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What a genius, building a home for more than 10 centuries in the Sahara desert with all the necessary amenities to withstand a hyper-arid climate like that of Timimoun and Tiout. During our work missions during the period: 2000-2019 in the south-west of the Sahara, we were interested in the feeding of Timimoun ksours by the foggaras. This study shows that feeding ksar water remains an unresolved problem for the ksouriens of the Sahara. Two success stories in this area of water have been cited in this paper. These are the ksours of Timimoun which are fed by the foggaras. The ksar of Tiout was supplied with water by an ancestral dam. These are the two cases of the Sahara that have benefited from water with zero energy. These two examples demonstrate the ingenuity of the ksours population. If after ten centuries, the oasis have managed to master the architecture of the ksours, against the supply of ksar in water has shortcomings.

The present study investigated the effects of polymethoxyflavonoids nobiletin and tangeretin on uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activity in the livers of dams exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Pregnant Wistar rats received TCDD (1 m g/kg, p.o.) on gestational day (GD) 15, and the hepatic UGT activity and its inducibility using TCDD were assessed at GD20. UGT activity against p-nitrophenol, 4-methylumbelliferone, and SN-38 was significantly induced in hepatic S9 of TCDD-treated rats. Therefore, UGT isoforms involved in the glucuronidation of these substrates are considered TCDD-inducible in pregnant rats. Kinetic analyses were performed for pooled S9 of rats maternally exposed to TCDD and for control rats for SN-38 glucuronidation. Their Km values were comparable, but the Vmax value in TCDD group was greater than that in the control group. Considering the Km value, SN-38 concentration was fixed at 10 m M, and the inhibitory effects of nobiletin and tangeretin were studied. Nobiletin and tangeretin significantly inhibited SN-38 glucuronidation in pooled hepatic S9 in the control rats at 10 m M. Tangeretin also inhibited SN-38 glucuronidation in the TCDD-treated dams at 10 m M, whereas Nobiletin was inclined to inhibit it. At 100 m M, nobiletin and tangeretin inhibited SN-38 glucuronidation in TCDD and control groups. Although their inhibitory properties were similar, tangeretin was slightly stronger than nobiletin. Thus, UGTs are involved in hormone homeostasis. Further analysis is required to determine whether nobiletin and tangeretin reduce the adverse effects of maternal exposure to TCDD via their modulation of TCDD-induced UGT activity.

[EN] Accounting for the flood routing effect of reservoirs in the assessment of flood discharges is essential in basins where the hydrology is conditioned by the presence of one or more dams. This paper presents the implementation of reservoirs and dams in the hydrological module of the software Iber, which solves the two-dimensional shallow water equations at the scale of an entire basin. Spillways with and without gates, low level outlets, and the possibility to define an ad hoc outflow curve relating the flow rate to the reservoir level are included. As a case study, the effect of the Iznájar reservoir on the hydrology of the Genil basin in Spain was modelled. Three scenarios were considered to compare the effect of the different outflow structures included in this new implementation in Iber. The defined methodology proves to be able to represent numerically the outflow structures, addressing a fundamental limitation in the modelling of large basins with Iber., [ES] La consideración del efecto laminador de los embalses en la evaluación de caudales de avenida es un aspecto fundamental en aquellas cuencas donde la hidrología está condicionada por la presencia de presas. En este trabajo se presenta la implementación de embalses y presas en el módulo hidrológico del modelo Iber, el cual resuelve las ecuaciones de aguas someras bidimensionales a escala de toda una cuenca. Para la modelización del caudal de salida del embalse se incluyen aliviaderos con y sin compuerta, desagües de fondo y la posibilidad de definir una curva de desagüe ad hoc que relacione el caudal de salida con el nivel del embalse. Como caso de estudio se modeló el efecto del embalse de Iznájar en la hidrología de la cuenca del río Genil, en España. Se consideraron tres hipótesis de cálculo con el fin de comparar el efecto de los diferentes órganos de desagüe definidos en esta nueva implementación en Iber. La metodología definida demuestra ser capaz de representar numéricamente los órganos de gestión del embalse y resolver así una limitación fundamental en el modelado de grandes cuencas con Iber., La investigación que aquí se presenta ha sido financiada por el proyecto EAPA_45/2018_AA-FLOODS

Water is an integral part of agricultural practices, with agriculture being the largest user of surface water in the United States. Agriculture's reliance on surface water is strengthening as climate change and growing populations are stressing irrigated croplands. This surface water is primarily stored by a complex network of dams, but despite our reliance on surface water for irrigation, we lack a spatially detailed record of irrigation dam command areas. Therefore, we assigned irrigation command areas to the approximately 1,100 large irrigation dams in the continental United States by combining a tiered assignment strategy with field level infrastructure and agricultural data. We showed that these large irrigation dam command areas are responsible for 10.7 million acres of cropland. This translates to approximately 13.3 billion dollars of crops annually that depend on these large irrigation dams for water. The high-resolution, crop specific assignment of these command areas allows for water scarcity assessments that can be used for better water management decisions to address the changing environmental conditions and public demand pressuring the nation's agriculture and water infrastructure. Master of Science Agriculture depends heavily on surface water stored by large dams, especially in the face of climate change and population growth. However, the spatial distribution of croplands that rely on these dams is poorly known. We mapped the irrigation command areas of around 1,100 large dams in the continental US using a combination of field-level data and a tiered assignment method. We then traced the agricultural products from these areas to their domestic and international markets. We found that large dams support 10.7 million ares of cropland and 13.3 billion dollars of crop value annually in the US. Our high-resolution mapping of irrigation command areas enables more accurate assessments of water scarcity and reveals the local and distant connections between water infrastructure and its users.

Estimation of the potential consequences from events occurring downstream of a dam is part of the risk assessment needed during the installation phase of a new dam. In the case of specific natural or man-made ongoing or prospected events, it may also be important to carry out fast computations that can provide information on the areas at risk either because the original design analyses are not available or because the parameters needed are different. This study aimed to develop a procedure that strongly facilitates the preparation of the input deck and the derivation of the output quantities to allow a fast analysis of a dam break event using a shallow water model, NAMI DANCE, as the analysis tool. The analysis shows that in a few minutes, it is possible to obtain the input deck for a new case. This makes it possible to include the prospected methods into automatic routines in analytical tools such as the Global Disasters Alerts and Coordination System (GDACS) to have a quick overview of the expected flood due to a dam break event.

Bacterial virulence, persistence and defence are affected by epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation. Solitary DNA methyltransferases modulate a variety of cellular processes and influence bacterial virulence; as part of a restriction-modification (RM) system, they act as a primitive immune system in methylating the own DNA, while unmethylated foreign DNA is restricted. We identified a large family of type II DNA methyltransferases in Metamycoplasma hominis, comprising six solitary methyltransferases and four RM systems. Motif-specific 5mC and 6mA methylations were identified with a tailored Tombo analysis on Nanopore reads. Selected motifs with methylation scores >0.5 fit with the gene presence of DAM1 and DAM2, DCM2, DCM3, and DCM6, but not for DCM1, whose activity was strain-dependent. The activity of DCM1 for CmCWGG and of both DAM1 and DAM2 for GmATC was proven in methylation-sensitive restriction and finally for recombinant rDCM1 and rDAM2 against a dam-, dcm-negative background. A hitherto unknown dcm8/dam3 gene fusion containing a (TA) repeat region of varying length was characterized within a single strain, suggesting the expression of DCM8/DAM3 phase variants. The combination of genetic, bioinformatics, and enzymatic approaches enabled the detection of a huge family of type II DNA MTases in M. hominis, whose involvement in virulence and defence can now be characterized in future work.

Most dams in China have been operating for a long time and are products of the economic and technical limitations at the time of construction. Due to decades of aging engineering and ancillary problems, these reservoirs pose great threats to the safety of local people and the development of the surrounding economy. In this study, the surface deformation information for the Banqiao Reservoir is monitored with the small baseline subset–synthetic aperture radar interferometry (SBAS-InSAR) method using 80 Sentinel-1A images acquired from 3 January 2020 to 20 August 2022. Additionally, ground measurements from the BeiDou ground-based deformation monitoring stations were collected to validate the InSAR results. Based on the InSAR results, the spatiotemporal deformation features of the dam were analyzed in detail. The results show that the deformation in most areas, including the dam in the study area, is relatively stable, and the regional deformation velocity of the Banqiao Reservoir dam and other hydraulic engineering facilities varies between −1 mm/y and −4 mm/y. The Ru River area has a relatively obvious subsidence trend, and the maximum subsidence velocity reaches 30 mm/y. The InSAR monitoring results are consistent with the change trend in the BeiDou ground-based deformation measurement results. The monitoring results for the reservoir dam area provide a reference for local sustainable development and geological disaster prevention.

This paper presents an innovative digital twin dam and watershed management platform, K-Twin SJ, that utilizes real-time data and simulation models to support decision-making for flood response and water resource management. The platform includes a GIS-based geospatial digital twin of the entire Sumjin dam and river water system in Korea, with high-precision geospatial topography and facility information for dams and rivers (watershed area 4913 km2, river length 173 km, and 91 water infrastructures). The platform synchronizes real-time data such as rainfall, dam and river water levels, flow rate, and closed-circuit television (CCTV), and incorporates three hydraulic and hydrological simulation models for efficient dam operation considering the river conditions. AI technology is also used to predict the river water level and suggest optimal dam discharge scenarios. Additionally, the platform includes a geotechnical safety evaluation module for river levees, advanced drone monitoring for dams and rivers, and an AI CCTV video surveillance function. The digital-twin-based platform supports efficient decision-making for smart flood responses and contributes to reducing flooding damage and optimal operation through better smart water management.

