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Background: Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a common disorder of tooth development, which has recently been found to be associated with a higher prevalence of hypodontia. The aim of this international multicentre study is to determine the association between MIH and other developmental anomalies in different populations. Methods: Investigators were trained and calibrated for the assessment of MIH and dental anomalies and ethical approvals obtained in each participating country. The study aimed to recruit 584 children with MIH and 584 children without MIH. Patients aged 7–16 years who attend specialist clinics will be invited to participate. Children will undergo a clinical examination to determine the presence and severity of MIH, using an established index. The presence of any other anomalies, affecting tooth number, morphology, or position, will be documented. Panoramic radiographs will be assessed for dental anomalies and the presence of third permanent molars. Statistical analysis, using a chi squared test and regression analysis, will be performed to determine any differences in dental anomaly prevalence between the MIH and non-MIH group and to determine any association between dental anomalies and patient characteristics. Conclusion: This large-scale study has the potential to improve understanding about MIH with benefits for patient management.

Resumen Objetivo Describir la frecuencia y localización de patologías y anomalías dentarias (anomalías de número, tumores, quistes y piezas retenidas) observadas en radiografías panorámicas de pacientes pediátricos de entre 6 y 15 años del Hospital Zonal Especializado en Odontología Infantil “Dr. A. Bollini” de la ciudad de La Plata. Materiales y métodos Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de 300 radiografías panorámicas, de niños (n=150) y niñas (n=150) de entre 6 y 15 años, seleccionadas aleatoriamente en el área de radiología del hospital, tomadas en el período comprendido entre marzo de 2018 y marzo de 2020. Los datos obtenidos se volcaron en planillas de cálculo y con ellos se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Se utilizaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, tipo de anomalía o patología (anomalías de número, tumores, quistes y piezas retenidas), pieza dentaria y ubicación (maxilar o mandíbula). Resultados Dentro de las anomalías registradas (n=147), se encontraron en mayor medida piezas dentarias retenidas, en un 44,22% de los casos (n=65), agenesias en un 42,18% de los casos (n=62) y supernumerarios en un 13,61% de los casos (n=20). No se hallaron quistes ni tumores. Conclusión En un 24% de las radiografías panorámicas de niños entre 6 y 15 años se halló alguna anomalía dentaria. Las anomalías más frecuentes fueron piezas dentarias retenidas y agenesias. Abstract Aim To describe the frequency and location of dental pathologies and anomalies (number anomalies, tumors, cysts and retained dental pieces) observed in panoramic radiographs of pediatric patients between 6 and 15 years of age from the Hospital Especializado en Odontología Infantil “Dr. A. Bollini” from the city of La Plata. Materials and methods A descriptive observational study was performed based on 300 panoramic radiographs of children (150 girls and 150 boys) between 6 and 15 years old, randomly selected in the Radiology area of the hospital, taken in the period between March 2018 and March 2020. The data obtained were entered into spreadsheets and a descriptive statistical analysis was carried out. The following variables were evaluated: age, sex, type of anomaly or pathology (anomalies of number, tumor, cysts and retained dental pieces), dental piece and location (maxilla or mandible). Results Among the registered anomalies (n=147), retained dental pieces were found to a greater extent, in 44.22% of the cases (n=65), agenesis in 42.18% of the cases (n=62) and supernumeraries in 13.61% of the cases (n=20). No cysts or tumors were found. Conclusion In 24% of panoramic radiographs of children between 6 and 15 years old, some dental anomaly was found. The most frequent anomalies were retained dental pieces and agenesis.

Introducción: La responsabilidad que debe tener un odontólogo y un especialista en el área de la endodoncia para realizar sus procedimientos con calidad y total éxito es basada en ayudas diagnosticas como la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT), debido a que le permite identificar variaciones anatómicas internas y externas.. Objetivo: Describir las variaciones anatómicas internas de los segundos molares inferiores, utilizando imágenes Cone en población residente en Bucaramanga y Medellín atendidos entre 2018-2021. Materiales y métodos: Estudio Cross-sectional que revisó imágenes CBCT de segundos molares inferiores de personas residentes en Bucaramanga y Medellín. Resultados: En los hallazgos encontrados se observó que la prevalencia de presentarse el conducto C sin importar la residencia del individuo 28.1% (N= 125) dentro del total de los dientes los cuales fueron 281 (17%) de Bucaramanga y 1.366 (83%) de Medellín. Dando cumplimiento del objetivo general de esta investigación, debido a que, si se encontró asociación entre el conducto en C y las variaciones anatómicas externas como la presencia de fusión, surco radicular y profundidad del surco radicular, al igual que su relación con las características sociodemográficas. Conclusión: La conclusión general que se obtuvo de este proyecto de investigación fue que las variaciones anatómicas internas y externas evaluadas se relacionan entre sí, esto debido a que, si se presentaba la variación interna del conducto en C, se presentara también una variación externa como la fusión, presencia del surco radicular y profundidad de este surco. Introduction: The responsibility that a dentist and a specialist in the area of ​​endodontics must have to perform their procedures with quality and total success is based on diagnostic aids such as cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), because it allows you to identify variations internal and external anatomical. Objective: Describe the internal anatomical variations of the lower second molars, using Cone images in a resident population in Bucaramanga and Medellín attended between 2018-2021. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study that reviewed CBCT images of lower second molars of people residing in Bucaramanga and Medellín. Results: In the findings found, it was demonstrated that the prevalence of presenting canal C regardless of the individual's residence was 28.1% (N= 125) within the total number of teeth, which were 281 (17%) from Bucaramanga and 1,366 (83% ) from Medellin. Fulfilling the general objective of this investigation, because an association was found between the C-shaped canal and external anatomical variations such as the presence of fusion, root groove and depth of the root groove, as well as its relationship with sociodemographic characteristics. . Conclusion: The general conclusion that was obtained from this research project was that the internal and external anatomical variations evaluated are related to each other, this is because, if the internal variation of the canal in C was presented, an external variation was also presented as fusion, presence of the root groove and depth of this groove. Odontólogo http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Pregrado

Background: Supernumerary teeth refer to extra teeth that exceed the usual number of dentitions. A mesiodens is a particular form of supernumerary tooth, which is located in the premaxilla region. The objective of the study was to investigate the genetic etiology of extra tooth phenotypes, including mesiodens and isolated supernumerary teeth. Methods: Oral and radiographic examinations and whole-exome sequencing were performed on every patient in our cohort of 122 patients, including 27 patients with isolated supernumerary teeth and 94 patients with mesiodens. A patient who had multiple supernumerary teeth also had odontomas. Results: We identified a novel (c.8498A>G; p.Asn2833Ser) and six recurrent (c.1603C>T; p.Arg535Cys, c.5852G>A; p.Arg1951His, c.6949A>T; p.Thr2317Ser; c.1549G>A; p.Val517Met, c.1921A>G; p.Thr641Ala, and c.850G>C; p.Val284Leu) heterozygous missense variants in FREM2 in eight patients with extra tooth phenotypes. Conclusions: Biallelic variants in FREM2 are implicated in autosomal recessive Fraser syndrome with or without dental anomalies. Here, we report for the first time that heterozygous carriers of FREM2 variants have phenotypes including oral exostoses, mesiodens, and isolated supernumerary teeth.

