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Objectives Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage in the United States is far below coverage for other routine adolescent vaccines. We examined whether missed opportunities for HPV vaccination among adolescents differ by parental nativity (country of origin) in Minnesota. Methods We retrospectively analyzed birth record and immunization information data for adolescents in Minnesota born during 2004-2007 using data from January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2018. Using logistic regression, we assessed the association between parental nativity and missed opportunities for HPV vaccine initiation, or receipt of other vaccines without receipt of the HPV vaccine. We adjusted for parent/child demographic and vaccination characteristics. We defined nativity as the number of non–US-born parents and maternal region of birth. Results Adolescents with mothers born in Eastern Europe (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.33; 95% CI, 2.01-2.73) and Africa (aOR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.28-1.43) had greater adjusted odds of missed opportunities for HPV vaccination than adolescents with US-born mothers. However, adolescents with mothers from Latin America and the Caribbean had lower odds of missed opportunities than adolescents with US-born mothers (aOR = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.58-0.65). Adolescents with 1 or 2 non–US-born parents had lower odds of missed opportunities for HPV vaccination than adolescents with 2 US-born parents (1 parent: aOR = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.88-0.96; 2 parents: aOR = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.87-0.94). Conclusions Future studies should evaluate outreach to groups with HPV vaccination disparities and identify other drivers of missed opportunities among adolescents with US-born parents, such as multiparity.

Penelitian ini mengetahui dan Pengaruh country of origin dan persepsi kualitas Terhadap keputusan pembelian Shampo Helse pada PT. DBM Medan Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian eksploratif, dimana variabel diukur dengan skala likert. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara (interview), dengan daftar pertanyaan (questionnaire) dan studi dokumentasi. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh konsumen di PT. DBM. yang berjumlah 57 orang. Penarikan sampel dengan metode sampling jenuh atau lebih dikenal dengan istilah sensus. Dalam penelitian ini jumlah populasi relatif kecil yaitu sebanyak 57 orang. Pengolahan data menggunakan perangkat lunak SPSS versi 22, dengan analisis deskriptif dan pengujian hipotesis analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : Secara parsial variabel country of origin marketing mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian Shampo Helse pada PT. DBM Medan. Secara parsial variabel persepsi kualitas mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian Shampo Helse pada PT. DBM Medan. Dan secara simultan terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antara variabel country of origin dan persepsi kualitas terhadap keputusan pembelian Shampo Helse pada PT. DBM Medan.

The study aims to evaluate the health profile of first- and second-generation Romanian immigrants living in Italy compared to their adolescent peers in the country of origin (Romania) and the host population (Italian-borns). Analyses were performed on the 2013/2014 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey data. Romanian natives showed lower levels of health complaints and higher life satisfaction than Romanian migrants, who were similar to the host population, especially the second-generation ones. A comparable prevalence of being bullied was registered among Romanians, both native and immigrant, with significantly lower levels among Italian natives. Bullying others showed the second-generation migrants share a similar prevalence with the host population. The prevalence of liking school a lot was three times higher among the Romanian natives than among their peers living in Italy. Thanks to the HBSC data, this study is the first to examine the health of adolescent migrants from both the perspective of the host country and the population of origin. The results highlight the need for a more nuanced approach to studying immigrant populations, taking into account both the host country’s perspective and the health patterns of the population of origin.

Purchase intention has been acknowledged as an important factor influencing businesses’ sales performances and sustainability. Thus, finding factors that influence purchase intention is essential to all relevant businesses. Based on the current importance of purchase intention to businesses, the main objective of this research was to investigate how country of origin, brand image, and perceived value influenced intentions to purchase COVID-19 medicines among Thai consumers. To accomplish this objective, researchers created a Google Form to survey 862 people around Thailand. However, researchers found only 653 valid data, which were analyzed through the structural equation model. The research findings revealed that perceived COVID-19 medicine value increased once the values of country of origin and brand image were highly considered by consumers. At the same time, consumers attempted to buy COVID-19 medicines for their COVID-19 treatments if the products contained high country of origin and perceived values. Finally, the perceived value was found to be a full mediator between brand image and purchase intention. In comparison, despite country of origin and perceived value being the significant factors in purchase intention, consumers’ intention to purchase COVID-19 medicines depended significantly on the degree of the consumers’ perceived value because perceived value contributed the highest impact on purchase intention. These results revealed that COVID-19 medicines were highly valued by many consumers because these medicines could help prevent heavy illness in consumers. As a result, consumers had a higher intention to purchase these medicines for their future COVID-19 treatments.

This article discusses the role of Canada’s Designated Country of Origin (DCO) policy in the illegalization of asylum seekers. The policy allows the government to designate countries in which it is presumed that citizens do not face risks of persecution, torture, or similar abuse. Refugee claimants from DCOs are thus subject to accelerated processing timelines with reduced rights. Canada has implemented the policy as a way to deal with a backlog of asylum applications, increase efficiency, and exclude fraudulent refugee claims. Based on a primary field research conducted between October 2015 and May 2017 in three provinces, Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia, this article argues that the DCO policy is likely to have the unintended effect of shifting asylum seekers into an irregular status.