Thiamine Deficiency Complex is an emerging health concern for California’s Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Low egg thiamine concentrations contribute to the condition being expressed in newly hatched fry leading to increased rates of early mortality. Increased rates of mortality in early life stages could further jeopardize already depleted populations of Chinook salmon in California’s river systems. In 2020, a study of egg thiamine concentrations at Coleman National Fish Hatchery and Livingston Stone Fish Hatchery revealed nearly 50% of the sampled populations contained egg thiamine concentrations below 5 nmol/g which is the egg thiamine concentration threshold for 95% fry viability. This study assesses egg thiamine concentrations from Chinook salmon sampled in the Klamath River Basin during their 2020 and 2021 annual spawning migrations. The study will also assess relationships between egg thiamine concentration and other variables including water temperature and distance of migration, and it will also evaluate relationships between egg diameter and egg thiamine concentration.See the media created for this project here:https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b49ec1acfdc9435dabeeca0c2606eda1

The safety operation of dams after extreme load is an important frontier research topic in the field of dam engineering. The dam health monitoring provides a reliable data basis for a safety evaluation after extreme loads. This study proposes a novel data-driven fusion model for a dam safety evaluation after extreme load based on monitoring data derived by sensors. First, the relationship between dam environmental quantity and effect quantity is deeply excavated based on bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) network, which is a deeply improved LSTM model. Aiming at the parameter optimization problem of BiLSTM model, sparrow search algorithm (SSA), which is an advanced optimization algorithm, is integrated. Second, conducting the constructed SSA-BiLSTM model to estimate the change law of dam effect quantity after the extreme load. Finally, the Mann–Whitney U-test theory is introduced to establish the evaluation criterion of the dam safety state. Project case shows that the multiple quantitative prediction accuracy evaluation indicators of the proposed method are significantly superior to the comparison method, with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and mean absolute error (MAE) values decreasing by 30.5% and 27.8%, respectively, on average. The proposed model can accurately diagnose the dam safety state after the extreme load compared with on-site inspection results of the engineering department, which provides a new method for dam safety evaluation.

The safety of dams is a priority at the international level, based on a large amount of data from a dam-reservoir allows analysts to make optimization on its structural stability, the latter is based on the estimation of the probability of failure from the effects of stress and resistance acting on the dam-reservoir system. This investigation is to establish a methodology in order to optimize the safety of a concrete gravity dam in operation by carrying out a risk analysis which includes the identification of the sources of danger in terms of scenarios that can occur due to a failure on the dam-reservoir system on an implication of natural hazards (floods, earthquakes) and technical accidents such as malfunction of a spillway gate, drain valve, drainage system or important silting. Reliability methods provide a basis for the probabilistic assessment of the structural safety of a dam. They make it possible to take into account in a probabilistic context, the uncertainties in the data associated with the calculation parameters used in the justifications of structural stability and make it possible to assess as closely as possible the intrinsic safety of a concrete gravity dam.

1. The middle part of the Sava River in Slovenia provides one of the longest free-flowing habitats for huchen, a threatened species that is also protected by the European Habitats Directive. However, there are plans for the construction of a chain of hydropower plants along this stretch of river. It has previously been assumed that huchen is no longer self-sustainable here, but dependent upon stocking with hatchery-reared fish. 2. Using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA, the genetic structure of huchen in its entire range in Slovenia was analysed with the particular aim of assessing the self-sustainability of the species in the middle Sava. 3. Using factorial correspondence analysis and assignment tests, a distinct genetic cluster was identified for each of the three main river systems in the country (Sava, Kolpa and Mura–Drava). In the middle Sava, a genetic admixture between stocked and local individuals, observed beyond F1, and a unique genetic substructure not corresponding to the stocking sources, were found. 4. These results indicate the self-sustainability of the middle Sava population and justify its protection. The estimated effective population size in the middle Sava is below the accepted minimum, and additional fragmentation arising from dam construction would cause the genetic breakdown of this huchen population. 5. To preserve local genetic pools and possible inter-population adaptive differentiation, we recommend that the three, historically isolated, river system-bound populations (from the Sava, Kolpa and Mura–Drava) are managed separately. However, separate management of the small, isolated populations in the once free-flowing Sava river system is not encouraged as it may cause their genetic impoverishment. 6. The potential impact of this study on the conservation management of huchen more widely is discussed, with emphasis on the Balkans, where large populations still exist and their management is just beginning.

Las inyecciones de cortina profunda es un método para la impermeabilización de presas, para el proyecto hidroeléctrico Ituango se diseñó una cortina la cual a diferencia de otros proyectos fue un reto de ingeniería debido a las dimensiones de la presa, además de esto se utilizaron diferentes métodos para inyección de lechadas de cemento con el fin de impermeabilizar el lecho y los estribos de la presa; para la impermeabilización fue necesario la perforación de barrenos en todo el contorno de la presa, la cual se realizó mediante la construcción de galerías en ambos estribos a medida del avance de los llenos de la presa. Las inyecciones tienen un proceso para su realización desde la perforación, el diseño de mezcla, los equipos a utilizar y los materiales empleados. Una vez culminados los preparativos, las inyecciones deben cumplir los parámetros de presión y volumen establecidos en los diseños, ya que dependiendo de los comportamientos de cada tramo de inyección puede influir en cambios de método de inyección o inyecciones adicionales. Tabla de Contenido RESUMEN 6 ABSTRACT 7 INTRODUCCIÓN 8 GLOSARIO 10 ANTECEDENTES 12 OBJETIVOS 14 Pregunta de Investigación 14 Objetivo General 15 Objetivo Específicos 15 MARCO TEÓRICO 16 Descripción 16 Centrales Hidroeléctricas 16 Presa 18 Diseño de la cortina profunda 19 Galerías de inyección y drenaje 20 Inyección 21 Inyecciones de Cortina Profunda 22 Método GIN 22 Método Engrosamiento Sucesivo 23 Tipos de lechada. 24 Equipos y materiales Empleados 25 Taladros 25 Bombas de Inyección 26 BAP 160 26 Obturadores 27 Tuberías de Perforación 28 Cementos 29 Aditivos 30 MARCO PREFERENCIAL 31 Proceso Constructivo 31 Lecho del río 31 Galerías en Margen izquierda 34 Galería 250 Margen izquierda 34 Galería 313 MI 36 Galería 357 y Galería 380 Margen Izquierda 38 Galería 357 MI 38 Galería 380 Margen Izquierda 40 Galería 405 Margen Izquierda 41 Galerías en Margen Derecha. 43 Galería 265 Margen derecha 44 Galería 320 Margen derecha 45 Galería 380 Margen Derecha 47 RESULTADOS ESPERADOS 50 CONCLUSIONES 52 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 53 Abstract Deep curtain injections is a method for waterproofing dams, for the Ituango hydroelectric project the curtain was designed in a different way unlike other projects, was an engineering challenge due to the dimensions of the dam, in addition to this different methods were used for injection of cement grout in order to waterproof the riverbed and the abutments of the dam; For waterproofing, it was necessary to drill holes around the all contour of the dam, this was carried while the construction of galleries in both abutments as the progress of the filling of the dam. The injections have a process for their realization from the perforation, the blend design, the equipment to be used and the materials to employ. Once the preparations are complete, the injections must comply with the pressure and volume parameters established in the designs, since depending on the behavior of each injection section, changes in the injection method or additional injections may be influenced. Pregrado

[ES] El presente Trabajo Final de Máster consiste en el desarrollo de una metodología para el análisis de consecuencias derivadas de inundaciones y rotura de presa. Este análisis tendrá en cuenta tanto consecuencias económicas directas e indirectas derivadas de los daños producidos por el agua en los eventos de inundación y consecuencias sociales. Se estudiarán y compararán mediante una aplicación práctica tres metodologías diferentes, la metodología SUFRI, LifeSim y LifeSim simplificada mediante su aplicación a través del entorno de modelación del Hydrologic Engineering Center y sus software HEC-FIA y HEC-LifeSim así como su viabilidad para su aplicación al caso de presas españolas. El caso de aplicación será una presa de titularidad pública española., [EN] This Master's Final Project consists of the development of a methodology for the analysis of consequences derived from floods and dam failure. This analysis will take into account both direct and indirect economic consequences derived from the damage caused by water in flood events and social consequences. Three differents methodologies, SUFRI, LifeSim and simplified LifeSim will be studied and compared by means of a practical application through the modelling environment of the Hydrologic Engineering Center's HEC-FIA and HEC-LifeSim will be undertaken, as well as its feasibility to be applied in Spain. The case study will be a Spanish publicly owned dam.

