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Acceptance-based behavioral therapies (ABTs) for obesity may be superior to standard behavioral therapies but have not been adequately tested with American Indians (AIs). Neurocognitive function is also unexamined in relation to behavioral weight loss among AIs despite findings that neurocognition predicts outcomes in general samples, may help explain some of the benefits of ABTs, and may be relevant to marginalized groups. The primary objective of this pilot was to examine the feasibility/acceptability of ABT in an AI sample. Exploratory analyses examined the relationship between neurocognition and weight loss. Forty-eight AI adults with overweight/obesity (ages 43.3 ± 10.3 years, 85% female; baseline body mass index = 36.8 ± 4.4 kg/m2) enrolled in a 6-month open ABT weight loss trial. Feasibility indices, including screening/enrollment, session attendance, retention rates for posttreatment assessments, and program acceptability were examined. Percent weight loss (%WL) was assessed as well as fluid and crystalized neurocognition (National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery [NIHTB-CB]). We enrolled 79% of the eligible sample and retained 75% (N = 36) at posttreatment assessments. Program completers lost an average of 5.2 ± 4.9% of initial body weight (dz = 1.14), whereas intent-to-treat analyses show a mean loss of 4.1 ± 4.7%. Participants reported high satisfaction, effectiveness, and cultural appropriateness. Exploratory analyses of neurocognitive domains suggested that crystalized cognition was higher among completers, and higher baseline cognitive flexibility predicted greater %WL (β = .34, p = .05). ABT resulted in clinically significant weight loss in an AI sample. A controlled trial of ABT in a larger, more diverse sample is warranted to determine whether (a) the findings are robust, generalizable, and/or superior to other treatments and (b) neurocognitive factors moderate outcomes.

This cohort study evaluates the first 22 months of implementation of the Cherokee Nation Heath Services community-based program designed to eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection., Key Points Question Can a community-based tribal hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination program be implemented successfully in a rural setting? Findings In this cohort study, first-time HCV screening coverage increased from 20.9% to 38.2% from 3 years before to 22 months into implementation of the Cherokee Nation Health Services HCV elimination program. Identification, treatment, and cure of newly identified current HCV infections increased. Meaning In this study, implementation of a community-based HCV elimination program was associated with an improved cascade of care; this information may serve other organizations planning to implement similar programs in large rural areas., Importance In 2019, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection contributed to more deaths in the US than 60 other notifiable infectious diseases combined. The incidence of and mortality associated with HCV infection are highest among American Indian and Alaska Native individuals. Objective To evaluate the association of the Cherokee Nation (CN) HCV elimination program with each element of the cascade of care: HCV screening, linkage to care, treatment, and cure. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used data from the CN Health Services (CNHS), which serves approximately 132 000 American Indian and Alaska Native individuals residing in the 14-county CN reservation in rural northeastern Oklahoma. Data from the first 22 months of implementation (November 1, 2015, to August 31, 2017) of an HCV elimination program were compared with those from the pre–elimination program period (October 1, 2012, to October 31, 2015). The analysis included American Indian and Alaska Native individuals aged 20 to 69 years who accessed care through the CNHS between October 1, 2012, and August 31, 2017. Cure data were recorded through April 15, 2018. Exposure The CN HCV elimination program. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were the proportions of the population screened for HCV, diagnosed with current HCV infection, linked to care, treated, and cured during the initial 22 months of the elimination program period and the pre–elimination program period. Data from electronic health records and an HCV treatment database were analyzed. The cumulative incidence of HCV infection in this population was estimated using bayesian analyses. Results Among the 74 039 eligible individuals accessing care during the elimination program period, the mean (SD) age was 36.0 (13.5) years and 55.9% were women. From the pre–elimination program period to the elimination program period, first-time HCV screening coverage increased from 20.9% to 38.2%, and identification of current HCV infection and treatment in newly screened individuals increased from a mean (SD) of 170 (40) per year to 244 (4) per year and a mean of 95 (133) per year to 215 (9) per year, respectively. During the implementation period, of the 793 individuals with current HCV infection accessing the CNHS, 664 were evaluated (83.7%), 394 (59.3%) initiated treatment, and 335 (85.0%) had documented cure. In less than 2 years, the 85% 3-year goal was reached for cure (85.0%), and the goal for linkage to care was nearly reached (83.7%), whereas screening (44.1%) and treatment initiation (59.3%) required more time and resources. Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found that after 22 months of implementation, the CNHS community-based HCV elimination program was associated with an improved cascade of care. The facilitators and lessons learned in this program may be useful to other organizations planning similar programs.

