 were determined to be approximately 150, 80, 2, and 0.5 times relative to sucrose at the concentration of 1%, respectively, of which compounds 1 and 2, with a free carboxyl group at the C-30 position, showed more potent sweetness intensity. In addition, compounds 1 and 2 showed no acute toxic activity at doses of 250 and 400 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, assessed through caudal vein injection to ICR mice. The contents of the sweetest compounds in stems were analyzed quantitatively as 352.80 mg/kg for compound 1 and 1887.60 mg/kg for compound 2 performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Environmental changes and anthropogenic activities can be linked to altered distribution and abundance of species. However, the ecological impacts of change in the microenvironment have not been well documented. Herein, we have identified the distribution of mangroves and associated species and characterized surface sediment and water samples along the banks of River Hooghly. The application of Combined Mangrove Recognition Index (CMRI) and its validation with the available ground data on satellite image of 2015 indicates that some mangrove species have reclaimed the upper course of the river, which was earlier absent before 1995. This study is the first report on the upstream migration of mangrove species such as Sonneratia caseolaris, Sonneratia apetala, Derris trifoliata, Hibiscus tiliaceus, and Thespesia populnea in River Hooghly. The changes in pollution load, varied sedimentation pattern, high chemical oxygen demand, mean sea-level rise, and anthropogenic activity might have played a significant role in the upstream migration of mangroves.

Introduction Chromatographic techniques coupled with bioassays are popularly used for the detection of bioactive compounds in natural products. In this study phytochemicals responsible for showing Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitory activity in Derris scandens were studied using at-line method. Objective The objective of this study was to develop an at-line liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) micro-fractionation method for rapid separation and identification of PDE5A1 inhibitors in 95% ethanolic extract of D. scandens. Methodology Initially, the correlation between LC-MS and PDE5A1 inhibitory activity was studied using three concentrations of 1:1 mixture of sildenafil and derrisisoflavone A; PDE5A1 inhibitors. The mixture was separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column and the eluent was split into two flows in the ratio of 1:9. The major part was collected in a 96-well plate, in each well consecutively every 30 s. The minor part was fed into an electrospray ionisation (ESI)-QTOF-MS system. After subsequent solvent removal, the collected micro-fractions were subjected to radioassay to determine PDE5A1 inhibition. Results The result showed, PDE5A1 inhibitory activities of the micro-fractions were observed in a dose response manner and found to be in agreement with an off-line study. Similarly, 95% ethanolic extract of D. scandens was subjected to the at-line LC-QTOF-MS micro-fractionation developed, resulting in separation and tentative identification of 25 compounds with PDE5A1 inhibitory activity. Most of the compounds contained prenylated isoflavone skeleton. Additionally, the active micro-fractions also showed selectivity on PDE5A1 over PDE6 and PDE1B. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that the at-line coupled LC-QTOF-MS micro-fractionation with PDE5A1 inhibitory assay is a valuable tool for identifying PDE5A1 inhibitors from complex extracts.

Phytochemical reinvestigation on the whole plants of

Ethnopharmacological relevance Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. has been used as active ingredient in Thai traditional medicine recipes for pain treatment. Dry stem powder and ethanolic extract also recommended in Thailand National List of Essential Medicines (NLEMs) for musculoskeletal pain treatment as herbal medicine. However, no summarization of clinical effect and safety has been evaluated. Objective Our study aimed to determine the clinical effects and safety of D. scandens for musculoskeletal pain treatment compared with standard regimen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Methods International and Thai databases were searched from inception through August 2015. Comparative randomized controlled trials investigating oral D. scandens for musculoskeletal pain were included. Outcomes of interest included level of pain and adverse event. Mean changes of the outcomes from baseline were compared between D. scandens and NSAIDs by calculating mean difference. Results From 42 articles identified, 4 studies involving a total of 414 patients were included for efficacy analysis. The effects of oral D. scandens on reducing pain score were no different from those of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at any time points (3, 7, 14 days and overall). The overall pain reduction in the D. scandens group was not inferior to treatment with NSAIDs (weighted mean difference 0.06; 95% CI: −0.20, 0.31) without evident of heterogeneity (I 2 =0.00%, p=0.768). When compared, the adverse events (AEs) of D. scandens showed no different relative risk with NSAIDs. The major adverse events were gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusion D. scandens may be considered as an alternative for musculoskeletal pain reduction.

A new species, Derris matthewii, is described from the dry evergreen forests of the Alagar Hills, Tamil Nadu, India. The new species closely resembles Derris ovalifolia (Wight & Arn.) Benth., but differs in leaflet shape, texture and 8–10 pairs of lateral veins, petiolule length, articulated pedicels, calyx campanulate, glabrous, and ovary glabrous.