To compare the rates of schizophrenia among 1st and 2nd generation immigrants from two distinct backgrounds and across sequential periods of immigration.A 30-years retrospective cohort study (187,184 individuals) of 1st and 2nd generation East-African immigrants (EAIs) and former Soviet-Union immigrants (FSUIs) who migrated to Israel between 1980 and 2012. EAIs were further divided according to waves of immigration. Period prevalence was calculated between the years 2002-2012. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the association between immigration-related factors and prevalence of schizophrenia (Native-Born Israelis serving as reference group).The prevalence of schizophrenia in 1st generation EAIs and FSUIs was 1.8% and 1.2%, respectively, compared to 1.0% among NBIs (p0.001). The prevalence of schizophrenia among 2nd generation EAIs and FSUIs was 1.3% and 0.8%, respectively, compared to 0.6% among NBIs (p0.001). Adjusted odds ratios for developing schizophrenia compared to NBIs were 1.6 (95%CI:1.4-1.8) and 2.1 (95%CI:1.6-2.7), among 1st and 2nd generation EAIs and 1.1 (95%CI:0.9-1.2) and 1.3 (95%CI:1.0-1.8) among 1st and 2nd generation FSUIs respectively. Among EAIs, we observed the highest rate of schizophrenia in the pioneer wave of immigrants with gradual decline across subsequent waves: 2.4%, 1.9% and 1.0% for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd waves of immigration, respectively (p0.001).The increased risk for developing schizophrenia among 2nd generation immigrants and among pioneer groups of immigrants emphasizes the importance of persistent investment in acculturation. Further studies elucidating the impact of country of origin and ethnic density on the risk for developing schizophrenia are warranted.

Although the country-of-origin effect on staffing practices of multinational corporations (MNCs) is well-known, its underlying mechanisms are under-theorized. Drawing on the cross-cultural management and comparative institutionalism literatures, we propose an overarching, theory-based framework with two mechanisms, dispositional and contextual, that might explain country-of-origin effects in MNCs’ use of parent-country nationals (PCNs) in their foreign subsidiaries’ top management teams. The tendency of MNCs from some home countries to staff these positions with PCNs is typically labelled as ‘ethnocentric’, a word imbued with negative intentions referring mainly to the dispositional rationale behind this staffing choice. However, fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) of staffing practices of MNCs from ten home countries shows that both mechanisms – dispositional and contextual – have considerable explanatory power. Our methodological approach enables us to analyse conceptually distinct, yet empirically intertwined, societal-level explanations as a pattern, and thus offers a viable solution to integrate different perspectives in international and comparative research.

Building on perspectives on triadic group relations and status hierarchies, we predicted that Americans would be more likely to expect immigrants from a perceived low-status rather than high-status country of origin to assimilate to the U.S. mainstream culture and that ethnocentrism would mediate this effect (N = 2,246). Using 60 countries/areas as targets, Study 1 showed that perceived country status negatively predicted assimilation expectations for immigrants from that country. In Studies 2 through 3, participants were exposed to a news article which emphasized China's shortcomings, achievements, or status-irrelevant attributes. In Studies 4 through 7, including one preregistered study, participants were presented with a portrayal of a fictitious country with high (or intermediate) or low status. Compared with high-status (or intermediate status) conditions, American participants were more likely to expect immigrants from a low-status country to assimilate to the United States, and ethnocentrism (causally) mediated these effects even when alternative mediators were controlled. Moreover, assimilation expectations mediated the effect of country status on a tendency to Anglicize a new immigrant's name. A meta-analysis supported a significant effect of country status on assimilation expectations, and a mega-analysis verified the mediating role of ethnocentrism. This research reveals a status bias toward immigrants, broadening our views on how international relations affect domestic relations, highlighting the importance and malleability of ethnocentrism. The generalizability of current American findings to other countries is discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Immigrant children are a diverse group and include refugees, asylees, and internationally adopted children. They have various infectious disease risk factors, depending on conditions within their country of origin, journey, and current living conditions. Infectious disease screening should take place within the framework of a comprehensive medical evaluation in the medical home. Some screening is recommended for all immigrant children including hepatitis B, syphilis, HIV, tuberculosis, and intestinal parasites; other diseases can be tested for based on individual risks. Although guidelines and resources are available, there is limited evidence supporting much of the care of immigrant children and youth.