Background The Bull terrier breed has been reported in the veterinary literature to suffer frequent dental and skeletal malocclusions. In this retrospective case series, we report skeletal-dental anomalies in a group of 33 Bull terriers presented for a dental consultation. Results Out of 33 dogs examined, 24 cases had full mouth radiography or Cone-beam computed tomography performed. Eruption and development abnormalities observed were as follows: hypodontia in 54.1% (13/24), eruption changes in 29.2% (7/24), and tooth shape abnormalities in 33.3% (8/24). All dogs presented with some type of dental or skeletal malocclusion: neutroclusion was the most common (66.7% of the animals), followed by mandibular mesioclusion (18.8%), maxillo-mandibular asymmetry (9.4%), and mandibular distoclusion (6.3%). Dental abnormalities noted included rotation of mandibular and maxillary premolar teeth, distal displacement of the incisor teeth, lingual displacement of the mandibular canine teeth, and absence of mandibular premolar and molar teeth. Lingual displacement of mandibular canine teeth was associated with malocclusion causing trauma (odds ratio 7.1, 95% confidence interval [1.4 to 36.1], p = 0.024). Conclusions Malocclusions and tooth shape abnormalities were found to be the most frequent finding in this group of Bull terriers. Although these findings cannot be generalized to the global population further studies are needed to observe the true expression of these anomalies in the general breed population.

Background: Radiographs are used by orthodontists in the diagnosis of malocclusion, treatment planning and monitoring. These usually reveal presence of dental anomalies that may require further assessment and management. Objective: To investigate the prevalence, types and distribution of dental anomalies seen on the orthopantomograms (OPGs) of orthodontic patients at the University of Port-Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional radiographic study of a cohort of orthodontic patients who presented to the Department of Child Dental Health, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State, Nigeria. The data gathered from digital orthopantomograms of the patients was analysed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics for Windows version 25.0. Results: The study comprised 249 patients with an age range of 5-44years (mean age of 14.6±7.7years) comprising 108 (43.4%) males and 141 (56.6%) females. Seventy (28.1%) [(29, 41.4% males), (41, 58.6% females)] of the patients had at least one dental anomaly. Dental anomalies were commonest (48, 68.6%) within 10-19 years age bracket followed by the 0-9 years age bracket (11, 15.7%). The most frequent dental anomaly was taurodontism (43, 61.4%), followed by congenitally missing teeth (8, 11.4%), supernumerary teeth (5, 7.1%), odontoma (4, 5.7%), peg shaped lateral incisors and transposition (2, 2.9%) respectively. Dental anomalies were more frequent in the maxilla (43, 61.4%). Conclusion: The most common dental anomaly was taurodontism. Anomalies were more frequent in female than male patients and in the maxilla than in the mandible.

Introduction: Patients with orofacial clefts are usually associated with various dental anomalies. These dental aberrations pose a clinical challenge in treatment planning. Thus, this investigation intends to find the prevalence rate of different types of dental anomalies and their correlation among nonsyndromic cleft patients. Methodology: Orthodontic records of 129 cleft patients classified into different cleft groups were assessed to evaluate the presence of different dental anomalies. Results: The most frequent dental anomaly found in Cleft patients was rotations followed by maxillary lateral incisor agenesis with a prevalence rate of 90.4% and 59.2%, respectively. Maxillary second premolar agenesis, peg-shaped laterals, mandibular second premolar agenesis, and supernumerary teeth showed prevalence rates as 25%, 21%, 7%, and 5%, respectively. There were significant differences in the overall distribution of maxillary lateral incisor agenesis and rotations between patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate, Bilateral Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate, Cleft Lip (CL), and Isolated Cleft Palate (ICP). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of dental anomalies like rotations and maxillary lateral incisor agenesis in different CL and palate patients, which were statistically significant. The presence of such anomalies can deteriorate the already existing functional problem and hence, the study of these anomalies and their treatment is an important step in the rehabilitation of such patients.

Introducción: La intimidación escolar en niños y adolescentes es un problema a nivel mundial donde la estética facial y oral pueden ser causantes de ello, específicamente las características dentales desfavorables, esta relación puede generar un deterioro físico, social y psicológico de los sujetos afectados. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de intimidación escolar relacionada con las características dentales desfavorables en niños y adolescentes de 12 a 17 años vinculados a una institución pública de la ciudad de Bucaramanga. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal analítico llevado a cabo en 316 estudiantes de una institución educativa publica en Bucaramanga a los cuales se aplicó un cuestionario auto diligenciado de manera presencial sobre intimidación escolar relacionada con características dentales desfavorables. Se realizo un análisis descriptivo y bivariado con estratificación por la presencia o no de intimidación en donde se calculó Razones de Prevalencia (RP) simple y ajustadas por edad y sexo acompañadas de Intervalos de Confianza del 95% en el programa STATA 14.O Resultados: La mediana de edad fue 14 (Q1:13-Q3:15) años, y la mayoría eran hombres 55,70%(n=176). La prevalencia auto reportada de intimidación por características dentales fue 66,77% (IC 95%: 61,28-71,94). Los dientes torcidos RP=1,63 (IC 95%: 1,42-1,86), forma y color dental RP=1,61 (IC 95%: 1,44-1,81), mordida abierta RP=1,18 (IC 95%: 1,04-1.33), sonrisa gingival RP=1,47(IC 95%: 1,32–1,65) e incompetencia labial RP=1,21 (IC 95%: 1,06–1,38); tenían mayor riesgo que reportaran intimidación escolar al momento de realizar la encuesta. Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de intimidación en adolescentes, con un número significativo de ellos que fueron acosados por su aspecto dental, siendo el apiñamiento la característica principal. Introduction: School bullying in children and adolescents is a worldwide problem where facial and oral aesthetics can be responsible for it, specifically unfavorable dental characteristics, this relationship can generate a physical deterioration, social and psychological of the affected subjects. Objective: To determine the prevalence of school bullying related to unfavorable dental characteristics in children and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years linked to a public institution in the city of Bucaramanga. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out on 316 students from a public educational institution in Bucaramanga to whom a self-administered questionnaire was applied in person on school bullying related to unfavorable dental characteristics. A descriptive and bivariate analysis was performed with stratification for the presence or not of intimidation in which simple Prevalence Ratios (RP) and adjusted by age and sex were calculated, accompanied by 95% Confidence Intervals in the STATA 14.O program Results: The median age was 14 (Q1:13-Q3:15) years, and the majority were men 55.70% (n=176). The self-reported prevalence of bullying due to dental characteristics was 66.77% (95% CI: 61.28-71.94). Crooked teeth PR=1.63 (95% CI: 1.42-1.86), dental shape and color PR=1.61 (95% CI: 1.44-1.81), open bite PR=1 .18 (95% CI: 1.04-1.33), gummy smile PR=1.47 (95% CI: 1.32-1.65) and lip incompetence PR=1.21 (95% CI: 1.06 –1.38); were at higher risk of reporting bullying at the time of the survey. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of bullying in adolescents, with a significant number of them being harassed by their dental appearance, crowding being the main feature. Especialista en Ortodoncia http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Especialización

