Search

Contains fulltext : 287786.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) BACKGROUND: In the management of epidemics, like COVID-19, trade-offs have to be made between reducing mortality and morbidity and minimizing socioeconomic and political consequences. Traditionally, epidemic management (EM) has been guided and executed attentively by experts and policymakers. It can, however, still be controversial in the public sphere. In the last decades, public engagement (PE) has been successfully applied in various aspects of healthcare. This leads to the question if PE could be implemented in EM decision-making. METHODS: From June to October 2020, seven deliberative discussion focus groups were executed with 35 Dutch citizens between 19 and 84 years old. Their views on PE in COVID-19 management were explored. The deliberative approach allows for the education of participants on the topic before the discussion. The benefits, barriers, timing and possible forms of PE in EM were discussed. RESULTS: Almost all participants supported PE in EM, as they thought that integrating their experiences and ideas would benefit the quality of EM, and increase awareness and acceptance of measures. A fitting mode for PE was consultation, as it was deemed important to provide the public with possibilities to share ideas and feedback; however, final authority remained with experts. The publics could particularly provide input about communication campaigns and control measures. PE could be executed after the first acute phase of the epidemic and during evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: This paper describes the construction of an empirically informed framework about the values and conditions for PE in EM from the perspective of the public. Participants expressed support to engage certain population groups and considered it valuable for the quality and effectiveness of EM; however, they expressed doubts about the feasibility of PE and the capabilities of citizens. In future studies, these results should be confirmed by a broader audience. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patients or members of the public were involved in the construction and execution of this study. This study was very exploratory, to gain a first insight into the views of the public in the Netherlands, and will be used to develop engagement practices accordingly. At this stage, the involvement of the public was not yet appropriate.

V zadnjih dveh letih smo se srečevali z marsikatero spremembo naših življenj zaradi epidemije covida-19. Vse to ni vplivalo le na kulturno, gospodarsko, tehnološko in družbeno področje, temveč je pustilo pečat tudi na področju vzgoje in izobraževanja. Zaposleni v vzgojno izobraževalnem sistemu so se soočali s številnimi izzivi, redefiniranjem pedagoških praks ter pomena in vloge izobraževanja. Spremembe, še zlasti tako globalne in radikalne, kot je zaprtje vzgojno-izobraževalnih institucij za dlje časa, vzpostavitev izobraževanja na daljavo, se odražajo tudi na definiranju vloge pedagoških delavcev, tudi specialnih in rehabilitacijskih pedagogov, prav tako pa predstavljajo pomembno spodbudo za učenje in razvoj. V teoretičnem delu opredeljujemo profesionalni razvoj pedagoških delavcev in profesionalizacijo pedagoškega poklica. Podrobno opisujemo modele profesionalnega razvoja. Predstavljamo značilnosti poklicne vloge pedagoških delavcev, njihove kompetence in načela, naštejemo in opišemo dejavnike spodbujanja profesionalnega razvoja. Prav tako predstavljamo različne raziskave profesionalnega razvoja, v katere so bili vključeni učitelji, vzgojitelji predšolskih otrok, ravnatelji ter jih povežemo s teoretičnimi spoznanji. V empiričnem delu smo raziskali, kako specialni in rehabilitacijski pedagogi v vrtcih opredeljujejo profesionalni razvoj, kako ga ocenjujejo v času epidemije covida-19, katere dejavnike izpostavljajo kot pomembne za njihov profesionalni razvoj v času epidemije covida-19, kaj je v času epidemije spodbujalo in oviralo njihov profesionalni razvoj ter s kakšnimi dilemami in izzivi so se specialni in rehabilitacijski pedagogi srečevali v času epidemije, kako so jih reševali in kako so vplivale na njihov profesionalni razvoj. Za namene raziskave smo oblikovali anketni vprašalnik, na katerega je odgovorilo 60 specialnih in rehabilitacijskih pedagogov, ki svoje delo opravljajo v vrtcih. Ugotovili smo, da opravljanje poklicnih nalog v času epidemije v večini ocenjujejo bolj stresno kot pred epidemijo. Obenem anketirani v povprečju izražajo nizko stopnjo zadovoljstva na delovnem mestu. Raziskovali smo tudi dejavnike profesionalnega razvoja. Ugotovili smo, da kot najbolj pomemben dejavnik za profesionalni razvoj specialni in rehabilitacijski pedagogi navajajo osebno angažiranost, v času epidemije covida-19 pa podporo vodstva. Ugotovili smo, da do statistično pomembnih razlik glede na delovno dobo prihaja pri oceni pomembnosti dejavnika raziskovanja pouka in seznanjenosti z izsledki raziskav. Pri oceni vpliva elementov na profesionalni razvoj prihaja do statistično pomembnih razlik glede na delovno dobo pri dejavniku povečane dostopnosti do strokovnih virov. Nadalje smo ugotovili, da večina anketiranih meni, da so bile možnosti za profesionalni razvoj v času epidemije enake kot pred epidemijo. Prav tako jih večina ocenjuje, da je vpliv izobraževanja na daljavo na njihov profesionalni razvoj tako pozitiven kot negativen. V presoji možnosti profesionalnega razvoja v času epidemije med specialnimi in rehabilitacijskimi pedagogi ne prihaja do statistično pomembnih razlik glede na delovno dobo, oceno stopnje stresa pri opravljanju poklicnih nalog ter poklicnega zadovoljstva. V času epidemije covida-19 je specialnim in rehabilitacijskim pedagogom tako pri poučevanju kot opravljanju drugih poklicnih nalog na daljavo v največji meri izziv predstavljala neodzivnost in pomanjkanje povratnih informacij staršev. Ugotovili smo tudi, da so specialni in rehabilitacijski pedagogi med epidemijo covida-19 pridobili nova znanja na področju informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije, hkrati pa so jim že pridobljena znanja in kompetence iz tega področja v največji meri služile pri soočanju z izzivi in dilemami v času epidemije. In the past two years, we have experienced numerous changes in our lives due to the COVID 19 epidemic. These changes have not only affected the cultural, economic, technological, and social aspects but have also left a mark on the field of education. Professionals in the education system have faced many challenges, leading to the redefinition of pedagogical practices and the meaning and role of education. Global and radical changes such as the prolonged closure of educational institutions and the implementation of distance education have had an impact on the roles of educational workers, including special and rehabilitation pedagogues, and have served as a significant stimulus for learning and development. The theoretical part of this study focuses on defining professional development for educational staff and the professionalization of the teaching profession. It provides detailed descriptions of professional development models and explores the characteristics of teachers' professional roles, competencies, and principles. Additionally, the study examines the factors that promote professional development and presents various research studies related to professional development involving teachers, preschool educators and principals, connecting them to theoretical knowledge. In the empirical part, the study investigates how special and rehabilitation pedagogues in kindergartens define and evaluate professional development during the COVID 19 epidemic. It identifies the factors that are considered important for their professional growth during this period and examines the facilitators and barriers to professional development experienced by special and rehabilitation pedagogues. The study also explores the dilemmas and challenges faced by special and rehabilitation pedagogues during the epidemic, how they resolved them, and the impact on their professional development. The research was conducted using a questionnaire answered by 60 special and rehabilitation pedagogues working in kindergartens. The findings indicate that the majority of respondents perceive their professional duties during the epidemic as more stressful compared to the pre-epidemic period. On average, respondents expressed a low level of job satisfaction. The study also reveals the factors influencing professional development. Personal commitment is identified as the most important factor, followed by management support during the COVID-19 epidemic. Statistically significant differences were found based on the length of service when assessing the importance of factors such as engagement in teaching research and familiarity with research findings. Significant differences were also observed in terms of seniority regarding the accessibility of professional resources and their impact on professional development. Moreover, the majority of respondents believe that professional development opportunities during the epidemic remained the same as before. Additionally, most respondents rate the impact of distance education on their professional development as both positive and negative. No statistically significant differences were found among special and rehabilitation pedagogues in terms of length of service, stress levels, and professional satisfaction when assessing professional development opportunities during the COVID-19 epidemic. During the COVID-19 epidemic, the greatest challenge for special and rehabilitation pedagogues, both in teaching and performing other professional tasks, was the lack of response and feedback from parents. The study also reveals that special and rehabilitation pedagogues acquired new knowledge in the field of information and communication technology during the pandemic. Furthermore, the knowledge and skills they already possessed in this area were found to be most helpful in overcoming the challenges and dilemmas faced during the epidemic.

Zaradi nepričakovane situacije covid-19 so morali učitelji hitro prilagoditi pouk s poučevanjem na daljavo. Eden od načinov organizacije pouka na daljavo so video razlage. Pojavil se je porast video razlag, dostopnih na svetovnem spletu. Video razlage temeljijo na obrnjenem učenju in poučevanju, kjer učenci dobijo vnaprej pripravljeno gradivo, nato pa z učiteljem diskutirajo o njegovi vsebini na skupinskem srečanju preko videokonference. Porast javno dostopnih video razlag pa lahko predstavlja tudi problem, saj niso vse video razlage nujno kakovostne. V magistrskem delu smo želeli preveriti kakovost video razlag za naravoslovje in tehniko, ki so javno dostopne na svetovnem spletu. Analizirali smo 104 video razlage, namenjene poučevanju naravoslovja in tehnike v 4. ter 5. razredu, na treh različnih spletnih platformah (YouTube, Razlagamo.si, Arnes Video). Priredili smo instrumentarij, ki vsebuje 10 ključnih kriterijev za kakovostno video razlago. Ugotovili smo, da imajo video razlage za naravoslovje in tehniko najpogosteje ustrezne učne cilje, zgradbo, pisno besedilo, slikovno gradivo ter upoštevajo šest načel za kognitivno teorijo multimedijskega učenja. Prav tako je zaznati veliko uporabo motivacijskih tehnik, predvsem postavljanja vprašanj in nagovarjanja. Večina video razlag je bila, glede na časovna priporočila, prekratka. Opazili smo, da učitelji v video razlagah za naravoslovje in tehniko medpredmetno ne povezujejo z drugimi predmeti. Ugotovili smo tudi, da v video razlagah pogosto neposredno ne spodbujajo učencev k uporabi učbeniških ali drugih gradiv. Na podlagi rezultatov smo oblikovali napotke za izdelavo in izbiro video razlag za namen poučevanja naravoslovja ter tehnike v 4. in 5. razredu. The unexpected situation of covid-19 meant that teachers had to adapt quickly to distance learning. One way of organizing distance learning is through educational videos. There has been an increase in educational videos available on the internet. Educational videos are based on flipped learning and teaching. Students are thus given pre-prepared material and then discuss its content with the teacher in a group meeting via a video conference. However, the increase in publicly available educational videos can also be a problem, as not all educational videos are of good quality. In the master's thesis, we wanted to check the quality of educational videos for the subject of science and technology, which are publicly available on the world wide web. We analyzed 104 video materials intended for teaching science and technology in the 4th and 5th grades on three different web portals (YouTube, Arnes Video, Razlagamo.si). We have prepared instrumentation that includes ten key criteria for high-quality educational videos. We found that educational videos for science and technology often have appropriate learning objectives, structure, text, pictorial material, and six cognitive multimedia learning theory principles. There is also a great use of motivational techniques, especially asking questions and addressing the students. Educational videos had partially corresponding criteria, most often in terms of time duration, because most of them were to short. We noticed that teachers do not make cross-curricular links with other subjects in the educational videos for science and technology. We also found that they often do not use textbook or other materials when creating eucational videos. Based on the results, we developed guidelines for producing and selecting video materials for teaching science and technology in the 4th and 5th grades.

Glavni namen magistrskega dela je raziskati ustvarjalno vedenje specialnih in rehabilitacijskih pedagogov in kako se je to prilagajalo spremembam med pandemijo COVID-19 in izkušnjo izrednega izobraževanja na daljavo. V problemskem okviru sem postavila pet raziskovalnih vprašanj, ki so se navezovala na obravnavano tematiko in so predstavljena v nadaljevanju tega dela. Empirični del je temeljil na izvedenem anketnem vprašalniku. Sodeloval je 101 specialni in rehabilitacijski pedagog. Rezultati so pokazali, da se 89 % respondentov opredeljuje kot ustvarjalnih. Na razvoj njihove ustvarjalnosti najbolj vplivajo osebnostne značilnosti, najpogostejše navedene so vztrajnost, samostojnost v razmišljanju in radovednost. Kot pozitivne vidike dela na daljavo so izpostavili spoznavanje novih orodij za učenje preko spleta in iskanje novih načinov vzpostavljanja komunikacije s svojimi učenci. Kot glavne zaviralce so navedli pomanjkanje osebnega stika z učenci, ekonomske neenakosti med učenci, pomanjkanje priložnosti za učenje z več težavami in moteče dejavnike doma. Pri 44 % respondentov se je način dela po vrnitvi v fizično učilnico spremenil, saj so začeli bolj ceniti delo v živo in osebno komunikacijo, pri delu so bolj zagnani, so tehnološko spretnejši, fleksibilnejši ipd. 61 % respondentov ne vidi prednosti v učenju na daljavo, ostali pa so povedali, da sedaj bolj cenijo delo v živo, osebni stik in da so postali bolj vešči uporabe informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije. Delo je zanje postalo manj stresno, v učilnice pa so uvedli nove oblike poučevanja. Raziskava je pokazala, da se različni tipi ustvarjalcev po Basadurjevem modelu ustvarjalnega reševanja problemov opredeljujejo kot različno ustvarjalni. The main aim of this Master’s thesis is to research creative behaviour of special and rehabilitation pedagogues and how it has adapted to change during the COVID-19 pandemic and the experience of enforced distance learning/teaching. Within this I have set five research questions in relation to the theme of the Master’s thesis, which will be presented further. Empirical part of the thesis is based on results from the completed questionnaire. 101 special and rehabilitation pedagogues participated in the study. Results have shown that 89% of participants viewed themselves as being creative. Their personal character traits have an impact on their creativity – most commonly mentioned are persistence, autonomy and curiosity. As positives aspects of distance learning they mentioned familiarising themselves with new tools for distance learning and finding new ways to communicate with their pupils. As main inhibitors they expressed lack of personal contact with their pupils, economic inequality amongst the pupils, lack of options for learning when more problems are present and distracting factors at home. 44% of the participants stated their teaching method has changed since returning to the classroom, as they started to value face-to-face teaching and in-person communication more, they became more motivated, more savvy in IT, more adaptable and flexible etc. 61% of the participants did not see distance learning as advantageous, while the rest stated that they appreciate personal contact and they manage information and communication technology better. Workload has become less stressful and they have implemented new teaching methods in the classrooms. The research showed that according to Basadur's model of creative problem solving, different types of creators are identifying themselves as differently creative