OBJECTIVE International research fellows have been historically involved in academic neurosurgery in the United States (US). To date, the contribution of international research fellows has been underreported. Herein, the authors aimed to quantify the academic output of international research fellows in the Department of Neurosurgery at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. METHODS Research fellows with Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), or MD/PhD degrees from a non-US institution who worked in the Hopkins Department of Neurosurgery for at least 6 months over the past decade (2010–2020) were included in this study. Publications produced during fellowship, number of citations, and journal impact factors (IFs) were analyzed using ANOVA. A survey was sent to collect information on personal background, demographics, and academic activities. RESULTS Sixty-four international research fellows were included, with 42 (65.6%) having MD degrees, 17 (26.6%) having PhD degrees, and 5 (7.8%) having MD/PhD degrees. During an average 27.9 months of fellowship, 460 publications were produced in 136 unique journals, with 8628 citations and a cumulative journal IF of 1665.73. There was no significant difference in total number of publications, first-author publications, and total citations per person among the different degree holders. Persons holding MD/PhDs had a higher number of citations per publication per person (p = 0.027), whereas those with MDs had higher total IFs per person (p = 0.048). Among the 43 (67.2%) survey responders, 34 (79.1%) had nonimmigrant visas at the start of the fellowship, 16 (37.2%) were self-paid or funded by their country of origin, and 35 (81.4%) had mentored at least one US medical student, nonmedical graduate student, or undergraduate student. CONCLUSIONS International research fellows at the authors’ institution have contributed significantly to academic neurosurgery. Although they have faced major challenges like maintaining nonimmigrant visas, negotiating cultural/language differences, and managing self-sustainability, their scientific productivity has been substantial. Additionally, the majority of fellows have provided reciprocal mentorship to US students.

This article aims to investigate the interest of self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) in working virtually for their country of origin and its relationship to the values of the individual. This research contributes to our understanding of the interest in working virtually for the country of origin and its relationships to universal values. The analysis is based on a quantitative study conducted with 1,970 SIEs from Lithuania. More than half of the respondents were willing to work virtually for their country of origin. Moreover, higher motivation influences the willingness to work virtually. Positive correlations were found between collectivist and individualist values and willingness to work virtually for the country of origin and between individualist values and economic motivation. The study is based solely on self-reports of their subjective values and opinions and refers to the case of expatriates from a single country.

Objective: Identify key demographic factors and modes of follow-up in surgical survey response. Summary background data: Surveys are widely used in surgery to assess patient and procedural outcomes, but response rates vary widely which compromises study quality. Currently there is no consensus as to what the average response rate is and which factors are associated with higher response rates. Methods: The National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE/PubMed) was systematically searched from Januray 1, 2007 until February 1, 2020 using the following strategy: (((questionnaire) OR survey) AND "response rate") AND (surgery OR surgical). Original survey studies from surgical(-related) fields reporting on response rate were included. Through one-way analysis of variance we present mean response rate per survey mode over time, number of additional contacts, country of origin, and type of interviewee. Results: The average response is 70% over 811 studies in patients and 53% over 1746 doctor surveys. In-person surveys yield an average 76% response rate, followed by postal (65%) and online (46% web-based vs 51% email) surveys. Patients respond significantly more often than doctors to surveys by mail (P < 0.001), email (P = 0.003), web-based surveys (P < 0.001) and mixed mode surveys (P = 0.006). Additional contacts significantly improve response rate in email (P = 0.26) and web-based (P = 0.041) surveys in doctors. A wide variation in response rates was identified between countries. Conclusions: Every survey is unique, but the main commonality between studies is response rate. Response rates appear to be highly dependent on type of survey, follow-up, geography, and interviewee type.

Background To compare differences in the probability of COVID-19-related death between native Italians and immigrants hospitalised with COVID-19. Methods This retrospective study of prospectively collected data was conducted at the ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco Hospital in Milan, Italy, between 21 February and 31 November 2020. Uni- and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the impact of the patients' origin on the probability of COVID-19-related death. Results The study population consisted of 1,179 COVID-19 patients: 921 Italians (78.1%) and 258 immigrants (21.9%) who came from Latin America (99, 38%), Asia (72, 28%), Africa (50, 19%) and central/eastern Europe (37, 14%). The Italians were significantly older than the immigrants (median age 70 years, interquartile range (IQR) 58–79 vs 51 years, IQR 41–60; p