Introduction The Cherokee Nation Comprehensive Cancer Control Program collaborated with the Cherokee Nation Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Elimination Program within Cherokee Nation’s Health Services to plan and implement activities to increase knowledge and awareness of liver cancer prevention among health care providers and the Cherokee Nation community. From August 2017 to April 2018, the 2 programs implemented liver cancer prevention interventions that focused on education of health care providers and community members. We used descriptive statistics to analyze data collected from a brief, retrospective pre–post survey for each intervention. We assessed overall awareness and knowledge of liver cancer and ability and intention to address it on a scale of 1 to 5. Project Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes didactic sessions resulted in a 1.1-point improvement, provider education workshops resulted in a 1.4-point improvement, and presentations at community coalition meetings resulted in a 1.7-point improvement. Our study shows that HCV interventions can be used by public health and medical professionals interested in controlling HCV and related diseases such as liver cancer.

An estimated 3.5 million persons in the United States are living with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, resulting in approximately 20,000 deaths each year, primarily from cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (1,2). American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations have the highest incidence of acute HCV infection among all U.S. racial/ethnic groups and are at greater risk for HCV-related mortality compared with the general population (3). In 2013, new antiviral drugs became available that make possible 8-12 week treatment regimens with fewer adverse events and are able to achieve sustained virologic response (SVR) in >90% of treated patients (4), equivalent to a cure of HCV infection. Also of note, HCV testing recommendations were expanded in 2012 by CDC and in 2013 by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force to include one-time testing of persons born during 1945-1965 (the "baby boomer" cohort) in addition to anyone at increased risk for HCV infection (5,6). Given the availability of new HCV drugs, expanded testing recommendations, and high incidence of HCV infection in AI/AN populations, in October 2012, Cherokee Nation Health Services (CNHS) implemented a tribal HCV testing policy.* As part of the policy, CNHS added a reminder in the electronic health record (EHR) for clinical decision support and provided HCV education to primary care clinicians. From October 2012 to July 2015, among 92,012 persons with at least one CNHS clinic encounter, the cumulative number who received HCV screening for the first time increased from 3,337 (3.6%) to 16,772 (18.2%). The largest percentage of HCV screening was among persons born during 1945-1965. Of 715 persons who tested positive for HCV antibodies, 488 (68.3%) were tested for HCV RNA; among those 488 persons, 388 (79.5%) were RNA positive and were thus confirmed to have chronic HCV infection. Treatment was initiated for 223 (57.5%) of the 388 with chronic infection; 201 (90.1%) completed treatment, of whom 180 (89.6%) achieved SVR. CNHS has successfully increased HCV testing and treatment and is now collaborating with CDC and other external partners to develop an HCV elimination program for the Cherokee Nation that might serve as a model for similar settings.

Background A leading infectious cause of hospitalization among adults in the United States is community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The etiology and incidence of CAP in American Indians/Alaskan Natives (AI/AN) has not been described. Methods We conducted a retrospective study by reviewing the medical records of all AI/AN patients 18 years or older admitted to W.W. Hastings Hospital in Tahlequah, Oklahoma with a diagnosis of a respiratory infection from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016. Only patients with a radiographically confirmed CAP were included and those with a recent hospitalization or immunosuppressed were excluded. Patient demographics, comorbidities and results of molecular tests, antigen detection, high quality sputum culture and blood culture were reviewed. Population-based incidence rates of CAP requiring hospitalization were calculated according to age. Results From January 2016 through December 2016, 763 patients were admitted with a diagnosis of a respiratory infection, of which 193 (25%) met the inclusion criteria. Of this group, 103 (53%) had at least one pathogen detected: one or more viruses were detected in 47 (24%), one or more bacteria were detected in 63 (33%). The most common pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae (12% of patients), rhinovirus/enterovirus (11% of patients), respiratory syncytial virus (5% of patients), legionella pneumophila (4% of patients), and human metapneumovirus (4% of patients). The annual incidence of CAP was 13.6 cases (95% confidence interval, 11.9, 15.7) per 10,000 adults, with the highest incidence among adults ages 65–79 (43 cases per 10,000 adults) and those 80 years of age or older (102 cases per 10,000 adults). Seventy-five percent of patients had an underlying medical condition, 47% had diabetes mellitus (DM), followed by chronic obstructive lung disease (38%) and chronic heart disease (32%). Conclusion In this AI/AN population, a respiratory pathogen was identified in 53% of the cases despite the use of cutting edge diagnostic tests in most patients. Bacteria were detected more often than viruses. Compared with recent publications of CAP affecting non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics, the population described in this study was older and had higher prevalence of DM. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Purpose Infantile esotropia (manifesting from birth to 6 months) is a common type of strabismus, accounting for 28% to 54% of all esotropias and with an incidence of 1% of the general population. The purpose of this cohort study was to evaluate risk factors for infantile esotropia. Such information may aid in early intervention to prevent manifestation of infantile esotropia. Methods A retrospective chart review of 5,347 records (October 1, 1993, to September 30, 2003) of birth mothers and infants at the W.W. Hastings Indian Health Science Hospital in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, was performed to identify children with varying degrees of Native American blood who had infantile esotropia. A nonstrabismic birth cohort control group was also identified. Twenty-three medical records indicating a diagnosis of infantile esotropia that were complete enough to be used in analysis were identified. Normal infants were compared with infants with esotropia. Results Infantile esotropia in this preliminary study was associated with 24 factors including prematurity, family ocular history, cardiovascular disease, systemic disease, pregnancy-associated hypertension and low birth weight ( Conclusions Prematurity, family history or secondary ocular history, perinatal or gestational complications, systemic disorders, use of supplemental oxygen as a neonate, use of systemic medications, and male sex were found to be significant risk factors for infantile esotropia. Our results provide additional evidence that might help facilitate early detection and intervention in cases in which these risk factors are identified.