Magistrsko delo obravnava značilnosti prilagajanja študentov dodiplomskega in magistrskega študija na študij na daljavo v času epidemije COVID-19. Epidemija COVID-19 je spremenila dosedanjo dinamiko vseh ravni izobraževanja, izjema ni bila niti Fakulteta za šport. Študijski proces, ki je potekal znotraj predavalnic in športnih dvoran, se je v času epidemije COVID-19 odvijal znotraj domačih prostorov in prek računalniških zaslonov. Glavni namen dela sta analiza prilagajanja študentov Fakultete za šport na študij v virtualni obliki in analiza doživljanja študija na daljavo ter morebitnih stisk. Osredotočili smo se na njihove izobraževalne, psihosocialne, telesne in finančne vidike prilagajanja ter učinkovitost prilagajanja na prehod v novo življenjsko obdobje, samozaznane kompetence za študij in značilnosti spopadanja s posledicami epidemije COVID-19. Spletni vprašalnik je v celoti izpolnilo 165 študentov dodiplomskega in magistrskega študija na Fakulteti za šport. Rezultati so pokazali: a) da študentje 1. letnika prve stopnje študija niso imeli več težav pri prilagajanju na študij na daljavo kot študentje višjih letnikov b) da epidemija COVID-19 pomembno vpliva na psihosocialno in izobraževalno raven prilagajanja na študij c) da se finančno stanje študentov v času epidemije COVID-19 ni poslabšalo oz. niso čutili finančne stiske, zato ta ni imela vpliva na doživljanje študija na daljavo č) da upad kakovosti življenja med študijem na daljavo ni vplival na zaznavo kompetenc za študij. The master's thesis discusses the characteristics of the adaptation of undergraduate and master's students to distance learning during the COVID-19 epidemic. The COVID-19 epidemic has changed the current dynamics of all levels of education, and the Faculty of Sport was no exception. The study process which took place inside lecture halls and sports halls took place inside home spaces and via computer screens during the COVID-19 epidemic. The main purpose of the thesis is the analysis of the adaptation of the students of the Faculty of Sport to study in a virtual format and the analysis of the experience of distance learning and possible difficulties. We focused on their educational, psychosocial, physical, and financial perspectives of adaptation and the effectiveness of adaptation to the transition to a new life period, self-perceived competencies for studies, and characteristics of coping with the consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic. The online questionnaire was completely filled out by 165 undergraduate and master's students at the Faculty of Sport. The results showed (a) that students in the first year of the first level of the study had no more problems adapting to distance learning than students in higher years, (b) that the COVID-19 epidemic has a significant impact on the psychosocial and educational level of adaptation to studies, (c) that the students’ financial situation did not deteriorate during the COVID-19 epidemic or that they did not feel financial hardship (therefore, this did not affect their experience of distance learning), and (d) that the decline in quality of life during distance learning did not affect the perception of study competencies.

V magistrski nalogi sem raziskovala izzive sodelovanja s starši v času šolanja na daljavo. V teoretičnemu delu sem se poglobila v teme sodelovanja med šolo in domom, v modele sodelovanja in v kompetence učiteljic za dobro sodelovanje s starši. Predstavila sem tudi vlogo in pomen družine za otrokov razvoj in napredek v šoli, opisala sem formalne in neformalne oblike sodelovanja s starši, predstavila šolanje na daljavo v času epidemije covid-19 ter rezultate raziskave izobraževanja na daljavo, dotaknila sem se duševnega zdravja otrok in mladostnikov v času epidemije covida-19 ter ranljivejših skupin, nato pa predstavila še računalniško pismenost učiteljic ter podporo ravnateljev v času šolanja na daljavo. V empiričnem delu so predstavljeni načrt raziskave in dobljeni rezultati. Izvedla sem raziskavo o izzivih sodelovanja s starši v času šolanja na daljavo. Pripravila sem anketni vprašalnik za učiteljice in učitelje. Vzorec je bil 110 anketiranih. Zanimalo me je, ali učiteljicam predstavlja sodelovanje s starši v času šolanja na daljavo večji izziv kot v času običajnega šolanja ter s kakšnimi izzivi so se soočale. Rezultati kvantitativne in kvalitativne analize so pokazali, da je za večino učiteljic sodelovanje s starši v času šolanja na daljavo predstavljalo večji izziv kot pa v času običajnega šolanja. V največji meri so kot izzive navajale neodzivnost staršev, neustrezna komunikacija staršev ter pomanjkanje osebnega stika. Ocena kakovosti sodelovanja s starši pred šolanjem na daljavo je povezana z oceno v času šolanja na daljavo. Časovni obseg sodelovanja s starši se je v času šolanja na daljavo povečal. Boljša računalniška pismenost učiteljic je pripomogla k boljšemu virtualnemu sodelovanju s starši v času šolanja na daljavo. Raziskava je pokazala, da podpora kolektiva in ravnatelja ni pomembno povezana z večjim zadovoljstvom učiteljic pri sodelovanju s starši v času šolanja na daljavo. Ugotovitve raziskave nudijo vpogled v vidike izzivov, s katerimi se soočajo učiteljice in omogočajo boljše razumevanje njihovega dela v času šolanja na daljavo v povezavi s sodelovanjem s starši. In my master's thesis I explored the challenges of working with parents during distance schooling. In the theoretical part, I focused on the themes of school-home cooperation, models of cooperation and teachers' competences for good cooperation with parents. I also presented the role and importance of the family for the child's development and progress in school, I described formal and informal forms of cooperation with parents, I outlined distance schooling during the epidemic of covid-19 and the results of the research on distance schooling. I also looked at the mental health of children and adolescents during the epidemic of covid-19 and at vulnerable groups, and then I presented the computer literacy of teachers and the support of head teachers during distance schooling. The empirical part presents the research plan and the results of the research. I conducted a study on the challenges of working with parents during distance schooling. I prepared a questionnaire for teachers. The sample was 110 respondents. I wanted to know whether teachers found it more challenging to work with parents during distance schooling than during regular schooling and what challenges they faced. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis showed that most teachers found it more challenging to collaborate with parents during distance schooling than during regular schooling. Parental unresponsiveness, inadequate communication between parents and lack of personal contact were most frequently cited as challenges. The rating of the quality of engagement with parents before distance schooling is correlated with the rating during distance schooling. The amount of time spent with parents increased during distance schooling. Improved computer literacy of the teachers contributed to better virtual collaboration with parents during distance schooling. The survey showed that support from the team and the head teacher did not have a significant impact on increased satisfaction with working with parents during distance schooling. The findings of the study provide insights into aspects of the challenges faced by teachers and thus enable a better understanding of their work during distance schooling in relation to collaboration with parents.

Živimo v obdobju hitrih sprememb, zlasti sprememb, ki nam spreminjajo vsakdan in življenje. Sprememba, ki nas je vse presenetila, vendar ne na pozitiven način, je pojav epidemije covid-19. Epidemija nas je kljub negativnemu presenečenju naučila veliko novega in je postala del izkušnje človeškega življenja. Med epidemijo smo bili postavljeni na številne preizkušnje, borili smo se z virusom in prilagajali smo se spremembam. Epidemija covida-19 je negativno vplivala na samo gospodarstvo, trg dela in na brezposelnost tako v Sloveniji kot tudi povsod drugje po svetu. Diplomsko delo je sestavljeno iz teoretičnega in empiričnega dela. Samo delo je razdeljeno na šest vsebinskih poglavij, ki opisujejo vpliv covida-19 epidemije na brezposelnost v Sloveniji. V diplomskem delu sta uporabljeni metodi deskripcije in kompilacije. Opisane so predvsem vrste brezposelnosti, merjenja brezposelnosti, vpliv epidemije na brezposelnost ter negativni učinki le-te. V empiričnem delu pa smo na podlagi sekundarnih podatkov, pridobljenih iz različnih statističnih baz, primerjali brezposelnost med letoma 2018−2022 in same spremembe na tem področju. Cilj teoretičnega dela je izdelati pregled literature s pomočjo deskriptivne metode, medtem ko je cilj empiričnega dela v številkah primerjati stanje brezposelnosti in ugotoviti s pomočjo indeksov, tako verižnih kot baznih, kako se je spreminjala brezposelnost skozi leta. Na podlagi analize je dosežen namen diplomskega dela, in sicer ugotovilo se je, da se je stopnja brezposelnosti v času epidemije covida-19 najbolj povečala v panogi gostinstvo in da se je kljub sprejetim ukrepom za ohranjanje števila delovnih mest zaradi posledic epidemije covida-19 število le-teh zmanjšalo. We live in an era of rapid changes, especially changes that to our everyday life and our personal health. A change that surprised us all, but not in a positive way, was the emergence of the Covid-19 epidemic. Despite the negative surprise, the epidemic taught us a lot and became a part of the experience of human life. During the epidemic, we were put through many tests, we fought the virus and we adapted to the changes. The Covid-19 epidemic had a negative impact on the economy itself, the labor market, and unemployment both in Slovenia and everywhere else in the world. The thesis consists of theoretical and empirical work. The work itself is divided into six substantive chapters that describe the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on unemployment in Slovenia. The method of description and compilation were used in the thesis. Above all, the types of unemployment, the measurement of unemployment, the impact of the epidemic on unemployment, and its negative effects are described. In the empirical part, we compared unemployment between 2018-2022 and the changes in this area on the basis of secondary data obtained from various statistical databases. The aim of the theoretical work was to produce a review of the literature, using the descriptive method, while the aim of the empirical work was to compare the unemployment situation in numbers and to find out, with the help of indexes, both chain and base, how unemployment has changed over the years. Based on the analysis, the aim of the thesis has been achieved, namely it was found that the unemployment rate during the Covid-19 epidemic increased the most in the healthcare industry and that, despite the measures taken to maintain the number of jobs, due to the consequences of the Covid-19 epidemic, the number reduced.

Bulgaria has the lowest COVID-19 vaccination rate in the European Union and the second-highest COVID-19 mortality rate in the world. That is why we think it is important better to understand the reason for this situation and to analyse the development of the disease over time. In this paper, an extended time-dependent SEIRS model SEIRS-VB is used to investigate the long-term behaviour of the COVID-19 epidemic. This model includes vaccination and vital dynamics. To apply the SEIRS-VB model some numerical simulation tools have been developed and for this reason a family of time-discrete variants are introduced. Suitable inverse problems for the identification of parameters in discrete models are solved. A methodology is proposed for selecting a discrete model from the constructed family, which has the closest parameter values to these in the differential SEIRS-VB model. To validate the studied models, Bulgarian COVID-19 data are used. To obtain all these results for the discrete models a mathematical analysis is carried out to illustrate some biological properties of the differential model SEIRS-VB, such as the non-negativity, boundedness, existence, and uniqueness. Using the next-generation method, the basic reproduction number associated with the model in the autonomous case is defined. The local stability of the disease-free equilibrium point is studied. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number is performed.

In the current manuscript, we deal with the dynamics of a piecewise covid-19 mathematical model with quarantine class and vaccination using SEIQR epidemic model. For this, we discussed the deterministic, stochastic, and fractional forms of the proposed model for different steps. It has a great impact on the infectious disease models and especially for covid-19 because in start the deterministic model played its role but with time due to uncertainty the stochastic model takes place and with long term expansion the use of fractional derivatives are required. The stability of the model is discussed regarding the reproductive number. Using the non-standard finite difference scheme for the numerical solution of the deterministic model and illustrate the obtained results graphically. Further, environmental noises are added to the model for the description of the stochastic model. Then take out the existence and uniqueness of positive solution with extinction for infection. Finally, we utilize a new technique of piecewise differential and integral operators for approximating Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative operator for the purpose of constructing of the fractional-order model. Then study the dynamics of the models such as positivity and boundedness of the solutions and local stability analysis. Solved numerically fractional-order model used Newton Polynomial scheme and present the results graphically.

We conducted a comparative study of the COVID-19 epidemic in three different settings: mainland China, the Guangdong province of China and South Korea, by formulating two disease transmission dynamics models which incorporate epidemic characteristics and setting-specific interventions, and fitting the models to multi-source data to identify initial and effective reproduction numbers and evaluate effectiveness of interventions. We estimated the initial basic reproduction number for South Korea, the Guangdong province and mainland China as 2.6 (95% confidence interval (CI): (2.5, 2.7)), 3.0 (95%CI: (2.6, 3.3)) and 3.8 (95%CI: (3.5,4.2)), respectively, given a serial interval with mean of 5 days with standard deviation of 3 days. We found that the effective reproduction number for the Guangdong province and mainland China has fallen below the threshold 1 since February 8th and 18th respectively, while the effective reproduction number for South Korea remains high until March 2nd Moreover our model-based analysis shows that the COVID-19 epidemics in South Korean is almost under control with the cumulative confirmed cases tending to be stable as of April 14th. Through sensitivity analysis, we show that a coherent and integrated approach with stringent public health interventions is the key to the success of containing the epidemic in China and especially its provinces outside its epicenter. In comparison, we find that the extremely high detection rate is the key factor determining the success in controlling the COVID-19 epidemics in South Korea. The experience of outbreak control in mainland China and South Korea should be a guiding reference for the rest of the world.

