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Objective: To conduct a review on mortality in pregnant women with COVID-19 during the 2020-2021 period in Latin America. Methods: A systematic review of scientific articles published from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021, was carried out in the Medline databases via PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar. The question was: What is the mortality in pregnant women with COVID-19 during the 2020-2021 period in Latin America? through the controlled descriptors: “Pregnant women”, “COVID-19”, “Mortality”. Population: Pregnant women, Exposure: COVID-19, Outcome: Mortality. Results: One of the most vulnerable populations were pregnant women, as they are more susceptible to developing serious viral infections due to the physiological adaptations that occur during pregnancy. After the selection process, we included 10 studies that showed results. They were developed in pregnant women with a positive COVID-19 test and had a study population varying between 40 and 29,416 participants. Mortality in intensive care units was found to be 49% in Mexico City. A study in 8 Latin American countries reported that 86.4% of women were infected before delivery and 60.3% in the third trimester. Studies coincide in describing comorbidities in pregnant women with COVID-19, among which hypertensive disorders stand out. Conclusion: This study provides information about maternal mortality associated with COVID-19 among women in Latin America. In addition, pregnant women were found to present health barriers to accessing intensive care unit services.

The reduction of anthropogenic methane emissions, and especially those from the fossil fuel industry, is one of the most effective ways to slow down global warming in the next decade. Methane emissions from fossil fuel activities often happen as plumes emanating from strong point sources, such as flares, compressor stations, storage tanks, and mine vents.The Sentinel-5P TROPOMI mission can detect the largest plumes from these sources daily and at a global scale thanks to its continuous spatial coverage and daily temporal resolution. Complementary to TROPOMI, several high spatial resolution satellite missions with sensitivity to methane are now being used to attribute plumes to point sources. These missions, so-called point-source imagers in the methane mapping context, sample the methane absorption features in the shortwave infrared with a spatial resolution of 20-60 m, enabling the detection and attribution of plumes from point sources >200-1000 kg/h. Point-source imagers can be hyperspectral (also known as imaging spectrometers), including the GHGSat, PRISMA, EnMAP, and EMIT missions, and multispectral instruments, such as Sentinel-2, Landsat, and WorldView-3. The observations by these point-source imagers often follow a previous identification of large methane hotspot areas by TROPOMI.In connection with this increasing landscape of methane-observing satellites, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is implementing a Methane Alert and Response system (MARS) as part of its International Methane Emissions Observatory (IMEO). MARS was recently launched at COP27 in direct support to the Global Methane Pledge. It relies on the combined use of multiple methane-observing satellites for the systematic detection, attribution and monitoring of methane sources. In its initial phase, the focus is on point sources associated to the energy sector. In this contribution, we will describe the satellite component of MARS and will provide examples of how satellites are being used to detect and mitigate active methane point sources from the energy sector around the world.

To fill gaps in knowledge and refine global understanding of the location and magnitude of methane emissions across sectors, integration and use of data from a range of sources is needed. As countries and industry establish ambitious mitigation targets, accurate and measurement-based emission estimates are critical to accelerate emission reductions and assess progress by tracking changes in emissions over time.The International Methane Emissions Observatory (IMEO) was launched in 2021 at the G20 summit and is hosted by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). IMEO is providing reliable, public, policy-relevant data to facilitate actions to reduce methane emissions.IMEO is collecting and integrating diverse methane emissions data streams, including satellite remote sensing data, science studies, inventories, and measurement-based industry reporting to establish a global, centralized public record of empirically verified methane emissions.In this work, we will summarize (i) IMEO’s current efforts to integrate spatio-temporally dynamic methane emissions data (ii) details of the Methane Alert and Response System (MARS) -a recently-launched system for satellite-based detection, attribution, and monitoring of methane sources to notify emitters and assist mitigation efforts, (iii) insights from measurement campaigns across the world, and (iv) activities for the direct engagement with relevant stakeholders to accelerate mitigation of methane emissions.

Reported methane (CH4) emissions from Romania's onshore oil and gas (O&G) production contribute 16% to onshore O&G emissions in Europe (55 out of 346 kt, IEA estimate). In October 2019, CH4 emissions from the O&G infrastructure were measured during the ROMEO campaign with a wide range of in situ measurement techniques in southern Romania. The measurements confirmed a log-normal distribution of emissions with a small number "super-emitters" contributing strongly to the overall emissions.However, overall emissions remain uncertain because some CH4 super-emitters are difficult to identify with ground-based campaigns due to the large number of potential sources and sometimes elevated emission plumes. In contrast, airborne imaging spectrometers are well suited for identifying super-emitters due to their good spatial coverage and sensitivity to vertical columns. To identify super-emitters, the airborne AVIRIS-NG imaging spectrometer was flown in July 2021 in southern Romania covering an area of about 3000 km2 that contains about 80% of known O&G infrastructure in the region.CH4 enhancements in the AVIRIS-NG lines were retrieved using a quantitative matched-filter method. In total, 38 emission plumes were identified that were assigned to 26 individual sources. Emissions were estimated using the integrated mass enhancement approach and ranged from 13 to 515 kg/h, which suggests annual emissions of about 30 kt assuming continuous emission rates. The sites were visited by ground crews, who confirmed that at least 17 of the sources were also active in December 2022.The observed 30 kt/a from only 26 sources already represent more than half of the reported emissions from the onshore O&G emissions in entire Romania. The campaign demonstrates the importance of airborne imaging spectrometers to identify and quantify CH4 super-emitters for monitoring CH4 emissions from O&G infrastructure.