Background Natural products are a potential source for cancer chemotherapeutic development. This current study was performed to investigate the anti-tumor potential of 5,7,4⿲-trihydroxy-6,8-diprenylisoflavone (TD) and lupalbigenin (LB), plant flavonoids found in Derris scandens Benth (family: Leguminosae), in cancer and normal cell lines. Methods The human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468, the human colon cancer cell line SW-620, and the mouse fibroblast cell line L-929 were used to test their anti-cancer activity. Apoptotic cell levels were measured by staining with annexin-V and propidium iodide and Western blot analysis was performed to confirm the apoptotic mechanism. Results The results revealed that TD and LB showed specific cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. To elucidate mode of cell death via cytotoxic activities, breast cancer cell lines were treated. TD and LB induced MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells to apoptosis, with the highest number of apoptotic cells at 24 and 72 h, respectively. Furthermore, TD and LB inhibited cell cycle progression via up-regulation of p21. Both compounds stimulated apoptosis through down-regulation of bcl-2, up-regulation of bax and releasing of cytochrome C proteins. Conclusions TD and LB have significant anti-cancer effects against human breast cancer cells via cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis through mitochondria signaling pathways, and may be potential anti-cancer agents for the treatment of breast cancer.

Rotenone is a neurotoxin derived from Derris roots or yam bean of genus Derris or Lonchocarpus It is known to cause Parkinson-like symptoms and is a potent electron transport inhibitor. Rotenone was detected in postmortem specimens in a fatal case of rotenone poisoning with an organic pesticide by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with an information-dependent acquisition and MS-MS library search. The forensic specimens were prepared by solid-phase extraction with a Bond Elut(®) Certify cartridge. The mobile phase comprised 5 mM ammonium formate in 10% methanol and 5 mM ammonium formate in 90% methanol. The assay was linear over the range from 0.01 to 1.0 mg/L (r(2) = 0.995). The limit of detection and quantitation in the blood were 0.001 mg/L (signal-to-noise, S/N = 3) and 0.003 mg/L (S/N = 10), respectively. The intraday accuracy and precision for rotenone that were determined by five replicates at 0.02, 0.10 and 1.0 mg/L in blood were

Derris scandens (ROXB.) BENTH. (Fabaceae) is used as an alternative treatment for cancer in Thai traditional medicine. Investigation of the topoisomerase II (Top2) poison of compounds isolated from this plant may reveal new drug leads for the treatment of cancer. Bioassay-guided isolation was performed on an extract of D. scandens stems using a yeast cell-based assay. A yeast strain expressing the top2-1 temperature-sensitive mutant was used to assay Top2 activity. At the permissive temperature of 25°C, yeast cells were highly sensitive to Top2 poison agents. At the semi-permissive temperature of 30°C, where enzyme activity was present but greatly diminished, cells displayed only marginal sensitivity. The bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract led to the isolation of two known isoflavones: 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6,8-diprenylisoflavone (1) and lupalbigenin (2). These two compounds also displayed cytotoxicity against three different cancer cell lines, KB, MCF-7 and NCI-H187. In conclusion, Top2 poison agents from D. scandens are reported for the first time, substantiating the use of D. scandens in Thai traditional medicine for cancer treatment.

Infestation of pests on the field crops has resulted losses on its productivity yearly. Moreover, over usage of pesticides has also affected consumer's health as pesticides residues are detected inside the post-harvested crops. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the accumulation of rotenone Derris sp. in leaves, stem and fruit of terong plant (Solanum melongena) through the degradation rate (k) and half-life (t1/2) of sprayed rotenone extract. The sprayed rotenone was prepared by using an optimized binary solvent mixture of 95% (v/v) acetone and ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethansulfonate [BMIM] [OTf] via normal soaking extraction method. The same extraction method was used on the plant parts by using only 95% (v/v) of acetone. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used in analysing rotenone and [BMIM][OTf] traces. The results indicate that the degradation rates of 20ppm were (1.35 ± 0.02 day-1 for leaves; 1.89 ± 0.07 day-1 for fruit) faster than 1000ppm of rotenone extract (0.24 ± 0.00 day-1 for leaves; 0.21 ± 0.01 day-1 for stem; 0.31 ± 0.01 day-1 for fruit) (p

Synthetic insecticides are effective in controlling insect pests but can also harm nontarget organisms and the environment. During the last 40 years, there has been an increasing interest in alternative insecticides, particularly those derived from plants, commonly known as botanical insecticides. However, commercially available botanical insecticides remain limited. Rotenone is one of the earliest identified compounds and was used as fish poison and pest management. Due to its link with Parkinson disease, the use of rotenone was banned in many developed countries. Rotenone used to be isolated from Derris spp. and Lonchocarpus spp., and it can also be isolated from Tephrosia species. In this article, we present basic botanical information on selected Tephrosia species and their major compounds related to insecticidal activities and highlight the current use of extracts derived from some species, Tephrosia vogelii in particular, for control of insect pests in stored grains and crop production. The crude extracts contain multiple bioactive compounds, mainly rotenone, deguelin, rotenolone, and tephrosin, which act in either additive or synergistic fashion, resulting in effective control of insect pests. There are about 400 species in the genus Tephrosia, and species and even strains or variants vary greatly in these active compounds. We argue that a systematic evaluation of bioactive compounds in different species are needed, and species or strains with high insecticidal activities should be selected for use in the sustainable control of insect pests.