The national lockdown policies have drastically disrupted socioeconomic activities during the COVID-19 pandemic in China, which provides a unique opportunity to investigate the air quality response to such anthropogenic disruptions. And it is meaningful to evaluate the potential health impacts of air quality changes during the lockdown, especially for PM2.5 with adverse health effects. In this study, by using PM2.5 observations from 1388 monitoring stations nationwide in China, we examine the PM2.5 variations between the COVID-19 lockdown (February and March in 2020) and the same period in 2015-2019, and find that the national average of PM2.5 decreases by 18 μg m−3, and mean PM2.5 for most sites (about 75%) decrease by 30%-60%. The anthropogenic and meteorological contributions to these PM2.5 variations are also determined by using a stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) model combined with the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko filter. Our results show that the change of anthropogenic emissions is a leading contributor to those widespread PM2.5 reductions, and meteorological conditions have the negative influence on PM2.5 reductions for some regions, such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH). Additionally, the avoided premature death due to PM2.5 reduction is estimated as a predicted number based on a log-linear concentration-response function. The total avoided premature death is 9952 in China, with dominant contribution (94%) from anthropogenic emission changes. For BTH, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Hubei regions, the reductions of PM2.5 are 24.1, 24.3, 13.5 and 29.5 μg m−3, with the avoided premature deaths of 1066, 1963, 454 and 583, respectively., Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract

The global epidemic of COVID-19 has made a huge impact on global health and financial markets. And the spread of the virus has stalled economic development in many parts of the world. As stocks and bonds are two important financial assets, How to take appropriate economic policies to restore the stock and bond markets is the focus of governments as they are seeking for quick recovery. Based on the Event Study method and the GARCH model, data from 1 October 2019 to 1 April 2020 were collected from 26 countries as analytic samples. The results show: 1) COVID-19 has made greater impacts on the stock market than the bond market; 2) the economic policy responses after the COVID-19 has brought impacts on both of the stock and the bond markets; 3) the monetary policy responses has brought greater volatility to the stock market than the fiscal policy responses, while the fiscal policy responses has brought greater volatility to the bond market than the monetary policy, 4) the fiscal policy has brought more positive effects on the stock market, and monetary policy has brought more positive effects on the bond market. This research is helpful to understand the mechanism of COVID-19′s impacts on the stock and bond market. And it is of great practical significance to the governments’ decisions to make economic policy responses after an epidemic.

Legislative changes introduced in Poland are undermining the principle of open justice in civil proceedings, having brought multiple related restrictions and exceptions. Computerising court hearings remains another challenge to open justice-related issues. Notwi-thstanding the above, having met the demands of many years for the comprehensive implemen-tation of online communication in civil proceedings, regulations enacted in connection with the epidemic ought to be viewed as positive. The introduced solution allows public hearings to be conducted with the use of technological appliances supporting remote proceedings with simul-taneous and direct audio-video transmission, while not requiring any participants, including ju-dicial panel members, to be present on court premises. The COVID-19 epidemic seems to have brought permanent change to operational functions of justice., {"references":["1.\tCzeszejko-Sochacki M., Prawo do sądu w świetle Konstytucji Rzeczy-pospolitej (ogólna charakterystyka) (Right to Fair Trial in the Constitu-tion of the Polish Republic (General Description)), \"Państwo i Prawo\" 1997/11-12.","3.\tFlaga-Gieruszyńska K., Konstytucyjne standardy prawa do sądu a ochrona prywatności stron na przykładzie spraw cywilnych (Constitu-tional Standards of the Right to Fair Trial and Protecting the Privacy of Parties in the Context of Civil Law Cases), [in:] Ł. Błaszczak (ed.), Konstytucjonalizacja postępowania cywilnego (Constitutionalisation of Proceedings under Civil Law), Wrocław 2015.","4.\tGajda-Roszczynialska K., Przebudowa wymiaru sprawiedliwości w cza-sach pandemii COVID-19 ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem postępowa-nia cywilnego (Reconstructing Justice in Times of the COVID-19 Pande-mic in Special Consideration of Civil Law Proceedings), \"Polski Proces Cywilny\" 2022/1.","5.\tGajda-Roszczynialska K., Zasada jawności w postępowaniu cywilnym (Principle of Open Judicial Hearings in Proceedings under Civil Law), \"Iustitia\" 2013/1.","6.\tGmerek K., Rozprawa sądowa jako zdarzenie komunikacji społecznej (Judicial Trial as a Social Communication Event), Szczecin 2019.","7.\tGołaczyński J., Kotecka-Kral P., Elektronizacja pism procesowych, doręczeń i posiedzeń jawnych w postępowaniu cywilnym w okresie pan-demii COVID-19 (Computerising Pleadings, Legal Document Service and Open Judicial Hearings in Civil Law Proceedings in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic), \"Polski Proces Cywilny\" 2020/4.","8.\tGołaczyński J., Krzywonos A., Prawo do sądu (Right to Fair Trial), [in:] Prawa i wolności obywatelskie w Konstytucji RP (Civic Rights and Free-doms in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland), Warsaw 2002.","9.\tGoździaszek Ł., Normy informatyczne w prawie postępowania cywilne-go (IT Standards in Provisions Regarding Civil Law Proceedings), \"Pr-zegląd Sądowy\" 2017/2.","10.\tIzdebski H., Legislacja dotycząca COVID-19 i ustawowy nihilizm prawny (COVID-19-related Legislation and Statutory Legal Nihilism), [in:] T. Gardocka, D. Jagiełło (ed.), Pandemia COVID-19 a prawa i wolności obywatela (The COVID-19 Pandemic and Civic Rights and Freedoms), Warsaw 2021.","11.\tIzdebski H., Perspektywy dostępu obywateli do europejskiego wymiaru sprawiedliwości (Outlook for Civic Access to European Justice), [in:] H. Izdebski, H. Machińska (ed.), Dostęp obywateli do europejskiego wymi-aru sprawiedliwości (Civic Access to European Justice), Warsaw 2005.","13.\tKmiecik R., O wyrokowaniu bez rozprawy i innych instytucjach karno-procesowych (On Ruling without Trial and Other Institutions in Crimi-nal Law Proceedings), \"Prokurator\" 2000/3.","14.\tKorzan K., Naczelne zasady wymiaru sprawiedliwości i naczelne zasady postępowania nieprocesowego (Supreme Principles of Justice and Su-preme Principles of Non-Judicial Proceedings), \"Rejent\" 2004/14.","15.\tKościółek A., Jawność posiedzeń sądowych w postępowaniu cywilnym w dobie pandemii COVID-19 (Open Judicial Hearings in Civil Law Pro-ceedings in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic), \"Przegląd Sądowy\" 2021/5.","16.\tKościółek A., Rozpoznawanie spraw na posiedzeniu niejawnym (Exa-mining Civil Law Cases in Closed Judicial Hearings), [in:] M. Toma-lak (ed.), Ius est a iustitia appellatum. Księga jubileuszowa dedykowana Profesorowi Tadeuszowi Wiśniewskiemu (Ius est a iustitia appellatum. Anniversary Volume Dedicated to Professor Tadeusz Wiśniewski), War-saw 2017.","17.\tKościółek A., Zasada jawności w sądowym postępowaniu cywilnym (Principle of Open Judicial Hearings in Civil Law Proceedings), War-saw 2018.","18.\tKotecka P., Informatyzacja postępowania cywilnego w Polsce (Compu-terising Civil Law Proceedings in Poland), [in:] J. Gołaczyński (ed.), In-formatyzacja postępowania sądowego i administracji publicznej (Com-puterising Judicial Proceedings and the Public Administration), Warsaw 2010.","19.\tKulski R., Wpływ stanu zagrożenia epidemicznego lub stanu epidemii ogłoszonego z powodu COVID-19 na postępowanie cywilne (Impact of the State of Epidemic Threat or State of Epidemic Emergency Proclai-med for Reasons of COVID-19 on Proceedings under Civil Law), \"Mo-nitor Prawniczy\" 2020/9.","20.\tLitowski J., Ograniczenie zasady jawności postępowania cywilnego z uwagi na stan epidemii wywołany COVID-19 (Restrictions to the Princi-ple of Open Judicial Hearings in Civil Law Proceedings for Reasons of the COVID-19-caused State of Epidemic Emergency), \"Monitor Praw-niczy\" 2021/2.","22.\tŁuczak-Noworolnik L., A. Żebrowska, Przeprowadzenie rozprawy i postępowania dowodowego drogą elektroniczną – założenia, cele, pr-zyjęte rozwiązania (Holding Trials and Proceedings to Take Evidence via Electronic Communication – Assumptions, Goals, Adopted Soluti-ons), \"Polski Proces Cywilny\" 2018/3.","23.\tMachnikowska A., Zasada jawności w postępowaniu procesowym – mo-dernizacja czy marginalizacja? Wybrane zagadnienia (Principle of Open Judicial Proceedings – Modernisation or Marginalisation?), \"Polski Proces Cywilny\" 2022/1.","24.\tMarkiewicz K., Informatyzacja postępowania cywilnego – \"de lege lata\" i \"de lege ferenda\" (Computerising Civil Law Proceedings – \"de lege lata\" and \"de lege ferenda\"), [in:] K. Markiewicz, A. Torbus (ed.), Postępowanie rozpoznawcze w przyszłym Kodeksie postępowania cywil-nego (Exploratory Proceedings in the Future Code of Legal Procedure), Warsaw 2014.","25.\tMądrzak H., Prawo do sądu jako gwarancja ochrony praw człowieka (studium na tle polskiego prawa konstytucyjnego, prawa cywilnego ma-terialnego i procesowego) (Right to Fair Trial as a Guarantee of Human Rights Protection (Study against the Backdrop of Polish Constitutional Law, and Substantive and Procedural Civil Law)), [in:] L. Wiśniewski (ed.), Podstawowe prawa jednostki i ich sądowa ochrona (An Individual's Fundamental Rights and their Judicial Protection), Warsaw 1997.","26.\tPietrzkowski H., Prawo do sądu (wybrane zagadnienia) (Right to Fair Trial (Selected Issues)), \"Przegląd Sądowy\" 1999/11-12.","27.\tRylski P., Zembrzuski T., Rozpoznawanie spraw cywilnych na posied-zeniu niejawnym (Examining Civil Law Cases in Closed Judicial Hea-rings), \"Przegląd Sądowy\" 2006/6.","28.\tSkibińska M., Nowe technologie w służbie zasad jawności i ustności w postępowaniu cywilnym (New Technologies in the Service of Trans-parency and Orality Principles in Civil Law Proceedings), [in:] D. Gil, E.\tKruk (ed.), Zasada postępowań sądowych w perspektywie ostatnich nowelizacji (Principle of Judicial Proceedings in the Context of Recent Amendments), Lublin 2016.","29.\tSławicki P., Wpływ ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu COVID-19 na terminy w prawie cywilnym (Impact of the COVID-19 Prevention Law on Dates in Proceedings under Civil Law), \"Monitor Prawniczy\" 2020/12.","30. Uliasz M., Zasada jawności sądowego postępowania egzekucyjnego w dobie informatyzacji (Principle of Open Hearings in Judicial Enforce-ment Proceedings in Times of Computerisation), Warsaw 2019.","31.\tWengerek E., Problem ustności i pisemności postępowania cywilnego (Issues of Oral and Written Aspects of Proceedings under Civil Law), \"Nowe Prawo\" 1970/10.","32.\tZalesińska A., Wpływ informatyzacji na założenia konstrukcyjne procesu cywilnego (The Impact of Computerisation on Structural Assumptions of a Judicial Trial), Warsaw 2016.","33.\tZembrzuski T., Elektroniczne postępowanie upominawcze a skuteczność ochrony prawnej w postępowaniu cywilnym (Electronic Writ of Payment and the Effectiveness of Legal Protection in Civil Law Proceedings),[in:] Skuteczność prawa (Effectiveness of Law), T. Giaro (ed.), Warsaw 2010.","34.\tZembrzuski T., Koncentracja materiału procesowego – w poszukiwa-niu właściwej drogi (Concentration of Evidence – on a Quest for the Correct Path), [in:] M. Dziurda, T. Zembrzuski (ed.), Praktyka wobec nowelizacji postępowania cywilnego. Konsekwencje zmian (The Practi-ce Following Amendments to Civil Law Proceedings. Consequences of Change), Warsaw 2021."]}

The main intention of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to transform our world with the enhancement of wealth and opportunity for a better tomorrow, which is considered as the “roadmap for humanity”. But the progress of human society is interrupted by the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic and as a result, the human-centric socioeconomic contexts have been experiencing enormous challenge and tremendous opportunities. The present chapter attempts to explore the impact and challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the “new normal” phase and to analyse the potential window of opportunities for sustainability transactions. Exploratory and qualitative research designs and descriptive analytical methods have been applied and for information, different authentic websites, different agencies, journals, and e-contents were searched. The study depicts that the COVID-19 pandemic not only poses a challenge for human society but also opens a potential window of opportunities for sustainability transactions, and finally some policy actions have been made for sustainability from socio-ecological perspectives.

When the World Health Organization (WHO) analyzed the culprits of global warming, it was found that in developed countries with relatively few high-polluting heavy industries, the medical sector is one of the sources of high-density carbon emissions. Therefore, the medical industry has a noticeable impact on the environment. Amid the current COVID-19 epidemic, this study adopts the theory of planned behavior (TPB), widely used in decision-making science. We selected a regional teaching hospital with 339 employees in Taiwan to obtain valid questionnaire data. We explore the comparative analysis of different intra-organizational stakeholders’ “attitudes,” “subjective norms,” and “perceived behavioral control” on the hospital’s behavioral intention to promote green healthcare. The results show that the TPB model has reliable explanatory power. All three factors have a positive and significant effect on promoting green hospital behavior. Among them, perceived behavioral control was the most notable. A comparative analysis of the differences among stakeholders in the research model shows that “medical administrators” and “nursing staff” have a higher proportion of significant influence effects in various hypotheses, highlighting the critical roles of these two groups in promoting green hospitals. This research policy suggests that the cross-departmental staff in the hospital put forward green innovation ideas, strengthen internal environmental education and management, establish a good incentive system for front-line nursing staff, and implement the sustainable development strategy of the hospital.