Background/Aim: Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 and 2 (NAT1 and NAT2) are drug-metabolizing enzymes that play a key role in the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Materials and Methods: This study evaluated NAT1 and NAT2 mRNA and protein expression and their enzymatic activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with ALL (n=20) and healthy children (n=19) and explored the mechanisms that regulate these enzymes in ALL such as microRNAs (miR-1290, miR-26b) and SNPs. Results: PBMC from patients with ALL showed a decrease in NAT1 mRNA and protein expression. In addition, NAT1 enzymatic activity was decreased in patients with ALL. There was no influence of SNP 559 C>T or 560 G>A on low NAT1 activity. The lower expression of NAT1 might be related to the loss of acetylated histone H3K14 in the NAT1 gene promoter in patients with ALL and the higher relative expression of miR-1290 in the plasma of patients with relapsed ALL compared with healthy controls. There were significantly fewer CD3+/NAT1+ double-positive cells in patients who relapsed compared with control subjects. Based on a t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding algorithm, CD19+ cells that reappeared in patients with relapse showed low NAT1 expression. In contrast, for NAT2, there were no significant results. Conclusion: The expression and function of NAT1 and miR-1290 levels could be involved in modulating immune cells altered in ALL.

The Gulf of Mexico is the largest offshore fossil fuel production basin in the United States. Decisions on expanding production in the region legally depend on assessments of the climate impact of new growth. Here, we collect airborne observations and combine them with previous surveys and inventories to estimate the climate impact of current field operations. We evaluate all major on-site greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from combustion, and methane from losses and venting. Using these findings, we estimate the climate impact per unit of energy of produced oil and gas (the carbon intensity). We find high methane emissions (0.60 Tg/y [0.41 to 0.81, 95% confidence interval]) exceeding inventories. This elevates the average CI of the basin to 5.3 g CO 2 e/MJ [4.1 to 6.7] (100-y horizon) over twice the inventories. The CI across the Gulf varies, with deep water production exhibiting a low CI dominated by combustion emissions (1.1 g CO 2 e/MJ), while shallow federal and state waters exhibit an extraordinarily high CI (16 and 43 g CO 2 e/MJ) primarily driven by methane emissions from central hub facilities (intermediaries for gathering and processing). This shows that production in shallow waters, as currently operated, has outsized climate impact. To mitigate these climate impacts, methane emissions in shallow waters must be addressed through efficient flaring instead of venting and repair, refurbishment, or abandonment of poorly maintained infrastructure. We demonstrate an approach to evaluate the CI of fossil fuel production using observations, considering all direct production emissions while allocating to all fossil products.

The objective of this note is to describe two errors in the edition of “José de Arimatea”, a prose poem by Ramón López Velarde. From the review of the author’s manuscript, two mistakes were found in the edition of the text, which appears from the editio princeps of El minutero of 1923. The description of these mistakes will allow adhere to the will of the author and correct the text in future publications.

Ambitious methane (CH4) emissions mitigation represents one of the most effective opportunities to slow the rate of global warming over the next decades. The oil and gas (O&G) sector is a significant source of methane emissions, with technically feasible and cost-effective emission mitigation options. Romania, a key O&G producer within the EU, with one of the highest reported annual CH4 emissions from the energy sector (Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data - Comparison by Category, 2022), can play an important role towards the EU’s emission reduction targets. In this study, we quantify CH4 emissions from onshore oil production sites in Romania at source and facility level using a combination of ground-based measurement techniques. Measured emissions were characterised by heavily skewed distributions, with 10 % of the sites accounting for more than 70 % of total emissions. Integrating the results from all site-level quantifications with different approaches, we derive a central estimate of 5.4 kg h–1 site-1 of CH4 (3.6–8.4, 95 % confidence interval) for oil production sites. This estimate represents one of the highest when compared to measurement-based estimates of similar facilities from other production regions. Based on our results, we estimate a total of 120 ktons CH4 yr–1 (range: 79–180 ktons yr–1) from oil wells in our studied areas in Romania. This is approximately 2.5 times higher than the total reported emissions from the Romanian oil production sector for 2020. Based on the source level characterization, up to three quarters of the detected emissions from oil production sites are related to operational venting. Our results suggest that O&G production infrastructure in Romania holds a massive mitigation potential, specifically by implementing measures to capture the gas and minimize operational venting and leaks.

Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas, responsible for at least a quarter of Today's global warming. Thus, reducing CH4 emissions from global oil and gas infrastructure represents a key opportunity to significantly slow the rate of climate change—with several recent studies highlighting that readily available and cost-effective technologies can reduce a large fraction of current emissions from this industry. Operators have announced ambitious pledges to reduce CH4 emissions from the oil and gas supply chain. For these targets to be effective, it is critical to improve the understanding in terms of how much methane emitted, identify where it is being emitted, and to empirically track progress as mitigation strategies are implemented. Here, we have synthesized results from recent multi-scale scientific studies across geographies (i.e., North America, Europe, Australia), highlighting the role of empirical data in improving emission reporting, and guiding mitigation action. We illustrate how emissions data collected at different spatial and temporal scales can be integrated to provide a clear characterization across the different segments of the oil and gas supply chain. Measurement-based approaches are now being successfully implemented, and the integration and reconciliation of data at different scales can provide useful information to reduce the uncertainty in terms of magnitude and location of emissions. As more operators incorporate these approaches and compile improved emissions data, it will be plausible to improve equipment and system design, perform root cause analysis and reduce the frequency of large emission events. Measurement-based CH4 emissions data is essential to an efficient and effective implementation of CH4 mitigation strategies. This paper highlights how a diversity of robust measurement approaches can be deployed in concert—further identifying mitigation opportunities and tracking changes in emissions over time.