Представлен методический подход к выбору мероприятий по снижению негативного воздействия природных вод р. Амур на дальневосточные поселения. В рамках подхода предложено три группы защитных мероприятий в зависимости от числа жителей в населенном пункте на примере Еврейской автономной области. В первую группу вошли первоочередные и эффективные мероприятия, обеспечивающие защиту населенных пунктов с числом жителей более 1000 чел. в зоне затопления. Вторая группа мероприятий с более низкой экономической эффективностью предложена для числа жителей 500–1000 чел. Третья группа мероприятий включает превентивные действия и ориентирована на населенные пункты с числом жителей менее 500 человек. Для села Ленинское выполнено сравнение схем вариантов инженерной защиты территории от затопления паводковыми водами р. Амур., A methodical approach to the choice of measures to reduce the negative impact of natural waters of the Amur River on the Far East settlements is presented. Within the framework of the approach, three groups of protective measures depending on the number of residents in the settlement were proposed on the example of the Jewish Autonomous Region. The first group included the first-priority and effective measures ensuring the protection of settlements with more than 1000 residents in the flood zone. The second group of measures with a lower economic efficiency was proposed for the number of residents of 500–1000 people. The third group of measures includes preventive measures and is aimed at the settlements with the population of less than 500 people. The comparison of schemes of variants of engineering protection of the territory from flooding by floodwaters of the Amur river is carried out for the Leninskoye village., Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 4 (130) 2023

The objective of this research is to create an automated irrigation system using two threshold method for rice farming in the Jorolot irrigation area, Cimahi City, West Java Province, Indonesia, which addresses the problem of fluctuating water supply. This issue includes water deficits during the dry season, which threatens rice growth, and excess water during the rainy season, leading to flooding and crop destruction. The method used includes one-dimensional hydraulic modeling of irrigation channels to determine two threshold of channel water level elevation, as well as water availability quantification based on flood, normal, and dry clusters. Furthermore, the system's design involved utilizing the Decision Supporting System (DSS) data communication to monitor and respond to dry or flood events in real time, thereby increasing the system's overall performance. The Jorolot irrigation area, which covers 15.5 hectares, sources its water from the Jorolot Dam, with a primary channel length of 1135 m and a secondary channel length of 536 m. The results showed that the water level in the primary canal for normal conditions is 0.1 m

In this research, an analysis of natural field research results, which was conducted in the Chartak River Reservoir was given. During the field research, different measurements were carried out to determine the useful volume of reservoirs using modern measuring instruments. The research was carried out as following: hydraulic parameters are studied in the aquatic part of reservoir using “SonTekS5” river surveyor doppler, and geodetic measurement were obtained in the waterless parts of the reservoir using “N-3” surveyor levelling tool. Measurements were taken in the defined characteristic cross section and the results on cross section were extracted. Conclusions on the amount of turbid sediments in the reservoirs were made through analyzing the results of the field research and statistical comparison of long-term data of the reservoir. Based on the measurement data, cross sections of the reservoir were formed, and comparing the obtained results with the design parameters of the reservoir, the volume usefulness was clarified. According to the pertinent results of the research, the current usefulness and sediment volumes were 20.81 million m3 and 9.19 million m3, respectively., {"references":["1.\tMerina, R. N., Sashikkumar, M. C., Rizvana, N., & Adlin, R. (2016). Sedimentation study in a reservoir using remote sensing technique. Applied ecology and environmental research, 14(4), 296-304. 2.\tArifjanov, A., Gapparov, F., Apakxujaeva, T., & Xoshimov, S. (2020, December). Determination of reduction of useful volume in water reservoirs due to sedimentation. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 614, No. 1, p. 012079). IOP Publishing. 3.\tJurík, Ľ., Zeleňáková, M., Kaletová, T., & Arifjanov, A. (2018). Small water reservoirs: Sources of water for irrigation. 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S., Arifjanov, A. M., Narzullaev, D. Z., Abdurakhmanov, B. A., & Shadmanov, K. K. (2021, August). Determination of the formation model of the phase concentration field along the section of the turbulent flow of hydrotransport using information technologies. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 2001, No. 1, p. 012010). IOP Publishing. 17.\tZhang, J., Shang, Y., Liu, J., Lu, J., Wei, S., Wan, Z., ... & Fu, J. (2021). Optimisation of reservoir operation mode to improve sediment transport capacity of silt-laden rivers. Journal of Hydrology, 594, 125951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 18.\tTogaev, I., Nurkhodjaev, A., Akmalov, S., Samiev, L., Otakhonov, M., & Atakulov, D. (2022, June). Structural interpretation of the allocated complexes based on remote sensing materials of the Earth and using in geological researches (Case of Southern Nurata Mountains). In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2432, No. 1, p. 030001). 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The spatial gradients created after the installation of large reservoirs produce a great diversity of biotopes, which affects the distribution and structuring of aquatic communities, mainly fish. Thus, we hypothesized that the fishes living in the lotic stretch (river zone, closest to the natural environment) of the reservoir would have lower overlap and higher niche breadth than fishes living in the lentic stretch. Samples were collected in six sections (lentic and lotic) of the Chavantes Reservoir, middle Paranapanema River. A total of 1478 individuals distributed in 13 species were sampled in both stretches. Many resources were acquired by species, and we observed that nine species present significant differences when comparing the two stretches. Furthermore, only \emph{Schizodon nasutus

The main purpose of chat robots is to realize intelligent interaction between human beings and chat robots. Generally, a complete conversation involves chat contexts. Before responding, human beings need to extract information from their chat contexts, and human beings are very good at extracting information. However, how to make the chatbots more complete in extracting appropriate contextual information has become a key issue for the chatbots in multi-round dialogues. Most research in recent years has paid attention to the point-to-point matching of responses and utterances at reciprocal granularity, such as SMN (Sequential Matching Network) and DAM (Deep Attention Matching Network), for which these parsing methods affect the effectiveness of the above networks to some extent. For example, DAM introduces an attention mechanism, which can obtain good results by parsing five levels of granularity of response and utterance through a self-attention module, and then matching the same level of granularity to mine similar spatial information in it. Based on the structure of DAM, this paper proposes an information-mining idea for improving DAM, which applies to those models with a multi-layer matching structure. Therefore, based on this idea, this paper presents two improved methods for DAM, so as to improve the accuracy of the information extraction from the contexts of the multiple round chats. The experiments show that the improved DAM has better results than that of the unimproved DAM, which are, respectively, R_2@1 increased by 0.425%, R_10@1 increased by 0.515%, R_10@2 increased by 0.341%, MAP (Mean Average Precision) increased by 0.358% in Douban data set, P@1 increased by 1.16%, R_10@1 increased by 1.17%, and these results are better than those state-of-the-art methods, and the improved methods presented in this paper can be used not only in DAM but also in other models with similar the point-to-point matching structures.

Like natural catastrophes or armed conflicts, resource extraction projects herald the alteration or destruction of natural and cultural landscapes alike. Dam construction is a major threat to cultural heritage in Western Asian archaeology. One event may result in obliterating hundreds of sites, most of which never reappear or do so only sporadically following cyclical water fluctuation. Destruction of sites remains ongoing, necessitating constant assessment of damage and the establishment of strategies of documentation and maintenance. This paper proposes a new paradigm for future safeguarding and, more widely, a new tool for managing contiguous terrestrial and lacustrine cultural zones. It outlines a new set of cost-efficient tools for observing these archaeological localities’ “emergence patterns” and quickly assessing damage timescales and site areas. As a case study, Iraq’s largest hydroelectric basin, the Mosul Dam reservoir on the upper Tigris, is discussed, as it offers several insights into tackling endemic issues of site recording, monitoring, and threat assessment in a constantly shifting environment. The research has profited from an unexpected drought in 2018 yielding archaeological sites and villages thought forever lost and is informed by new archaeological projects recently undertaken on the eastern bank of the lake.

The Jinsha River Basin (JRB) is the largest hydropower base in China, serving as the main source of the Western Route of China’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Under the influence of the reservoirs operation and climate change, the general hydrological regime in the JRB has been altered. Although the change process can be determined through a runoff time-series analysis and hydrological simulation, the individual impacts of the reservoirs have not been quantified. This study aimed to clarify the impact of the reservoirs in the JRB on the runoff, flood, and drought processes using a framework coupling long short-term memory (LSTM) and flood drought assessment techniques. The results are as follows: (1) From 1998 to 2020, reservoirs in the JRB changed the average daily runoff at Pingshan Station by −5.64%, +10.95%, and −10.93% at the annual and seasonal (dry and rainy) scales, respectively. (2) The operation of dams reduces the risk of flood disasters effectively. Compared with the natural river flow, the flood frequency decreased by 7.69%, and the total flow over the threshold was reduced by 37.86%. (3) The operation of dams has changed the duration and severity of drought, reducing extreme drought and increasing moderate and severe drought. In conclusion, the reservoirs in the JRB have positive effects on water resource regulation, and their mitigation of floods and extreme drought provides security for the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. This study provides a reference for the LSTM modeling of reservoir basins, quantifying the impact of reservoirs on runoff, flood, and drought in the JRB.

The seepage of the dam is an important representation of the operation characteristics of the dam, and there are many factors affecting the seepage with a certain lag. It is still difficult to predict its change and sensitivity because of complex operating conditions. At present, the lag-sensitivity of influence factors of the dam seepage has not been studied. The time series influence factors of seepage are determined by HTRT (hydrostatic-thermal-rainfall-time) model in this paper. To avoid the pseudo fitting of conventional methods, HTRT model nested random forest algorithm is used to establish the predicting model of the dam seepage. And MIC algorithm is used to achieve the dual purposes of time lag and sensitivity analysis. Firstly, the time lag of relationship between seepage and its influencing factors is characterized, and the most appropriate lag time of the HTRT model factors is determined. Secondly, independent correlation analysis on all influencing factors is carried out and the sensitivity of each factor is analyzed by MIC. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of the factors to seepage is quantitatively analyzed by the two parameters of %IncMSE and IncNodePurity of RF algorithm. The sensitivity of influencing factors is analyzed by comparing MIC results with RF results. Combined with the case, taking the error of fitting prediction as the evaluation index of seepage prediction, the prediction accuracy of MIC-RF model, RF model and MIC-BPNN (Back Propagation neural network) model is calculated and compared. Case study showed that MIC- RF monitoring model has high prediction accuracy, strong adaptability and high robustness in dam seepage, and the sensitivity and time lag of influencing factors can be quantitatively analyzed. The water pressure and rainfall of the lag time are 14 days and 16 days respectively. The sensitivity study of the time series influencing factors of seepage showed that the water pressure component is the main controlling factor of seepage, and rainfall component is more sensitive to later stage. The MIC-RF model can be used as a new dam seepage safety monitoring model.