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between Role of Country of Origin and Quality Perception of Smartphones Purchase Intention. The approach in the research used is a quantitative approach using PLS-SEM SmartPLS software as a data processing tool. In this study, data collection technique was carried out using either a questionnaire or online questionnaire which was distributed to 120 respondents of Millennial Smartphone Consumers. Sampling system was a snowball sampling method. Based on the results of hypothesis testing, it was found that there was a positive and significant relationship between Country of origin and perceived quality of the product. There was also a positive and insignificant relationship between Country of origin and purchase intentions. Finally, there was a positive and significant relationship between perceived quality and consumer purchase intentions.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Ein- und Verkauf eines neuen Fahrzeuges innerhalb der EU. Der Erwerb bzw die Lieferung wird aus Sicht eines Unternehmers sowie einer Privatperson dargestellt. Die daraus resultierende Frage ist, ob bei jeder Lieferung eines neuen Kfz ein innergemeinschaftlicher Erwerb bewirkt wird und gibt es Unterschiede zwischen unternehmerischer und privater Sphäre. Aufgrund der zentralen Lage Österreichs in der EU werden Autos des Öfteren im Gemeinschaftsgebiet eingekauft und ins Inland geliefert oder verbracht. Welche umsatzsteuerlichen Prinzipien liegen dem unionsweiten Handel zugrunde und welche Vor- und Nachteile können sich daraus für den Käufer ergeben? Zu Beginn wird die Käuferseite unter die Lupe genommen. Welche Voraussetzungen müssen für einen innergemeinschaftlichen Erwerb vorliegen und welche zusätzlich für den innergemeinschaftlichen Erwerb eines neuen Fahrzeuges. Die Unterschiede zwischen einem neuen und einem gebrauchten Fahrzeug sind ausschlaggebend und werden daher genau dargestellt. Kann bei Kauf eines neuen Fahrzeuges in der EU Vorsteuer geltend gemacht werden, oder wird es zu einer Zahllast kommen? Im nächsten Kapitel wird auf die Lieferantenseite eingegangen. Welche Bedingungen müssen für eine innergemeinschaftliche Lieferung vorliegen? Mit der Einführung der Ziffern 4 und 5 des Art 7 Abs 1 UStG 1994 zum 1. Jänner 2020 haben sich die materiell-rechtlichen Voraussetzungen für eine steuerfreie innergemeinschaftliche Lieferung verschärft, auf welche in dieser Arbeit eingegangen wird. Bei der Lieferung eines neuen Fahrzeuges in die EU müssen bestimmte Rechnungsmerkmale vorliegen. Wie die Rechnung auszusehen hat und welche Nachweise bei einer innergemeinschaftlichen Lieferung vorliegen müssen, wird eruiert. Den Abschluss dieser Arbeit bilden die neuen Umsatzsteuerzinsen gem § 205c BAO, welche mit 20. Juli 2022 in Kraft getreten sind. Kommt es dadurch zu einer zusätzlichen Zinsbelastung für den Steuerpflichtigen oder kann es auch von Vorteil sein? Es wird darauf eingegangen, warum die Umsatzsteuerzinsen eingeführt worden sind, ihre Auswirkungen und ob eine Antragspflicht besteht. This work deals with the purchase and sale of a new vehicle within the EU. The purchase or delivery is presented from the point of view of an entrepreneur and a private individual. The resulting question is whether an intra-community acquisition is effected with each delivery of a new motor vehicle and whether there are any differences between corporate and private spheres. Due to Austria’s central location in the EU, cars are often bought in the community area and delivered or shipped inland. Which principles regarding the value added tax (VAT) are applied across the Union and what are the resulting advantages and disadvantages for the customer? At the beginning the customer’s side is scrutinized. Which requirements must be met for an intra-community acquisition and which additional ones for the intra-community acquisition of a new vehicle. The differences between a new and a used vehicle are significant and are therefore accurately presented. Can input tax be claimed when buying a new vehicle in the EU, or will there be a payment burden? The supplier’s side is dealt with in the next chapter. What conditions must exist for an intra- community delivery? With the introduction of digits 4 and 5 of Article 7 Paragraph 1 UStG 1994 on January 1, 2020, the substantive legal requirements for a tax-free intra- community delivery have tightened, which is discussed in this work. When delivering a vehicle in the EU, certain invoice requirements must be met. These requirements as well as the necessary evidence to guarantee an intra-community delivery will be determined. The conclusion of this work is the new value added tax interest according to § 205c BAO, which came into force on July 20, 2022. Does this result in an additional interest burden for the taxpayer or can it also be an advantage? It is explained why the value added tax interest was introduced, its effects and whether an application is required.