MethaneSAT is a novel satellite mission designed to quantify anthropogenic methane emissions starting with the global oil and gas sector. MethaneSAT is scheduled for launch in 2023 and will provide quantitative data products on methane emission rates focusing on the majority of worldwide oil and gas production, with additional capacity to measure emissions from other sectors including agriculture. MethaneSAT combines three major observing capabilities into a single mission with broad area-level mapping (200 km wide swaths), high measurement precision of 3 parts per billion at 1-2 km2 footprints and high spatial resolution of 100 m × 400 m. These capabilities uniquely allow MethaneSAT to quantify total regional methane emissions, at the same time detecting high-emitting point sources and characterizing diffuse area sources. MethaneSAT is expected to fill significant data gaps in the understanding of the scale and magnitude of methane emissions regionally and globally. Owing to its unique observing capabilities, MethaneSAT will strengthen the emerging ecosystem of existing methane measuring satellites and will synergistically operate with other satellite missions. Operational data products quantifying methane emissions will be made freely available in the public domain via MethaneSAT's data platform, in order to help governments and industry reduce their emissions. In addition, MethaneSAT data will help global policy-relevant emissions database developmental efforts such as the International Methane Emissions Observatory as it integrates multi-scale emission datasets from various measurement platforms.

Methane is the second-largest contributor to global warming due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing anthropogenic methane emissions quickly can significantly reduce global warming within just a few decades. The oil and gas sector is responsible for almost 20% of anthropogenic methane emissions. Yet, there are hardly any policies in place that address oil and gas sector methane emissions. We investigate two policy types: a) a global cap on methane emissions from the oil and gas sector; and b) a methane price implemented by a Clean Buyers Coalition. We extend a detailed global gas market model to allow investment in methane emission abatement measures. We find that the regional contribution to global reductions vary due to different mitigation potentials and associated abatement technology cost. Clean Buyers Coalitions can trigger major investment in methane abatement measures and much reduced emissions. However, a methane price must be balanced against available abatement potentials, as upstream suppliers lacking abatement options rather avoid abatement investments and, instead, re-direct their exports to non-Coalition importers.

El objetivo de este artículo es hacer una exploración inicial de las imágenes botánicas en el poemario Zozobra (1919) de Ramón López Velarde. La hipótesis en este ensayo es que flores, árboles y frutos no son sólo el ornamento de ambientes más o menos idealizados. Considero que la vegetación es plasmada, por supuesto, por su belleza natural; pero también para reflejar una serie de estados físicos y emocionales del poeta y de las mujeres amadas. Debe destacarse, igualmente, que el simbolismo vegetal fue evolucionando de manera significativa a lo largo de la trayectoria del escritor. Los planteamientos en este ensayo tienen como punto de partida La provincia inmutable. Estudios sobre la poesía de Ramón López Velarde de Martha L. Canfield y “Las flores en el modernismo hispanoamericano” de Lily Litvak.

Flaring is widely used by the fossil fuel industry to dispose of natural gas. Industry and governments generally assume that flares remain lit and destroy methane, the predominant component of natural gas, with 98% efficiency. Neither assumption, however, is based on real-world observations. We calculate flare efficiency using airborne sampling across three basins responsible for >80% of US flaring and combine these observations with unlit flare prevalence surveys. We find that both unlit flares and inefficient combustion contribute comparably to ineffective methane destruction, with flares effectively destroying only 91.1% (90.2, 91.8; 95% confidence interval) of methane. This represents a fivefold increase in methane emissions above present assumptions and constitutes 4 to 10% of total US oil and gas methane emissions, highlighting a previously underappreciated methane source and mitigation opportunity.

Eighty percent of US oil and natural gas (O&G) production sites are low production well sites, with average site-level production ≤15 barrels of oil equivalent per day and producing only 6% of the nation’s O&G output in 2019. Here, we integrate national site-level O&G production data and previously reported site-level CH4 measurement data (n = 240) and find that low production well sites are a disproportionately large source of US O&G well site CH4 emissions, emitting more than 4 (95% confidence interval: 3—6) teragrams, 50% more than the total CH4 emissions from the Permian Basin, one of the world’s largest O&G producing regions. We estimate low production well sites represent roughly half (37—75%) of all O&G well site CH4 emissions, and a production-normalized CH4 loss rate of more than 10%—a factor of 6—12 times higher than the mean CH4 loss rate of 1.5% for all O&G well sites in the US. Our work suggests that achieving significant reductions in O&G CH4 emissions will require mitigation of emissions from low production well sites.

Mitigation of methane emissions from fossil fuel extraction, processing and transport is one of the most effective ways to slow global warming. Satellite-based methods are being instrumental for the detection, characterization, and quantification of this type of emissions. However, despite the rapid development of satellite-based methane plume detection methods for terrestrial surfaces, there is still an important observational gap with respect to offshore oil and gas infrastructure—which accounts for roughly 30% of global production. This is mostly caused by the low reflectivity of water at the shortwave infrared wavelengths used for methane remote sensing. In this work, we have used observations from the WorldView-3 and Landsat 8 satellite missions in a particular observation-illumination geometry to image offshore methane plumes from space. The study site is an offshore oil and gas production platform in the Gulf of Mexico, near the coast of Campeche, in one of Mexico's major oil producing fields. Our data suggest that the platform vented high volumes of methane during a 17-day ultra-emission event, amounting to 0.04 ± 0.01 Tg of methane released to the atmosphere if integrated over time. Our results illustrate how satellites can detect methane plumes from offshore infrastructure, which represents a significant breakthrough in the monitoring of industrial methane emissions from space.

