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International audience; Detailed preliminary report on the last fieldwork seasons at Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanese coast), with study of architectural features, ceramic materials and material culture by occupational phases between Late Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.

Scholarly tradition has connected the second half of the third millennium BC with the question of contacts between the northern and southern Levant suggested by the spread in the south of given elements of material culture inspired by northern prototypes. Current explanations of connectivity across the Levant during Early Bronze IV, framed within the context of formation, crisis and regeneration of early urbanism, centre on the role of nascent states in Inland Western Syria – Ebla in particular – in structuring regional agro-pastoral strategies and triggering cultural transfer to the south. This article reviews the available chronological, archaeological and textual records in order to achieve a greater definition of the chronological resolution and geographic scale of possible patterns of interactions among the northern and southern Levant during the second half of the third millennium BC that have not been considered thus far. The article will discuss whether current explanations of connectivity between the northern and southern Levant during Early Bronze IV fit the data available and will explore possible alternative scenarios.

This paper presents a mathematical model to determine the optimal schedule of preventive replacement of a component such that the economic and environmental impacts of the component are minimized. For the economic dimension, the model minimizes the operation, failure and replacement costs of the component. From the environmental perspective, the model aims to minimize the environmental impact associated with the use phase and action taken to replace the component. The model is made general and can accommodate any environmental impact category. Due to the complexity of the objective functions of the model, genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to find the optimal solutions. To reduce GA search space, upper and lower bounds of the solutions are determined based on the numerical analysis of the first derivatives of the objective functions of the model. To show the applicability of the model, a case study aiming to minimize total expected cost and global warming potential (GWP) of a bus tire is presented. The results of the case study show that the optimal preventive replacement schedule minimizing total expected cost per km is when the tire reaches 17,700 km and the schedule minimizing total expected GWP per km is when the tire reaches 19,500 km. The schedules result in US$23 and 0.2 kg CO2-eq savings in the total expected cost and GWP per tire. The solutions of the multi-objective optimization problem indicate that a 1000 km increase in the optimal schedule minimizing total cost will result in a 0.4% increase in the total expected cost and a 0.002% reduction in the total expected GWP of the tire. The sensitivity analysis presents that 1% reduction in the operation cost and fuel consumption contributes to a 0.91% reduction in the total expected cost and 0.99% reduction in the total expected GWP, respectively.

International audience; Cette étude, dédiée à Frances Pinnock, porte sur deux tessons, découverts en contexte stratifié à Tell Al-Rawda, sur lesquels ont été déroulés deux sceaux-cylindres distincts. La nature des poteries marquées, le style des empreintes, une discussion sur leur fonction et le contexte archéologique de ces découvertes permettent de discuter des pratiques sigillaires au Bronze ancien IV dans la région de la Syrie centrale et occidentale. Ils permettent de rattacher ces artefacts à une aire chrono-culturelle précise et nous conduisent à ébaucher quelques éléments de réponse concernant les pratiques sigillaires sur céramique et les modes de production dans la région de la Shamiyeh au Bronze ancien. Les tessons marqués de Tell Al-Rawda permettent de remettre en cause les interprétations qui font systématiquement le lien entre les pratiques sigillaires sur céramique et des pratiques administratives plus ou moins complexes, dans le cadre d’une économie centralisée.