Ülkeler arasında yapılan mal ile hizmet ticaretiyle ilgili işlemler, ekonomi bilimi açısından yoğun biçimde tartışılan konulardan biri olmuştur. Liberalleşmeyle birlikte dış ticaretin serbestleşmesi savunulurken, bazı dönemlerde korumacılığın yükselişe geçerek, devletlerin kontrollerini sıklaştırması gerektiği üzerine tezlerin de literatürde tartışıldığı görülmektedir. Merkantilist dönemden, serbestleşmeye doğru sanayi devrimlerinin de etkisiyle görülen politika değişikliklerinin, konjonktürel dalgalanmalar, çeşitli savaşlar ve salgınlar çerçevesinde değişim gösterdiği tespiti bu noktada önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, farklı devletlerinin ülke çıkarları doğrultusunda şekillenen politik yaklaşımlar ile dış ticaret anlayışlarındaki farklılaşmanın, Dünya’nın içinde bulunduğu siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik durumlara göre de değişim gösterdiğini bilmekteyiz. Çalışmamızda; kısaca dünya ticaretindeki değişim sürecine değinilerek, Türkiye’nin özellikle Gümrük Birliği üyeliği sonrasında uygulamaya konulan kurallar kapsamında, üçüncü ülkelere uyguladığı tarife dışı korumacılık politikalarının; tekstil, ayakkabı, mobilya, parça ve lastik sektörlerindeki menşe ülke saptırıcı etkisi, Farkların Farkı yöntemiyle ölçülerek, edinilen ampirik bulgular, bilimsel çerçevede sorgulanarak tartışılacaktır. Transactions related to the trade of goods and services between countries have been one of the issues that have been intensively discussed in terms of economics. Whether foreign trade should be liberalized or, on the contrary, controlled by states by making it more protectionist, creates long debates in the literature and it seems to continue to do so. If we take it from the mercantilist period, we think that it should not be an overstatement to say that these policy changes changed within the framework of cyclical fluctuations. We observe that the political approaches of the states of the world, the economic situation of the world, war, embargo or famine, etc., apply different foreign trade policies compared to the very normal times of the countries. In our study; starting by briefly mentioning the historical period, especially after the Customs Union membership, the non-tariff protectionism policies applied to third countries within the scope of the rules brought by the Customs Union; Empirical findings were evaluated by trying to measure the country of origin deflecting effect in the textile, footwear, furniture, parts and rubber sectors using the Difference of Differences method.

The interests that revolve around the mandatory indication of the place of origin of a food product are multiple and often conflicting with each other. Alongside the interests of some producers wishing to highlight the geographical origin of their products, there are conflicting interests of other producers who, for different reasons, prefer not to disclose the origin of their product. Then there are also interests of consumers interested at receiving an ever greater and transparency of the extensive information on the product offered. The indication of the origin of a food product can also constitute an element that has an impact on the proper functioning of the internal market to the extent that it can ultimately induce consumers to purchase national products or, at least, it may affect their purchasing choices: it is therefore necessary to assess the compatibility of the mandatory indication of the origin of the food with the principle of the free movement of goods. This competition of interests explains why the European Union’s legislation on this point is somewhat ambiguous: this paper, apart from the presentation of collective marks and certification marks which, although in a limited way, may contain references to the geographical origin of the products, points out to the provisions contained in Regulation EU 1169/2011 on the provision of food information to consumers, as well as the provisions regulating the products with PDO and PGI certificates.

The psychological factors of the emigration intentions of young people, the growth of which is observed today in various countries of the world, are analysed based on the data of numerous international studies. The scientific significance of this analysis, on the one hand, is due to the lack of Russian psychological works that systematize and popularize the relevant information, on the other hand, it is associated with the need to subsequently correlate the results of international and Russian studies in order to identify common supra-cultural and specific psychological factors that affect the emigration intentions of young people. The psychological driving forces of the emigration intentions of young people considered in international studies are diverse and correspond to different levels of personality activity (individual, interpersonal and macrosocial). They correlate with general groups of factors contributing to emigration. The factors reflecting the emerging opportunities for emigration are related to positive attitudes towards emigration in general, the consideration of emigration as a way to achieve significant goals, a low degree of attachment to the country of origin, dissatisfaction with the existing living conditions, and positive attitudes towards the country where young people intend to move to. The psychological factors associated with the availability of social support include the support they receive from their families as well as relevant interpersonal contacts they have abroad. The group of factors related to personal resources for overcoming emerging obstacles correlates with expressed career aspirations, high motivation for power and achievements, insignificant motivation for affiliation, extraversion, openness to new experience, desire for risk, change and new impressions, openness to the world and cultural differences, readiness to interaction with others, faith in other religions and nationalities, self-efficacy, ability to cope with the ambivalence of emerging emotions and feelings, a high level of education, proficiency in foreign languages, and experience of international mobility. The obtained data can be used to conduct empirical psychological studies on the driving forces of the emigration activity of young people in Russia and other countries.

A more positive cultural trust bias by an equity analyst's country of origin toward a firm's headquarter country is associated with significantly more positive stock recommendations. The cultural bias effect is stronger for eponymous firms whose names mention their home country and varies over time, increasing with negative sentiment. I find evidence of a negative North-South bias during the European debt crisis and UK-Europe divergence amid Brexit. Share price reactions to recommendations by more biased analysts are weaker, and more biased recommendations are worse at predicting monthly stock returns. More positively biased analysts also assign higher target prices.