Z magistrskim delom želimo predstaviti poučevanje na daljavo pri predmetu šport na Osnovni šoli dr. Alojzija Šuštarja Ljubljana med drugim valom epidemije COVID-19, ki je trajal od 19. 10. 2020 do 12. 2. 2021. Cilji so bili ugotoviti, kako so učitelji predmeta šport (N = 3) izvajali pouk na daljavo, s katerimi programskimi orodji so si pri tem pomagali in kako so podajali, preverjali ter ocenjevali znanje učencev. Raziskali smo, kako je ravnateljica organizirala delovanje celotne šole in kako je vrednotila delo učiteljev predmeta šport. Pri učencih od 6. do 9. razreda (N = 197) smo želeli ugotoviti, kako so doživljali pouk na daljavo pri predmetu šport in preveriti, ali so bili zadostno telesno dejavni ter kje so bili dejavni. Z učitelji predmeta šport in ravnateljico smo izvedli intervjuje, medtem ko smo z učenci izvedli ankete v živo. Pridobljene podatke pri intervjujih smo analizirali s tehniko kvalitativnega raziskovanja. Statistično obdelavo podatkov pri anketah smo analizirali s tehniko kvantitativnega raziskovanja v programu IBM SPSS 25. Pri tem smo uporabili enovzorčni t-test in enosmerni 2 test. Primerjavo smo izvedli pri stopnji tveganja 5 %. Ravnateljica trdi, da je bilo težje organizirati pouk na daljavo, saj je porabila več časa. Zaradi dobre organizacije je uspešno vodila strokovne delavce na šoli. Delo aktiva učiteljev športa je ocenila pozitivno, pohvalila je njihov trud in številne inovativne pristope poučevanja. Učitelji športa so večinoma kombinirali pouk (pošiljali pisna navodila za izvedbo učnih ur in izvajali pouk v živo prek videokonference) in pri tem uporabljali različna programska orodja (računalnik, kamero, telefon). Pri tem so se v večini osredotočali na cilje, povezane z razumevanjem pomena gibanja in s prijetnim ter pozitivnim doživljanjem športa. Ponudili so prilagojene športne praktične in teoretične vsebine. Posredovali so jih različno in ne v zaključenih tematskih sklopih. Učitelji so sproti preverjali opravljene naloge prek oddanih nalog in preverjali znanje s sodelovanjem pri pouku ter z reševanjem kvizov. Znanja so tudi ocenili s pregledom športne mape in učenčevega vodenja vadbe v živo. Neodzivnih učencev je bilo manj kot 10 %. Učitelji so jih poskušali pridobiti tako, da so jih motivirali za vadbo, jim pošiljali sporočila ali se povezovali s starši. Statistično značilne razlike smo ugotovili med priporočljivo dnevno telesno dejavnostjo (tj. 60 minut na dan) po priporočilih Svetovne zdravstvene organizacije in dejansko poročano telesno dejavnostjo učencev. V povprečju so bili telesno dejavni 102 minuti/dan, od tega 43 minut zelo intenzivno. Med izvedbo ur športa so bili učenci najpogosteje telesno dejavni v naravi. Kot najbolj zanimive so ocenili tiste učne ure, kjer so vadili v živo prek videoklica, vendar razlike med različnimi izvedbami ur niso bile statistično značilne. Najbolj zanimive športne vsebine pri učencih so bile igre z žogo, splošna kondicijska priprava in kolesarjenje, pri učenkah pa pohodništvo, kolesarjenje in ples. Ob koncu raziskave smo navedli smernice dobre prakse poučevanja predmeta šport na daljavo, ki bodo v pomoč učiteljem v primeru ponovnega zaprtja šol. With the master's thesis we want to present distance learning in physical education (PE) at the primary school of dr. Alojzija Šuštarja Ljubljana during the second wave of the COVID-19 epidemic, which lasted from 19.10.2020 to 12.02.2021. The aims were to find out how PE teachers (N=3) conducted distance learning, what software tools they used to support it, and how they taught, monitored, and assessed students' knowledge. We investigated how the head teacher organised the functioning of the entire school and how she evaluated the work of the PE teachers. For the 6th-9th grade students (N=197), we wanted to find out how they experienced distance learning in PE, and check whether they were getting enough physical activity and where they were active. We conducted interviews with the PE teachers and the head master, and live surveys with the students. The data obtained from the interviews were analysed using the qualitative research technique. Statistical processing of the survey data was analysed using the quantitative research technique in the programme IBM SPSS 25. We used the one-sample t-test and the one-way 2-test. The comparison was performed with a risk level of 5 %. The head master claims that it was more difficult to organise distance learning because she invested more time. Due to her good organisational skills, she successfully managed the professionals at the school. She evaluated the work of the PE teachers positively, praising their efforts and many innovative teaching approaches. The PE teachers mostly practised hybrid teaching (sending written instructions on how to conduct the lesson and conducting the lesson live via videoconference) and used various software tools to assist them (computer, camera, telephone). They focused mainly on objectives related to understanding the importance of exercise and an enjoyable and positive experience of sport. They offered tailored sports practical and theoretical content. They were delivered differently and not in closed thematic groups. Teachers checked completed tasks against submitted assignments and verified knowledge through class participation and quizzing. Knowledge was also checked through inspection of the students' sports portfolio and live practise management. Less than 10 % of students did not respond to the tasks. The teachers tried to motivate the students by encouraging them to participate in sports, texting them, or contacting their parents. Statistically significant differences were found between the daily physical activity (i.e., 60 minutes per day) by recommendations of the World Health Organisation and the actual physical activity reported by the students. On average, they were physically active for 102 minutes per day, of which 43 minutes were very intense. The students were most physically active there in nature during PE classes. The classes where the training took place live via video call, were rated as the most interesting, but the differences between the different classes were not statistically significant. The most interesting sports for male students were ball games, general conditioning, and cycling, for female students they were walking, cycling and dancing. At the end of the study, we created best practice guidelines for PE at a distance, which will help teachers if the schools are closed again.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has brought a lot of working stress to medical workers and has a certain impact on their mental health. Working stress is closely related to the increase in anxiety, but few studies have explored whether their relationship will be affected by positive psychological factors in the special situation. Methods 798 medical workers were investigated online after the outbreak of the COVID-19 (10 February to 1 March 2020) in China. The relevant questionnaires were used to evaluate working stress, anxiety, sense of control, and psychological capital. The moderated mediation model test was performed using the SPSS software and PROCESS macro program. Results Working stress could directly affect anxiety, and indirectly affect anxiety through sense of control. In addition, psychological capital moderated the direct effect of working stress on anxiety, which is more effective at high level of psychological capital. Psychological capital also moderated the second half of the indirect effect of working stress on anxiety, at low level of psychological capital, sense of control was more effective in predicting anxiety. Limitations All the data in this study was collected through online questionnaire. The anxiety response measured in this study cannot be specific to the viral epidemic. Conclusions Under the COVID-19 epidemic situation, for medical workers, low sense of control and low level of psychological capital may be important risk factors of anxiety caused by working stress. Thus, strengthening the sense of control and psychological capital of medical workers would be helpful to reduce their anxiety and maintain their mental health.

Problemski okvir naloge predstavlja obstanek turistične panoge v času epidemije covida-19. Opravljena je bila raziskava, kako so izbrane države poskrbele za preprečitev gospodarske katastrofe, od katere si še danes nismo celostno opomogli. Razlog za raziskovanje je bil, da je bil turizem ena od bolj prizadetih panog v času epidemije. Cilj naloge je bil dosežen z zbiranjem podatkov uradnih strani držav. Ubrani sta bili predvsem metoda analize podatkov in primerjalna metoda, s katerima se je enačilo države eno z drugo, s pomočjo SWOT- in PESTEL-analize držav pa se lažje razumelo sprejemanje določenih ukrepov. V okviru analize je bilo ugotovljeno, da so države krizo turizma doživljale v letu 2020, leta 2021 pa so že sledile številkam pred epidemijo. Najmanj ukrepov za turizem je sprejela Hrvaška, največ pa Avstrija in Italija. Slovenija je tudi sicer zelo dobro poskrbela za okrevanje panoge. Ker je naloga pretežno družboslovne primerjalne narave, je tudi izkazan prispevek viden predvsem kot praktičen za uporabo širšemu gospodarstvu pri soočanju z zdravstvenimi katastrofami, kot je epidemija covida-19. Če bi se v prihodnosti ponovila podobna situacija, bi iz naloge lahko prejeli informacije, kako so se s situacijo soočali v preteklosti. The survival of the tourism sector in times of the Covid-19 epidemic represents the framework of our problem. We wanted to investigate how the selected countries have taken steps to prevent an economic catastrophe, from which we have still not fully recovered. The reason for this research is that tourism was one of the most affected industries during the epidemic, which led me to the desire to investigate the situation. The aim of the assignment was achieved by collecting data from the official websites of the countries concerned, mainly by using the method of data analysis and the comparative method, which was used to compare the countries with each other and to better understand the measures, which were taken by the countries by means of a SWOT and PESTEL analysis of the countries. The analysis found that countries were experiencing a tourism crisis in 2020, and by 2021 they were already tracking pre- epidemic figures. Croatia has taken the least preventive measures, while Austria and Italy have taken the most. Slovenia has also done very well to recover this sector. As the thesis is mainly of a comparative social science nature, the contribution made is also seen as practical for the wider economy to use in dealing with health-concerning disasters such as the Covid-19 epidemic. Should a similar situation occur in the future, the thesis could provide information on how the situation has been dealt with in the past.

With the advent of the Internet era, Chinese users tend to choose to express their opinions on social media platforms represented by Sina Weibo. The changes in people’s emotions toward cities from the microblogging texts can reflect the image of cities presented on mainstream social media, and thus target a good image of cities. In this paper, we collected microblog data containing “Shanghai” from 1 January 2019 to 1 September 2022 by Python technology, and we used three methods: Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency keyword statistics, Latent Dirichlet Allocation theme model construction, and sentiment analysis by Zhiwang Sentiment Dictionary. We also explore the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on Shanghai’s urban image in the context of the “Shanghai Territorial Static Management”, an important public opinion topic during the COVID-19 epidemic. The results of the study show that the “Shanghai-wide static management” of COVID-19 epidemic has significantly reduced the public’s perception of Shanghai and negatively affected the city’s image. By analyzing the data results, we summarize the basic characteristics of Shanghai’s city image and provide strategies for communicating Shanghai’s city image in the post-epidemic era.

Z magistrskim delom sva raziskovali vpliv epidemije covida-19 na osamljenost stanovalcev Koroškega doma starostnikov – poslovne enote Slovenj Gradec (v nadaljevanju: KDS – PE SG). V teoretičnem delu magistrskega dela sva se osredotočili na staranje prebivalstva ter njegove posledice v današnji družbi. Opisali sva dolgotrajno oskrbo, pomen družine v starosti, medosebne odnose, socialno mrežo, čustva v starosti ter osamljenost. Teoretični del sva zaključili s poglavjem o poznavanju potreb starih ljudi kot temeljni usmeritvi na področju raziskovanja in razvoja dolgotrajne oskrbe. V raziskavi sva uporabili kvalitativno metodologijo, podatke pa zbirali z individualnimi intervjuji stanovalcev, ki so bili izvedeni s pomočjo polstrukturiranega intervjuja. V raziskavi sva se osredotočili na tri vidike življenja stanovalcev v času epidemije: odnos med stanovalci in sorodniki, odnos med stanovalci in zaposlenimi v domu ter na socialno življenje znotraj doma. Z rezultati sva ugotovili, da je večina stanovalcev navedla vsaj enega sorodnika, s katerim je med epidemijo ostala v stiku. Vzdrževanje stikov je v obdobju epidemije predstavljalo izziv. Na podlagi rezultatov sva pripravili predloge, za katere upava, da bodo v prihodnje pripomogli k dobrim praksam doma (npr. uvedba IP telefonije, ki bi stanovalcem omogočala lažje in brezplačno telefonsko komunikacijo znotraj doma, preoblikovanje dejavnosti na način, da se premestijo v sobe stanovalcev oz. se dejavnosti izvajajo znotraj posamezne enote doma ...). In this master thesis, we investigated the covid-19 epidemic's impact on the loneliness of the residents of the Koroškega doma starostnikov – poslovne enote Slovenj Gradec (hereafter: KDS - PE SG). In the theoretical part of the master thesis, we focused on the aging of the population and its consequences in today's society. We described long-term care, the importance of family for the elderly, interpersonal relationships, the social network, emotions in old age, and loneliness. We concluded the theoretical part with a chapter on understanding the needs of the elderly as a fundamental orientation for research and development in long-term care. In the research, we used qualitative methodology and collected data through individual interviews of residents, which were conducted using a semi-structured interview. We focused on three aspects of the residents' lives during the epidemic: the relationship between residents and relatives, the relationship between residents and staff in the elderly home, and social life within the home. The results showed that the majority of the residents had remained in contact during the epidemic with at least one relative. Staying in contact was a challenge during the epidemic. After analysing the results, we proposed ideas that we believe will contribute to good practices in the home in the future. The suggestions include the implementation of IP telephony to allow residents to communicate easier and free of charge by telephone with other residents, redesigning activities so that they are relocated to residents' rooms or activities are carried out within each unit of the home, etc.).

V diplomski nalogi sem raziskovala socialno anksioznost študentk in študentov Fakultete za socialno delo med epidemijo Covid-19. Epidemija je močno spremenila naša življenja. Ukrepi so predvsem omejili tudi študentska življenja. Iz svojih izkušenj lahko povem, da je epidemija vplivala na duševno zdravje mladih, velikokrat sem pa tudi slišala, da so se počutili socialno anksiozni, zato sem želela to stanje preveriti. Diplomsko delo se začenja s teoretičnim delom, ki je nastal s pomočjo različne literature. Predstavila sem socialno anksioznost, njene simptome, predvsem na telesni, čustveni, vedenjski in kognitivni ravni, dejavnike, razvoj in tehnike pomoči. Nato sem prešla na temo epidemije, ukrepov in pomoči za študente. Nazadnje pa sem raziskala socialno delo v izrednih razmerah, uporabljene tehnike in razlike med prvim ter drugim valom epidemije. Ker sem v svojo raziskavo vključila samo študente Fakultete za socialno delo, sem lahko tudi preverila, kakšno izkušnjo so imeli z odzivanjem socialnega dela na izredne razmere. Izvedla sem kvantitativno raziskavo, v kateri sem preverila svoja raziskovalna vprašanja in hipoteze. Rezultati spletne ankete med študenti Fakultete za socialno delo so pokazali, da je več kot polovica študentov med epidemijo pri sebi opazila socialno anksioznost, a se po preverjanju posameznih simptomov na čustveni, vedenjski, kognitivni in telesni ravni ni poznala bistvena razlika med doživljanjem socialne anksioznosti pred in med epidemijo. Pomoči si večinoma niso poiskali. Tako s svojo študijsko prakso kot učinkovitostjo odzivanja socialnega dela na izredne razmere so bili zadovoljni. Vloga pomagajočega v času epidemije je pomagala ublažiti lastno socialno anksioznost. In my diploma thesis, I researched the social anxiety of male and female students of the Faculty of Social Work during the Covid-19 epidemic. The epidemic has greatly changed our lives. The measures mainly limited the lives of students. From my experience, I saw that the epidemic affected the mental health of young people, but I also heard many times that they felt socially anxious, so I wanted to check this situation. In my diploma, I first presented the theoretical part, where I browsed the literature. I presented social anxiety, its symptoms - mainly on the physical, emotional, behavioral and cognitive levels, factors, development and help techniques. Then I moved on to the subject of the epidemic, measures and help for students. Finally, I researched social work in extreme situations, the techniques used and the differences between the first and second wave of the epidemic. Since I included only students of the Faculty of Social Work in my research, I was also able to check what kind of experience they had with social work responding to emergency situations. I conducted a quantitative research in which I tested my research questions and hypotheses. The results of an online survey among students of the Faculty of Social Work showed that more than half of the students noticed social anxiety during the epidemic. But after checking individual symptoms on an emotional, behavioral, cognitive and physical level, no significant difference was found between the experience of social anxiety before and during the epidemic. For the most part, they did not seek help. They were satisfied with both their study practice and the effectiveness of social work's response to emergency situations. The role of helper during the epidemic helped alleviate their own social anxiety.