Characterizing and attributing methane (CH4) emissions across varying scales are important from environmental, safety, and economic perspectives and are essential for designing and evaluating effective mitigation strategies. Mobile real-time measurements of CH4 in ambient air offer a fast and effective method to identify and quantify local CH4 emissions in urban areas. We carried out extensive campaigns to measure CH4 mole fractions at the street level in Utrecht, the Netherlands (2018 and 2019), and Hamburg, Germany (2018). We detected 145 leak indications (LIs; i.e., CH4 enhancements of more than 10 % above background levels) in Hamburg and 81 LIs in Utrecht. Measurements of the ethane-to-methane ratio (C2:C1), methane-to-carbon dioxide ratio (CH4:CO2), and CH4 isotope composition (δ13C and δD) show that in Hamburg about 1∕3 of the LIs, and in Utrecht 2∕3 of the LIs (based on a limited set of C2:C1 measurements), were of fossil fuel origin. We find that in both cities the largest emission rates in the identified LI distribution are from fossil fuel sources. In Hamburg, the lower emission rates in the identified LI distribution are often associated with biogenic characteristics or (partly) combustion. Extrapolation of detected LI rates along the roads driven to the gas distribution pipes in the entire road network yields total emissions from sources that can be quantified in the street-level surveys of 440±70 t yr−1 from all sources in Hamburg and 150±50 t yr−1 for Utrecht. In Hamburg, C2:C1, CH4:CO2, and isotope-based source attributions show that 50 %–80 % of all emissions originate from the natural gas distribution network; in Utrecht more limited attribution indicates that 70 %–90 % of the emissions are of fossil origin. Our results confirm previous observations that a few large LIs, creating a heavy tail, are responsible for a significant proportion of fossil CH4 emissions. In Utrecht, 1∕3 of total emissions originated from one LI and in Hamburg >1/4 from two LIs. The largest leaks were located and fixed quickly by GasNetz Hamburg once the LIs were shared, but 80 % of the (smaller) LIs attributed to the fossil category could not be detected and/or confirmed as pipeline leaks. This issue requires further investigation.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar algunas de las características de los dos volúmenes de la antología Ciudad fantasma. Relato fantástico de la Ciudad de México (XIX-XXI) (2013), compilada por Bernardo Esquinca y Vicente Quirarte. Inicialmente, se revisará la manera de construir lo fantástico a partir de dos aspectos: por un lado, a través de los paratextos más importantes de la obra (prólogos y cartas anexas); por el otro, mediante varios de los elementos que le dan forma como antología propiamente (selección y organización de los textos). Asimismo, señalaremos de manera general otras particularidades de lo fantástico en esta obra. Y una de las más significativas es postular el fenómeno fantástico con base en la irrupción del mundo y de los mitos del México prehispánico en la capital actual.

We use satellite methane observations from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), for May 2018 to February 2020, to quantify methane emissions from individual oil and natural gas (O/G) basins in the US and Canada using a high-resolution (∼25 km) atmospheric inverse analysis. Our satellite-derived emission estimates show good consistency with in situ field measurements (R=0.96) in 14 O/G basins distributed across the US and Canada. Aggregating our results to the national scale, we obtain O/G-related methane emission estimates of 12.6±2.1 Tg a−1 for the US and 2.2±0.6 Tg a−1 for Canada, 80 % and 40 %, respectively, higher than the national inventories reported to the United Nations. About 70 % of the discrepancy in the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inventory can be attributed to five O/G basins, the Permian, Haynesville, Anadarko, Eagle Ford, and Barnett basins, which in total account for 40 % of US emissions. We show more generally that our TROPOMI inversion framework can quantify methane emissions exceeding 0.2–0.5 Tg a−1 from individual O/G basins, thus providing an effective tool for monitoring methane emissions from large O/G basins globally.

Since their discovery, arylamine N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2 (NAT1 and NAT2, respectively) have been associated with the metabolism of xenobiotics. NAT2 is the main factor in the therapeutic success of tuberculosis treatment due to its role in the biotransformation of isoniazid. However, researchers have started to investigate the possible participation of NAT1 and NAT2 (NATs) in carcinogenesis, although the mechanisms have not been elucidated fully. NATs enzymatic activity is essential in some types of cancer, such as breast cancer and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Whether NAT1 and/or NAT2 participate in insulin resistance level in diabetes mellitus or in the immune system remains to be explored. Therefore, it is clear that its role in cell physiology has more implications than just metabolizing compounds.

Reduction of fossil fuel-related methane emissions has been identified as an essential means for climate change mitigation, but emission source identification remains elusive for most oil and gas production basins in the world. We combine three complementary satellite data sets to survey single methane emission sources on the west coast of Turkmenistan, one of the largest methane hotspots in the world. We found 29 different emitters, with emission rates1800 kg/h, active in the 2017-2020 time period, although older satellite data show that this type of emission has been occurring for decades. We find that all sources are linked to extraction fields mainly dedicated to crude oil production, where 24 of them are inactive flares venting gas. The analysis of time series suggests a causal relationship between the decrease in flaring and the increase in venting. At the regional level, 2020 shows a substantial increase in the number of methane plume detections concerning previous years. Our results suggest that these large venting point sources represent a key mitigation opportunity as they emanate from human-controlled facilities, and that new satellite methods promise a revolution in the detection and monitoring of methane point emissions worldwide.

The ROMEO campaign (ROmanian Methane Emissions from Oil and gas) focused on measurements of methane (CH4) emission rates from oil and natural gas (O&G) production in Romania. The campaign took place in October 2019 and covered the southern part of Romania around the cities Bucharest, Ploiesti, Pitesti, and Craiova. This study presents emission rates calculated from mobile in situ measurement of CH4 and wind measurements using the Other Test Method 33a from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Gaussian Plume Method. These methods were used to determine emission rates from 112 O&G well sites and other production-related facilities. Estimated mean CH4 emission rate with a 95% confidence interval equals 0.49 [0.35, 0.71] kg CH4 h−1 per site; 10% of all quantified sites account for 56% of the estimated emission rates. In addition, more than 1,000 O&G sites were visited for a qualitative “screening” (CH4 detection without quantification). Analysis of the screening data shows that 65% of the sites emitted methane at detectable rates. The CH4 emission rates obtained during the ROMEO campaign are comparable to the methane emission rates in study carried out in other Romanian regions.