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este trabajo investigativo fue determinar las manifestaciones bucales más frecuentes en pacientes pediátricos con Síndrome de Down. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en la base de datos como: Google Académico, Scopus, Scielo y PubMed. Se incluyeron en la búsqueda artículos en idiomas tanto en inglés, español y portugués, con restricción de 5 años de antigüedad. Aplicando criterios de exclusión como: información no relevante y grupos que no pertenezcan al grupo etario. RESULTADOS: Los resultados obtenidos de todos los artículos revisados determinamos que la mayoría de autores concuerdan que las principales manifestaciones bucales en los niños con Síndrome de Down son: anomalías oclusales, dentales y patologías orales (caries dental, enfermedad periodontal, gingivitis). CONCLUSIONES: Se concluye que existe mayor prevalencia de maloclusiones clase III, enfermedad periodontal, gingivitis y caries dental, siendo muy predominante en el sexo masculino, observándose más en países de bajo nivel socioeconómico OBJECTIVE: This research aims to determine the most frequent oral manifestations in pediatric patients with Down syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A bibliographic review was conducted in databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, SciELO, and PubMed. Articles in English, Spanish, and Portuguese from the last five years were included in the search. Exclusion criteria were applied, such as non-relevant information and groups not belonging to the age group. RESULTS: The results from all the articles reviewed show that most authors agree that the main oral manifestations in children with Down syndrome are: occlusal and dental anomalies and oral pathologies (dental caries, periodontal disease, gingivitis). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that there is a higher prevalence of class III malocclusion, periodontal disease, gingivitis, and dental caries, being very predominant in the male sex and being observed more in low socio-economic level countries. . Trabajo de investigación .

Neonatal-progeroid syndrome known as Wiedemann Rautenstrauch syndrome (WRS) is an extremely rare, autosomal recessive disorder. Neonatal progeroid disease characterized by progeroid appearance growth retardation, lipodystrophy, an unusual face (triangular shape, sparse hair, small mouth, macrocephaly, pointed jaw), thin skin, hard and thick joints and dental anomalies (newborn tooth; hypodontics). A 5-year-old boy case diagnosed with hypodontics is presented. In this case, a child prosthesis was performed to facilitate the nutrition of the patient and to increase the quality of life.

Background The median solitary maxillary central incisor syndrome (SMMCI) is a rare malformative syndrome consisting of multiple defects, mainly found on the body midline. It can be correlated to the etiopathological and phenotypic pattern of panhypopituitarism. This case-report describes the rare case of a patient suffering from SMMCI and panhypopituitarism, showing an unusual craniofacial morphology. Case presentation From the cephalometric analysis, a skeletal class III was identified (despite the other cases described in literature described as skeletal class II), derived from hypomaxillia and mandibular protrusion. A convex lip profile, with tendency to mandibular hyper-divergency, airway patency, anterior and posterior cross-bite were observed. At the clinical examination, a maxillary cant was evident on the frontal plane that appeared asymmetric, with the prevalence of the third lower part of the face. There were some dysmorphic signs such as: small nose, rectilinear eyelid line and reduced interocular distance. Conclusions The present clinical case shows how, despite the literature, SMMCI can be associated with a III skeletal class, with maxillary hypoplasia and mandibular protrusion. The interdisciplinary collaboration between dentist and pediatrician is therefore important for the early interception of the malocclusions associated with these syndromes.

The present case series, based on dental literature, aimed to identify factors that influence the final treatment decision for patients affected by mandibular canine transmigration using individual data from case reports in the literature. The protocol used for data synthesis was prepared following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. An online search was conducted and included studies published up until September of 2019 (MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scielo, and Conricyt). A chi squared test was used to evaluate associations between the treatment choice and gender, age, Mupparapu classification, and the presence of oral pathologies or dental anomalies (p < 0.05). A multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate the individual case report data to determine the effect of the explanatory variables for treatment selection. Seventy-six papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Surgical removal (46.71%) and radiographic monitoring (38.16%) were the most common treatments reported. Age, Muppararu classification, and the presence of oral pathologies were significantly associated with the treatment option (p < 0.05). In conclusion, surgical removal and radiographic monitoring are the most frequently reported treatments for mandibular canine transmigration. Age, Mupparapu type, presence of oral pathologies, and qualitative aspects such as emotional reasons are relevant for the decision regarding treatment approach.

Background This study aimed the evaluation of the prevalence, characteristics, types of dens invaginatus (DI) and co-observed dental anomalies to understand dental treatment requirements in anterior teeth that are susceptible to developmental anomalies by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods In this retrospective study, the anterior teeth of 958 patients were evaluated by using CBCT for the presence of DI. The demographic features, types of DI and treatment requirements were also recorded. The association between sex and the presence of DI was evaluated using chi-squared test. Results Seventy-three DI anomalies were detected in the anterior teeth of 49 patients (18 females, 31 males). The frequency of DI was 5.11% and the most frequently involved teeth were lateral (57.53%). Forty-six teeth were classified as Type I (63.01%), 24 as Type II (32.87%), and three as Type III (4.10%). Apical pathosis was found to be 20.54% in all DIs detected and accounted for all Type III and one-third of Type II. Conclusions CBCT imaging can be effective in the detection of dental anomalies such as DI and planning for root canal therapy and surgical treatments. Prophylactic interventions might be possible to prevent apical pathosis with the data obtained from CBCT images.

The dental anomaly fused teeth is defined as the union of two or more teeth. Its aetiology is unclear; to date no studies have investigated its genetic background. Therefore, this study, on the basis of a hypothesised genetic component, investigated the genetic background of patients with fused teeth using whole exome sequencing. Fifteen individuals from six families, including members with and without fused teeth, provided saliva samples that were analysed using whole exome sequencing. Patients with other congenital diseases were excluded from this study. Rare variants were extracted from the sequencing data and filtered by family grouping to identify candidate variants. As a result, ERCC6, OBSCN, SLC27A3, and KIF25 were identified as candidate variants. Our sequencing analysis identified four candidate gene variants associated with fused teeth, which now require further investigation. A genetic basis for the anomaly appears likely. This may assist in understanding the aetiology of fused teeth, which in turn supports better oral care and treatment, as well as future regenerative medicine and gene therapy.

Introduction: Dental anomalies (DA) are changes in the number, shape, structure, size and pattern of eruption of teeth and their etiology is multifactorial, early diagnosis and proper treatment are essential for an occlusal, functional and aesthetic harmony. Objective: To identify the 100 most cited articles on dental anomalies. Methods: A search was performed in the Thompson Reuters Web of Science (WOS) database on May 31, 2021. The search strategy was performed using the keywords obtained from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) index. The following data were extracted and analyzed: number of citations, title, authors, year of publication, title of scientific journals, type of study and subject field. Results: The search strategy resulted in 69,014 articles and the most cited studies were concentrated between 1945-2012, mainly in orthodontic journals. Twenty-four percent of all papers were published in orthodontic journals. Number of citations ranged from 98 to 482, and The United States was the most prolific country. Number anomalies and structural changes were the most studied thematic fields, totaling 79 articles. Laboratory studies were the most cited type of studies. Conclusion: Number anomalies and structural changes were the most studied thematic fields. There was a predominance of laboratory studies and The United States was responsible for most of the papers included.