Савремени начин живота карактерише све убрзанији проток информација. Нове технологије добијају на значају, а захваљујући њима појавили су се и нови облици комуникације. У том смислу мобилном телефону припада посебно место. Не само да је заслужан за „зближавање“ саговорника, већ је подстакао и стварање посебне врсте комуникације непознате пре његове појаве – комуникације путем краћих писаних текстова, тзв. порука које су предмет разматрања у овој књизи. Ова врста комуникације одвија се у готово свим свакодневним приликама и животним ситуацијама. Готово да нема особе која до сада није примила или послала поруку мобилним телефоном. Жеља аутора је да укаже на значај комуникације СМС и вибер порукама из етнолошко-антрополошког угла, као и на прилике у којима су оне постале општеприхваћене у садашњем времену. Из разматрања је изузета уобичајена (разговорна) телефонска комуникација – свакодневна, али и пословна, пошто улази у сферу личног и најчешће је изван јавног увида. Contemporary way of life is characterized by an ever faster flow of information. New technologies are gaining significance, thanks to which new forms of communication have emerged, inspiring the creation of this monograph in which attention will be dedicated to receiving and sending messages via mobile phone. Communication via text messaging has become so commonplace that anyone can send a message to anyone else for any occasion. Seeing as a great number of both ordinary SMS and Viber messages have been created since the appearance of this mode of communication, a smaller number of these messages was selected to be presented and analyzed. The time span of messages pertaining to various topics and occurrences in everyday life does not depend solely on the individuals creating them due to the fact that the creator has no influence over their duration. The longevity of messages is primarily influenced by their content, momentary or current for a longer period of time, and perhaps mostly by the readiness of people to accept this type of communication and incorporate it into their routine Монографска издања. Едиција Посебна издања Етнографског института САНУ ; књ. 102 (ур. Лада Стевановић) / Monographic edition. Special edition Institute of Ethnography SASA ; volume 102 (ed. Lada Stevanović).

Ожидание окончания эпидемии Covid-19 после сверхмощной омикрон-волны не оправдались. Эпидемия продолжилась в квазипериодическом режиме. Вместе с тем особенности омикрон-волны после четырёх волн одного инновационного типа продемонстрировали стремление вируса Covid-19 задействовать все инновационные (мутационные) стратегии, среди которых пока не реализован вариант с одновременным обнулением иммунитета качественным ростом заразности и смертности одновременно. Опасность этого варианта велика, что делает необходимым построить хотя бы грубые оценки среднесрочной динамики эпидемии на будущее. В настоящей работе построены вариативные прогнозы эпидемии Covid-19 для Москвы на 1600 дней от начала с использованием разработанной нами двухтриггерной обобщённой SIR-модели с добавлением мутационных уравнений, учитывающих инновации двух типов. Модель уточнялась по параметрам с использованием дополнительной информации, полученной во время и после омикрон-волны. Работоспособность модели оценивалась для Москвы сравнением фактической и модельной динамики непосредственно и с использованием автокорреляционных функций. Модель отражает все основные особенности реального процесса и, следовательно, позволяет строить прогнозы на среднесрочную перспективу. Цифровое моделирование и эксперимент не дают оснований ожидать со значимой вероятностью окончания Covid-19., The expectation of the end of the Covid-19 epidemic after the super-powerful omicron wave did not materialize. The epidemic continued in a quasi-periodic mode. At the same time, the features of the omicron wave after four waves of the same innovative type demonstrated the desire of the Covid-19 virus to use all innovative (mutational) strategies, among which the option with simultaneous zeroing of immunity with a qualitative increase in contagion and mortality at the same time has not yet been implemented. The danger of this option is great, which makes it necessary to build at least rough estimates of the medium-term dynamics of the epidemic for the future. In this paper, variable forecasts of the Covid-19 epidemic for Moscow for 1600 days from the beginning are constructed using a two-trigger generalized SIR model developed by us with the addition of mutational equations that take into account two types of innovations. The model was refined by parameters using additional information obtained during and after the omicron wave. The performance of the model was evaluated for Moscow by comparing the actual and model dynamics directly and using autocorrelation functions. The model reflects all the main features of the real process and, therefore, allows you to make forecasts for the medium-term perspective. Digital modeling and experiment do not give grounds to expect the end of Covid-19 with a significant probability., Цифровая экономика, Выпуск 2 (23) 2023, Pages 36-41

COVID-19 has had a severe impact on higher education worldwide, and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have become the best solution to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 on student learning. In order to improve the quality of MOOCs for Landscape Architecture, it is essential to fully understand the psychological needs of students learning online. A total of 119 undergraduates and postgraduates majoring in landscape architecture were selected as the research subjects, and 18 indicators falling into 5 functions, including course organization, course resources, learning environment, learning experience, and learning support were screened. Questionnaires based on the KANO model were prepared at wjx.cn for investigation through WeChat. Attributes were classified according to the traditional KANO model and the KANO model based on Better-Worse coefficients. The research showed that based on the classification results of the traditional KANO model, 17 of the 18 indicators were of the attractive quality factor and the rest were of the must-be quality factor. After reclassification using the KANO model based on Better-Worse coefficients, 4 of the 18 indicators were must-be quality factors, 6 were one-dimensional quality factors, 4 were attractive quality factors, and the rest 4 were indifferent quality factors. Compared to the traditional KANO model, the KANO model based on Better-Worse coefficients has better quality element classification discrimination. According to the KANO-based analysis, appropriate strategies for indicators shall be adopted for MOOC development according to the four types of quality requirements. The research can provide a basis for the development and optimization of MOOCs for landscape architecture so as to better meet the learning needs of students and achieve better learning effects.

V magistrskem delu raziskujem, kako poteka delo svetovalnih delavk v vrtcu in s kakšnimi ovirami se pri tem soočajo. Ker se osredotočam le na svetovalne delavke, ki so po izobrazbi socialne delavke, raziskujem konkreten prispevek stroke socialnega dela v svetovalnem delu vrtca. Zanima me tudi, kakšna je njihova vloga pri vključevanju otrok s posebnimi potrebami in otrok priseljencev v vrtec. Poleg tega pa je namen magistrskega dela raziskati še potek svetovalnega dela v času epidemije Covid-19. V teoretičnem delu magistrskega dela najprej predstavim svetovalno službo v vrtcu in opišem različna znanja ter spretnosti, ki so potrebna za svetovalno delo z otroki. Nadalje povežem svetovalno službo z različnimi koncepti in znanji stroke socialnega dela. Pozornost namenim tudi inkluziji otrok s posebnimi potrebami in otrok priseljencev v vrtec. Teoretični del zaključim s predstavitvijo svetovalne službe vrtca v času epidemije Covid-19. V empiričnem delu predstavim rezultate, ki sem jih pridobila s pomočjo delno standardiziranih intervjujev. Intervjuje sem opravila s šestimi socialnimi delavkami, ki so zaposlene v svetovalni službi vrtca. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da svetovalne delavke svoje delo najpogosteje povezujejo s povezovanjem, z načrtovanjem, s koordinacijo in z evalvacijo dela. Pri svojem delu sodelujejo z otroci, s starši, s strokovnimi delavci, z vodstvom in z zunanjimi institucijami. Sodelovanje z otroci najpogosteje poteka preko opazovanja in igre v oddelku, z ostalimi pomembnimi udeleženimi pa preko pogovorov in sestankov. Ugotovitve kažejo, da svetovalne delavke uporabljajo določene koncepte in spretnosti socialnega dela, predvsem koncept delovnega odnosa in njegove elemente ter koncept soustvarjanja. Pri delu pa bi potrebovale še nekatera znanja, ki jih študij socialnega dela ne zajema (npr. znanje iz predšolske vzgoje in delo z otroki s posebnimi potrebami). Svetovalne delavke so vključene v inkluzijo otrok s posebnimi potrebami in otrok priseljencev v vrtec preko različnih nalog (koordinacija in organizacija dela, priprava individualnega načrta pomoči, učenje jezika, pomoč pri prevajanju, nudenje podpore in pomoči, sodelovanje pri organizaciji tečajev ipd.). Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da je delo svetovalne delavke v času epidemije potekalo večino časa na daljavo, pri čemer so izpostavile oviro – pomanjkanje osebnega stika, tako z otroki, kot tudi z ostalimi. Predvsem so največ pozornosti namenile otrokom s posebnimi potrebami in njihovim staršem. Pomembni nalogi svetovalnih delavk v tem času sta bili nudenje podpore in pomoči ter pripravljanje različnih smernic in gradiva za starše in strokovne delavce. In the master's thesis, I study the work of counselors in kindergartens and what kind of obstacles they face. Since the focus being solely on counselors who are social workers by education, I am investigating the actual contribution of the social work profession in counseling in kindergartens. I am also interested in their role in the inclusion of children with special needs and children of immigrants in kindergarten. In addition, the purpose of the master's thesis is to investigate the course of counseling during the Covid-19 epidemic. In the theoretical part of the master's thesis, I first present counseling service in a kindergarten and describe the various skills and knowledge that is necessary for counseling with children. Furthermore, I connect counseling service with various concepts and skills of the social work profession. I also pay attention to the inclusion of children with special needs and children of immigrants in kindergarten. I conclude the theoretical part with a presentation of kindergarten counseling services during the Covid-19 epidemic. In the empirical part, I present the results I obtained with the help of partially standardized interviews. I conducted interviews with six social workers who are employed in kindergarten counseling services. The results of the research showed that female counselors associate their work most often with integration, planning, coordination and work evaluation. They work together with children, parents, professionals, management and external institutions. Working with children most often takes place through observation and play in the department, and with other important participants through conversations and meetings. The findings show that counselors use certain concepts and skills of social work, especially the concept of working relationship and its elements, and the concept of co-creation. At work, you would also need some knowledge that is not covered by social work education (e.g. knowledge of preschool education and work with special needs children). Counselors are involved in the inclusion of children of immigrants and special needs children in kindergarten through various tasks (coordination and organization of work, preparation of an individual assistance plan, language learning, translation assistance, offering support and assistance, participation in the organization of courses, etc.). The results of the research showed that during the epidemic the consultant's work was carried out most of the time remotely from home, highlighting an obstacle – the lack of personal contact with children as with others. Their attention was mostly devoted to the children with special needs and their parents. The important tasks of the counselors during this period were to offer support and help, and to prepare various guidelines and materials for parents and professionals.

The article aims to identify effective actions taken by the catering industry as part of crisis management during the COVID-19 pandemic. The time scope of the research concerns the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the period from 13 March to 18 May 2020. The research method used in the study was a questionnaire survey (CAWI). The survey results showed that the most frequent action taken by restaurants was applying for government assistance. On the other hand, most marketing activities were related to the assessment of the situation and the prospects for restaurants. Relationships were also found between restaurant management activities and restaurant characteristics (number of employees, number of years of operation and location). The developed research tool can help in assessing effective actions taken by restaurant managers during a crisis.

In this paper, we analyse effects of the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic on employment in Slovenia in the light of some theories on the destandardisation and segmentation of employment. We consider statistical databases, state measures and policies, along with union strategies before and during the epidemic. The epidemic has caused a sharp decline in employment and hit hardest those workers holding non-standard forms of employment (especially students and temporary workers). Given the decline in service turnover/production volume, particular service industries (e.g. retail, exports) have been more affected by export-oriented manufacturing that has invested less in employee skills and shifted the effects of the shock to labour and the state. We also note the trade unions have not deepened the splits in labour market divisions, while segmentation has been strengthened by both pre- and post-epidemic state policies.

The present study analyzes measures deployed by EU institutions to contain the Covid-19 epidemic between February and June 2020 and subsequently zeroes in on Italy's national context. Measures taken in Italy on a national scale are addressed, starting with the establishment of initial exclusion areas, so-called “red zones,” which were put in place in February 2020, until the reopening of internal regional borders, in June of the same year. The aim is to provide a legal overview of the type of measures adopted over time and of their impact on a range of social activities. In this perspective, the study uses reflexive cartography to chart the evolution of Covid-19 containment measures that were progressively adopted, from the “onset” phase, on to the “epidemic” phase and finally to the “endemic” phase.

This study investigates the effect of commuting in the spread of Covid-19 infection. After contextualizing this form of mobility in Europe, we will focus on the infection scenario in Italy, which became the epicenter of contagion in spring 2020. Our hypothesis is that commutes—especially commutes based on collective means of transport, which entail crowdedness—may act as critical agents of infection in the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. The study uses reflexive cartography, which relies on semantic metadata to visualize the territorial dynamics of the Covid-19 epidemic in relation to commuting.

The Covid-19 epidemic has highlighted the fact that complex societies such as the one in Italy are able to maintain their balance only as long as all primary social needs are adequately met. Current living practices, in particular, have exposed the weaknesses of specific sectors, such as mobility, public spaces, the health care system and the welfare system. The present study reflects on the fragility of the health care system caused by an excessive fragmentation of policies and inconsistent regional setups, which have had repercussions on the administration of swab tests. We examine two regions, namely Lombardy and Veneto, where such differences stand out. In Lombardy, testing was limited and sluggish, which left the epidemic spread largely unchecked and forced Covid-19 testing to be carried out exclusively on patients with symptoms in hospitals. In addition to overburdening hospitals, this resulted in very limited swab-testing of the population: only the elderly. Veneto, on the other hand, adopted different swab-testing procedures, carried out not only among hospital patients but also on asymptomatic and non-hospitalized persons. This depends on the different organization and setup of the regional health care system. It follows that even a national-scale comparison of regional data in the three epidemic phases, which suggests an overall lowering of the average age for infected persons with great regional variations, ought to be taken with caution, given the dissimilar regional implementation of swab-testing.