La diarrea es consecuencia de la disfunción en el transporte de agua y electrolitos a nivel del intestino. Como resultado de esta alteración se produce un aumento de la frecuencia, cantidad y volumen de las heces, además de cambio en la consistencia de éstas debido al incremento de agua y electrolitos. A nivel mundial la mortalidad reportada por diarrea en menores de cinco años es de 1.87 millones, que representa el 19% de la mortalidad total de la niñez. Esta situación se dispara en los países en desarrollo ya que en África y Asia Sudoriental las muertes por esta causa llegan a 78% y en otros 15 países en desarrollo, entre los que se encuentra México, dichas muertes representan el 73% (Boschi y col., 2008). En el presente trabajo se estudiaron dos plantas que son utilizadas como remedio en el control de trastornos digestivos en la medicina tradicional mexicana: Bidens odorata Cav. y Chrysactinia mexicana Gray. Del extracto clorofórmico de B. odorata se aisló la fracción con mayor actividad antidiarreica (F4), Inhibiendo la diarrea inducida con aceite de ricino. Por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectroscopia de masas (CG-EM) se detectan como compuestos mayoritarios al ácido palmítico (15.3%), ácido esteárico (13.12%), ácido linoleico (9.24%) y oleico (3.34). De los ácidos grasos detectados en F4, de la mezcla de éstos y de F4 se estudió su actividad antidiarreica a diferentes dosis, se encontró que en la diarrea inducida con aceite de ricino el mayor efecto antidiarreico fue el observado con F4 a 100 mg/kg (90.1 ± 0.7%). Se determinó también que F4 no inhibe la diarrea inducida con prostaglandinas E2; en cambio, si inhibe la diarrea inducida con ácido araquidónico (72.9 ± 2.7%). Se puede sugerir que el mecanismo de inhibición de la diarrea por administración de F4 puede ser por el bloqueo la biosíntesis de ácido araquidónico a prostaglandinas. En relación con C. mexicana, se encontró que los extractos acuoso, clorofórmico y metanólico extractos tienen actividad antidiarreica (51.9 ± 6%, 48.2 ± 6% y 59.6 ± 3% respectivamente) en la diarrea inducida con aceite de ricino. Estos resultados permiten suponer que dicha actividad es producida por el aceite esencial de dicha planta (AECM), el cual inhibió la diarrea inducida con aceite de ricino a dosis de 100 mg/kg en un 63.6 ± 5.9%. En la determinación de su composición por CG-EM se encontraron 17 compuestos, de los cuales eucaliptol, α-Terpineol y piperitona representan 90.7% (28.68, 9.9 y 52.12%, respectivamente). El AECM no inhibió la diarrea inducida con prostaglandina E2, pero si inhibió la diarrea inducida con ácido araquidónico (79 ± 7.9%). Estos resultados permiten sugerir que el efecto antidiarreico del AECM podría involucrar la inhibición de la biotransformación del ácido araquidónico a prostaglandinas.

Atmospheric methane (CH4) is an extremely potent greenhouse gas, with ever-increasing global emissions expected to have a significant influence on the Earth’s climate. The Oil and Gas sector is considered to be a significant source of CH4 to the atmosphere, estimated to make up approximately 22% of global emissions. Offshore facility emissions are poorly ground-truthed, with their quantification being heavily dependent on “bottom-up” scaling of inventory data. It is therefore important to devise reliable methods for locating these emissions and to pinpoint their sources, as this will aid emission quantification and validation against reported data.As part of the United Nations Climate and Clean Air Coalition (UN CCAC) project, this study aims to characterise CH4 emissions from oil and gas infrastructure in the Norwegian Sea. The campaign comprised surveys of selected operational oil and gas platforms in this region and included targeted observations of CH4. These surveys were conducted by the Facility of Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) and Scientific Aviation Mooney research aircrafts in July and August 2019, with a total 14 flights. Fluxes are derived using a mass balance approach and aircraft sampling. The Lagrangian particle dispersion model “FLEXPART” is used to aid the attribution of the observed CH4 emissions to the platform(s). We will present results for derived fluxes and uncertainties for individual facilities in the Norwegian Sea. These fluxes will be compared with emissions estimates from platform operators, as well as a global, gridded emission inventory.

El objetivo de este artículo es proponer una lectura de la novela breve Moho (2010) de la escritora mexicana Paulette Jonguitud Acosta, a partir de algunas reflexiones sobre la corporalidad que el horizonte posthumanista ha hecho posibles. Si el humanismo postulaba —de manera directa o indirecta—, un tipo de cuerpo privilegiado (varón, heterosexual, blanco, europeo, burgués, etc.), desde una perspectiva posthumanista se pone en crisis ese modelo corporal único y predominante. En este sentido, la metamorfosis del cuerpo de Constanza, protagonista de la obra, permite el despliegue de una serie de (y una meditación sobre) otras posibilidades corporales: animal, monstruo, vegetal, etc. Para el análisis, se empleará fundamentalmente la noción de pensamiento del cuerpo postulada por Julieta Yelin.

Methane emission fluxes were estimated for 71 oil and gas well pads in the western Permian Basin (Delaware Basin), using a mobile laboratory and an inverse Gaussian dispersion method (OTM 33A). Sites with emissions that were below detection limit (BDL) for OTM 33A were recorded and included in the sample. Average emission rate per site was estimated by bootstrapping and by maximum likelihood best log-normal fit. Sites had to be split into "complex" (sites with liquid storage tanks and/or compressors) and "simple" (sites with only wellheads/pump jacks/separators) categories to achieve acceptable log-normal fits. For complex sites, the log-normal fit depends heavily on the number of BDL sites included. As more BDL sites are included, the log-normal distribution fit to the data is falsely widened, overestimating the mean, highlighting the importance of correctly characterizing low end emissions when using log-normal fits. Basin-wide methane emission rates were estimated for the production sector of the New Mexico portion of the Permian and range from ∼520 000 tons per year, TPY (bootstrapping, 95% CI: 300 000-790 000) to ∼610 000 TPY (log-normal fit method, 95% CI: 330 000-1 000 000). These estimates are a factor of 5.5-9.0 times greater than EPA National Emission Inventory (NEI) estimates for the region.