Background Altering the natural flow regime, an essential component of healthy fluvial systems, through hydropower operations has the potential to negatively impact freshwater fish populations. Establishing improved management of flow regimes requires better understanding of how fish respond to altered flow components, such as flow magnitude. Based on the results of a recent systematic map on the impacts of flow regime changes on direct outcomes of freshwater or estuarine fish productivity, evidence clusters on fish abundance and biomass responses were identified for full systematic review. The primary goal of this systematic review is to address one of those evidence clusters, with the following research question: how do changes in flow magnitude due to hydropower operations affect fish abundance and biomass? Methods This review follows the guidelines of the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence. It examined commercially published and grey literature originally identified during the systematic map process and a systematic search update. All articles were screened using an a priori eligibility criteria at two stages (title and abstract, and full-text) and consistency checks were performed at all stages. All eligible articles were assessed for study validity and specifically designed data extraction and study validity tools were used. A narrative synthesis included all available evidence and meta-analysis using the standardized mean difference (Hedges’ g) was conducted where appropriate. Review findings A total of 133 studies from 103 articles were included in this systematic review for data extraction and critical appraisal. Most studies were from North America (60%) and were conducted at 146 different hydropower dams/facilities. Meta-analysis included 268 datasets from 58 studies, separated into three analyses based on replication type [temporal (within or between year replication) or spatial]. Fish abundance (226 datasets) and biomass (30 datasets) had variable responses to changes in flow magnitude with estimated overall mean effect sizes ranging from positive to negative and varying by study design and taxa. In studies with temporal replication, we found a detectable effect of alterations to the direction of flow magnitude, the presence of other flow components, sampling methods, season, and fish life stage. However, we found no detectable effect of these moderators for studies with spatial replication. Taxonomic analyses indicated variable responses to changes in flow magnitude and a bias towards salmonid species. Conclusions This synthesis did not find consistent patterns in fish abundance or biomass responses to alterations or changes in flow magnitude. Fish responses to flow magnitude alterations or changes were highly variable and context dependent. Our synthesis suggests that biotic responses may not be generalizable across systems impacted by hydroelectric power production and operations, where specific features of the system may be highly influential. Site-specific and adaptive management may be necessary. To improve study validity and interpretability, studies with long-term continuous monitoring, and both temporal and spatial replication are needed. When this gold standard is unfeasible, studies should strive, at minimum, to maximize replication within both intervention and comparator groups for either temporal or spatial designs. To further address knowledge gaps, studies are needed that focus on non-salmonids, multiple seasons, and systems outside of North America.

The hydropower sector is currently experiencing several technological developments. New technologies and sustainable practices are emerging to make hydropower more flexible and eco-friendly. Novel materials have also been recently developed to increase performance, durability, and reliability; however, no systematic discussions can be found in the literature. Therefore, in this paper, novel materials for hydropower applications are presented, and their performance, advantages, and limitations are discussed. For example, composites can reduce the weight of steel equipment by 50% to 80%, polymers and superhydrophobic materials can reduce head losses by 4% to 20%, and novel bearing materials can reduce bearing wear by 6%. These improvements determine higher efficiencies, longer life span, waste reduction, and maintenance needs, although the initial cost of some materials is not yet competitive with respect to the costs of traditional materials. The novel materials are described here based on the following categories: novel materials for turbines, dams and waterways, bearings, seals, and ocean hydropower.

A proposed dam is to be built at a North Core watershed of the Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi. Reservoir capacity based on the mean inflow from the catchment yield into the proposed dam was assessed. The hydrological soil group of the area was studied. Mean annual rainfall for a period of 31 years (1987 to2017) was used to determine the runoff from catchment areas. Reservoir capacity was estimated using an analytical, mass curve, and residual mass curve methods. The area of the catchment was 8.82km2. The mean annual runoff from catchment areas was 1222.59mm. The mean annual catchment yield (inflow) was 10,783,243.8m3. Cumulative inflow was used to prepare mass curve inflow into the reservoir at drafts 60% and 80% on the cumulative draft line, superimposed on the cumulative mass curve. At draft 60%, reservoir capacity of 9,513,000m3 resulted; at draft 80%, 10,549,000m3. The residual mass curve of the inflow from the catchment area at a draft of 60%, gave a reservoir capacity of 3,632,000m3, while 80%, gave 4,426,000m3. An annual sediment discharge of 1302.02 tons was expected. A reservoir capacity of 11,000,000m3 was recommended for the proposed dam. Installment of an upstream sedimentation basin, soil conservation systems, vegetative screenings are recommended to reduce sediment load into the reservoir.

This SOP describes device configuration, parameter characteristics, transmission and processing of its output, ingest procedure, storage, data access possibilities, and publishing. Intended user groups are device owners, technicians, and data managers.

The Toukomtore dam in Burkina Faso was built as a road embankment to meet the water needs of the populations of the commune of Koubri. The dam's watershed is not immune to the various climatic and anthropogenic pressures that have caused it to fill up. The objective of this study is to identify the sources of sediment supply to the dam. To do this, the study relies on documentary research, individual interviews with agents of the deconcentrated technical services of the State and users as well as field observations. The results of the study reveal that the sediments in the dam basin come from intense gullying areas, bare areas, bank erosion, market gardening plots and local drains, but also from aggregate extraction sites and brick factories. The results also show that the basin of the dam has lost its initial capacity of reception due to the phenomenon of filling. These results provide indicative elements on the potential origin of the sediments of the dam and are useful for the implementation of the recommendations that have been formulated.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αποτελεί μια προσπάθεια αξιολόγηση της επίδρασης που έχουν δύο υδροηλεκτρικά φράγματα που κατασκευάστηκαν στην κοίτη του ποταμού Devoll στην Αλβανία. Αρχικά γίνεται μια πρώτη παρουσίαση των κατηγοριών των υδροηλεκτρικών φραγμάτων που κατασκευάζονται σε ποτάμια, ενώ γίνεται και καταγραφή των περιβαλλοντικών επιπτώσεων που έχουν σε οικολογικούς θώκους και στα διάφορα είδη των ιχθύων. Ακολούθως γίνεται περιγραφή των κυριότερων χαρακτηριστικών που έχουν τα υδάτινα σώματα που συμπεριλαμβάνονται στην κατηγορία των ποταμών. Παράλληλα παρουσιάζεται ο σημαντικός περιβαλλοντικός ρόλος που διαδραματίζουν στα εσωτερικά ύδατα. Ακολούθως γίνεται περιγραφή των κανόνων που θέτει η Ευρωπαϊκή Οδηγία για τα ύδατα 2000/60, για την μεθοδολογία αξιολόγησης της οικολογικής κατάστασης στην οποία βρίσκονται τα εσωτερικά ύδατα μιας περιοχής. Στο επόμενο κεφάλαιο γίνεται περιγραφή της λεκάνης απορροής του ποταμού Devoll και δίνονται στοιχεία τόσο για το σύνολο των έργων που κατασκευάζονται σε αυτόν, όσο και για τα διαχειριστικά μέτρα που φαίνεται να λαμβάνει η υπεύθυνη εταιρεία. Με βάσει τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν φαίνεται ότι η οικολογική κατάσταση του νερού του ποταμού Devoll θα μπορούσε να χαρακτηριστεί ότι τείνει προς το μέτρια. Παράλληλα, εντοπίστηκε ένας σημαντικός αριθμός ενδημικών ειδών, τα οποία στο μεγαλύτερο μέρος τους χαρακτηρίζονται ως ρεόφιλα. Η δημιουργία των δύο τεχνητών λιμνών αναμένεται να επηρεάσει σε σημαντικό βαθμό την παρουσία τους και να οδηγήσει σε αλλαγή της σύστασης της ιχθυοπανίδας σε αυτές. Με βάσει τα στοιχεία και λαμβάνοντας υπόψη ότι η πλήρωση του δεύτερου φράγματος έγινε σχετικά πρόσφατα, προκύπτει ότι το σύστημα που μελετάται βρίσκεται σε ένα μεταβατικό στάδιο. Επομένως, θα πρέπει να συνεχιστεί η παρακολούθηση του, ώστε να διερευνηθεί σε βάθος χρόνου η συνολική επίδραση των δύο υδροηλεκτρικών φραγμάτων, This thesis is an attempt to evaluate the impact of two hydroelectric dams built on the Devoll River bed in Albania. First, there is a first presentation of the categories of hydroelectric dams that are built on rivers, while there is also a record of the environmental effects they have on ecological areas and on the various species of fish. Next is a description of the main characteristics of the water bodies that are included in the category of rivers. At the same time, the important environmental role they play in inland waters is presented. Next is a description of the rules set by the European Water Directive 2000/60, for the evaluation methodology of the ecological situation in which the internal waters of an area are found. In the next chapter, a description of the Devoll river basin is given, and information is given both on all the projects being built in it, and on the management measures that the responsible company seems to be taking. Based on the results obtained, it appears that the ecological status of the water of the river Devoll could be characterized as tending towards moderate. At the same time, a significant number of endemic species were identified, most of which are characterized as rheophilic. The creation of the two artificial lakes is expected to significantly affect their presence and lead to a change in the composition of the fish fauna in them. Based on the data and taking into account that the filling of the second dam took place relatively recently, it follows that the system under study is in a transitional stage. Therefore, it should continue to be monitored in order to explore the overall effect of the two hydroelectric dams over time

