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Due to global warming, extreme events increase in frequency and intensity. One of those extreme events are cold and heat waves which affect people causing increased mortality and morbidity. Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service (DHMZ) must organize and ensure early warnings of heat and cold waves to reduce the risk and protect the population. To improve heat wave and cold wave forecasts and warning systems, DHMZ analyzed several thermal comfort/stress indices and implemented them operationally in test mode. Although there is no agreement on single comfort or physiological strain index to be used, Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) is well-accepted worldwide. It integrates contemporary science to simulate the human response (physiological stress) to meteorological conditions by a sophisticated model. The UTCI is calculated for the domain over Croatia for the selected cases of a heat wave, a cold wave but also for strong wind episodes, such as local bora and jugo wind. Local bora and jugo wind can reach gale wind speeds and affect human health differently. The meteorological data used for the calculation of UTCI and other thermal indices are hourly NWP model ALADIN-HR output values of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and mean radiant temperature. The UTCI values are compared with other thermal comfort indices which are operational in DHMZ (Thermal comfort index) and show good agreement. Results for the cases of strong wind show UTCI sensitivity to the wind.

Od samih početaka ljudske civilizacije, poljoprivreda je jedna od najstarijih i najvažnijih ljudskih djelatnosti. Cilj je uvijek dobiti što veći i kvalitetniji urod na što utječu brojni faktori, uglavnom klimatski. S vremenom su ljudi naučili promatrati klimu i prilagođavati joj se. U novije vrijeme, tome je uvelike pripomogao razvoj tehnologije. Gotovo svakodnevno razvijaju se nove tehnike mjerenja i obrade izmjerenih podataka. Podaci dolaze iz različitih izvora i u različitim formatima. Programsko rješenje razvijeno u sklopu ovog rada objedinjuje više različitih izvora podataka, obrađuje ih, pohranjuje i prikazuje u web-aplikaciji. Svi podaci, odnosno mjerenja sadrže prostornu komponentu što ih čini pogodnima za prikaz na karti. Zbog toga razvijeno rješenje nije obična web-aplikacija nego spada i u domenu GIS sustava. Rad opisuje cijeli postupak izrade programskog rješenja, od dohvata, obrade i pohrane podataka, preko izrade različitih komponenti web-aplikacije, do samog načina prikaza podataka korisniku na web-stranici. From the very beginnings of human civilization, agriculture is one of the oldest and most important human activities. The goal is always to get as much yield as possible, but also with the best possible quality. This is influenced by many factors, mainly climate ones. Over time, humans have learned to observe the climate and adapt to it. In recent times, the development of technology has greatly contributed to this. New techniques for measuring and processing measured data are being developed almost every day. Data comes from different sources and in different formats. The software solution developed as part of this project combines several different data sources, processes them, stores and displays them in a web application. All measurements contain a spatial component which makes them suitable for displaying on a map. Therefore, this software solution is not an ordinary web application, but also belongs to the domain of GIS systems. The document describes the entire process of creating this software solution. From fetching, processing and storing data, through implementation of various components of the web application, to displaying data to the user on the web page.

With an increase in frequency and intensity of extreme events due to global warming, the Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service (DHMZ) is always looking to improve its algorithms and warning system for such events. Part of the current biometeorological forecast and the Meteoalarm warning system are forecasts of heat waves and cold spells. In an attempt to improve these forecasts, DHMZ analyzed several thermal indices and implemented them operationally in test mode. Although there is no agreement on single comfort or physiological strain index to be used, Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) are well accepted worldwide. For example, the UTCI has been used in many countries for over 10 years. It integrates contemporary science to simulate the human response (physiological stress) to meteorological conditions by a sophisticated model. The meteorological data used for the calculation of UTCI are hourly NWP model values of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and mean radiant temperature. These predictions are calculated using NWP model ALADIN‟s export cycle 43, which is currently being tested at DHMZ. The UTCI is calculated for 30 locations in Croatia. The cases include heat waves and normal weather conditions. Strong wind episodes, such as local bora and jugo wind in coastal regions both in cold and warm seasons are also included, as well as moderate/strong wind in continental regions. Results for the cases of strong wind, especially in the cold season, show UTCI sensitivity to the wind. Finally, the UTCI values are compared with other biometeorological indices which are operational in DHMZ (e.g., Thermal comfort index and Physiological equivalent temperature) and simpler biometeorological indices (e.g., Heat Index in the warm season and Wind Chill index in the cold season).