Purpose The singularity of being the first Chinese manufacturer of drug-eluting stents to arrive in Brazil and the country being selected as the company's first experience outside its home country motivated the interest in the study of this case, vis-à-vis with the characteristic of internationalization medical device companies according to the Uppsala model. Considering this context, the following research question was outlined: “How did Microport internationalize before the distribution of its stents product in Brazil?” The aim of the study is to investigate Microport's internationalization process for the distribution of its drug-eluting stents in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach Exploratory research under the qualitative method was adopted. It chose the single case study as a procedure for data collection, as it is a revealing, exemplary subject that offers opportunities for access to unusual research. The company MicroPort was chosen because in the period when Chinese medical device companies were focused on gaining market share in China, MicroPort began its international expansion, choosing Brazil as the first country to have its own subsidiary. It consists in the case of the internationalization of a high-tech EMNE in an emerging country that has institutional and cultural differences. Findings Taking advantage of new technology in highly internationalized environments favors its insertion; the internationalization of medical technology can expand according to the Uppsala Model, which does not explain internationalization, but rather its evolution. Cultural and behavioral issues reinforce that the development of the market for medical devices depends on local perspectives and values. The formation of an ecosystem in the local market for internationalization is observed. One implication of the study is that MicroPort's experience and the application of the Uppsala model for international expansion can serve as an important learning experience for Brazilian multinational companies. Research limitations/implications Empirical analysis carried out in the context of a single company. Although the results can be used as lessons learned from the application of the Uppsala model for international expansion of EMNE in an emerging market, caution should be exercised when generalizing its findings. Future studies could carry out comparative cases considering other emerging multinational companies, from the same sector or even from different industries, investing in other emerging markets. There is a limitation of the fact that the case studied does not explore the concepts of the later stages of the Uppsala model. Practical implications High-tech EMNEs internationalizing in other markets need to adopt aggressive strategies. The need to adopt different strategies for supply chain operations according to the specificities of the markets in which they operate. Important contributions to the Uppsala model, with regard to the process of passing stages, learning and networking. The findings of this study have similarities to the process described as a sequence of distinct phases of activities. Social implications A local top management team is essential to deal with institutional issues of government agencies when EMNE is internationalized in a culturally distant market. When there are major institutional differences between the country of origin and the host country, the autonomy in the management of the foreign subsidiary positively influences the acceleration of the internationalization process of companies in the high-tech sector. When there are major institutional differences between the country of origin and the country of destination, the use of local social networks positively influences the acceleration of the internationalization process of companies in the high-technology sector. Originality/value Regardless of these limitations, the study provided an exciting case of internationalization of a Chinese company in Brazil operating in a high-tech medical sector. The challenges for the internationalization of EMNEs continue, which makes it opportune for future studies to include more research in this area. The propositions suggested in the study may be the first step.

OBJECTIVES: To compare tuberculosis (TB) screening results before and after implementation of a stratified testing strategy screening pilot, incorporating interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) and tuberculin skin testing (TST), based on country of origin. METHODS: In 2015, the Washington State Department of Corrections began screening people born outside of the U.S. for TB with IGRA, while U.S.-born people continued screening by TST. RESULTS: Of 405 (75%) foreign-born men screened with IGRA, 403 had valid test results and IGRA screening positivity was 10.4% (N=42). In contrast, among 5,940 primarily U.S-born men screened with TST, 24 (0.4%) were positive. Overall positivity was 1.05%, similar to TST-only positivity in 2013 (1.05%) and 2014 (0.85%). CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating IGRA screening among foreign-born persons was feasible in this state prison system.

This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of Country of Origin and Country of Manufacture variables on Purchase Intention and Perceived Quality, as well as the impact of Perceived Quality variables on the Purchase Intention of Toyota Cars in West Nusa Tenggara. The type of research used is causal research. The population in this study was all consumers interested in buying a Toyota car at the Toyota Dealer in West Nusa Tenggara. The sample volume was 115 people, and the data analysis used was Structural Equation Modeling PLS. The results showed that the Country of Origin positively and significantly affects Purchase Intention and Perceived Quality. Variable Country of Manufacture has a positive and significant influence on Purchase Intention but has no significant impact on Perceived Quality. Perceived quality has a positive and significant effect on Purchase Intention. The results of this research can be input and consideration for companies in implementing development strategies.