In Morocco, artificial reservoirs often constitute the principal source of water supply. Yet, they faced natural risks such as the siltation, this phenomenon is increasing in all dams around the world. As a result, governments are constantly looking for innovative solutions and encourages studies in this field. In this perspective, we are trying to valorize the mud from the reservoir of one of the oldest and most important dams in Morocco; the Lalla Takerkoust dam, which is suffering from high sedimentation rates. This study is subdivided into two parts, a social part where we conducted questionnaire surveys, and a technical part, where we carried out a series of physicochemical and mechanical analyses on sediment samples collected from the Lalla Takerkoust reservoir. The results obtained show that the sediments of the studied reservoir can be used in several domains, which the local population can use to improve their living standards by setting up social enterprises., Au Maroc, les réservoirs artificiels constituent souvent la principale source d'approvisionnement en eau. Pourtant, ils sont confrontés à des risques naturels tels que l'envasement, ce phénomène étant en augmentation dans tous les barrages du monde. Par conséquent, les gouvernements sont constamment à la recherche de solutions innovantes et encouragent les études dans ce domaine. Dans cette optique, nous essayons de valoriser les boues du réservoir de l'un des plus anciens et des plus importants barrages du Maroc ; le barrage de Lalla Takerkoust, qui souffre d'un fort taux de sédimentation. Cette étude est subdivisée en deux parties, une partie sociale où nous avons mené des enquêtes par questionnaire, et une partie technique, où nous avons effectué une série d'analyses physico-chimiques et mécaniques sur des échantillons de sédiments prélevés dans le réservoir de Lalla Takerkoust. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les sédiments du réservoir étudié peuvent être utilisés dans plusieurs domaines, que la population locale peut utiliser pour améliorer son niveau de vie en créant des entreprises sociales.

The construction of dams along the Senegal River resulted in an increase in irrigated land areas and changes in the epidemiology and transmission of water-related diseases. The objective of this study was to update epidemiological data on malaria in Rosso, one of the major Mauritanian cities along the Senegal River. Febrile patients (n = 318) were screened for malaria using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for malaria and microscopic examination of blood smears. Diagnosis was later confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The mean age of 318 febrile patients was 25.1 (range 1–80 years). Only 7 (2.2%) and 2 (0.6%) had a positive RDT and thick smear, respectively. PCR confirmed the diagnosis in two Plasmodium vivax-infected patients. Most participants (198/318, 62.3%) had no recent travel history outside Rosso. The majority of the febrile patients (90%, 284/311) owned at least one insecticide-treated net (ITN). The frequency of the use of ITNs was not significantly associated with season (rainy vs. dry seasons; p = 0.9) or with the number of ITNs per household (rs = 0.07; n = 285; p = 0.19). Of 285 individuals with ITNs, only two (0.7%) with no travel history were PCR-positive for malaria. Despite the presence of mosquito breeding sites related to rice irrigation, malaria transmission in Rosso remained very low, possibly due to the high coverage and frequent use of bed nets. Regular entomological surveillance for possible changes in the prevalence of Anopheles mosquito species and their behavioural aspects should be implemented.

153 reservoirs have been created in the Republic of Belarus. During the period of passing catastrophic floods and high waters along the river, there is a risk of overflowing reservoirs, overflow of water masses through the crest of an earthen dam and flooding of significantly large areas. The destruction of the dam is accompanied by the formation of a breach and the outflow through it of an unsteady flow of water in the form of a breakthrough wave into the downstream. A breakthrough wave and catastrophic flooding of the area are the main destructive factors of hydrodynamic accidents. Calculations to determine parameters of the wave and to assess the possible consequences of flooding are necessary when drawing up operational-and-tactical plans for the prevention and elimination of emergencies in case of accidents at retaining structures, determining the probable damage from flooding of the territory in the downstream of a hydraulic structure as a result of the passage of a breakthrough wave. It is necessary to assess the flooding zone and the hydrodynamic parameters of the flow, viz. the maximum values of the depth and velocity of the flow in the zone of catastrophic flooding, the time from the beginning of the accident to the arrival of a breakthrough wave at the particular point of the terrain, the duration of flooding, the boundaries of the zone of catastrophic flooding, the hydrographic flow rate in the section of the eroded dam and the graph of the fall headwater level. The degree of reliability of predictive calculations is determined by the accuracy of the two applied mathematical models, viz.: 1) erosion of the dam; 2) the movement of the breakout wave. The analysis of the applied mathematical models shows that in all cases the hydrodynamic models based on the oneand two-dimensional equations of Boussinesq – Saint-Venant are used to calculate the movement of the breakthrough wave. Wave parameters, i. e. wave height and speed of its propagation, completely depend on the hydrograph of the discharge in the section of the eroded dam, which, in its turn, is determined by the dynamics of its erosion. The aim of the work is to develop a methodology for calculating the flooding of the downstream as a result of the destruction of a soil dam.

This paper presents technological innovations based on new hydraulic insulating materials, the use of which in reservoir construction will essentially reduce construction costs by up to half. New polymer-mineral based waterproofing materials N1 and PMM can be used to construct inexpensive reservoirs. In particular, a thoroughly mixed mixture of soil taken from the bottom of a reservoir or other substrate with PMM material at a ratio of 30 grams PMM to one kg of the substrate, laid on the bottom of the reservoir with a thickness of at least 10 cm, and tamped down to a layer of 7 cm or less, will withstand at least 2.5-3 atm pressure of water column. A similar result can be obtained if a 5 cm thick layer of N1 material is laid on the reservoir bottom, together with pebbles to reduce the cost of the proposed solution.

Water consumed is stored in several water bodies in and around us, out of which dams accommodate a major portion of water. The quantity and quality monitoring of water in dams is troublesome due to their large surface area and high depths. Although groundwater resources are the primary water source in India, dams plays a vital role in water distribution and storage network. The Central Water Commission in India has identified more than 5,000 dams of which a major portion is persistently consumed by the rural and urban populations for drinking and irrigation. The water quality of these reservoirs is of serious concern as it would not only affect the socio-economic status of the nation but the aquatic systems as well. Water quality control and management are vital for a delivering clean water supply to the general society. Because of their size, collecting, assessing, and managing a vast volume of water quality data are critical. Water quality data are primarily obtained through manual field sampling; however, real-time sensor monitoring is increasingly being used for more efficient data collection. The literature depicts that the methods involving remote sensing and image processing of water quality analysis consume time, and require sample collection at various depths, analysis of collected samples, and manual interpretations. The objective of this study was to propose a novel cost-effective method to monitor water quality devoid of considerable human intervention. Sensor-based online monitoring aids in assessing the sample with limited technology, at various depths of water in the dam to analyze turbidity which gives the major indication of pure water. The quality analysis of the dam water is suitable if the water is assessed at the distribution end before consumption. Hence, to enhance the water management system, other quality parameters like pH, conductivity, temperature are sensed and monitored in the distribution pipeline. An unstable pH can alter the chemical and microbiological aspects of water, resulting in a variation of other water quality parameters. Temperature variations affect the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water bodies and results in unstable quality parameters. The change in dissolved solvents and the ionic concentration alters the electrical conductivity of the water and the increased concentration of salts also results in turbidity. The data from all the sensors are processed by the microcontroller, transmitted, and displayed in a mobile application comprehensible to the layman. HIGHLIGHTS The quantity and quality monitoring of water in dams is troublesome due to their large surface area and high depths.; An effective quality analysis is the demand of the hour and the problem statement is identified in developing a system to check water quality at various depths in a dam.; An efficient pipeline with various sensors which monitor turbidity, pH, and conductivity is developed as a prototype low cost device.

The aim of this article was to evaluate the water quality of the Alto Muda dam for human consumption in the municipal village of Gondola. Eight parameters were analyzed, namely: water temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, chlorides (Cl-), iron (Fe2+) and thermo tolerant coliforms, of which the turbidity with a high level of 73.9 NTU in the point P01, iron with a high content of 0.64 mg/L at point P01 and thermo-tolerant coliforms with 880.00 NMP/100ml at point P02, which is due to the accentuated anthropic action in these points, such as the dumping of effluents , contamination by domestic sewage and fecal material. MISAU Ministerial Diploma 180/2004 and the Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, according to WHO (2004), recommend maximum admissible limits for drinking water up to 5 NTU for turbidity, 0.3 mg/L for iron (Fe2+ ) and 0 absence of thermo tolerant coliforms in NMP/100ml of water. The two instruments for assessing the potability of water for human consumption (Diploma 180/2004 from MISAU and the WHO guide) do not mention temperature and dissolved oxygen as parameters that participate in the qualification of drinking water, despite their importance for a better aquatic environment. The results obtained in this article allowed us to conclude that the water from the Alto Muda dam in general cannot be considered potable due to the high content of turbidity, iron and thermo tolerant coliforms., O objetivo deste artigo foi de avaliar a qualidade de água da barragem do Alto Muda para o consumo humano na vila municipal de Gondola. Foram analisados 8 parâmetros, a saber: temperatura da água, turbidez, condutividade elétrica, oxigénio dissolvido, pH, cloreto (Cl-), ferro (Fe2+) e coliformes Termo tolerantes, dos quais a turbidez com nível alto de 73,9 NTU no ponto P01, o ferro com teor alto de 0,64 mg/L no ponto P01 e os coliformes Termo tolerantes com 880,00 NMP/100ml no ponto P02, facto que se deve a ação antrópica acentuada nestes pontos como, o despejo de efluentes, contaminação por esgotos domésticos e material fecal. O Diploma Ministerial 180/2004 do MISAU[1] e o Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, segundo a OMS (2004), recomendam limites máximo admissível para água do consumo humano até 5 NTU para a turbidez, 0,3 mg/L para o ferro (Fe2+) e 0 ausência de coliformes Termo tolerantes em NMP/100ml de água. Os dois instrumentos de avaliação dos padrões de potabilidade da água para o consumo humano (Diploma 180/2004 do MISAU e o guião da OMS), não mencionam a temperatura e o oxigénio dissolvido como parâmetros que participam na qualificação da água potável, apesar da sua importância para um melhor ambiente aquático. Os resultados obtidos neste artigo, permitiram concluir que a água da barragem do Alto Muda de uma forma geral não pode ser considerada potável devido ao alto teor de turbidez, ferro e coliformes termo tolerantes.