Three undescribed isoflavones, derriscandenon A, B, and C, together with seven known isoflavones were isolated and structurally characterized during a study of the chemical constituents in the leaves of Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth (Leguminosae, Fabaceae) collected in Bangladesh. The inhibitory activity of the compounds against activation of Epstein-Barr virus antigen (EBV-EA) by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbo-13-acetate (TPA) was measured to identify possible chemopreventive agents. Mild inhibitory effects (IC50 278–290 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA) against EBV-EA induction compared with curcumin (IC50 341 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA) were observed for four known compounds (lupalbigenin, isopalbigenin, glyurallin, and isangustone A). Next, we focused on antitumor effects and investigated cell viability, cell proliferation, and mitochondria membrane potential by using an MTT assay, a live cell monitoring system, and fluorescence staining. Of the seven isoflavones tested for cell viability, a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was observed for four isoflavones (derriscandenon B and C, derrubone, and glyurallin) in KB cells and two compounds (derriscandenon B and isochandaisone) in NALM6-MSH+ cells. In addition, the proliferation of KB cells was significantly inhibited by these four compounds at a concentration of 5 μM. The mitochondria membrane potentials of KB cells treated with derriscandenon C, derrubone, and glyurallin at the IC50 concentration were decreased by about 55%, whereas undescribed compound derriscandenon B had no effect. Our results show that some of the compounds isolated from D. scandens may be suitable as seed compounds for cancer prevention and therapy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Streptococcus mutans is a dominant causative pathogen of dental caries, which is a major oral health problem affecting million people worldwide. Derris reticulata is a medicinal plant possessing antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. None the less, its effects on growth and cariogenic properties of S. mutans has not been clearly established. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and anti cariogenic activities of the D. reticulata ethanolic stem extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS The TLC analysis was performed to authenticate the D. reticulata sample. Minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by using broth dilution and drop plate methods, respectively. Sucrose dependent and sucrose independent-adherences, biofilm formation and glycolytic pH drop assays were performed to evaluate the anticariogenic activity. RESULTS The ethanolic stem extract of D. reticulata possessed the antibacterial activity against S. mutans with the MIC and MBC of 0.875±0.250 and 1.750±0.500 mg mL-1, respectively. The extract at the lower concentrations of sub-MIC also had significant inhibitory actions against the cariogenic properties of S. mutans, including surface adherence, biofilm formation and glycolytic acid production. CONCLUSION The D. reticulata stem extract had a substantial anticariogenic activities and thus potentially be developed as an oral health care product for dental caries prevention in the near future.

Lonchocarpus Kunth. is the most diverse genus of the Millettieae tribe, in the Neotropics. It is known for its problematic taxonomy due to their historical links with the genera Deguelia, Derris, Muellera and Philenoptera. Approximately 23 species of Lonchocarpus are recorded for Brazil. Lonchocarpus araripensis Benth. was previously classified as Derris araripensis Benth Ducke. This species is found in Northeast Brazil, where it is used in the folk medicine to treat pain and inflammation. Phytochemical investigations have proved that Lonchocarpus is a rich source of phenol compounds, including flavones, chalcones, flavonols, flavans, flavanones, and aurones. Flavonoids and one triterpenoid compound have been isolated and identified from L. araripensis which showed important biological activities, such as antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective. L. araripensis could be considered a rich source of flavonoids, confirming previous investigations into this species. Chemical constituents isolated from L. araripensis possess promising biological activities. Structure-activity relationship studies are necessary to determine the true pharmacological potential of these metabolites.

Some ichthyotoxic plants are study object aiming to discover promising substances in the field of Biotechnology, in search of plant extracts which can be used or even transformed into natural insecticides. This paper presents a bibliographical survey in order to check the traditional use of ichthyotoxic plants as bioinsecticide. Among the plants identified as ichthyotoxic, the most cited in traditional use are those from the genera Derris, Serjania, Lonchocarpus, Magonia, and Tephrosia. The survey suggests that ichthyotoxic plant extracts can contain classes of chemical compounds such as isoflavonoids and tannins with a bioinsecticidal effect and, thus, they can be used in Biotechnology, contributing to reduce the use of synthetic insecticides that present a high toxicity level. RESUMOUso de plantas ictiotóxicas como bioinseticida: revisão de literatura. Algumas plantas ictiotóxicas são objeto de estudos com a finalidade de descobrir substâncias promissoras no campo da Biotecnologia, na busca de extratos vegetais que possam ser usados ou mesmo transformados em inseticidas naturais. Esse artigo apresenta uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o uso tradicional de plantas ictiotóxicas como bioinseticida. Entre as plantas identificadas como ictiotóxicas, as mais citadas no uso tradicional são as dos gêneros Derris, Serjania, Lonchocarpus, Magonia e Tephrosia. A pesquisa sugere que extratos de plantas ictiotóxicas podem conter classes de compostos químicos, como isoflavonoides e taninos, com efeito bioinseticida e, assim, podem ser usados na Biotecnologia, contribuindo na redução do uso de inseticidas sintéticos que possuem alto nível de toxicidade.