Üreticiler veya hizmet sağlayan birimler, ürün ve hizmetlerini müşterilerin isteğine göre planlar ve hazırlarlar. Onlar için önemli olan ilk şey müşterinin isteği, memnuniyeti ve güvenidir. Literatüre katkıda bulunmayı amaçlayan bu çalışmada genel olarak menşe ülke imajının müşteri güveni ve risk algısına olan etkilerini ortaya koymak amaçlanmaktadır. Yapılan literatür taraması sonucunda elde edilen bilgiler ışığında, Azerbaycanlı tüketicilerin örneklemi oluşturduğu bir anket çalışması yapılarak veriler elde edilmiştir. Araştırma modeli doğrultusunda veriler analiz edilerek bulgular ortaya konulmuştur. Araştırma modelinde iki araştırma hipotezi bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki menşe ülke imajının müşteri risk algısı üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığını araştırmaktır. Yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre menşe ülke imajının müşterı güveni ve müşteri risk algısı üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisinin olduğu saptanmıştır. İkinci araştırma hipotezi de menşe ülke imajının müşteri güveni üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığını araştırmaktır. Sonuç olarak modelin anlamlı olduğu bulunmuştur., Manufacturers or service providers plan and prepare their products and services according to the customers' wishes. Therefore, the first thing that matters to them is the customer's desire, satisfaction and trust. However, some customers could not adopt this view. This study aims to contribute to the literature in a conceptual sense; it aims to reveal the effects of a country-of-origin image on general customer trust and risk perception. In the light of the information obtained from the literature review, data were obtained by conducting a survey study in which the samples based on given responses by respondents from Azerbaijani customers were formed. According to the results of the analysis, it has been determined that the image of the country of origin has a significant effect on customer trust and customer risk perception. Therefore, there are two research hypotheses in the research model. The first is to investigate whether the country-of- origin image affects customer risk perception. According to the analysis is results, it was determined that it had a significant effect. The second research hypothesis is to investigate whether the image of the country-of-origin affects customer trust. As a result, the model was found to be highly significant.

Recent events concerning the Kaspersky anti-virus software in the UK and the Android operating system in the US have highlighted the significance of the domesticity of digital products for national cybersecurity, and the importance of establishing the origin of digital products has been further brought into focus by the war in Ukraine and China’s military activities around Taiwan. Digital products can contain hardware components, software elements, embedded systems, and data, and determining the country of origin (COO) in these circumstances is problematic. The aim of this research, and its main contribution, is to provide an operational framework for the application of the COO concept to address this problem. Using an inductive research methodology based on semi-structured interviews and an online survey, a 19-parameter framework for assessing the COO of digital products is developed and then applied to the case example of a mobile phone import in Turkey. This article concludes that new processes and policies are urgently required to enhance the cyber and information security for digital products, aid domestic digital technology production, and support the transition to recyclable technologies. Such developments are of significance not only for western nations concerned with data and security issues, but also for developing world countries trying to develop their own domestic digital product manufacturing capabilities. This is also of relevance to the computer end-user, who would benefit from greater clarity on the origin of digital products ahead of a purchase decision.

Sustainability has received widespread attention in both academia and industry, but there is still a paucity of research investigating the relationships between gender, consumer innovativeness, and clothing, as well as how they may influence sustainable practices. The overarching objective of this study is to investigate clothing expenditure, product cues (intrinsic, extrinsic and sustainable), gender (men and women) and consumer innovativeness (fashion innovators and non-innovators) in China, in order to find out how these factors may influence consumers&rsquo, choices. To address the research objective, 10 intrinsic cues, three extrinsic cues, and seven sustainable cues were used to investigate apparel consumers&rsquo, choices and preferences. A self-administered online survey consisted of eight items on sustainable commitment and behaviour, six items of fashion innovativeness adapted from the Domain-Specific Innovativeness scale, 20 items concerning product cues, and numerous demographic and behaviour-related questions. In total, 1819 usable data were collected in China, including 614 males and 1196 females. The results revealed that four out of eleven hypotheses were supported, another four were partially supported, while the remainders were not. For example, both female consumers and fashion innovators relied more on style and colour to evaluate an apparel product than fashion non-innovators and male consumers. However, men tended to rely more on the brand name and country of origin to guide their product selection and purchases than women. In terms of the influence of sustainable cues, Chinese consumers are more concerned about the social/ethical cues than environmental cues. Interestingly, women were more concerned about &ldquo, no animal skin use&rdquo, in evaluating apparel products than men. All in all, the results of this study can provide valuable information and meaningful insight for fashion designers, product developers, and marketers to develop effective communication strategies to guide potential customers in understanding a plethora of apparel values, including functionality, aesthetics, finances, altruism, and sustainability.

This paper studies the impact of international labor migration on human capital investment in both destination and origin countries using an integrated theoretical framework. We develop a two-country Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium human capital investment model with international labor mobility, in which both decision to migrate and to invest in skill acquisition are endogenous. We show that human capital formation process in the countries of origin is very sensible to migration policies implemented by destination countries. Our results show that human capital accumulation in the country of origin is encouraged by the possibility of emigration to higher labor productivity countries, supporting the recent view of the "brain gain" hypothesis. Productivity shocks hitting the destination country reduces human capital investment by natives but increase human capital investment in the country of origin when migration is allowed. Finally, we nd that migration increases world human capital, increasing the stock of human capital in both destination and origin countries