Dam impoundment can cause many adverse impacts on fish assemblages upstream of dams. Here, we investigated fish diversity in one plateau riverine reservoir (Wanfeng Reservoir) using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding technology. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) 39 species of fish were monitored belonging to 9 orders and 13 families in the Wanfeng Reservoir, most of which were Cypriniformes and included a variety of common farmed fish belonging to Culter, Oreochromis, Acipenser, and Clarias; (2) the fish assemblage structures in the Up (upstream section), Mid (midstream section), and RA (reservoir area section) of this reservoir was significantly different (p-value < 0.01); (3) among the 7 environmental variables that were measured (Tem, TDS, Sal, pH, DO, NH4+, and Tra), DO (p-value < 0.01) and pH (p-value < 0.05) were the main environmental stressors causing differences in fish assemblages in different sites of the Wanfeng Reservoir. This study concluded that dam construction in the karst region provided habitats for the establishment and dispersal of exotic fish.

Excessive nutrient inputs are generally perceived to be responsible for the eutrophication of estuarine and coastal systems. Here, we show that the alteration of estuarine water circulation may be a very critical driver in the case of macrotidal systems. For this study, we intensively sampled the upstream part of the Ria Penfeld in June 2021, in a period of maximum irradiance and after a period of ~7 days of closure of the Kervallon dam gate. We observed that the physico-chemical structure of the Ria Penfeld reservoir (RPR), with very high biomass (chl-a values up to 120 µg L−1) and anoxic conditions in the bottom, was radically different from what is usually observed in the other estuaries of the region. The very high net primary production (~1700 mg C m−2 d−1) in the RPR was associated with an important removal of nutrients, especially phosphate, resulting in a strong nutritional imbalance (molar N:Si:P ratio of 2100:1500:1) for the water exported to the downstream estuary., Les apports excessifs de nutriments sont généralement considérés comme responsables de l’eutrophisation des systèmes estuariens et côtiers. Nous montrons ici que la modification de la circulation des eaux estuariennes peut être un facteur particulièrement critique dans le cas des systèmes macrotidaux. Dans cette étude, nous avons intensivement échantillonné la partie amont de la Ria Penfeld en juin 2021, dans une période d’ensoleillement maximal et après une période de ~7 jours de fermeture des vannes du barrage de Kervallon. Nous avons observé que la structure physico-chimique du réservoir de Ria Penfeld (RPR), avec une biomasse très élevée (chl-a jusqu’à 120 μg L-1) et des conditions anoxiques dans le fond, était radicalement différente de ce qui est habituellement observé dans les autres estuaires de la région. La production primaire nette très élevée (~1700 mg C m−2 d−1) était associée à une importante utilisation des nutriments, en particulier du phosphate, ce qui a entraîné un fort déséquilibre nutritionnel (rapport molaire N:Si:P de 2100:1500:1) pour l’eau exportée vers l’estuaire en aval.

This paper examines whether lime can be used for the drainage of cohesive soils built into hydraulic engineering embankments. It is a common practice, as early as the planning stage, to seek to reduce costs and accelerate work while maintaining the quality of work. Although lime stabilisation is not currently a widely used solution in the hydraulic engineering sector, it can play an important role in the future. Lime stabilisation can be considered an optimal solution as it shortens the embankment construction by eliminating the need to replace the soil when it is over-wet. This paper investigates whether it is possible to apply lime treatment in the forming of hydraulic engineering embankments as well as analyses the efficiency of mechanical soil drainage and compares it against chemical drainage (lime stabilisation) based on the example of the construction of the Szalejów Górny dry flood control reservoir located in south-western Poland. It presents the results of geotechnical investigations carried out during the construction phase and compares them with cases reported in the literature. The observation of the construction process reveals a high efficiency and effectiveness of quicklime (CaO) as a stabiliser in the soil used for reservoir dams. Adoption of this technology made it possible to achieve significantly higher embankment formation rates (max. approx. 14,000 m3/week) than when mechanical drainage was used (max. approx. 11,000 m3/week). It was also noted that the lime stabilisation process was significantly independent of unfavourable weather conditions, resulting in frequent high weekly efficiencies. Geotechnical tests on samples of the lime-stabilised soil built into the dam body confirmed the possibility of obtaining favourable strength parameters, particularly with regard to the angle of internal friction, cohesion and degree of plasticity. Therefore, it can be expected that lime will be used more widely in the formation of hydraulic engineering embankments and that soil stabilisation technology will be applied more frequently.

Acid mine drainage is the leachate resulting from mining operations, most of which has a high concentration of heavy metals, which creates a point source of both diffuse and localised pollution. Among the most commonly used methods for wastewater treatment is the formation of constructed wetlands. Within the wetlands, the water is distributed along the wetland floor and, in this way, the cultivated plants can participate in bioremediation, the roots have direct contact with the polluted medium and can treat part of the contaminant elements. Wetlands, as passive bioremediation systems, allow control and treatment of a location with low cost of maintenance and construction, which has made them very popular since the beginning of the 21st century. Throughout the work, it has been analysed and studied the old wetland constructed in the area of the Catac mine tailings, inside the Huascarán National Park, as well as the calculation of possible scenarios of a new wetland constructed in the same tailings for the treatment of acid mine drainage. Los drenajes ácidos de mina son los lixiviados resultantes de una explotación minera, los cuales presentan grandes concentraciones de metales pesados, hecho que genera un punto contaminante, tanto de difusa como de localizada. Entre los métodos más utilizados para el tratamiento de aguas residuales se plantea la formación de los humedales construidos. Dentro de los humedales, el agua se distribuye a lo largo del lecho y, de esta manera, se consigue que los macrófitos cultivados puedan participar en la biorremediación, las raíces tienen contacto directo con el medio contaminado y pueden tratar parte de los contaminantes presentes. Los humedales, como sistemas pasivos de biorremediación, permiten un control y un tratamiento de una localización con un bajo coste de mantenimiento y de construcción, lo que ha hecho que se vuelvan muy populares desde principios del siglo XXI. A lo largo del trabajo se ha analizado el antiguo humedal construido en la zona del relave minero de Catac, dentro del Parque Nacional del Huascarán, así como los cálculos de diseño de un nuevo humedal construido en el mismo relave para el tratamiento de drenajes ácidos mineros. Els drenatges àcids de mina son el lixiviats resultants d’una explotació minera, els quals presenten grans concentracions de metalls pesats, fet que esdevé en un punt contaminant, tant difusa com localitzada. Un dels mètodes més utilitzats pel tractament d’aquestes aigües residuals es la formació d’aiguamolls construïts. Dins dels aiguamolls, l’aigua es distribueix al llarg del llit i ,d’aquesta forma, s’aconsegueix que els macròfits conreats puguin participar en la bioremediació, les arrels tenen contacte directe amb el medi contaminat i podem absorbir una part dels contaminants presents. Els aiguamolls, com a sistemes passius de bioremediació, permeten un control i un tractament d'una localització amb un baix cost de manteniment i de construcció, la qual cosa ha fet que es tornin molt populars des de principis del segle XXI. Al llarg del treball s'ha analitzat l'antic aiguamoll construït en la zona del relave miner de Catac, dins del Parc Nacional del Huascarán, així com els càlculs de disseny de possibles escenaris d'un nou aiguamoll construït en el mateix relave per al tractament de drenatges àcids miners. Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::6 - Aigua Neta i Sanejament

Label-free quantitative proteomic (LFQ) and widely targeted metabolomic analyses were applied in the safety evaluation of three genetically modified (GM) maize varieties, BBL, BFL-1, and BFL-2, in addition to their corresponding non-GM parent maize. A total of 76, 40, and 25 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were screened out in BBL, BFL-1, and BFL-2, respectively, and their abundance compared was with that in their non-GM parents. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that most of the DEPs participate in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of amino acids, and metabolic pathways. Metabolomic analyses revealed 145, 178, and 88 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in the BBL/ZH58, BFL-1/ZH58, and BFL-2/ZH58×CH72 comparisons, respectively. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that most of the DAMs are involved in biosynthesis of amino acids, and in arginine and proline metabolism. Three co-DEPs and 11 co-DAMs were identified in the seeds of these GM maize lines. The proteomic profiling of seeds showed that the GM maize varieties were not dramatically different from their non-GM control. Similarly, the metabolomic profiling of seeds showed no dramatic changes in the GM/non-GM maize varieties compared with the GM/GM and non-GM/non-GM maize varieties. The genetic background of the transgenic maize was found to have some influence on its proteomic and metabolomic profiles.