Aim: This study aimed to study the overall incidence of DA and its association with Sella Turcica bridging (STB). Background: Dental anomalies (DA) are associated with morphological changes in the Sella Turcica (ST). Materials and Methods: We retrieved the pretreatment patient records from March 2018 - March 2020 from the archives of the Orthodontics Department (n=806). We excluded the records with missing radiographs, concomitant cleft lip/ palate, history of surgical repair of cleft lip/ palate or any other craniofacial anomaly, history of trauma, and prior orthodontic treatment. A total of 676 patient records were included for initial screening, out of which 103 patients had DA (study group). A similar number of records (n=103) without any DA were randomly selected to constitute a control group. Determination of the extent of STB was done by calibrated and trained examiner. Age and sex were also recorded. Results: The incidence of DA was 15.24%. The most common anomalies recorded were impacted canines (6.8%) and hyperdontia (3.7%), followed by agenesis (2.1%) and others. Type III bridging in patients with DA was 22.3%, while being 9.7% in the control group. Type II bridging was observed in 36.8% of patients with DA as compared to 29.1% in the control group. The presence of partial and complete STB in patients with dental anomalies was significantly higher than in the control group (P=0.006). The study group showed significant association with STB (OR: 2.33; P=0.003; 95%CI: 1.33-4.11) after adjusting for sex. Conclusion: The results of our study revealed a significant association between STB and DA.

The aim of this study was to define and analyze the reproducibility of occlusal relationships according to the results of occlusogram in jaw closure using quantitative analysis of occlusion in adult patients with congenital cleft lip and palate before and after their prosthesis with different versions of dentures and types of their constructive features. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 37 patients with congenital cleft lip and palate, 11 (29.73 %) of whom had right-sided clefts, 11 (29.73 %) – left-sided and 15 (40.54 %) – bilateral. The number of occlusal contact points was measured for all patients before the treatment and after the orthopaedic rehabilitation. Research results. Significant differences were found between the number of occlusal contact points before (unusually small number) and after orthopaedic treatment (significant increase), regardless of the type of cleft (p

Objective. To describe the basic predictors of developing dysfunction of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in patients with maxillary dental anomalies. Materials and methods. An open, prospective, controlled clinical experimental study was carried out; 250 patients aged 18 to 35 (mean age 23.5 2.6 years) with maxillary dental anomalies including 134 persons with temporomandibular joint dysfunction and 116 with normal articular function were examined. Results. A multidimensional disperse analysis permitted to conclude that an extremely high (95100 %) probability of occurring temporomandibular joint dysfunction is determined with the presence of combination of two and more functional disorders with a complex of other (occlusive and cephalometric) preclinical markers of dysfunction; a high (7595 %) probability of development when one functional disorder is associated with a gnathic form of dentition occlusion anomaly; a medium degree (4575 %) of probability of occurring dysfunction with the presence of gnathic form of dentition occlusion anomaly with roentgenological changes in TMJ and the absence of functional signs; a low (1545 %) probability when detecting a dentoalveolar form of occlusion anomaly or dentition anomaly combined with roengenological changes in the joint and the absence of functional disorders; a very low (015 %) probability of dysfunction development with the presence of congested position of incisors, anomalies of separate teeth position in the sagittal plane in the frontal part and the absence of functional disorders. Conclusions. The knowledge of the above-mentioned predisposing factors (signs) of the disturbance of the joint function can be used as an instrument for prediction of the probability of developing the temporomandibular joint dysfunction in patients with maxillary dental anomalies.

The Alagille syndrome (AGLS) is a rare condition, with few studies reported in the literature, especially in the field of dentistry. It consists of a disease involving many systemic problems and specific facial features. The liver and heart are the most intensely affected organs, and depending on the severity, it may be necessary to perform transplants. It is an autosomal dominant disease with a variable expressivity, and its prevalence is 1/100,000 live births. Dental findings are conflicting. Some authors claim that dental anomalies occur only in deciduous dentitions; however, there is evidence that permanent teeth can also be affected, as will be described in this paper, through a case report of a patient diagnosed with AGLS, who sought out the Dentistry service at Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, complaining of a strong stain in her teeth, severe dental crowding, and a facial appearance of prognathism.

Introduction: Anomalies of the developing dentition occur due to absence or interruption of normal tooth development along with genetic and/or environment influences. Craniofacial development and dental malocclusion is an interplay between a number of factors such as tooth size, arch size and shape, the number and arrangement of teeth, size and relationship of the jaws and related soft tissues including lips, cheeks, and tongue. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and distribution of dental anomalies among different skeletal malocclusions and growth patterns in North Indian population. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on pretreatment diagnostic records of 260 patients belonging to the age group of 15-25 years, who had reported to the Out Patient Department (OPD) of Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India, during the period of April 2012 to December 2020. The analysis was carried out between November 2020 and January 2021. The study sample was grouped into different growth patterns and skeletal malocclusions based on Sella-Nasion-Gonion- Gnathion (SN Go-Gn) and ANB (A point, nasion, B point), Sagittal intermaxillary angle values respectively, which were obtained from the pretreatment lateral cephalometric tracings. The prevalence of dental anomalies was evaluated in each group by examining the pretreatment diagnostic records. Chi-Square/Fisher-Freeman- Halton test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of dental anomalies in the study sample was 65 (25%). The most common anomaly found was over retained deciduous teeth, followed by ectopic eruption with prevalence rate of 30 (11.5%) and 24 (9.2%), respectively. A total of 142 (54.6%) patients had hypodivergent growth pattern, 23 (8.8%) had normodivergent growth pattern and 95 (36.5%) had hyperdivergent growth pattern. 36 (13.8%) patients had skeletal class I malocclusion, 205 (78.8%) had skeletal class II malocclusion and 19 (7.3%) patients had skeletal class III malocclusion. Hypodivergent group showed the highest prevalence of dental anomalies with 38 (26.8%), followed by hyperdivergent group with 23 (24.2%) and normodivergent group were 4 (17.4%). Skeletal class I malocclusion group had the highest number of dental anomalies as 13 (36.1%), followed by skeletal class II malocclusion with 50 (24.4%) and skeletal class III malocclusion group with 2 (10.5%). Conclusion: Hypodivergent growth pattern and skeletal class II malocclusion were the most prevalent growth pattern and skeletal malocclusion in North Indian population. Dental anomalies were most prevalent in patients with hypodivergent growth pattern and skeletal class I malocclusion. The results of the present study indicate that dental anomalies are associated with certain malocclusions and growth patterns which may contribute to more accurate treatment predictions.

Background: Hyperdontia is one of the most prevalent dental anomalies that affect primary or permanent dentition. It is any tooth or tooth like structure that can be found anywhere in the dental arches and may causes various orofacial complications. Early detection and treatment of supernumeraries prevent possible future complications. Aim: assess the prevalence and complications associated with erupted supernumerary teeth among a group of Egyptian children. Methodology: Patients who fulfilled the eligibility criteria were recruited from the Outpatients’ clinic of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University. Children were examined clinically for the prevalence of erupted supernumeraries taking into consideration their type, location and shape. and the associated complications. Results: Out of the examined 604 patients , only 13 patients (2%) were diagnosed with hyperdontia, their ages ranged between 6 and 15 years old (mean age= 8.5 years old), with male: female ratio equals = 1.6:1. Out of the examined supernumeraries, 9 teeth (69%) were mesiodentes causing (19 oral complications) and 4 teeth (31%) were supplemental teeth causing 3 dental complications and 1 supplemental tooth with no specific complication. Gingivitis was the most common complication associated with erupted mesiodentes and crowding of dental arches was the most common complication caused by supplemental teeth. Conclusion: The prevalence of hyperdontia was 2% and complications were associated with all of the diagnosed mesiodentes and gingivitis was the most common one. While the majority of the found supplemental teeth caused crowding and the remaining had no specific complications.