This section considers mortality rate data in Italy in March 2020 with a view to estimating Covid-19 mortality across the Italian regions. Deaths are classified by age group: a key factor that official reports have failed to include The Italian Higher Health Institute included subjects who tested positive to a swab and plotted data by region and age group at a national level. However, it did not provide information relating to deaths by age group in each region. In the present study deaths and mortality rates in March 2020 are analyzed first. Subsequently, the number of deaths from causes attributable to Covid-19 is estimated by comparing the number of deaths recorded in March 2020 with the number of deaths recorded in the same month over the previous 5 years, from 2015 to 2019. Starting with this comparison and keeping as a constraint the data provided by the ISS, that is the number of deaths from Covid-19 for each region and for each age group at national level, it was possible to obtain an estimate of deaths attributable to Covid-19, divided by age group in each region. Using mapping, the estimates are shown in a spatial layout that records different ages in each region. The results show that in some regions the impact on mortality was much higher than official data, which only accounted for subjects who had tested positive to swabbing. A visual mapping of these estimates confirms that Lombardy was the most affected region, in terms of both deaths and mortality rates. Regarding age, Covid-19 mortality is higher in the oldest age groups. The study also outlines a partition of Italy into three geographical areas, in accordance with different mortality rates and Covid-19 contagion severity. Results are represented using reflective mapping to better understand the impact of Covid-19 on mortality. The results confirm that the Covid-19 epidemic had a major impact on Italy, and an even more significant impact on Lombardy, also in terms of deaths and mortality.

This study assesses the effectiveness of political measures adopted in Italy for the containment of Covid-19 infection between February and June 2020. The first section outlines the main measures aimed at combating the viral spread through unprecedented restrictions in the “epidemic” phase and, subsequently, the subsequent easing of restrictions, in the “endemic” phase. In order to bring out the measures’ outcome and provide useful criteria for assessing their effectiveness, the quantitative evolution of both cases testing positive to swab tests and of fine issued to citizens by the police are analyzed. The second section discusses competence areas for State and Regions in bringing in legal measures needed to contain the epidemic. Our aim in this case is to estimate whether the delicate balance between the two administrative levels had an impact on the handling of lockdown and, consequently, also on contagion outcomes. Special focus will be placed on two key sectors that involve national and regional levels: namely healthcare protection and public transport services. Setbacks tied to the priority order of these two institutional levels emerge from evidential data on the period under consideration. Given the necessarily urgent modes of action typical of a health emergency, such setbacks are expected to have inhibited concerted action in the definition and subsequent application of political decisions.

Diplomsko delo predstavlja vpliv epidemije Covid-19 v Sloveniji na vladno regulacijo rekreativnega športa, s katero se je omejevalo širjenje novega virusa med športniki, ki so se ukvarjali z rekreativnim športom. Šport kot sam je izredno ključen dejavnik v življenju, ki zagotavlja ne samo telesno, temveč tudi duševno in socialno zdravje, s čimer se kakovost življenja in življenjskega sloga posameznika učinkovito izboljša. To pa je začelo trpeti, ko je ob pojavu koronavirusa vlada začenjala s sprejemanjem ukrepov za preprečevanje širjenja virusa. Namen diplomskega dela je bilo ugotoviti, kako močno je sama epidemija vplivala na rekreativni šport med posamezniki v Sloveniji. Prikazati smo želeli stanje regulacije rekreativnega športa pred epidemijo Covid-19 ter med epidemijo. Želeli smo pokazati tudi spremembe v načinu rekreacije pred in med epidemijo ter spremembe v psihofizičnih sposobnostih med rekreativnimi športniki, pri čemer nam je bila v pomoč spletna anketa. Cilj diplomskega dela je bil raziskati, kako je epidemija Covid-19 vplivala na rekreativni šport v Sloveniji ter tako prikazati dejansko vključevanje države pri omejevanju oziroma spodbujanju rekreativnega športa. Prav tako je bil cilj diplomskega dela pridobitev zadostnih in celovitih povratnih informacij anketirancev, ki so nam s tem podali vpogled v neposredni vpliv sprejetih vladnih ukrepov na njihove rekreativne navade, s čimer smo pridobili odličen vpogled v to, ali je vlada sprejemala kakovostne in učinkovite ukrepe, ki so skrbeli za zajezitev epidemije. This diploma thesis presents the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic in Slovenia based on the government's regulation of recreational sports, which was used to limit the spread of the new virus among athletes who were involved in recreational sports. Sport itself is an extremely crucial factor in life, ensuring not only people's physical health, but also mental and social health, thus effectively improving the quality of lifestyle of the individuals. However, the recreational sports began to suffer when the government started taking measures to prevent the spread of the virus when the new coronavirus appeared. The purpose of this diploma work was therefore to find out how strongly the epidemic itself has affected recreational sports among individuals in Slovenia. I wanted to introduce the state of regulation of recreational sports before the Covid-19 epidemic and also during the epidemic with all the restrictive measures. The purpose of this diploma thesis was also to prove the changes in the way of recreation before, as well as during the epidemic, in psychophysical abilities among recreational athletes, where an online survey helped me to get all the necessary results to interpret. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how the Covid-19 epidemic affected recreational sports in Slovenia and thus show the actual involvement of the government in limiting and promoting recreational sports as a necessary help of being immune to the new disease. The aim of the diploma thesis was also to obtain sufficient and comprehensive feedback from respondents, which then gave me an insight into the direct impact of government measures on their recreational habits, what helped me to get excellent insight into whether the government has taken quality and effective measures with taking care of curbing the epidemic in Slovenia.

Človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine ljudem podajo podlago za aktivno in varno življenje. Ob zaznavi njihovih kršitev se posamezniki za pomoč obrnejo na Varuha človekovih pravic Republike Slovenije. V času epidemije covida-19 je za omejitev širjenja bolezni Vlada Republike Slovenije morala prednostno sprejeti številne ukrepe. Omejitve so občutno vplive na različna področja, kot je prikazala preobremenjenost zdravstvenega sistema, ter na ranljive skupine ljudi, izmed katerih so posledice močno občutili otroci. Omejitve so povzročile povečanje števila obravnavanih pobud v povezavi z epidemijo covida-19 pri Varuhu. Omenjeno mi je podalo navdih za podrobnejšo analizo teh pobud, ter raziskovanju vpliva epidemije covida-19 na delo Varuha človekovih pravic RS. S ciljem raziskati kršitve človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin v povezavi z epidemijo covida-19 na področju zdravstvenega varstva in področju pravic otrok, sem za dosego tega uporabila deskriptivno metodo, analizo primerov in splošno statistično analizo. Ta je na področju zdravstvenega varstva prikazala, da se število obravnavanih pobud v povezavi z epidemijo covida-19 na omenjenem področju v letu 2020 v primerjavi s prejšnjimi leti ni znatno zvišalo. Na področju pravic otrok je analiza potrdila povečanje kršitev pravice do enakosti pred zakonom po 14. členu Ustave Republike Slovenije v povezavi z obravnavanimi pobudami, ki so bile v povezavi z epidemijo covida-19. Delo stroki poda informacije o kršitvah človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin v času epidemije covida-19 na področju zdravstvenega varstva in pravic otrok, prikaže odnos organov do varovanja človekovih pravic in poudari pomembnost njihovega upoštevanja. Human rights and fundamental freedoms give people the basis for an active and safe life. When violations are detected, individuals turn to the Ombudsman of the Republic of Slovenia for help. During the covid-19 epidemic, in order to limit the spread of the disease, the Government of the Republic of Slovenia had to take a number of measures as a matter of priority. The restrictions had a significant impact on various areas, as shown by the overload of the health system, and on vulnerable groups of people, the consequences of which were strongly felt by children. The restrictions resulted in an increase in the number of initiatives being considered in connection with the covid-19 epidemic at Ombudsman. The aforementioned gave me inspiration for a more detailed analysis of these initiatives, as well as research into the impact of the covid-19 epidemic on the work of the Ombudsman of the Republic of Slovenia. With the aim of investigating violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms in connection with the covid-19 epidemic in the field of health care and the field of children's rights, I used a descriptive method, case analysis and general statistical analysis to achieve this. In the field of health care, this showed that the number of initiatives discussed in connection with the covid-19 epidemic in the aforementioned field did not increase significantly in 2020 compared to previous years. In the area of children's rights, the analysis confirmed the increase in violations of the right to equality before the law according to Article 14 of the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia in connection with the discussed initiatives, which were related to the covid-19 epidemic. The work provides information to the profession on violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms during the covid-19 epidemic in the field of health care and children's rights, shows the attitude of the authorities to the protection of human rights and emphasizes the importance of their consideration.

Since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a serious crisis in many countries around the world, it is important to conduct empirical research aimed at identifying risks and factors protecting the functioning of people affected by it. For this reason, the goals of the present research were to determine the level of physical activity and the severity of symptoms characteristic of mental disorders, cognitive disorders and the quality of social functioning, as well as the structure of the relationship between physical activity and psychosocial functioning of 226 women and 226 men during the COVID-19 epidemic in Eastern Poland. The research was conducted using the IPAQ-SF Questionnaire, GHQ-28 Questionnaires, TUS Test-6/9 version, the original SFS Scale and a self-developed sociodemographic survey. The collected data indicate that women as compared to men show lower levels of weekly physical activity, walking, moderate activity, vigorous activity and quality of functioning in family relationships, but higher severity of mental health disorders, somatic symptoms, functional disorders, depressive symptoms, cognitive disorders, perceptual work disorders, attention deficits and higher quality of functioning in work relationships. On the other hand, the structural model indicates that physical activity, interacting with mental health disorders and cognitive disorders, is positively associated with the social functioning of the respondents, and gender is the moderator of the occurring dependencies. This suggests that physical activity adapted to the condition of health may be an important component of gender-individualized psychopreventive interventions.

Namen magistrskega dela je bil analizirati izvedbo in organizacijo športnih dni na daljavo za učence predmetne stopnje v času prvega in drugega vala epidemije covida-19. V raziskavo smo vključili 381 osnovnošolskih učiteljev športa, kar predstavlja 30 % celotne populacije. Podatke smo zbrali s pomočjo spletnega vprašalnika in jih obdelali v programu SPSS. Poleg osnovne statistike smo uporabili še Wilcoxonov test, Kruskal-Wallisov test, test predznaka, Friedmanov test, dvosmerni hi-kvadrat test ali Fisherjev eksaktni test, če je bil vzorec manjši. Raziskava je pokazala, da je 90 % učiteljev izvedlo vsaj en športni dan na daljavo, v največji meri pa so učitelji izvedli dva, enega v prvem in enega v drugem valu, zato med valovoma ni prišlo do razlik v številu športnih dni. Med vsebinami so učitelji najpogosteje ponudili pohodništvo, naravne oblike gibanja in vaje za moč, v drugem valu pa so dodali še zimske dejavnosti. Športni dnevi so bili lahko kombinacije več vsebin, vključevali pa so tudi teoretične vsebine in medpredmetne povezave. Ugotovili smo, da so v najpogosteje potekali zunaj oziroma zunaj in doma. Učitelji so se organizacije lotili na različne načine, pri čemer med valovoma ni prišlo do razlik. Organizacija športnega dne na daljavo je večini učiteljev vzela več časa, vendar je bila za polovico enostavnejša v primerjavi s klasičnim športnim dnem. Največ težav so učitelji imeli z zagotavljanjem varnosti ob samostojni izvedbi športnih dni, pa tudi s preverjanjem opravljenih dejavnosti. Športnih dni na daljavo ne moremo primerjati s klasično obliko. Kljub temu da niso bili dovolj dolgi in niso dosegali vseh ciljev športnih dni po učnem načrtu, so bili izrednega pomena. Učitelji so s športnimi dnevi spodbudili učence h gibanju in jih razbremenili, kar je bilo med šolanjem na daljavo izrednega pomena. Oblikovali smo tudi smernice za izpeljavo športnega dne na daljavo, že dobro izvedenim primerom športnih dni pa smo dodali možne izboljšave, ki lahko pomagajo učiteljem pri lastni organizaciji športnega dne in jih opozorijo na mogoče napake oziroma pomanjkljivosti. Tako bodo lažje izbrali primerno vsebino (glede na vreme, okolje, starost in sposobnosti učencev) in športni dan organizirali učinkovito, dovolj intenzivno in varno. Pri tem bodo lahko uporabljali različna gradiva, pedagoške pristope in informacijsko-komunikacijsko tehnologijo. The purpose of the Master’s thesis was to analyse the conduct and organisation of sports days during distance learning for subject level students. The first and second wave of the covid-19 epidemic were observed. The research included 381 physical education teachers, which represents 30 % of the entire population. We collected the data using an online questionnaire and processed them with the software SPSS. In addition to the basic statistics, the Wilcoxon test, Kruskal-Wallis test, sign test, Friedman’s test, two-way chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test in case of a smaller sample were also used. The research showed that 90 % of teachers conducted at least one sports day, but mostly teachers conducted two sports days, one during the first and one during the second wave of epidemic covid-19, therefore there were no major differences in the number of sports days between the two waves. Concerning the content, teachers mostly offer hiking, basic movement activities and strength exercises, and during the second wave they also added winter activities. Sports days could be a combination of several contents, but they also included theoretical contents and cross-curricular issues. We found that they most often took place outside or outside and at home. Teachers approached their organisation in different ways, where there were no differences between the waves. For the majority of teachers the organisation took more time, but just for half the organisation was easier compared to a classic sports day. Teachers had the most trouble with safety assurance during independently performed sports days, as well as with checking the completion of activities. Implementation of sports days during distance learning cannot be compared with the classic form. Despite the fact that they were not long enough and did not reach all the objectives of sports days according to the curriculum, they were of significant importance. With sports days, teachers encouraged students to move and relieved them of pressure, which was crucial during distance schooling. We formed guidelines for conducting a sports day during distance learning and added possible improvements to the already well-conducted examples of sports days, which can help teachers with their own organisation of a sports day and warn them of possible mistakes or shortcomings. This will make it easier for teachers to choose the appropriate content (considering the weather, environment, age and ability of the students) and to organise the sports day effectively, sufficiently intense and safe. In doing so, they will be able to use various materials, pedagogical approaches and information and communication technology.