This study describes overall and site specific cancer incidence among AI/ANs compared to whites in Oklahoma and differences in cancer staging.Age-adjusted incidence rates obtained from the Oklahoma Central Cancer Registry are presented for all cancer sites combined and for the most common cancer sites among AI/ANs with comparisons to whites. Percentages of late stage cancers for breast, colorectal, and melanoma cancers are also presented.AI/ANs had a significantly higher overall cancer incidence rate compared to whites (629.8/100,000 vs. 503.3/100,000), with a rate ratio of 1.25 (95% CI: 1.22, 1.28). There was a significant disparity in the percentage of late stage melanoma cancers between 2005 and 2009, with 14.0% late stage melanoma for whites and 20.0% for AI/ANs (p-value:0.03).Overall, there were cancer disparities between AI/ANs and whites in Oklahoma. Incidence rates were higher among AI/ANs for all cancers and many site specific cancers.

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that fetuses destined to deliver preterm do not reach their individual growth potential.In a case control design, data on 44 preterm deliveries ator =34 weeks were compared with data on a control group of next consecutive term deliveries. Criteria for inclusion were dating by ultrasonography at20 weeks and no medical or obstetric complications. For each fetus, GROW v.2 software was used to generate an individual optimal growth curve and to calculate the percentile of achieved growth potential for birth weight based on 6 independent factors (maternal weight, height, parity, ethnicity, fetal sex, and gestational age) identified as determining fetal weight from multivariate logistic regression analysis of 40,000 uncomplicated term pregnancies. Birth weight percentiles based on standard norms were also calculated for each fetus.The number of fetuses with birth weight below the 5th, 10th, and 25th percentile of their growth potential was significantly higher in the preterm group (10, 13, and 18) compared with that in the control group (2, 2, and 6; P.008, P.001, and P.008, respectively). There were no significant differences in variables defining growth potential between the case and control groups. The number of fetuses below the 5th and 10th percentile based on standard birth weight norms was not significantly different between preterm and term pregnancies (3 vs 1 and 5 vs 2; P =.37 and P =.27). Among preterm deliveries, those preceded by preterm premature rupture of the membranes had significantly fewer fetuses75th percentile of their growth potential (2 vs 8; P =.025). Fetuses with lower gestational ages at preterm delivery achieved lower median percentiles of their growth potential.A significant proportion of fetuses destined to deliver preterm do not reach their individual growth potential compared with those delivered at term. This finding challenges our concept of preterm delivery and management strategy aimed at tocolysis.

Objective: Nonpuerperal uterine inversion is a rare but serious condition which is often associated with polypoid benign or malignant tumors of the uterus. Timely diagnosis and intervention may prevent long-term sequelae. Methods: This report presents an unusual case of nonpuerperal uterine inversion which was diagnosed 14 months after an uneventful vaginal delivery, the longest period of time reported in world literature. Results: The patient was successfully treated for uterine inversion and was discharged home in good condition. Conclusion: Nonpuerperal uterine inversion can be successfully treated in a low-resource environment, but may require utilization of elements from several standard techniques before reversion is accomplished.