Orofacial clefts are characterized by a frequent occurrence of dental anomalies. Numerous studies demonstrate the high prevalence of dental aplasia, supernumerary teeth, and hypoplastic teeth in patients with cleft lip with/without cleft palate (CL/P), yet the therapeutic consequences are rarely discussed. This study explores prevalence, localization, and association between primary and secondary dentition in a large European collective and begins to evaluate the significance of dental anomalies in the therapeutic course of patients with CL/P.

Background: Ponticlus Posticus (PP) is a rare anomaly of the first cervical vertebra easily identifiable in lateral cephalometric radiograph and typically required for orthodontic diagnosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the PP prevalence in lateral Cephalograms in a cohort of orthodontic patients treated at the Dental School of the University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Italy, and to find possible connection between PP and other dental anomalies, as well as the patient’s cephalometric characteristics. Methods: A total of 150 panoramic radiographs and 150 lateral Cephalograms, obtained for orthodontic use only, were evaluated. No patients were referred to for congenital syndromes or disease, or a history of previously occurred maxillofacial trauma. A detailed cephalometric study was performed for each patient, and the whole cohort was divided according to the common three dental malocclusion classes. The values obtained were analyzed using the Chi-Square Test. Results: PP prevalence was 8% (12 of 150 cases), where the complete and partial forms observed 4.7% and 3.3%, respectively. Although females were more affected (9.6%), no statistically significant sex-related difference was found. Furthermore, no statistically significant relationship regarding age or dental anomalies (dental agenesis/palatal impacted canines) among the groups was observed either. Cephalometric analyses revealed that half of the subjects with PP were sagittal skeletal class I and had vertical hyper-divergence. Conclusions: PP is a frequent anatomical variation of the cervical vertebra, apparently unrelated to the skeletal malocclusion type or dental anomalies. The current study needs to further confirm the congenital hypothesis of PP’s origin already reported in literature.

Objectives: Pediatric mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) is an increasingly common surgical procedure used to lengthen the mandible. Little is known about the long-term effects of MDO on dental development. This retrospective study sought to identify dental abnormalities at mixed dentition and early permanent dentition stages in patients who had undergone MDO. Methods: All pediatric patients who underwent MDO with imaging and clinical exams at mixed dentition and early permanent dentition stages were evaluated identify pathology. Data included demographic information, medical and surgical history, complications, and dental exam information. Descriptive statistics were reported. Results: Twenty-two hemimandibles at mixed dentition stage and 24 at early permanent stage were included. Mean age at initial MDO was 7.95 years with a mean follow-up time of 15.1 years. Nine patients required more than 1 distraction. At the mixed dentition stage, all patients showed abnormalities. The most common abnormalities were absent, dysplastic, or ectopic molars. At early permanent dentition stage, 87.5% of patients had dental abnormalities. The most common abnormality was missing molars (third, second, and first), but dysplastic, impacted, and ectopic teeth were also noted. At both mixed and early permanent dentition stages, some patients were noted to have abnormal V-shaped sigmoid notching of the mandibular ramus of undetermined clinical significance. Buccal mucosal scarring that interfered with orthodontic treatment was observed in a subset of patients. Conclusions: This study provides long-term dental analyses of patients undergoing MDO for mandibular hypoplasia. Dental abnormalities were seen at both mixed and early permanent dentition stages. Molars were the most commonly affected with absence the most commonly seen abnormality. Dysplastic, ectopic, and impacted teeth were also seen in posterior and anterior dentition, and abnormalities in buccal soft tissue and the mandibular ramus were also seen. MDO remains a crucial tool for functional and aesthetic improvement in children with hypoplastic mandibles. Dental abnormalities as a consequence of MDO should be considered as part of surgical planning process.

Background: As a result of the current global pandemic, the dental profession has utilized teledentistry to reduce footfall in the hospitals and clinics where possible. Pediatric dental consultants form a vital part of a multidisciplinary team and regularly monitor the dental growth and development of patients with cleft lip and palate. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the service provided by pediatric dental consultants in the South Thames Cleft Service at Evelina Children’s Hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic through virtual clinics. Design: Data were collected retrospectively and include all cleft patients contacted via the virtual clinic during May to July 2020. Patients were prioritized by the Red, Amber, Green (RAG) scale to highlight the urgency of their next face-to-face appointment. Results: A total of 215 patients were contacted during this period with a 97% response rate. Patients given a RAG score of GREEN (86%) meant no urgent requirement for a face-to-face consultation and AMBER (8%) patients required treatment that was deemed nonurgent. However, 3% of patients received a RED rating as they required urgent input. Conclusion: Through these virtual clinics, the pediatric team was able to reach 208 patients and provided advice and reassurance. The need for face-to-face appointment was eliminated for 11% of patients who were discharged to their local dental practitioners, thereby reducing the risk of spreading COVID-19.

Summary Dental anomalies of size, number, and position have been suggested to have a genetic background and frequently complicate the orthodontic treatment. Early intervention is a paramount step in managing patients with dental anomaly patterns (DAPs) to decrease the complexity of the case during the later stages of comprehensive orthodontic care. This case report highlights the importance of the detailed diagnosis in a case with several dental anomalies (mandibular lateral incisor-canine transposition, palatally displaced canines, small-sized maxillary lateral incisors and congenitally missing second premolar), utilizing interceptive orthodontic management in the mixed dentition stage in order to minimize the complexity and complications of comprehensive orthodontic care in the permanent dentition stage.

The goal of this study was to investigate the medical, communication, activities of daily living (ADLs), and mental health concerns affecting adolescents and adults with SATB2-associated syndrome (SAS). A comprehensive questionnaire was administered to the caregivers of 49 individuals 12 years or older with SAS (mean age was 19.4 years, range 12-37 years). For all individuals, medical records, including laboratory results, were reviewed. Most individuals required some degree of assistance for ADLs and none of the adults were able to live independently. Health status was qualified as excellent or very good in 61% of individuals. The most common medical problems were dental anomalies, with a significantly higher frequency of hypotonia and gastroesophageal reflux in younger individuals. Medical and surgical interventions were often required. Sixty-nine percent (n = 33) of individuals spoke 10 or fewer words. Autism (41%), anxiety (37%), and attention deficit disorder (37%) were common with one third of individuals receiving medical treatments for these diagnoses. While medical and developmental problems in individuals with SAS were similar to those previously reported, many of these are persistent into adolescence and adulthood. This study provides better guidance for the challenges facing adults with SAS and their families.