The covid pandemic has had a strong impact on countries and Vietnam. Economic stability is Vietnam's goal. To achieve that goal, the State Bank is in charge of planning and implementing monetary policy. In this material, the author points out the impact of the covid epidemic on the economy and the central bank's monetary policy in the context that the covid epidemic has been taking place very strongly. Keywords: monetary policy, central bank, covid-19 epidemic. Title: MATERIAL MONETARY POLICIES OF THE CENTRAL BANK IN THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF COVID 19 Author: Postgraduate Than Thi Vi Linh International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Vol. 10, Issue 3, July 2022 - September 2022 Page No: 71-75 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 12-September-2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7070772 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/material-monetary-policies-of-the-central-bank-in-the-circumstances-of-covid-19, International Journal of Life Sciences Research, ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online), Research Publish Journals, Website: www.researchpublish.com, {"references":["[1]\tNational Assembly (2017), Resolution No. 42/2017/QH14 on handling bad debts of credit institutions","[2]\tGovernment (2021), Resolution No. 01/NQ-CP dated January 1, 2021 of the Government on the main tasks and solutions to implement the socio-economic development plan and budget estimates state in 2021","[3]\tState Bank (2016), Circular No. 41/2016/TT-NHNN Regulating capital adequacy ratio for banks and foreign bank branches"]}

In the aftermath of the spreading of pandemics covid-19 in indonesia , the government with alacrity issued a policy in order to break the chain for the transmission of the virus corona .One of policy are in education sector is learning system might face-to-face with online learning .With a system of learning online becomes many obstacles, so that the role of parents are very is required in teaching the child home studying .Of writing articles aims to understand the role of older people in applying learning at home when the pandemic covid-19. The methodology used a qualitative approach by descriptive method. Data is collected using likert scale consisting of 20 of the survey questions .The population study areas is parents primary schools in east buay in madang .The conclusion of this research is in general the role parents had increased during the students spend at home .Parents consider diterapan effective for online learning.

This research aims to determine the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on the learning process in elementary schools in Lubuk Raja District, OKU Regency, South Sumatra Province. This type of research is qualitative. In this study, the number of respondents was 10 teachers, 10 students, and 10 guardians. Respondents represent all schools in Lubuk Raja District. Primary data collection is done by giving questionnaires to respondents. The questions in the questionnaire were developed based on related literature. The results of this study are that there are several obstacles and expectations from teachers, guardians of students, and students regarding the learning process in elementary schools in Lubuk Raja District during the Covid-19 epidemic, there are still many who stutter with the on- line learning process

V diplomskem delu obravnavam tematiko doživljanja študija na daljavo med študentkami na Fakulteti za socialno delo. Zanima me, kako so študentke doživljale študij na daljavo, kako so se spremenile vsakodnevne rutine v času covida-19, s kakšnimi izzivi so se soočale in kako se je skozi epidemijo spremenil odnos študentk do njih samih in drugih. V raziskavo so vkljucˇene študentke Fakultete za socialno delo, ki sem jih pridobila na podlagi neslučajnostnega vzorca. V teoreticˇnem uvodu se najprej osredotočim na epidemijo covida-19 in ukrepe države, ki so relevantni za študente. Nato se osredotočim na vpliv, ki ga je epidemija imela na študijski proces, na sindrom utrujenosti od Zooma in na doživljanje študijskega procesa na daljavo glede na spol. V nadaljevanju opredelim duševno zdravje in ga povežem še z epidemijo covida-19. Nadaljujem z vsakodnevnim življenjem v času epidemije in teoretični uvod zaključim s socialnim delom v izrednih razmerah. Empirični del zajema predstavitev raziskovalnega problema z raziskovalnimi vprašanji in metodologijo. Sledijo rezultati, razprava in sklepi. Z raziskavo sem ugotovila, da je bilo doživljanje študija na daljavo sprva sproščeno in razbremenjujoče, čez čas pa je postalo stresno in monotono. Profesorji so bili na začetku študija na daljavo izgubljeni in neorganizirani, kasneje so postali bolj organizirani. Študentke so imele v času prvega zaprtja države veliko energije, v času drugega zaprtja pa so bile vse sodelujoče brez energije in so imele občutek, da je njihovo življenje monotono. Nekatere študentke so imele v času zaprtja svojo sobo, spet druge so bile brez mirnega prostora. V času epidemije so se študentke osredotočile na osebnostno rast, mir in čas zase. Vse študentke so stike med epidemijo vzdrževale prek spletnih platform. V času zaprtja so vse doživljale duševne stike v različnih oblikah. Soočale so se s paničnimi napadi, jokom, depresijo, osamljenostjo in utesnjenostjo. The diploma thesis addresses the perceptions of remote learning among female students at the Faculty of Social Work. I wanted to explore how female students experienced remote learning, how their daily routines changed during the COVID-19 epidemic, what challenges they encountered, and how their relationship with themselves and with others changed throughout the epidemic. The participants in the research were female students from the Faculty of Social Work that were selected based on a non-probability sample. In the theoretical part I first focused on the COVID-19 epidemic and on the state’s measures that were relevant for higher education students. This part is followed by the analysis of the impact that the epidemic had on the learning process, of the Zoom fatigue syndrome and of the perception of remote learning based on sex. Furthermore, I defined mental health and how the COVID-19 epidemic affected it. I also addressed the topic of everyday life during the epidemic and concluded the theoretical introduction with an analysis of social work in emergency situations. The empirical part includes a presentation of the research problem, the research questions and the applied methodology. This is followed by the results, the discussion and conclusions. The research shows that at first remote learning was perceived as relaxing and relieving, however, with time it became stressful and monotonous. When remote learning was first introduced, professors were disoriented and unorganized, however, as time passed, they became more organized. The female students reported to have had high levels of energy during the first lockdown, whereas during the second lockdown all participating students had very low levels of energy and felt that their life was monotonous. During the lockdown some female students had their own rooms, while others didn’t have access to a quiet space. They focused on their personal growth and peace, as well as on taking time for themselves. During the epidemic all the female students who participated in the research kept in contact with other people through online platforms. During the lockdown they all experienced different forms of psychological distress. They experienced panic attacks, crying spells, depression, loneliness and anxiety.

V diplomskem delu sem raziskovala primerjavo socialnega dela v domovih v podravski regiji pred epidemijo in med epidemijo. Ugotovila sem, kje so se pojavile spremembe in na katerih področjih je prišlo do največjega razlikovanja. Raziskovala sem tudi posledice, ki so jih ukrepi za zajezitev epidemije vnesli v domove. V teoretičnem delu sem predstavila tematiko staranja prebivalstva, nadaljevala sem z opisom socialnega dela s starimi ljudmi in se osredotočila tudi na socialno delo v domovih za stare. Predstavila sem vpliv covida-19 na zdravje in življenje starih ljudi, zadnje poglavje v teoretičnem delu pa sem namenila ukrepom za zajezitev covida-19 v domovih za stare in vplivu, ki so ga ti ukrepi pustili na domovih in stanovalcih. Raziskava je kvalitativna, opravila sem intervjuje s sedmimi socialnimi delavkami, ki so bile pred in med epidemijo zaposlene v domu za stare v podravski regiji. Rezultati so pokazali dokaj soroden potek dela med domovi, vključenimi v raziskavo pred epidemijo. Soroden je način dela med domovi med samo epidemijo. Pred epidemijo so interakcije v domovih potekale neposredno preko fizičnih kontaktov, prav tako pa je domsko življenje potekalo neovirano. Med epidemijo pa so interakcije potekale posredno, torej preko medijev, kot sta telefon in računalnik, z minimalnim fizičnim kontaktom domov z zunanjim svetom in oviranim potekom družbenega domskega življenja. Delo zaposlenih v domovih se je spremenilo čez noč, bili so postavljeni pred mnoge izzive, hkrati pa so bile spremembe zelo težke tudi za stanovalce in sorodnike. Socialno delo je bilo med epidemijo postavljeno pred preizkušnjo. Socialne delavke so se v času epidemije soočale s povečanim obsegom dela, kar je vodilo v časovno stisko in posledično podaljšane delovnike. Bile so izpostavljene psihičnemu in fizičnemu naporu, kar je vodilo v preobremenjenost in izgorelost. Opravljale pa niso zgolj dela na svojem področju, temveč so pomagale na vseh domskih področjih, kjer je primanjkovalo kadra. Interpretacija rezultatov kaže na področja, ki bi jih v prihodnje morali izboljšati, kar se tiče izkušenj in potreb stanovalcev, sorodnikov in zaposlenih. Menim, da bi bilo v prihodnje učinkovito raziskati, kako se pripraviti na postopanje ob ponovni epidemiji. Domovi morajo imeti krizne načrte za omejevanje okužb in prerazporejanje stanovalcev, prav tako pa mora biti skozi izobraževanja in podporne skupine poskrbljeno tudi za zaposlene, ki so izpostavljeni delu v izrednih razmerah. In my thesis I researched the comparison of social work in homes in the Podravska region before and during the epidemic. I discovered where the changes took place and in which areas there was the greatest differentiation. I researched the consequences that measures to contain the epidemic have brought to homes. In the theoretical part, I presented the topic of population aging, continued with a description of social work with the elderly and also focused on social work in nursing homes. I presented the impact of covid-19 on the health and lives of the elderly, and the last chapter in the theoretical part was focused on ways to restrict covid-19 in nursing homes and the impact that these measures have left on homes and residents. My research is qualitative, the basic material I used is a book by Jana Mali, entitled Od hiralnic do domov za stare ljudi. I conducted interviews with seven social workers who were employed in nursing homes in the Podravska region before and during the epidemic. The results showed a fairly similar workflow between the homes included in the pre-epidemic study. The results also showed that homes for older people were operating in a similar way during the epidemic itself. Before the epidemic, interactions in homes took place directly, through physical contacts, and home life was undisturbed. During the epidemic, however, interactions took place indirectly, through media such as telephone and computer, with minimal physical contact of the home with the outside world and with obstructed course of social life in homes for older people. The work of the employees in the homes changed overnight, they were faced with many challenges, and at the same time the changes were very difficult for the residents and relatives. The social work profession was put to the test during the epidemic. During that time, social workers faced increased workloads, which led to time constraints and consequently extended working hours. They were exposed to mental and physical exertion, which led to overwork and burnout. However, they did not work only in their field of specialization, but they also helped in all areas where staff shortages occurred. Interpretation of the results points to areas that should be improved in the future in terms of the experiences and needs of all three worlds residents, relatives and employees. I believe that homes for older people should explore how to prepare for dealing with a repeat epidemiological case. Homes for older people must have crisis plans to limit infections and redeploy residents. Employees who are exposed to emergency work must be cared for through training and support groups.

V magistrski nalogi sem raziskovala doživljanje epidemije covida-19 s perspektive starih ljudi v skupnosti. Želela sem ugotoviti, kako stari ljudje, ki živijo v skupnosti, doživljajo epidemijo in njene ukrepe, kako je v času epidemije potekalo druženje, ohranjanje stikov in ali je prišlo do sprememb v odnosih z družino, s prijatelji, sosedi in z znanci. Prav tako me je zanimalo, kakšen vpliv je imela epidemija covida-19 na duševno zdravje starih ljudi, kako je posegla v njihovo finančno stanje in kakšne spremembe so občutili pri opravljanju vsakdanjih opravkov in obveznosti. Želela sem izvedeti, kako se je starim ljudem v času epidemije spremenil prosti čas. Poleg tega pa me je zanimalo, kakšno pomoč so prejemali v času epidemije in kako jim je pomagala neformalna in formalna mreža pomoči, kakšen je bil dostop do pomoči v primeru, da so jo potrebovali ter kakšne pomoči si želijo. Kot zadnje me je zanimalo, kakšne strategije pomagajo starim ljudem pri prestajanju kriznih razmer oz. kaj jim daje v teh časih upanje. V prvem delu magistrske naloge predstavim teoretični uvod, ki vsebuje poglavja o staranju in starosti, potrebah in položaju starih ljudi v času epidemije covida-19 ter o vlogi formalne in neformalne mreže pomoči starim ljudem. Teoretični uvod zaključujem s poglavjem o socialnem delu s starimi ljudmi in socialnem delu s starimi ljudmi v času epidemije covida-19. V drugem delu magistrske naloge predstavim rezultate kvalitativne in empirične raziskave, v katero sem vključila deset starih ljudi, ki živijo v skupnosti, torej v domačem okolju in so stari 65 let ali več. S pomočjo vprašalnika sem intervjuvala sogovornike, ki so bili pripravljeni sodelovati v raziskavi. Po opravljenih intervjujih sem dobljene podatke tudi kvalitativno obdelala in analizirala. Ugotovila sem, da so stari ljudje v času epidemije čutili negativna čustva, kot so zaskrbljenost, stres in negotovost. Negativna čustva so čutili tudi ob spremljanju medijev. Nekateri so ostali optimistični. Največji vpliv na življenje starih ljudi je imel ukrep socialne izolacije oz. karantene in s tem odsotnost druženja. V času epidemije je prišlo do zmanjšanih osebnih stikov, odsotnosti druženj in obiskov, kar so zelo pogrešali. V primeru druženja so bili previdni in se, z zaščitno masko in razdaljo, zaščitili pred možnim prenosom okužbe. Stike so najpogosteje ohranjali na daljavo, preko telefona. Prav tako je v tem obdobju prišlo do sprememb v odnosih, saj so stari ljudje poročali o pogostejših konfliktih z bližnjimi. Za nekatere pa se odnos z bližnjimi ni spremenil. Epidemija covida-19 je imela negativen vpliv na duševno zdravje starih ljudi, medtem ko na fizično zdravje ni imela posebnega vpliva. Epidemija je imela tudi finančne posledice, saj so nekateri stari ljudje pripovedovali o večji skromnosti pri porabi denarja, po drugi strani pa so se razveselili solidarnostnega dodatka in turističnih bonov, spet drugi pa so izrazili kritiko do tovrstnih dodatkov. Vsakodnevni opravki in obveznosti, kot so nakupovanje, urejanje zadev na upravni enoti in banki, so potekali brez težav. Prosti čas v času epidemije je bil bolj vezan na dom z okolico, izpadla so tudi organizirana druženja, ki so jih pogrešali. Pomemben vir pomoči starim ljudem je storitev pomoči na domu, ki bi se po mnenju starih ljudi morala razvijati in biti časovno ter cenovno dostopnejša tako bi si jo lahko privoščili v večjem obsegu. Tudi družina je bila v času epidemije pripravljena pomagati, neformalni oskrbovalci so pomembni tudi z vidika družabništva. Stari ljudje so poročali predvsem o prejeti zdravstveni pomoči in zaskrbljenosti o kakovosti ter pripravljenosti le-te v času epidemije, saj so nekateri imeli težave z dostopom do tovrstne pomoči. Pomoči socialnega dela niso omenjali. Med glavne želje po pomoči sodi želja po družabništvu. Starim ljudem daje v času epidemije covida-19 upanje, pozitivno razmišljanje in misel na čas, ki zajema več druženj in splošne svobode. In my master’s thesis I researched the experiences during Covid-19 from the perspective of elderly in the community. I researched how the elderly living in the community experience epidemic and the safety measures, how they maintained socializing activities and if there were any changes in the relationships with their family, friends, neighbours and acquaintances. I also researched the effect of Covid-19 on mental health of elderly, impact on financials and how their everyday chores changed. I wanted to gain an understanding about the changes of everyday activities of elderly, due to Covid-19. I also analysed which support they received during Covid-19, how did informal and formal network help them, how was the access to support if they needed and what support they want. As last I also wanted to understand what strategies help elderly during crisis and what gives them hope in such situations. The first part of the master’s thesis is the theoretical introduction, which consists of chapters about aging, needs and status of elderly during Covid-19 and about the role of formal and informal support network of elderly. Theoretical introduction is concluded with chapter about social work with elderly and social work with elderly during Covid-19. In the second part of the master´s thesis I present the results of qualitative and empirical analysis, in which I included ten elderlies living in home environment that are 65 years old or older. Using the questionnaire, I interviewed elderly people that wanted to be a part of the research. After interviews I analysed collected data. I found out, that elderly experienced negative emotions, such as concern, stress and uncertainty. They experienced negative emotions while watching the news. Some of them remained optimistic. Largest impact of Covid-19 on the everyday of elderly had the safety measure of social isolation or quarantine and with that the absence of social gatherings. There was a decrease in social activities during Covid-19 which affected elderly. When there were social gatherings they implemented safety measures, such as safety masks and distancing to prevent potential infection. Most of communication was long distance on the phone. During the period there were also changes in relationships, due to conflicts with closed ones. For some there were no changes in relationships with the family. The effect of Covid-19 on mental health of elderly was negative. There were no bigger effects on physical health of elderly. There were also financial consequences due to Covid-19. Some had to become more modest. Elderly were mostly happy with the solidarity allowance and tourist vouchers, but some weren´t happy with those allowances. There were no important changes for everyday activities, such as shopping, administrative obligations. Free time during Covid-19 was more concentrated in the home environment. Social gatherings were cancelled and were missed by elderly. Important source of support is help at home services, which according to elderly should develop and become more available. Elderly received help from their family during Covid-19. Informal caregivers are important for socializing. Elderly were worried about the availability and quality of medical services during Covid-19. There was no mention of help from social work services. Main wishes for support of the elderly are connected to socializing. Because of positive thinking and thinking about time with more social events and freedom, elderly feel hopeful for the future.