Satellite observes large methane emissions from the Permian Basin in the United States., Using new satellite observations and atmospheric inverse modeling, we report methane emissions from the Permian Basin, which is among the world’s most prolific oil-producing regions and accounts for >30% of total U.S. oil production. Based on satellite measurements from May 2018 to March 2019, Permian methane emissions from oil and natural gas production are estimated to be 2.7 ± 0.5 Tg a−1, representing the largest methane flux ever reported from a U.S. oil/gas-producing region and are more than two times higher than bottom-up inventory-based estimates. This magnitude of emissions is 3.7% of the gross gas extracted in the Permian, i.e., ~60% higher than the national average leakage rate. The high methane leakage rate is likely contributed by extensive venting and flaring, resulting from insufficient infrastructure to process and transport natural gas. This work demonstrates a high-resolution satellite data–based atmospheric inversion framework, providing a robust top-down analytical tool for quantifying and evaluating subregional methane emissions.

The Permian Basin in west Texas and southeast New Mexico (United States) is one of the most productive oil and gas (O&G) basins in the world, but little methane emissions data have been collected from the region. Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) is leading a year-long science and advocacy campaign to measure O&G methane emissions in the Permian Basin and quickly communicate the data to stakeholders including the public and O&G operators to facilitate emission reductions. EDF and our scientific partners are using three primary approaches to repeatedly quantify emissions at different spatial scales during the campaign. Pennsylvania State University is estimating regional methane emissions on a quarterly basis with atmospheric transport modeling of data collected from a network of five tower-based instruments. University of Wyoming is deploying a mobile laboratory on public roads to measure site-level emissions of methane and volatile organic compounds with EPA Other Test Method 33A and the transect approach. Scientific Aviation is performing aerial mass balance flights to quantify emissions from small clusters of sites, gridded areas, and larger regions. Additionally, EDF is collaborating with several groups using remote sensing approaches to quantify methane emissions including TROPOMI, AVIRIS-NG, GAO, and MethaneAIR. Emissions data including site identities will be published on a custom public website as quickly as possible to educate stakeholders about the magnitude of emissions and facilitate the mitigation of detected emission sources. Following the campaign, data will be analyzed to understand patterns and trends in emissions. Furthermore, we will discuss the potential for implementing similar monitoring approaches in other O&G basins to provide scientifically-rigorous, actionable data that supports effective mitigation of methane emissions.

A wide body of research has characterized methane emissions from the oil and gas supply chain in the US, with recent efforts gaining traction in Canada and Europe. In contrast, empirical data is limited for other significant oil and gas producing regions across the global south. Consequently, measuring and characterizing methane emissions across global oil and gas operations is crucial to the design of effective mitigation strategies.Several countries have announced pledges to reduce methane emissions from this sector (e.g., North America, Climate and Clean Air Coalition [CCAC] ministers). In the case of Mexico, the federal government recently published regulations supporting a 40-45% reduction of methane emissions from oil and gas. For these regulations to be effective, it is critical to understand the current methane emission patterns.We present results from multi-scale empirical estimates of methane emissions from Mexico’s major oil and gas production regions (both offshore and onshore), based on a set of airborne-based measurement campaigns, analysis of satellite data (TROPOMI), and development of spatially explicit inventories. Our results provide a revised estimate of total emissions in the sampled regions and highlight the importance of empirically based characterization as a basis for prioritization in terms of emission reduction opportunities.Finally, we highlight how these measurements –as well as similar policy-relevant studies- connect into action, based on the current needs from relevant stakeholders (e.g., inventory builders, regulators and industry).

The citizen Continental-America Telescopic Eclipse (CATE) Experiment was a new type of citizen science experiment designed to capture a time sequence of white-light coronal observations during totality from 17:16 to 18:48 UT on 2017 August 21. Using identical instruments the CATE group imaged the inner corona from 1 to 2.1 RSun with 1.″43 pixels at a cadence of 2.1 s. A slow coronal mass ejection (CME) started on the SW limb of the Sun before the total eclipse began. An analysis of CATE data from 17:22 to 17:39 UT maps the spatial distribution of coronal flow velocities from about 1.2 to 2.1 RSun, and shows the CME material accelerates from about 0 to 200 km s−1 across this part of the corona. This CME is observed by LASCO C2 at 3.1–13 RSun with a constant speed of 254 km s−1. The CATE and LASCO observations are not fit by either constant acceleration nor spatially uniform velocity change, and so the CME acceleration mechanism must produce variable acceleration in this region of the corona.

Significance Methane from global rice cultivation currently accounts for one-half of all crop-related greenhouse gas emissions. Several international organizations are advocating reductions in methane emissions from rice by promoting intermittent flooding without accounting for the possibility of large emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a long-lived greenhouse gas. Our experimental results suggest that the Indian subcontinent’s N2O emissions from intermittently flooded rice fields could be 30–45 times higher than reported under continuous flooding. Net climate impacts of rice cultivation could be reduced by up to 90% through comanagement of water, nitrogen, and carbon. To do this effectively will require a careful ongoing global assessment of N2O emissions from rice, or we will risk ignoring a very large source of climate impact., Global rice cultivation is estimated to account for 2.5% of current anthropogenic warming because of emissions of methane (CH4), a short-lived greenhouse gas. This estimate assumes a widespread prevalence of continuous flooding of most rice fields and hence does not include emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a long-lived greenhouse gas. Based on the belief that minimizing CH4 from rice cultivation is always climate beneficial, current mitigation policies promote increased use of intermittent flooding. However, results from five intermittently flooded rice farms across three agroecological regions in India indicate that N2O emissions per hectare can be three times higher (33 kg-N2O⋅ha−1⋅season−1) than the maximum previously reported. Correlations between N2O emissions and management parameters suggest that N2O emissions from rice across the Indian subcontinent might be 30–45 times higher under intensified use of intermittent flooding than under continuous flooding. Our data further indicate that comanagement of water with inorganic nitrogen and/or organic matter inputs can decrease climate impacts caused by greenhouse gas emissions up to 90% and nitrogen management might not be central to N2O reduction. An understanding of climate benefits/drawbacks over time of different flooding regimes because of differences in N2O and CH4 emissions can help select the most climate-friendly water management regimes for a given area. Region-specific studies of rice farming practices that map flooding regimes and measure effects of multiple comanaged variables on N2O and CH4 emissions are necessary to determine and minimize the climate impacts of rice cultivation over both the short term and long term.