Remanufaktur merupakan proses pengembalian fungsi produk bekas menjadi seperti ketika produk masih baru sehingga menjadi setara dengan produk baru. Berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu, apabila produk yang telah habis masa pakainya dan perlu diproses ulang, maka melakukan remanufaktur merupakan opsi terbaik untuk meminimasi dampak lingkungan dan biaya. Namun, kapan proses remanufaktur harus dilakukan masih menjadi masalah, karena komponen yang dipakai akan berkontribusi terhadap biaya yang dikeluarkan dan masalah dampak lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun model matematika untuk menentukan kapan sebuah komponen harus diremanufaktur sehingga dampak lingkungan per satuan waktu dan biaya per satuan waktu dari komponen tersebut minimum. Variabel keputusan dari model yang dibangun yaitu remanufacturing timing optimal. Metode pencarian solusi optimal dilakukan dengan menggunakan Algoritma Genetika. Model yang telah dibangun diimplementasikan menggunakan sebuah studi kasus yang dilakukan di perusahaan transportasi bus Trans Padang, dengan objek penelitian yaitu ban tipe 750-16 yang digunakan oleh bus Trans Padang. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa remanufacturing timing optimal untuk minimasi biaya per km adalah ketika ban telah mencapai 18.791 km, dengan total biaya per km yang diharapkan adalah Rp. 28,953. Sedangkan, remanufacturing timing optimal untuk minimasi dampak lingkungan per km adalah ketika ban telah mencapai 10.000 km, dengan total GWP per km yang diharapkan adalah 45,361 g CO2-eq. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan penghematan biaya per km sebesar 16,4% dan penghematan GWP per km sebesar 1,37 % jika dibandingkan dengan kebijakan remanufaktur setelah failure. Kata Kunci : Remanufacturing Timing, Minimasi Biaya, Minimasi Dampak Lingkungan

BACKGROUND: Advances in embryo culture media have led to a shift in in vitro fertilisation (IVF) practice from cleavage‐stage embryo transfer to blastocyst‐stage embryo transfer. The rationale for blastocyst‐stage transfer is to improve both uterine and embryonic synchronicity and enable self selection of viable embryos, thus resulting in better live birth rates. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether blastocyst‐stage (day 5 to 6) embryo transfer improves the live birth rate (LBR) per fresh transfer, and other associated outcomes, compared with cleavage‐stage (day 2 to 3) embryo transfer. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group Specialised Register of controlled trials, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL, from inception to October 2021. We also searched registers of ongoing trials and the reference lists of studies retrieved. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which compared the effectiveness of IVF with blastocyst‐stage embryo transfer versus IVF with cleavage‐stage embryo transfer. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures recommended by Cochrane. Our primary outcomes were LBR per fresh transfer and cumulative clinical pregnancy rates (cCPR). Secondary outcomes were clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), multiple pregnancy, high‐order multiple pregnancy, miscarriage (all following first embryo transfer), failure to transfer embryos, and whether supernumerary embryos were frozen for transfer at a later date (frozen‐thawed embryo transfer). We assessed the overall quality of the evidence for the main comparisons using GRADE methods. MAIN RESULTS: We included 32 RCTs (5821 couples or women). The live birth rate following fresh transfer was higher in the blastocyst‐stage transfer group (odds ratio (OR) 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06 to 1.51; I(2) = 53%; 15 studies, 2219 women; low‐quality evidence). This suggests that if 31% of women achieve live birth after fresh cleavage‐stage transfer, between 32% and 41% would do so after fresh blastocyst‐stage transfer. We are uncertain whether blastocyst‐stage transfer improves the cCPR. A post hoc analysis showed that vitrification could increase the cCPR. This is an interesting finding that warrants further investigation when more studies using vitrification are published. The CPR was also higher in the blastocyst‐stage transfer group, following fresh transfer (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.39; I(2) = 51%; 32 studies, 5821 women; moderate‐quality evidence). This suggests that if 39% of women achieve a clinical pregnancy after fresh cleavage‐stage transfer, between 42% and 47% will probably do so after fresh blastocyst‐stage transfer. We are uncertain whether blastocyst‐stage transfer increases multiple pregnancy (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.33; I(2) = 30%; 19 studies, 3019 women; low‐quality evidence) or miscarriage rates (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.38; I(2) = 24%; 22 studies, 4208 women; low‐quality evidence). This suggests that if 9% of women have a multiple pregnancy after fresh cleavage‐stage transfer, between 8% and 12% would do so after fresh blastocyst‐stage transfer. However, a sensitivity analysis restricted only to studies with low or 'some concerns' for risk of bias, in the subgroup of equal number of embryos transferred, showed that blastocyst transfer probably increases the multiple pregnancy rate. Embryo freezing rates (when there are frozen supernumerary embryos for transfer at a later date) were lower in the blastocyst‐stage transfer group (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.57; I(2) = 84%; 14 studies, 2292 women; low‐quality evidence). This suggests that if 60% of women have embryos frozen after cleavage‐stage transfer, between 37% and 46% would do so after blastocyst‐stage transfer. Failure to transfer any embryos was higher in the blastocyst transfer group (OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.76 to 3.55; I(2) = 36%; 17 studies, 2577 women; moderate‐quality evidence). This suggests that if 1% of women have no embryos transferred in planned fresh cleavage‐stage transfer, between 2% and 4% probably have no embryos transferred in planned fresh blastocyst‐stage transfer. The evidence was of low quality for most outcomes. The main limitations were serious imprecision and serious risk of bias, associated with failure to describe acceptable methods of randomisation. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is low‐quality evidence for live birth and moderate‐quality evidence for clinical pregnancy that fresh blastocyst‐stage transfer is associated with higher rates of both than fresh cleavage‐stage transfer. We are uncertain whether blastocyst‐stage transfer improves the cCPR derived from fresh and frozen‐thawed cycles following a single oocyte retrieval. Although there is a benefit favouring blastocyst‐stage transfer in fresh cycles, more evidence is needed to know whether the stage of transfer impacts on cumulative live birth and pregnancy rates. Future RCTs should report rates of live birth, cumulative live birth, and miscarriage. They should also evaluate women with a poor prognosis to enable those undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) and service providers to make well‐informed decisions on the best treatment option available.