The main objective of our study was to determine whether the experience of the types of pandemic threats included in the study, could activate development responses among adolescents and what the role of the level of stress experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic is in the process of post-traumatic PTG growth. We also made an attempt to investigate whether personality traits and gender were predictors of PTG growth in adolescents. Therefore, the theoretical bases for the interpretation of the obtained results are models of post-traumatic growth (PTG), mainly by Calhoun and Tedeschi. The research was conducted in March 2020. The study subjects were 405 adolescents aged 14 to 20 years, with an average age of 17 years, of whom 59% were females and 41% were males. The following methods were used in the study: IPIP-BFM-20 to estimate five personality traits, PSS- to diagnose perceived stress, and an in-house questionnaire of pandemic threats experienced by adolescents (KŻP). The results showed that the various types of ‘pandemic’ threats (threats to life, family, and lifestyle) are positive predictors of growth-related changes; additionally, such factors as personality traits (here: extroversion), stress level, and gender had a positive mediating effect on growth-related changes. It was also possible to show that out of the four dimensions of post-traumatic growth, three could be activated under pandemic conditions. These were: changes in relationships with others, greater appreciation of everyday life, and spiritual changes. Changes in self-perception—one of the dimensions of post-traumatic growth, were not activated due to experiencing three types of pandemic threats.

V diplomski nalogi sem raziskovala duševno zdravje mladih v Savinjski regiji. V svojem raziskovanju sem se osredotočila na populacijo srednješolcev. Epidemija je v zadnjih letih prizadela skoraj vsakogar, tudi mlade. Kako je epidemija covida-19 vplivala na mlade, sem videla tudi v domačem okolju, zato sem se odločila raziskati, kakšno je duševno zdravje mladih v Savinjski regiji. V prvem delu diplomske naloge sem raziskala teoretične vire. Predstavila sem duševno zdravje, kako na duševno zdravje vplivajo izredne razmere, posebej pri mladostnikih. Predstavila sem tudi najpogostejše težave v duševnem zdravju med mladimi, kot so stres, anksioznost oziroma tesnoba in depresija. Nadalje sem opredelila tudi varovalne dejavnike in dejavnike tveganja, kjer sem se osredotočila na družino, šolo, prijatelje in spol. Duševno zdravje sem povezala tudi s stroko socialnega dela in na koncu raziskala še možne vrste pomoči, ki so mladim v Savinjski regiji na voljo. Pri raziskovanju sem se osredotočila predvsem na vprašanje, kakšno je duševno zdravje mladostnikov v populaciji. Izvedla sem kvantitativno raziskavo, v kateri sem preverila prej postavljena raziskovalna vprašanja in hipoteze. Rezultati e-ankete med dijaki v Savinjski regiji so pokazali, da mladostniki svoje duševno zdravje ocenjujejo kot niti dobro niti slabo. Največji dejavnik stresa jim predstavljajo šola in šolske obveznosti. Prijatelji in družina pa so zanje pomemben varovalni dejavnik. Epidemija covida-19 je vplivala na duševno zdravje mladostnikov. Njihovo duševno zdravje se je med epidemijo poslabšalo. Tudi v času po epidemiji se duševno zdravje mladostnikov ni vrnilo nazaj v začetno stanje, ampak ostaja enako kot med samo epidemijo ali pa se je še poslabšalo. In my graduation thesis I was researching about mental health amoung youth in Savinja region. In my research, I focused on the high school population. In last couple of years, epedimic affected almost everyone, including young people. In my home environment I also saw how the Covid-19 epidemic affected young people, so I decided to research the menthal health of youth in Savinjska region. In the first part of graduation thesis I studied theoretical sources. I talked about mental health, how mental health was affected by extreme circumstances, I talked about why is mental health important for young people. I also presented the most common mental health problem amoung young people, which are stress, anxiety and depression. Further more I identified protective factors and risk factors, focusing on family, school, friends and gender. I also connected mental health to the social work profession and finally I researched possible types of help available to young people in the Savinjska region. I conducted a quantitative reseaarch where I tested previously posed research questions and hypotheses. The rusults of the survey showed that young people in Savinjska region rate their mental health as neither good nor bad. The biggest stressors for them are school and school obligations. Friends and family are important protective factors for youth. The Covid-19 epidemic has affected the mental health of youth. Their mental health deteriorated during the epidemic. Even in the post-epidemic period mental heatlh of youth has not returned to baseline, but it remains the same as during the Covid-19 epidemic, or it even got worse.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 17.03.2020-05.02.2021 dönemi için Covid-19 salgınının kıymetli madenler ve taşlar piyasasına etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Bu doğrultuda, çalışmada ilk olarak Türkiye’nin Covid 19 kaynaklı günlük vefat ve vaka sayıları ile altın, gümüş, platin ve paladyum fiyatları arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişkinin varlığı Maki eşbütünleşme testiyle araştırılmış, gümüş, platin ve paladyum fiyatları ile vaka sayıları arasında ve gümüş ve platin fiyatları ile vefat sayıları arasında uzun dönemli ilişkinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ancak, altın fiyatları ile vaka ve vefat sayıları ve paladyum fiyatları ile vefat sayıları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir. Çalışmada son olarak, yapısal kırılmalar dikkate alınarak uzun dönemli ilişki tespit edilen seriler arasındaki ilişkinin büyüklüğü FMOLS tahmincisiyle araştırılmış, uzun dönemde gümüş fiyatları ile vaka ve vefat sayıları arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişkinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca platin fiyatları ile vaka ve vefat sayıları ve paladyum fiyatları ile vaka sayıları arasındaki ilişkinin istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı olmadığı ve yapısal kırılmaların ilgili metallerin fiyatları üzerindeki etkisinin zamana bağlı olarak değişkenlik gösterdiği bulguları elde edilmiştir.

Background: We assessed the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on HIV suppression rates in people living with HIV (PLWH) attending a large Italian HIV clinic. Setting: The HIV outpatient clinic of the Infectious Diseases Department of Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy, which serves more than 5000 PLWH per year. Methods: A before and after quasi-experimental study design was used to make a retrospective assessment of the monthly trend of HIV-RNA determinations of ≥50 among the PLWH attending our clinic, with “before” being the period from January 1, 2016 to February 20, 2020, and “after” being the period from February 21, 2020 to December 31, 2020 (the COVID-19 period). Interrupted time series analysis was used to evaluate any changes in the trend. Results: During the study period, 70,349 HIV-RNA viral load determinations were made, and the percentage of HIV-RNA viral load determinations of

The COVID-19 epidemic spread globally at the start of 2020, resulting in a wide range of diffusion of infectious diseases. At present, SARS-CoV-2 is still prevalent worldwide, and it is of great practical significance to strengthen the study on the COVID-19 epidemic. Based on the COVID-19 confirmed cases and incidence, this article explored both the temporal and spatial distribution pattern of COVID-19 in Hunan Province and its influencing variables between January 21 and February 28, 2020 by using ArcGIS 10.3 and GeoDetector. The results show that: 1) The epidemic evolved with temporal phasing. The epidemic in Hunan Province can be divided into four basic stages: the diffusion period, peak period, decay period, and the stagnant period.The first COVID-19 confirmed case of 84.47% affected counties was imported from Wuhan;2) The epidemic spread as a result of transportation convenience. The confirmed COVID-19 cases were concentrated near major railway lines, which were also high-incidence areas. The epidemic occurred "early in prefecture-level cities and frequently in urban areas"; 3) the extent of the epidemic has distance attenuation. The COVID-19 cases and high-incidence areas were mainly distributed in the middle, north, and northeast of Hunan, in regions in proximity to Wuhan; 4) the epidemic was distributed with spatial aggregation. The agglomeration level of cases and incidences increased first and then remained high. The hot spots identified are in Changzhutan and Yueyang City, while the cold spots are in Xiangxi Prefecture; 5) the epidemic prevalence was of variable interaction. Wind-free, cold and dry weather was more conducive to the spread of the epidemic; population density, road network density and GDP were the main factors affecting the epidemic spatial differentiation; and the strongest variable interaction happened between natural and social factors. 6) the influencing variables of the COVID-19 epidemic have spatial heterogeneity. The impacts of spatial distance and population density have spatial heterogeneity on both the reported cases the total infections rates of COVID-19, spatial distance has the greatest impact in northeast Hunan, and population density has the greatest impact in northwest and northern Hunan; but the mobility of population and the number of health technicians only have spatial heterogeneity of impacts on the reported cases of COVID-19, the impact of population mobility is diminishing from north to south in Hunan, and the influence of the number of health technicians decreases gradually with the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan city agglomeration as the core to the outer circle.The paper's conclusions are consistent with other scholars' studies in other regions, confirming that the epidemic not only spreads significantly in neighboring areas, but there are also "jump spreads" to distant cities that rely on the transportation network in Hunan. It is evident that restricting the entry of residents of affected areas plays a key role in COVID-19 prevention and control, and moreover, allocating plentiful health technicians, executing rigorous transport quarantine, and adopting compatible preventing measures with local and temporal conditions, are the top priorities in effectively responding to the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic.

In this study, a nonlinear robust control policy is designed together with a state observer in order to manage the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak having an uncertain epidemiological model with unmeasurable variables. This nonlinear model for the COVID-19 epidemic includes eight state variables (susceptible, exposed, infected, quarantined, hospitalized, recovered, deceased, and insusceptible populations). Two plausible scenarios are put forward in this article to control this epidemic before and after its vaccine invention. In the first scenario, the social distancing and hospitalization rates are employed as two applicable control inputs to diminish the exposed and infected groups. However, in the second scenario after the vaccine development, the vaccination rate is taken into account as the third control input to reduce the susceptible populations, in addition to the two objectives of the first scenario. The proposed feedback control measures are defined in terms of the hospitalized and deceased populations due to the available statistical data, while other unmeasurable compartmental variables are estimated by an extended Kalman filter (EKF). In other words, the susceptible, exposed, infected, quarantined, recovered, and insusceptible individuals cannot be identified precisely because of the asymptomatic infection of COVID-19 in some cases, its incubation period, and the lack of an adequate community screening. Utilizing the Lyapunov theorem, the stability and bounded tracking convergence of the closed-loop epidemiological system are investigated in the presence of modeling uncertainties. Finally, a comprehensive simulation study is conducted based on Canada’s reported cases for two defined timing plans (with different treatment rates). Obtained results demonstrate that the developed EKF-based control scheme can achieve desired epidemic goals (exponential decrease of infected, exposed, and susceptible people).

As one of the early COVID-19 epidemic outbreak areas, China attracted the global news media’s attention at the beginning of 2020. During the epidemic period, Chinese people united and actively fought against the epidemic. However, in the eyes of the international public, the situation reported about China is not optimistic. To better understand how the international public portrays China, especially during the epidemic, we present a case study with big data technology. We aim to answer three questions: (1) What has the international media focused on during the COVID-19 epidemic period? (2) What is the media’s tone when they report China? (3) What is the media’s attitude when talking about China? In detail, we crawled more than 280 000 pieces of news from 57 mainstream media agencies in 22 countries and made some interesting observations. For example, international media paid more attention to Chinese livelihood during the COVID-19 epidemic period. In March and April, “progress of Chinese vaccines,” “specific drugs and treatments,” and “virus outbreak in U.S.” became the media’s most common topics. In terms of news attitude, Cuba, Malaysia, and Venezuela had a positive attitude toward China, while France, Canada, and the United Kingdom had a negative attitude. Our study can help understand China’s image in the eyes of the international media and provide a sound basis for image analysis.