Background: Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is a developmental defect affecting teeth. The prevalence of MIH and its clinical implications form a challenge for patients and dentists. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of MIH among female school children in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted including 7- to 9-year-old school girls from the public and private sectors. Invitations to participate in the study were sent to the parents of 1,000 randomly selected children, along with questionnaire and consent form. All included children were examined by two dentists who had been previously calibrated in the assessment of MIH (K=0.9), which was diagnosed according to the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry 2003 criteria. Data analysis was done using SPSS V.22.0 and various statistical tests were conducted to determine significant differences at P Results: A total of 711 children participated in this study, with a response rate of 82.2%. The prevalence rates of MIH and Molar Hypomineralization (MH) were 20.96% and 26.58%, respectively. The most common form of MIH was the mild form (87.24%), while 18 children (12.08%) were diagnosed with the moderate form. A single child (0.67%) was diagnosed with the severe form. No statistically significant associations were found between MIH/MH and prenatal, perinatal or postnatal factors. Conclusion: The prevalence of MIH in school girls in Makkah was 20.96%. Despite its high prevalence, the severity of MIH was relatively mild. The etiology of MIH remains unclear and warrants further investigation in future studies.

Knowledge of radiological diagnostic capabilities and application of the principles designed to minimize exposure to radiation nowadays are the basics of qualified dentistry. At the present stage, radiographic methods occupy a leading place in the complex of patient examination to diagnose dental diseases. The aim of the work is to optimize the diagnosis of maxillofacial anomalies by a comprehensive examination of anatomical structures and parameters of the skull using 3D computed tomography. Materials and methods. In total, 39 patients aged 10 to 23 years with maxillofacial anomalies were examined. The study used clinical and radiographic methods of examination. Radiography included only orthopantomogram and lateral teleradiography in 28 patients, 3D CT scanning of the skull was performed in 11 patients. Results. The conducted study has revealed that 3D CT imaging of the skull can be used for the most complete diagnosis of maxillofacial anomalies, reveal sensitive differential diagnostic signs of pathological conditions as well as allow the principle of continuity between specialists to be adhered to at the stage of planning individual complex treatment for patients with maxillofacial anomalies. Conclusions. 3D CT scanning of the skull is an integrated imaging technique that allows obtaining a complete image of the jaws, teeth, temporal-mandible joints, sinuses in one single examination, assessing the respiratory tract and chewing apparatus state as a whole, as well as carrying out cephalometric measurements of lateral and frontal teleradiography. This method is the most informative as it provides the possibility to precisely diagnose dental anomalies and choose an optimal treatment plan.

Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder which can be diagnosed at an early stage based on various clinical features and oral manifestations. The aim and objective of this article is to conduct a brief literature review on oral manifestations, diagnostic criteria and treatment protocol of Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome and also a case study of 7-year-old boy is reported. Two databases were used and totally 261 articles are retrieved, out of which only 16 articles were selected after applying inclusion & exclusion criteria. Results concluded that Dentists should be aware of the features of this syndrome for making early diagnosis and facilitate multidisciplinary treatment.

Aim This review intends to highlight malocclusion as a multifactorial issue and review the different factors that influence different types of malocclusion and arch form. Methods An online article search was performed on the factors influencing malocclusion and arch form from January 1990 through April 2020. The search was performed within the Google, Rutgers library, PubMed, MEDLINE databases via OVID using the keywords mentioned in the PubMed and MeSH headings for the English language published articles January 1990 through April 2020, which evaluated different factors that influence malocclusion and arch form. Results Of the 300 articles found in initial search results, 31 articles met the inclusion criteria set for this review. These 31 studies were directly related to the factors that impact malocclusion and different arch forms. Conclusion Genetic inheritance, genetic mutations, age, gender, ethnicity, dental anomalies like macrodontia, congenital diseases, muscular diseases, hormone imbalance, and human behaviour are all factors that influence malocclusion and arch forms. The elements within the individual's control like behaviours can aid in preventing malocclusion. However, it seems as if the underlying reason for most of these factors indicates that malocclusion is a by-product of genetics and pathology.

Disturbances in histodifferentiation and morphodifferentiation may include genetic or environmental factors. These disturbances often lead to dental anomalies. This paper reviews the aetiology, clinical and radiographic appearance, diagnosis and treatment options for macrodontia and dens invaginatus respectively. A rare case is presented in which the two anomalies occurred directly next to each other in the anterior dentition of a young boy. The diagnostic process and management are reported with a detailed explanation of the use of modern diagnostic aids and equipment. The procedure of apexification is also described in detail as both anterior teeth were still immature when they turned necrotic. A 2-year follow up reported the successful treatment resolution of infection and associated symptoms, as well as restoration of function and aesthetics.

Dens invaginatus is a rare developmental anomaly characterized by an infolding of the enamel organ within the crown or root of a tooth, and it is an example of a dental anomaly that has a higher incidence in patients with CL/P. If undiagnosed, dens invaginatus can lead to severe, acute pain and pulpal necrosis since it can permit direct entry of bacteria into the dental pulp. Treatment of dens invaginatus includes prophylactic sealant or composite restoration, endodontic therapy if pulpal involvement has already occurred, or extraction if aberrant tooth morphology precludes endodontic therapy. Few studies report on the incidence of dens invaginatus in patients with CL/P. The purpose of this article is to describe 4 cases of dens invaginatus in patients with CL/P which were encountered in a cleft-craniofacial orthodontic clinic. Each case describes dens invaginatus in a maxillary lateral incisor, and treatments ranged from sealant application to endodontic therapy to extraction. These cases highlight the importance of awareness of this dental anomaly among cleft team providers to facilitate early diagnosis in patients with CL/P.

Introduction: Third molar teeth are the most common teeth with agenesis. The absence of this tooth also increases the probability of anomalies in other teeth by several times. Since panoramic radiography is used to diagnose and plan treatment in orthodontic patients, along with routine clinical examination, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of third molar agenesis and incidence of other associated anomalies in comparison to that reported for the non-agenesis group using panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the pretreatment records of 562 patients were randomly collected. Out of these subjects, 538 patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The panoramic radiographic images of patients who did not have at least one third molar were assessed with regard to the presence of other dental anomalies, such as dental agenesis, hypodontia, hyperdontia, impacted canine, peg-shaped lateral incisors, ectopic eruption, microdontia, dilaceration, transposition, and transmigration. The prevalence of these anomalies was compared to that of a randomized control group selected from patients with the presence of each four third molars. Results: Out of 538 studied panoramic radiographs, overall, 13.7%, 13.5%, 13.4%, 5.9%, 2.7%, and 1.4% of them had at least one third molar agenesis, canine impaction, peg-shaped lateral incisors, missing teeth, transposition, and hyperdontia, respectively. The frequency rates of impaction and missing teeth were higher in the agenesis group (30% and 40.5%) than those reported for the control group (16% and 2.7%) (p < /em>>0.001), respectively. The presence or absence of other dental anomalies was not statistically significant between the two groups and two genders. In addition, the present study demonstrated that the probability of the presence of at least one type of other dental anomalies was higher in individuals with third molar agenesis in comparison to that reported for the control group (p < /em>>0.001). Conclusion: Among different types of dental anomalies in the studied population, the probability of impaction and missing teeth was higher in the third molar agenesis group than that of the control group. Furthermore, the prevalence of third molar agenesis was not different between the two genders.