We use satellite observations from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) to map and quantify methane emissions from eastern Mexico using an atmospheric inverse analysis. Eastern Mexico covers the vast majority of the national oil and gas production. Using TROPOMI measurements from May 2018 to December 2019, our methane emission estimates for eastern Mexico are 5.0 ± 0.2 Tg a−1 for anthropogenic sources and 1.5 ± 0.1 Tg a−1 for natural sources, representing 45% and 34% higher annual methane fluxes respectively compared to the most recent estimates based on the Mexican national greenhouse gas inventory. Our results show that Mexico's oil and gas sector has the largest discrepancy, with oil and gas emissions (1.3 ± 0.2 Tg a−1) higher by a factor of two relative to bottom-up estimates—accounting for a quarter of total anthropogenic emissions. Our satellite-based inverse modeling estimates show that more than half of the oil/gas emissions in eastern Mexico are from the southern onshore basin (0.79 ± 0.13 Tg a−1), pointing at high emission sources which are not represented in current bottom-up inventories (e.g., venting of associated gas, high-emitting gathering/processing facilities related to the transport of associated gas from offshore). These findings suggest that stronger mitigation measures are critical to curbing the anthropogenic footprint of methane emissions in Mexico, especially the large contribution from the oil and gas sector.

Airborne measurements of methane emissions from oil and gas infrastructure were completed over two regions of Alberta, Canada. These top-down measurements were directly compared with region-specific bottom-up inventories that utilized current industry-reported flaring and venting volumes (reported data) and quantitative estimates of unreported venting and fugitive sources. For the 50 × 50 km measurement region near Red Deer, characterized by natural gas and light oil production, measured methane fluxes were more than 17 times greater than that derived from directly reported data but consistent with our region-specific bottom-up inventory-based estimate. For the 60 × 60 km measurement region near Lloydminster, characterized by significant cold heavy oil production with sand (CHOPS), airborne measured methane fluxes were five times greater than directly reported emissions from venting and flaring and four times greater than our region-specific bottom up inventory-based estimate. Extended across Alberta, our results suggest that reported venting emissions in Alberta should be 2.5 ± 0.5 times higher, and total methane emissions from the upstream oil and gas sector (excluding mined oil sands) are likely at least 25-50% greater than current government estimates. Successful mitigation efforts in the Red Deer region will need to focus on the90% of methane emissions currently unmeasured or unreported.

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, their participation as professional antigen presenting cells is essential to the initiation of the adaptive immune response as well as to the induction of tolerance. The recently described role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the immune system, particularly in the modulation of the adaptive immune response has attracted the attention as a potential player in the induction of immune tolerance. However, the effects of AhR activation through endogenous ligands on human DCs have been poorly evaluated. In this study, we investigated the effect of FICZ, a natural AhR ligand, on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) from healthy subjects. We found that the activation of AhR through FICZ during DCs differentiation and maturation processes resulted in a decreased expression of CD83, an increased expression of the enzyme IDO and a reduced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. More importantly, FICZ-treated DCs were able to induce the differentiation of naive T lymphocytes into CD4+ CD25high Foxp3+ T reg-like cells. Our results show that the activation of the AhR on human DCs induces a tolerogenic phenotype with potential implications in immunotherapy.

Canada and Mexico have large but uncertain methane emissions from the oil/gas industry. Inverse analyses of atmospheric methane observations can improve emission estimates but require accurate source patterns as prior information. In order to serve this need, we develop a 0.1° × 0.1° gridded inventory of oil/gas emissions in Canada for 2013 and Mexico for 2010 by disaggregating national emission inventories using best available data for production, processing, transmission, and distribution. Results show large differences with the EDGAR v4.2 gridded global inventory used in past inverse analyses. Canadian emissions are concentrated in Alberta (gas production and processing) and Mexican emissions are concentrated along the east coast (oil production).

La propagación de conflictos socio-ambientales a partir de los megaproyectos y el extractivismo da lugar a la polarización y enfrentamiento entre las partes involucradas, generalmente eclipsando las esferas sociales intangibles y erosionando los derechos humanos a nivel local. En el caso específico de México, cambios legislativos recientes derivados de una reforma energética abrieron la puerta a las Evaluaciones de Impacto Social (“EVIS”) como medida de mitigación a este problema. Si bien esto es un avance relevante, a criterio de los autores el alcance actual de esta figura mantiene un enfoque reduccionista que demerita la búsqueda de una sustentabilidad integral. Partiendo de la premisa que en su momento dio pie al nacimiento del derecho ambiental de interiorizar las externalidades, el presente artículo propone complementar los mecanismos actualmente exigibles en materia social y ambiental con mecanismos robustos que permitan la evaluación y gestión del impacto social de manera transdisciplinaria y transparente, incluyendo por lo menos, factores antropológicos, sociológicos, cuantitativos, jurídicos y de derechos humanos, así como un diálogo-acompañamiento abierto y continuo con las comunidades involucradas, tendiente a generar un estándar crítico que favorezca la gobernanza de las distintas dimensiones del desarrollo.