U ovom diplomskom radu prikazati će se potencijal za gradnju hidroelektrana na rijeci Gornjoj Dobri. Pri tome se podrazumijevaju hidroelektrane koje koriste potencijalnu i kinetičku energiju krške rijeke Gornje Dobre. U diplomskom radu će se proračunati snage i količina proizvedene električne energije iz obje vrste turbina te dati smjernice vezane uz navedeno. Analiza će se napraviti za dvije mjerne hidrološke postaje, Luke i Turkoviće, budući da su za njih ustupljeni podaci od strane Državnog Hidrometeorološkog Zavoda (DHMZ-a). Također, diplomski rad daje uvid u hidrološke, geološke i hidrogeološke karakteristike analiziranog područja, uz prikaz postojećih, već izgrađenih hidroelektrana. Uz navedeno, prikazati će se postojeća saznanja i tehnologije proizvodnje električne energije iz hidroelektrana. This graduate thesis will present the potential for the construction of hydropower plants on the river Gornja Dobra. This includes hydropower plants that use the potential and kinetic energy of the karst river Gornja Dobra. The diploma thesis will calculate the power and amount of electricity produced from both types of turbines and give guidelines related to the above. The analysis will be made for two measuring hydrological stations, Luka and Turkovici, since the data for them have been provided by the Croatian Meteorological and Hydrometeorological Service (CMHS). Also, the graduate thesis provides an insight into the hydrological, geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the analyzed area, with an overview of existing, already built hydropower plants. In addition, the existing knowledge and technologies for the production of electricity from hydropower plants will be presented.

Extreme events are expected to be more frequent and intensified in the future as a consequence of global warming. Therefore, the algorithm for calculating heat waves and cold spells that are part of biometeorological forecast in the Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service (DHMZ) as well as the Meteoalarm warning system, needs further improvement. For that purpose, DHMZ wants to implement operational UTCI forecasting being that the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) has been in use for over 10 years and it's based on contemporary science to simulate the human response by sophisticated model. UTCI was calculated for 30 locations in Croatia. The meteorological data used for the calculation of UTCI were hourly model values of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and mean radiant temperature. Analysis of forecasted UTCI values was done for cases of strong local bora and jugo wind in coastal regions in cold and warm seasons as well as moderate/strong wind in continental regions ; heat wave and normal weather conditions. UTCI values are compared with other biometeorological indices which are operational in DHMZ (Thermal comfort index and Physiological equivalent temperature) and simpler biometeorological indices such as Heat Index in the warm season and Wind Chill index in the cold season. Results for the cases of strong wind, especially in the cold season, show UTCI sensitivity to the wind in comparison with other indices and leaves the interpretation of such values of UTCI debatable.

U ovom radu, uspoređuju se četiri različita izvora Sunčevih podataka pomoću simulacijskog programa HOMER za tri grada u Republici Hrvatskoj: grad Zagreb, grad Rijeku i grad Split. Četiri različita izvora Sunčevih podataka su NASA, RETScreen, PVGIS i DHMZ. Cilj ovog rada je međusobno usporediti globalna horizontalna zračenja dobivenih iz navedenih izvora. Također, potrebno je usporediti dobivenu električnu energiju fotonaponskog modula iz različitih izvora Sunčevih podataka u simulacijskom programu HOMER. In this work, it is needed to compare four different solar data sources with the help of simulation software HOMER for three cities in Republic of Croatia: Zagreb, Rijeka and Split. Four different sources of solar data are NASA, RETScreen, PVGIS and DHMZ. The aim of this paper is to compare global horizontal irradiances obtained from said sources. Also, it is necessary to compare obtained electricity of the photovoltaic module from different solar data sources in the HOMER simulation software.

Upozorenja na opasne vremenske pojave vrlo su bitna za zaštitu života i imovine građana Republike Hrvatske (RH) i sukladno s tim izdavanje upozorenja jedan je od primarnih zadataka Državnoga hidrometeorološkog zavoda (DHMZ), koji ima i isključivu nadležnost za njihovo izdavanje. DHMZ sustavno i kontinuirano razvija kvalitetne informacije na opasne vremenske pojave te je sustav upozoravanja doživio mnoge preinake posljednjih godina, a posebnu ulogu u tome imao je razvoj interneta i tehnologija kojima se informacije mogu vrlo brzo prenositi. U procesu izdavanja upozorenja i obavješćivanja javnosti DHMZ mora komunicirati i surađivati sa svim službama i partnerima zaduženima za sigurnost građana RH. U ovom je radu dan pregled sustava DHMZ-a za izdavanje upozorenja na opasne vremenske pojave, od standardnih operativnih postupaka, razvoja sustava koji je posljednjih nekoliko godina bio vrlo intenzivan, do objašnjenja konačnog produkta, odnosno informacije koja je dostupna svim građanima RH na mrežnim stranicama DHMZ-a. Također su prikazane mnoge statističke značajke upozorenja izdanih u razdoblju od 2009. do 2018. godine, način verifikacije pojedinih upozorenja, a jedno poglavlje posvećeno je i zaštiti od požara raslinja, odnosno ulozi DHMZ-a u provedbi mjera zaštite od požara od interesa za RH.