Short root anomaly (SRA) is a rare dental condition with abnormally short and blunt root morphology. It mostly affects maxillary central incisors symmetrically and only has been observed in permanent teeth. A 9-year-old girl was referred from a local dental clinic for short root development in mixed dentition with no symptoms. Radiographic and intraoral examinations revealed SRA on upper and lower incisors and mandibular first molars along with other dental anomalies such as enamel hypoplasia and dens invaginatus. During long - term follow - up for 5 years, her mixed dentition has changed to permanent dentition and generalized SRA was observed in all permanent teeth. Cephalometric radiograph also revealed the calcification between the anterior and posterior clinoid processes described as a sella turcica bridge which was reported associating with dental anomalies. Early diagnosis of SRA is emphasized for successful management and prevention of root resorption and tooth loss. This report aimed to present a rare case of generalized SRA along with other dental anomalies and sella turcica bridging in a female patient through long - term follow - up.

The impacted maxillary canines are the second most common of the impacted tooth. Ectopic eruption may lead to impaction. An ectopic maxillary canine is a canine which follows an abnormal path of eruption in the maxilla. The aim of the study is to quantify the prevalence of impacted maxillary canines and its association with other dental anomalies. A retrospective study was done with 13 patients who had impacted maxillary canines. For the data collection we reviewed patient records and analysed the data of 86000 patients between june 2019 and march 2020. The collected data were analysed for further associated dental anomaly. The results were analysed using SPSS version 20 by IBM and association between impacted canine and dental anomaly was determined using pearson correlation with p value

Objective: The authors present findings and techniques to address hemipalatal discrepancy in patients with Tessier 7 cleft and associated cleft palate during cleft palatoplasty. Design: The authors report 2 cases of pediatric patients with Tessier 7 facial clefts and associated cleft palate. One patient presents on the broader oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum and the other is has isolated Tessier cleft 7. Additionally, a PubMed search was performed using the MeSH terms “tessier 7,” “cleft palate”, “macrostomia,” “tessier 7 AND cleft palate,” “macrostomia AND cleft palate,” AND “hemipalatal discrepancy.” All relevant literature was identified and underwent full review for qualitative analysis. Results: Two patients met criteria for inclusion in this article. The surgical techniques utilized to mitigate the hemipalatal length discrepancy are detailed, and intraoperative photographs are provided. The results of the literature review are also presented. Tessier 7 craniofacial cleft and palatal clefts, when occurring in combination, is noted to result in discrepant hemipalatal length with short maxillary palate length on the affected side as well hypoplasia of the associated speech musculature. The postoperative palatal length after palatoplasty in both patients was longer than the preoperative hypoplastic palatal length. Conclusions: When occurring in combination, Tessier 7 craniofacial cleft and concomitant palatal cleft results in discrepant hemipalatal length, and deficiency of the bony maxillary palatal shelves, and associated speech musculature and soft tissues. The techniques described in this article may assist in maximizing postoperative palatal length.

A doença periodontal abrange uma gama variada de condições inflamatórias da gengiva, osso e ligamento periodontal dependentes da microbiota do biofilme, de respostas imunes inatas, inflamatórias e adaptativas do hospedeiro e, ainda, fatores individuais genéticos e ambientais. Já as fissuras labiopalatinas são deformidades anatômicas decorrentes da fusão parcial dos processos maxilares nas primeiras semanas de vida intrauterina, especialmente, envolvendo o rebordo alveolar, resultando em alterações no arco dentário e vestíbulo, podendo provocar anomalias dentárias, mal posicionamento dentário e alterações na oclusão, como atresia maxilar e mordida cruzada. Este trabalho tem como objetivo revisar a literatura a respeito da prevalência de alterações periodontais em indivíduos com fissura labiopalatina em diferentes grupos etários e tipos de fissura, bem como comparar os achados com indivíduos sem fissura labiopalatina. Indivíduos com fissura labiopalatina têm sido considerados mais suscetíveis ao desenvolvimento de doença periodontal em função de sua condição anatômica particular e das consequências da fissura para o indivíduo, como muitas vezes o tratamento ortodôntico prolongado, que leva a maior acúmulo de biofilme. Entretanto, conhecimentos mais recentes têm demonstrado que a doença periodontal é uma alteração multifatorial mediada por complexos mecanismos, além do acúmulo de biofilme, como por exemplo, a condição imunológica individual, preponderante para a evolução da doença. Assim, novos estudos são necessários para compreender melhor o comportamento das doenças periodontais nos indivíduos com fissura labiopalatina. Palavras-chaves: Fenda Labial. Fissura Palatina. Doenças Periodontais. Abstract Periodontal disease covers a wide range of inflammatory conditions of the gingiva, bone and periodontal ligament dependent on the biofilm microbiota, host’s innate, inflammatory and adaptive immune responses, as well as individual genetic and environmental factors. Cleft lip and palate are anatomical deformities resulting from the maxillary processes partial fusion in the first weeks of intrauterine life, especially involving the alveolar ridge, resulting in changes in the dental arch and vestibule, which can also cause dental anomalies, dental malposition and changes in occlusion such as maxillary atresia and crossbite. This work aims to review the literature regarding the prevalence of periodontal changes in individuals with cleft lip and palate in different age groups and types of cleft, as well as to compare the findings with individuals without cleft lip and palate. Individuals with cleft lip and palate have been considered more susceptible to the development of periodontal disease due to their particular anatomical condition and the consequences of the cleft for the individual, such as often the prolonged orthodontic treatment that leads to greater biofilm accumulation. However, more recent knowledge has shown that periodontal disease is a multifactorial alteration mediated by complex mechanisms in addition to the biofilm accumulation, such as, for example, the individual immune condition, which is preponderant for the disease evolution. Thus, further studies are needed to better understand the periodontal diseases behavior in individuals with cleft lip and palate. Keywords: Cleft Lip. Cleft Palate. Periodontal Diseases.

Objectives: To determine the developmental patterns of primary and secondary dentitions in infants with orofacial clefts. Design: Retrospective, longitudinal, population-based cohort study. Materials: Longitudinal records and radiographs of 192 nonsyndromic Northern European infants with isolated unilateral cleft lip (UCL, n = 111) and isolated cleft palate (CP, n = 81). Methods: Radiographic assessments of primary and secondary dentition anomalies and dental maturation, by gender and cleft severity for comparisons between the groups and with historical controls. Results: In infants with UCL, the frequencies of dental anomalies were high in both primary (38.7%) and secondary (18.0%) dentitions. Primary and secondary dentition anomalies were not observed in infants with CP and different in the UCL group ( P = .003). Risk differences involved primary supernumerary teeth ( P = .0001) and talon cusp formation ( P = .0001), and secondary tooth agenesis ( P = .001) of the maxillary lateral incisor on the side of the cleft lip. Delayed primary and secondary dental maturation occurred in the UCL and CP groups, greater in infants with UCL ( P < .0001). Primary and secondary dental maturation featured sexual dimorphism with greater delay in males (UCL, P < .0001; CP, .0001 > P = .001). The effect of cleft severity on dental maturation was significant in infants with UCL ( P = .0361) and CP ( P = .0175) in the primary but not in the secondary dentition. Conclusions: There were different dental anomalies in the primary and secondary dentitions in operated infants with UCL and no dental anomalies in unoperated infants with CP. Dental maturation was delayed in infants with UCL and CP with greater delay in males compared to females.