Orientada por la pregunta hacia dónde va la cultura escrita en la escuela, la presente tesis se propone el estudio del proceso de producción y circulación de sentidos sobre el cambio cultural y la escuela a propósito de las transformaciones culturales contemporáneas. Para ello, releva y analiza las prácticas discursivas producidas en el contexto argentino de la última década en torno a la cultura escolar, entendida como una construcción en la que se entremezclan las significaciones de la cultura político-normativa, la cultura de la intermediación pedagógica, y la cultura empírico-práctica de los docentes. Desde la perspectiva social, la tesis aporta a los esfuerzos por comprender los cambios en la educación, al ofrecer conocimientos que especifican el debate actual sobre el necesario cambio de la escuela a propósito de las resignificaciones de la cultura escrita. Desde el punto de vista de la investigación educativa, la tesis articula perspectivas que no siempre han entrado en diálogo en el estudio sobre la escuela y los docentes. Así, pretende discutir la tradición analítica que estudia la dinámica de la escuela y sus docentes asociada a recepciones conservadoras, resistentes o reactivas al cambio propuesto desde fuera de sus márgenes sino que, por el contrario, se propone incluirla en un proceso dinámico, abierto y deliberativo a través del cual se construyen, dialogan y confrontan las representaciones colectivas de diferentes grupos. Asimismo, propone contribuir al desarrollo de los estudios sobre la cultura escolar a partir de un abordaje que integra perspectivas de los estudios de la historia cultural de la educación con los de la historia de la lectura, ofreciendo un acceso alternativo al campo de lo escolar. Guided by the question what path is written culture taking in schools, this thesis intends to study the process of production and circulation of senses related to cultural change and school taking into account contemporary cultural transformations. To that aim, it gathers and analyses the discursive practices produced during the last decade of Argentinean school culture, which is understood as a construction that combines the significances of the normative-political culture, of the pedagogical intervention culture and of the teacher’s empirical-practical culture. From the social perspective, this thesis contributes to the efforts to understand the changes education has undergone, as it offers knowledge that specifies the current debate on the school’s necessary change according to the redefinitions of the written culture. From the educational investigation point of view, this thesis articulates perspectives that have not always been part of the studies on schools and teachers. Therefore, it aims at arguing the analytical tradition that studies the school and the teachers’ dynamic associated with conservative receptions, which are resistant or reactive when it comes to changes posed from outside their limits; and, on the contrary, it aims at including it in a dynamic, open and discursive process through which collective representations of different groups are built, discussed and compared. Additionally, it intends to contribute to the development of the studies into school culture from an approach that combines perspectives on the studies into the cultural history of education with studies into the history of reading, offering a variant access to the school field.