Effectively mitigating methane emissions from the natural gas supply chain requires addressing the disproportionate influence of high-emitting sources. Here we use a Monte Carlo simulation to aggregate methane emissions from all components on natural gas production sites in the Barnett Shale production region (Texas). Our total emission estimates are two-thirds of those derived from independent site-based measurements. Although some high-emitting operations occur by design (condensate flashing and liquid unloadings), they occur more than an order of magnitude less frequently than required to explain the reported frequency at which high site-based emissions are observed. We conclude that the occurrence of abnormal process conditions (for example, malfunctions upstream of the point of emissions; equipment issues) cause additional emissions that explain the gap between component-based and site-based emissions. Such abnormal conditions can cause a substantial proportion of a site's gas production to be emitted to the atmosphere and are the defining attribute of super-emitting sites., A large proportion of methane emissions from natural gas production sites are released by a fraction of high-emitting sources. Here, using Monte Carlo simulations, the authors reveal that super-emitters occur due to abnormal process conditions, explaining component and site-based inventory discrepancies.

Se reseñó el libro: Estrategias y figuraciones de lo insólito en la narrativa mexicana (siglos xix-xxi).

We use atmospheric observations to quantify methane (CH4) emissions from Mexico’s most important onshore and offshore oil and gas production regions which account for 95% of oil production and 78% of gas production. We use aircraft-based top-down measurements at the regional and facility-levels to determine emissions. Satellite data (TROPOMI CH4 data and VIIRS night-time flare data) provide independent estimates of emissions over 2 years. Our airborne estimate of the offshore region’s emissions is 2800 kg CH4 h−1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1700–3900 kg CH4 h−1), more than an order of magnitude lower than the Mexican national greenhouse gas inventory estimate. In contrast, emissions from the onshore study region are 29 000 kg CH4 h−1 (95% CI: 19 000–39 000 kg CH4 h−1), more than an order of magnitude higher than the inventory. One single facility—a gas processing complex that receives offshore associated gas—emits 5700 kg CH4 h−1 (CI: 3500–7900 kg CH4 h−1), with the majority of those emissions related to inefficient flaring and representing as much as half of Mexico’s residential gas consumption. This facility was responsible for greater emissions than the entirety of the largest offshore production region, suggesting that offshore-produced associated gas is being transported onshore where it is burned and in the process some released to the atmosphere. The satellite-based data suggest even higher emissions for the onshore region than did the temporally constrained aircraft data (>20 times higher than the inventory). If the onshore production region examined is representative of Mexican production generally, then total CH4 emissions from Mexico’s oil and gas production would be similar to, or higher than, the official inventory, despite the large overestimate of offshore emissions. The main driver of inaccuracies in the inventory is the use of generic, non-Mexican specific emission factors. Our work highlights the need for local empirical characterization of emissions if effective emissions mitigation is to be undertaken.

We present a gridded inventory of Mexico’s anthropogenic methane emissions for 2015 with 0.1° × 0.1° resolution (≈10 × 10 km2) and detailed sectoral breakdown. The inventory is constructed by spatially allocating national emission estimates from the National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases and Compounds constructed by the Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (INECC). We provide additional breakdown for oil/gas emissions. Spatial allocation is done using an ensemble of national datasets for methane-emitting activities resolving individual municipalities and point sources. We find that emissions are highest in central Mexico and along the east coast, with substantial spatial overlap between major emission sectors (livestock, fugitive emissions from fuels, solid waste, and wastewater). Offshore oil/gas activities, primarily oil production, account for 51% of national oil/gas emissions. We identify 16 hotspots on the 0.1° × 0.1° grid with individual emissions higher than 20 Gg a−1 (2.3 tons h−1) including large landfills, offshore oil production, coal mines in northern Mexico, a gas processing complex, and a cattle processing facility. We find large differences between our inventory and previous gridded emission inventories for Mexico, in particular EDGAR v5, reflecting our use of more detailed geospatial databases. Although uncertainties in methane emissions remain large, the spatially explicit emissions presented here can provide the basis for inversions of atmospheric methane observations to guide improvements in the national inventory. Gridded inventory files are openly available at (https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/5FUTWM).

Reported estimates of CH4 emissions from ruminants and manure management are up to 2 times higher in atmospheric top-down calculations than in bottom-up (BU) inventories. We explored this discrepancy by estimating CH4 emissions of 2 dairy facilities in California with US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) methodology, which is used for BU inventories, and 3 independent measurement techniques: (1) open-path measurements with inverse dispersion modeling (hereafter open-path), (2) vehicle measurements with tracer flux ratio method, and (3) aircraft measurements with the closed-path method. All 3 techniques were used to estimate whole-facility CH4 emissions during 3 to 6 d per farm in the summer of 2016. In addition, open-path was used to estimate whole-facility CH4 emissions over 13 to 14 d per farm in the winter of 2017. Our objectives were to (1) compare whole-facility CH4 measurements utilizing the different measurement techniques, (2) compare whole-facility CH4 measurements to US EPA inventory methodology estimates, and (3) compare CH4 emissions between 2 dairies. Whole-facility CH4 estimates were similar among measurement techniques. No seasonality was detected for CH4 emissions from animal housing, but CH4 emissions from liquid manure storage were 3 to 6 times greater during the summer than during the winter measurement periods. The findings confirm previous studies showing that whole-facility CH4 emissions need to be measured throughout the year to estimate and evaluate annual inventories. Open-path measurements for liquid manure storage emissions were similar to monthly US EPA estimates during the summer, but not during the winter measurement periods. However, the numerical difference was relatively small considering yearly emission estimates. Manure CH4 emissions contributed 69 to 79% and 26 to 47% of whole-facility CH4 emissions during the summer and winter measurement periods, respectively. Methane yields from animal housing were similar between farms (on average 20.9 g of CH4/kg of dry matter intake), but CH4 emissions normalized by volatile solids (VS) loading from liquid manure storage (g of CH4 per day/kg of VS produced by all cattle per day) at 1 dairy were 1.7 and 3.5 times greater than at the other during the summer (234 vs. 137 g of CH4/kg of VS) and winter measurement periods (78 vs. 22 g of CH4/kg of VS), respectively. We attributed much of this difference to the proportion of manure stored in liquid (anaerobic) form, and suggest that manure management practices that reduce the amount of manure solids stored in liquid form could significantly reduce dairy CH4 emissions.