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Gabriella de Medeiros Abreu,1,* Camila de Almeida Pereira Dias Soares,1,* Roberta Magalhães Tarantino,2,3 Ana Carolina Proença da Fonseca,1 Ritiele Bastos de Souza,1 Maria de Fátima Carvalho Pereira,4 Pedro Hernan Cabello,1,5 Melanie Rodacki,2 Lenita Zajdenverg,2 Verônica Marques Zembrzuski,1 Mário Campos Junior1 1Human Genetics Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 2Diabetes and Nutrology Section, Internal Medicine Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 3Ambulatory of Diabetes, State Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology Luiz Capriglione, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 4Clinical Pathology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 5Laboratory of Genetics, School of Health Science, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Mário Campos Junior JuniorHuman Genetics Laboratory,Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Sala 615, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, BrazilTel +55 21 3865 8192Email mario.junior@ioc.fiocruz.brPurpose: The aim of this study was to sequence the coding region of the PAX4 gene in a Brazilian cohort with clinical manifestations of monogenic diabetes.Patients and Methods: This study included 31 patients with autosomal dominant history of diabetes, age at diagnosis ≤ 40 years, BMI < 30 kg/m2, and no mutations in GCK or HNF1A, HNF4A, and HNF1B. Screening of the PAX4 coding region was performed by Sanger sequencing. In silico algorithms were used to assess the potential impact of amino acid substitutions on protein structure and function. Additionally, PAX4-MODY family members and 158 control subjects without diabetes were analyzed for the identified mutation.Results: The molecular analysis of PAX4 has detected one missense mutation, p.Arg164Gln (c.491G>A), segregating with diabetes in a large Brazilian family. The mutation was absent among the control group. The index case is a woman diagnosed at 32 years of age with polyneuropathy and treated with insulin. She did not present diabetic renal disease or retinopathy. Family members with the PAX4 p.Arg164Gln mutation have a heterogeneous clinical manifestation and treatment response, with age at diagnosis ranging from 24 years to 50 years.Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report a PAX4-MODY family in Brazil. The age of PAX4-MODY diagnosis in the Brazilian family seems to be higher than the classical criteria for MODY. Our results reinforce the importance of screening large monogenic diabetes families for the understanding of the clinical manifestations of rare forms of diabetes for the specific and personalized treatment.Keywords: diabetes mellitus, monogenic diabetes, MODY, PAX4, mutation

The Observing Air–Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS) is a new United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development programme working to develop a practical, integrated approach for observing air–sea interactions globally for improved Earth system (including ecosystem) forecasts, CO2 uptake assessments called for by the Paris Agreement, and invaluable surface ocean information for decision makers. Our “Theory of Change” relies upon leveraged multi-disciplinary activities, partnerships, and capacity strengthening. Recommendations from >40 OceanObs’19 community papers and a series of workshops have been consolidated into three interlinked Grand Ideas for creating #1: a globally distributed network of mobile air–sea observing platforms built around an expanded array of long-term time-series stations; #2: a satellite network, with high spatial and temporal resolution, optimized for measuring air–sea fluxes; and #3: improved representation of air–sea coupling in a hierarchy of Earth system models. OASIS activities are organized across five Theme Teams: (1) Observing Network Design & Model Improvement; (2) Partnership & Capacity Strengthening; (3) UN Decade OASIS Actions; (4) Best Practices & Interoperability Experiments; and (5) Findable–Accessible–Interoperable–Reusable (FAIR) models, data, and OASIS products. Stakeholders, including researchers, are actively recruited to participate in Theme Teams to help promote a predicted, safe, clean, healthy, resilient, and productive ocean.