Objective: To compare occlusal relationship in patients undergoing neonate versus conventional lip surgery (LS) with and without infant orthopedics (IO) by assessment of dental arch relationship in individuals with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. Material and Methods: Three groups treated by different protocols; Group I: neonate LS (1-15 days) + IO and palatoplasty (13-31 months); Group II: LS (3-12 months) + IO and palatoplasty (15-35 months); and Group III: LS (3-6 months) without IO and palatoplasty (12-18 months). The 112 intraoral photographs of individuals of all groups, obtained between 6 and 12 years of age, were assessed by the occlusal index for intraoral photograph rating. The groups were compared by the χ2 test. The correlation between surgical timing and the scores was tested by the Spearman test ( P < .05). Results: Group I presented the highest percentage of score 5, group II exhibited highest percentage of score 1, and group III presented the lowest percentage of score 5 according to the χ2 test ( P = .029). The Spearman correlation test revealed statistically significant difference between timing of LS and the occlusal index. The earlier the surgical timing, the higher the occlusal index ( P = .019). Conclusions: Infant orthopedics has demonstrated the possibility of postponing primary plastic surgeries. Patients submitted to late lip and palate repair had the best prognosis, while patients undergoing lip repair from 1 to 15 days of life, even operating the palate later, had the worst prognosis. Neonate LS negatively influenced the occlusal relationships.

Introduction The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of bridging of the sella turcica and the dimensions of the Sella in subjects with dental anomalies (transpositions, hypodontia, and supernumerary teeth) and to compare them to controls. Methodology Lateral cephalograms from 25 patients with dental transposition, 88 with hypodontia, and 26 with supernumerary teeth were evaluated. The shape, length, depth, diameter, and bridging of the Sella turcica were determined from radiographs and compared to those of control group (n=52). For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc test, chi-squared test and T-test (to evaluate the influence of craniofacial growth) were used. Results The frequency of complete calcification of the Sella was greater in the group with supernumerary teeth (23%) and in the group with hypodontia (14.7%), while partial calcification of the Sella was more frequent in the control group (77%) and in the group with supernumerary teeth (73%)(p

Introduction: Tooth agenesis is often associated with other tooth anomalies, such as microdontia, delayed eruption and ectopic eruption. Moreover, they may be found all in the same individual, as certain genetic mutations may have a variable phenotypic expression. Treatment of cases of hypodontia of anterior teeth should not involve only opening or closing space for prosthetic rehabilitation. Individuals with hypodontia of permanent maxillary lateral incisors may have teeth with a mesiodistal width smaller than that of patients with a normal dentition, and which may need reshaping to achieve an esthetic and functional occlusion. Objective: This clinical case report discusses the association of hypodontia of permanent maxillary lateral incisors with other tooth anomalies and their treatment alternatives. RESUMO Introdução: As agenesias dentárias são frequentemente associadas a outras anomalias dentárias, tais como microdontia, atraso na erupção e ectopismo. Além disso, podem vir todas juntas em um mesmo indivíduo, pois certas mutações genéticas podem se expressar fenotipicamente de diferentes formas. A abordagem terapêutica nos casos de hipodontia de dentes anteriores não deve se pautar somente entre fechar ou abrir espaço para substituição protética. Portadores de hipodontia de incisivos laterais superiores permanentes podem apresentar os outros dentes com largura mesiodistal menor que os de pacientes com dentição normal, e podem necessitar de reanatomizações para que se obtenha uma oclusão dentária estética e funcional. Objetivo: Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente artigo é relatar um caso clínico e discutir a associação da hipodontia de incisivos laterais superiores permanentes com outras anomalias dentárias, e suas alternativas de tratamento.

The article outlines the foundations of the diagnosis, the prognosis of treatment and the prevalence of abnormal eruption of permanent canines. The author presented a broad review of the literature of both foreign and domestic scientists, detailed the course and prevalence of this pathology. Various methods for assessing X-ray examinations and modern approaches to diagnostics and treatment planning for retention of the upper permanent canines, which are necessary in practice at an orthodontist, are also described.

The problem of cerebral palsy is one of the most urgent problems of medicine. The social significance of this problem is so great that it is quite natural that there is an increasing interest in it. In the available literature, there is no comprehensive data on the study of the frequency of dental anomalies among children with cerebral palsy, depending on the etiofactor, and on improving methods for their prevention and early treatment.

The article presents new views on methods for diagnosing the formation of retention of the upper permanent canines. The author presented a wide review of the literature of both foreign and domestic scientists, detailed the various diagnostic methods for this pathology. Various methods for assessing X-ray studies and modern approaches to diagnosing retention of the upper permanent canines, which are used in practice by an orthodontist, are also described.

The term cerebral palsy has been around for more than a century, and the disease itself has probably existed without a name throughout human history. However, despite its long history, there is still no unity in views on this issue.

At present, the most common dental diseases in most regions of Russia are caries, periodontal diseases, and dentofacial anomalies. A literature review was carried out on the prevalence of major dental diseases in Russian adult. The study aimed to analyze the literature on dental morbidity in Russia in the following areas: assessment of the prevalence, intensity, and treatment need of major dental diseases, depending on regional particularities, age, and sex differences. Caries and periodontal diseases are a major medical and social problem. The results of recent epidemiological studies have shown that almost the entire Russian adult has signs of these diseases. There is also a high rate of dental anomalies in children. The high prevalence of dental diseases indicates the need to strengthen the role of preventive work in the doctor's work. In conducting prevention program, it is important to consider the prevalence and intensity of major dental diseases which have pronounced regional particularities. Dental practice in recent years has shown that as a result of a targeted and effective preventive program, you can significantly reduce the level of dental morbidity.

This is the first article in a three-part series considering uncommon dental anomalies and treatment approaches. Dental transpositions are rare anomalies which may present to the general dental practitioner or orthodontist. The management of transpositions is dependent on several factors, including the sub-type, severity and the other salient features of the malocclusion. Transposition may either be accepted or orthodontically corrected and the adoption of either approach must be preceded by thorough assessment of the patient. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The presentation and management of transposition is variable. The general dental practitioner must be aware of the clinical features of a developing transposition as certain treatment options are only possible before the transposition is fully established. In addition, the orthodontist must be mindful of the potential for iatrogenic harm if these dental anomalies are managed injudiciously.

Dentists and oral and maxillofacial radiologists have used periapical, occlusal, panoramic, and cephalometric radiographs for many years for diagnosing dental anomalies, especially before orthodontic or surgical treatment. Cone beam computed tomography was developed in recent years especially for the dental and maxillofacial region. Thus it has become the imaging modality of choice for many clinical situations, such as the assessment of dental impaction and structural teeth anomalies or other associated diseases and disorders (e.g., Gardner's syndrome, cleidocranial dysplasia). This article reviews different aspects of dental impaction and its possible effects on adjacent structures such as external root resorption, marginal bone loss, as well as describing structural dental anomalies. It provides a systematic analysis of their characteristic features and imaging findings for general radiologists to achieve a precise diagnosis and an optimal interpretation.