Dams are one of the most important engineering works of the current human society, and it is crucial to monitor and obtain analytical data to log their conditions, predict their behavior and, eventually, receive early warnings for planning interventions and maintenance activities. In this context, GNSS-based point displacement monitoring is nowadays a consolidated technique that is able to provide daily millimeter level accuracy, even with less sophisticated and less expensive single-frequency equipment. If properly designed, daily records of such monitoring systems produce time series that, when long enough, allow for an accurate reconstruction of the geometrical deformation of the structure, thus guiding semi-automatic early warning systems. This paper focuses on the procedure for the GNSS time series processing with a statistical approach. In particular, real-world times series collected from a dam monitoring test case are processed as an example of data filtering. A remove–restore technique based on a collocation approach is applied here. Basically, it consists of an initial deterministic modeling by polynomials and periodical components through least squares adjustment and Fourier transform, respectively, followed by a stochastic modeling based on empirical covariance estimation and a collocation approach. Filtered time series are interpreted by autoregressive models based on environmental factors such as air or water temperature and reservoir water level. Spatial analysis is finally performed by computing correlations between displacements of the monitored points, as well as by visualizing the overall structure deformation in time. Results positively validate the proposed data processing workflow, providing useful hints for the implementation of automatic early warning systems in the framework of structural monitoring based on continuous displacement measurements.

Global river systems are experiencing rapid changes in sediment transport under growing anthropogenic and climatic stresses. However, the response of sediment discharge to the coupled influence of anthropogenic and natural factors and the associated impacts on the fluvial geomorphology in the Yangtze and Mekong rivers are not comprehensively assessed. Here, we recalibrated a seamless retrieval algorithm of the total suspended sediment (TSS) concentrations using in situ data and concurrent satellite data sets to analyze spatiotemporal patterns of the TSS concentrations in the lower Yangtze and Mekong rivers. Combined with soil erosion rates estimated by the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation for the past 20 years, we examined the contributions of different factors to TSS trends. The results show that TSS concentrations in the Yangtze River decreased from 0.47 g L-1 in 2000 to 0.23 g L-1 in 2018 due to the construction of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), especially in the Jingjiang reach, with a declining magnitude of 0.3 g L-1 (similar to 56%) since the TGD began operating. The Mekong River experienced increasing TSS concentration trends upstream and decreasing trends downstream from 2000 to 2018, possibly attributed to increased upstream soil erosion and decreased downstream water discharge. Declining TSS concentrations in both rivers have driven varying degrees of river channel erosion over the past two decades. This study investigated long-term changes in the TSS concentrations and soil erosion in the Yangtze and Mekong rivers, and the results provide baseline information for the sustainable development of river sediment delivery.

The Sacachún commune in Ecuador currently faces a lack of water for its agricultural development; this reduces its possibilities of socio-economic development and causes migration to urban areas. This research proposes a presa colinar (hill dam) design that uses ancestral knowledge and classic engineering techniques to promote water use during the dry season in semi-arid regions. The methodology consisted of: (i) a systematic compilation of the ancestral structures used for water planting and harvesting in Ibero-American; (ii) selecting an appropriate place to build the hill dam; (iii) the dam’s body design; (iv) and creating a proposal for agricultural water use. The results helped define a good location for the hill dam implementation. In addition, a 10 m high and 40 m wide earthen dam was designed, with a storage capacity of 114,341 m3, extending agriculture to 7.5 ha through a polyculture system of six different plants. The embankment has a cofferdam located downstream, which provides stability in static and pseudo-static conditions. In addition, the dam slopes have a 2:1 ratio, and a spillway channel and filter drain were dimensioned to protect the dam.

MÖ 9. yüzyılın başlarında Urartu Krallığı, maden kaynaklarını başarılı bir şekilde kullanmayı başararak, mimari faaliyetler göstermişlerdir. Bu mimari faaliyetlerden biri de yaşamsal öneme sahip olan sulama sistemleridir. Urartular, her geçen gün artan nüfus ile birlikte baş gösteren beslenme sorununu çözmek için dağlık ve engebeli coğrafyasında kurak bölgelere su tedarik etmek için çözüm yolları aramışlardır. Bunun için kilometrelerce uzunlukta sulama kanalları inşa etmekle birlikte dağ eteklerine, doğal çöküntü alanlarının önlerini kapatarak suyun toplanmasını ve su sorununun olduğu dönemlerde, su sorunu yaşayan bölgelere su taşınmasını sağlayarak, söz konusu bölgelerde tarımsal faaliyetlerin oluşmasını sağlamışlardır. Sahip oldukları mühendislik becerileri sayesinde topografyayı iyi okuyan Urartular, inşa ettikleri su sistemlerinin nereye inşa edileceğini, nereye hizmet edeceği ve hizmet edeceği bölgeye ulaşmak için geçeceği güzergâhları en iyi şekilde araştırmışlardır. Yerleşim içinde drenaj sistemi, sarnıç ve su kuyuları inşa eden Urartular, yerleşim dışında da drenaj sistemine özen göstermiş ve bunun yanı sıra sulama kanalları, göletler, barajlar ve çeşmeler inşa etmişlerdir. Göstermiş oldukları kapsamlı planlama ile sulama sistemlerinin inşası, inşa sonrası kontrolleri, temizlik ve bakım çalışmaları ve koruması planlama çerçevesinde yürütülmüştür. İnşa ettikleri sulama faaliyetleri dışında suyun gücünden de yararlanan Urartular, günlük ihtiyaçlardan ve tarımsal faaliyetlerden hayvancılığa, ulaşım ve taşımacılık faaliyetlerine, ritüel amaçlı kullanımına dek çok çeşitli alanlarda sudan yararlanmışlardır, At the beginning of the 9th century BC, the Urartian Kingdom, which had rich mineral resources, were also in a successful position in construction activities due to their mining and engineering skills. One of these construction activities is irrigation systems, which are of vital importance. The Urartians sought solutions to supply water to arid regions in their mountainous and rugged geography in order to solve the nutritional problem that arises with the increasing population. For this purpose, they built irrigation channels for kilometres long, and they provided the formation of agricultural activities in the mountain foothills by closing the natural depressions to collect water and to carry it to the regions with lack of water. The Urartians observing the topography well, researched for the best locations where water systems would be established, to which regions the system would serve and the routes it would pass to reach the intented regions that the system will serve. The Urartians have been built drainage systems, cisterns and wells inside the settlements while having drainage systems as well as irrigation canals, ponds, dams and fountains outside of their settlements. With the comprehensive planning they have shown, the construction of irrigation systems, post-construction controling, cleaning, maintenance and protection works were carried out within the frame of planning. Utilizing the power of water apart from the irrigation activities, the Urartians benefitted from water in a wide variety of usages ranging from daily needs, agricultural activities, animal husbandry and transportation to ritual use.

[ES] Este trabajo se centra en la clasificación en función del riesgo potencial de la presa de Chira, ubicada en Gran Canaria, conforme a los pasos marcados por la Guía Técnica para la clasificación de presas de 2021 (MITERD, España) y la normativa vigente (NTS1, BOE de 14 de abril de 2021) . Esta presa es de hormigón con planta curva. Se realizaran modelos hidráulicos de rotura de la presa a partir de dos escenarios de rotura, un primer escenario sin avenida y un segundo escenario con avenida. Los modelos hidráulicos serán bidimensionales y se llevará a cabo un análisis exhaustivo de las consecuencias que permita justificar apropiadamente la clasificación., [EN] This Thesis has as main objetive the classification, on the basis of potential risk, of the Chira Dam, located in Gran Canaria. It is a concrete dam, and the methodology will be adopted from the Technical Guideline on Classification of Dams (MITERD, Spain, 2021) and the current legislation (NTS1, BOE April 1472021). The study will include two failure scenarious (sunny day and severe fllood). Bi-dimensional hydraulic models will be built and used to study the consequences in fully detail to properly suppor the classification proposal

Formulation of the problem. A hydroelectric power plant is a power plant that generates electricity due to the water pressure that flows on the turbine blade and thus drives the generators. The height of the riverbed is required for the operation of the hydroelectric power plant. To create it, a dam is being built, which also serves as a reservoir and allows HPPs to operate at any time. As a result, water falls from a height, falls on the turbine blades and causes them to rotate, and they, in turn, cause the generator shaft to rotate and generate electricity. Derivation is also used to create the required water pressure − drainage of water from the riverbed by a canal or water supply system to hydraulic structures. Sometimes both dam and derivation are used at the same time. The idea of building dams on the Dnieper originated in the XVIII century during the reign of Catherine II. After the conquest of Crimea and Tavria, the empire saw the Dnieper as a promising transport artery for the delivery of goods to new lands and strengthening its position in the east. The use of the river as such was hindered by the famous Dnieper rapids, so the priority in the projects of that time was to ensure navigation along the Dnieper by flooding them. The purpose of the article is a historical analysis of the evolution of the creation, operation, development and modernization of the cascade of hydroelectric power plants on the Dnieper River. Conclusions. The use of hydroelectric power plants provides significant benefits for the development of Ukraine's economy. The main advantage of the hydroelectric power plant is the lack of costs for “fuel”, because for the production of electricity here are used renewable energy sources − water. Hydropower plants also have a long “use” period: some can run for up to 100 years. Hydropower plants can adapt very quickly and at any time to the changing needs of the energy market, increasing or decreasing production. The HPP can be put into operation in a few minutes. HPP is the absence of carbon dioxide. Minor emissions can occur only during the construction of stations. As a result, the final cost of electricity is much lower than in other types of power plants, so it is important to support hydropower in Ukraine for future generations., Постановка проблеми. ГЕС – це електростанція, що завдяки напору води, який надходить на лопаті гідротурбіни і таким чином приводить в дію генератори, виробляє електроенергію. Для роботи гідроелектростанції потрібен перепад висоти русла річки. Щоб його створити, будують греблю, що також слугує водосховищем та дає змогу працювати ГЕС у будь-який час. В результаті вода падає з висоти, потрапляє на лопаті турбіни і змушує їх крутитися, а ті, у свою чергу, змушують обертатися вал генератора і виробляти електроенергію. Також для створення потрібного тиску води застосовується деривація – відведення води від русла річки каналом або системою водоводів до гідротехнічних споруд. Інколи використовується одночасно і гребля, і деривація. Ідея будівництва гребель на Дніпрі виникла ще в XVIII столітті за часів Катерини ІІ. Після завоювання Криму і Таврії імперія розглядала Дніпро, як перспективну транспортну артерію для доставки товарів на нові землі і зміцнення своїх позицій на сході. Використанню річки в такій якості заважали знамениті Дніпровські пороги, тому пріоритетом у проєктах того часу було забезпечення судноплавства по всьому руслу Дніпра шляхом їх затоплення. Мета статті – історичний аналіз еволюції створення, функціонування, розвитку та модернізації каскаду гідроелектростанцій на річці Дніпро. Висновки. Використання гідроелектростанцій дає суттєві переваги для розвитку економіки України. Головною перевагою гідроелектростанції визнана відсутність витрат на «пальне», адже для виробництва електроенергії тут використовуються відновлювальні джерела енергії – вода. Також гідроелектростанції мають довгий термін «використання»: деякі можуть працювати і до 100 років. Гідроелектростанції можуть дуже швидко та в будь-який час пристосовуватися до мінливих потреб ринку в енергії, збільшуючи чи зменшуючи виробництво. ГЕС можна запустити в роботу протягом декількох хвилин. ГЕС – це відсутність вуглекислого газу. Незначні його викиди можуть відбуватися лише під час будівництва станцій. В результаті, кінцева вартість одержуваної електроенергії значно нижча, ніж в інших видів електростанцій, тому важливо підтримувати ГЕС в Україні для майбутніх поколінь.

Saat ini, total bendungan di Indonesia berjumlah 231 bendungan (status registrasi September 2019). Bendungan-bendungan yang ada merupakan bendungan sejak zaman Hindia-Belanda hingga pembangungan 65 bendungan yang menjadi proyek strategis nasional yang merupakan program nawacita. Pembangunan dan pengelolaan bendungan beserta waduknya harus dilaksanakan berdasarkan pada konsepsi keamanan bendungan dan kaidah-kaidah keamanan bendungan. Hal ini bisa dilakukan dengan serangkaian proses sertifikasi, yaitu persetujuan desain, izin pelaksanaan konstruksi bangunan, izin pengisian awal waduk, izin operasi bendungan, dan izin penghapusan fungsi bendungan. Studi kasus tinjauan pustaka dilakukan terhadap Bendungan Nakan yang merupakan bendungan pertama yang mendapatkan izin penghapusan fungsi bendungan. Metode penelitian menggunakan studi literatur dan studi kasus berdasar data primer dan data sekunder. Hasil dan manfaat dari tulisan ini adalah dapat menjadi referensi dalam proses pengajuan penghapusan fungsi bendungan lainnya di Indonesia.

Some studies that analyze the risk of dam failures estimate that between 2016 and 2025 about 30 major tragedies should be expected. Failure records between 1900 and 2014 indicate that there is an average of three ruptures every two years, considering only the failures that were officially registered and investigated. It can be said that the potential for dam failures will be driven by the economy, since cost has been the main variable considered in the design, construction, operation, monitoring and closing plan of these structures. As companies reduce investments in maintenance, risk management and failure prevention, there is an incentive for economic recovery, competitiveness of product value and debt reduction, required by investors. The result has been a decrease in specialized labor, to the point that companies no longer have sufficient knowledge about the engineering and operational skills that apply to tailings and water management. Learning from the dams’ tragedies is practically non-existent, in Brazil and worldwide, leading to catastrophic environmental and social consequences. Failures will occur as long as they are viewed and treated as unpredictable, thereby lacking risk management. The proposed risk management method, presented in this paper, considers the information of inspection and instrumentation, identifying risks from event trees, separately, intolerable, tolerable and acceptable risks. The intolerable risks are conducted for FMEA-type failure analysis, where severe, intermediate and mild failures are assessed. The objective is to enable the development of an assertive and effective action plan for dam safety management.

Located in the state of Paraíba, the Epitácio Pessoa reservoir represents one of the main springs in the northeast, responsible for supplying the important city of Campina Grande, and other neighboring cities. The reservoir reached the lowest volumetric level017 of its innovations in March, when it reached about 3% of its total water storage capacity, it has the possibility of replenishing without water supply in cities that depend on its water availability. During the imminent threat, still in March 2017, the dam started in the waters of the São Francisco River Transposition, which came to change the chaotic scenario that is found in the reserve. Therefore, the present work aimed to analyze the volumetric behavior of the Epitácio Pessoa weir between January 2012 and June 2022 through the study of the time series of the weir available on the AESA website. Using the R 4.1.2 software, through the 'autoarima' function of the 'forecast' package, it was possible to verify that the ARIMA model (therefore better accuracy) was chosen to describe the series of behavior. the volumetric behavior expected for the following months (July to December 2022). Ubicado en el estado de Paraíba, el embalse Epitácio Pessoa representa una de las principales fuentes del nordeste, responsable por el abastecimiento de la importante ciudad de Campina Grande y de otras ciudades vecinas. El embalse mencionado alcanzó el nivel volumétrico más bajo desde su apertura en marzo de 2017, cuando alcanzó cerca del 3% de su capacidad total de almacenamiento de agua, con la posibilidad de un colapso en el suministro de agua de las ciudades que dependían de su disponibilidad de agua. En medio de la amenaza inminente, aún en marzo de 2017, la presa pasó a recibir las aguas de la Transposición del Río São Francisco, que vino a cambiar el caótico escenario en el que se encontraba el embalse. Por lo tanto, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar el comportamiento volumétrico del vertedero Epitácio Pessoa entre enero de 2012 y junio de 2022 a través del estudio de la serie temporal del vertedero disponible en el sitio web de AESA. Utilizando el software R 4.1.2, a través de la función 'auto.arima' del paquete 'forecast', se pudo verificar que el modelo ARIMA(2,1,0) presentaba mejor precisión, por lo que se eligió para describir la comportamiento de la serie y a través de ella se pudo estimar el comportamiento volumétrico esperado para los siguientes meses (julio a diciembre de 2022). Localizado no Estado da Paraíba, o açude Epitácio Pessoa representa um dos principais mananciais nordestinos, responsável por abastecer a importante cidade de Campina Grande, e demais cidades vizinhas. O referido açude chegou ao nível volumétrico mais baixo desde sua inauguração em março de 2017, quando atingiu cerca de 3% de sua capacidade total de armazenamento de água, havendo a possibilidade de colapso no abastecimento de água das cidades que dependiam de sua disponibilidade hídrica. Em meio à ameaça iminente, ainda em março de 2017, o açude começou a receber as águas da Transposição do Rio São Francisco, que veio para modificar o cenário caótico em que se encontrava o reservatório. Diante disto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o comportamento volumétrico do açude Epitácio Pessoa entre janeiro de 2012 e junho de 2022 fazendo o estudo das séries temporais do açude disponibilizadas no site da AESA. Utilizando o software R 4.1.2, por meio da função ‘auto.arima’ do pacote ‘forecast’, foi possível verificar que o modelo ARIMA(2,1,0) demonstrou melhor acurácia, portanto foi escolhido para descrever o comportamento da série e por meio dele foi possível estimar o comportamento volumétrico esperado para os meses seguintes (julho a dezembro de 2022).

Small hydropower (SHP) is one of the most critical renewable energy that is well adapted to the rural localities in less developed countries across the world. Most rural communities in Nigeria are off the national power grid and are bedevilled by an inconsistent supply of electricity. The one possible panacea to the rural energy crisis is harnessing the terrain and abundant rivers and streams within their domain. This study aimed to identify and select suitable sites for the SHP dam in the upper Benue river watershed. Ten thematic layers, land use, precipitation, geology, soil, slope, elevation, stream power index, topographic wetness index, drainage density, and flow, were integrated with Geographic information system and Analytical hierarchy process. A composite suitability map created revealed that 7.5% of the watershed is of a very high suitable class, while 17.5% of the watershed is of a very low suitable class. To select an ideal location, a semi-automatic approach was developed to identify narrow valleys by intersecting contour with stream order and the suitability layer. Eighteen (18) potential dam sites were identified after a query operation was done. The developed method was validated using field data which were correlated with the model output using t-Test; paired two samples for the mean. A strong Pearson correlation of 0.71 between the field data and the semi-automatic approach was observed. The approach offers good prospects for dam site selection. Based on a field survey, the potential dam sites are feasible economically and technically for SHP dam construction that will provide cheap renewable energy to millions of inhabitants in the watershed.