Cuban immigrants constitute an important group in both the United States and Spain, with different behaviors toward organ donation having been described among the different Latin American nationalities. We analyzed the attitude toward organ donation among the Cuban populations in Cuba, Spain, and Florida. The study population was Cuban immigrants over 15 years of age residing in Cuba, Spain, and Florida, with samples randomly stratified by age and sex. A validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects of organ donation (PCID-DTO Rios) was used. Census was used as the sampling base in all 3 countries; however, additionally, in Spain and the United States (Florida), we sought the support of immigration support associations to determine the Cuban population without legal documentation. The questionnaire was completed anonymously and self-administered. The completion rate of the study was 74% (4123/5574) among 424 surveyed in Spain, 1224 in Florida, and 2475 in Cuba. The attitude in favor of donating their own organs upon death was 60.6% of those surveyed in Spain, 37.6% in Florida, and 68.9% in Cuba, or 58% of the global sample. Multivariate analysis showed that country of residence was an independent factor associated with attitude toward organ donation (odds ratio, 1.929). Other factors associated with attitude were sex, educational level, performance of prosocial activities, knowledge of the brain death concept, religion, the couple's opinion toward donation, fear of mutilation after donation, and attitude toward manipulation of the body after death. The attitude toward organ donation among Cubans in their country of origin and immigrants in Spain was similar, being significantly different from those who emigrate to Florida, where the attitude is much less favorable.

This study explored the epidemiology and health literacy of people affected by viral hepatitis (VH) from migrant culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds attending a community-based general practitioner and specialty hepatology shared-care (HEPREACH) clinic in Brisbane, Australia. Patient-reported data on health literacy and clinical information from adult patients (n = 66) of CALD background recruited from the liver clinic were analyzed. Health literacy was assessed using a 5-question, 12-point scale. Variance weighted multiple linear regression was used to identify factors associated with knowledge about VH. About three-quarters of patients (74.2%) were diagnosed with hepatitis B. The median knowledge score was 7.8 (interquartile range [IQR] 6‒9). One in five patients did not understand the infective nature of VH, 30.3% did not understand mother-to-child transmission risk, and 30–40% of patients thought activities such as kissing, sharing food or mosquito bites could spread VH. Only 6% of patients understood the risk of liver cancer and the need for regular screening. Higher educational level (secondary, β = 4.8, p

This study examines the relationship between language proficiency and subjective well-being among the first-generation immigrants in Australia. To address endogeneity-related concerns, we use the age at arrival and country of origin as an instrument for English proficiency. Our results show that greater proficiency in English significantly improves self-reported mental health and life satisfaction. These impacts are pronounced among subgroups of males, highly educated individuals, and older immigrants who have lived in Australia for over 30 years. Our mediation analysis suggests that physical health is one of the most important channels through which immigrants’ destination-language acquisition affects their subjective well-being.

Transnational family remittances normally indicate the transfer of money from immigrants to their left-behind families in the country of origin. However, a significant remittance pattern in many new Chinese immigrant families in New Zealand demonstrates a reverse money-flow, whereby family remittances are largely from older parents to their immigrant descendants living in the host-society. This paper explores the phenomenon of reverse remittances by demonstrating how socioculturally embedded inter-generational dynamics mediate the practice of remittance-sending in new Chinese immigrant families in New Zealand. It reveals that families’ financial statuses and inter-generational relations play a vital role in shaping the formation of reverse remittance practices. Four major patterns of reverse remittances are identified: the medium of the gift, financial support, pooling financial resources for collective family life, and investment; each of which carries distinctive material, cultural, and relational implications. This study broadens the debate on how family remittances are formed socially and culturally and further reinforces the reciprocal feature of transnational family relations across generations in the age of globalisation.

Over the last decades, the number of immigrants in Germany has been rising steadily. One result of this is that currently, around 40% of children in the country have immigrant parents. Existing studies report rather mixed results concerning their mental health outcomes. The present study provides some insight into factors that affect the mental health of this population. We compared emotional and behavioral problems (assessed via the SOEP-SDQ) in 5- to 10- year-old children of immigrants and their native German peers (N = 2441). We considered socioeconomic status as well as immigration-related characteristics of parents (age at immigration, country of origin, perceived discrimination, host country language skills, and immigrant generation). We examined the mental health status of the parents as a possible mediator between these characteristics and the children’s mental health outcomes. We did not find a difference in emotional and behavioral problems between immigrant and native children living in Germany. Low socioeconomic status was associated with more emotional and behavioral problems in both immigrant and native German children. Younger age at immigration to Germany in fathers and poorer German language skills among mothers were found to be directly associated with poorer mental health in children of immigrants. Mothers’ mental health status mediated the effects of perceived discrimination and mothers’ German language skills. The results underline the urgent need for a more detailed examination of immigration-related characteristics in immigrants living in Germany in order to better understand and prevent possible mental health-related disadvantages among their children.

This study is to measure the effect of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control on purchase intention of halal cosmetic products with country of origin and brand equity as moderating variables. This study uses quantitative research using multiple linear regression analysis and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Data collection techniques by distributing questionnaires. Samples were taken as many as 156 respondents who were given to Muslim women who live in Semarang Regency. The results showed that there was an influence between attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control on the purchase intention of halal cosmetic products. The results of Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) show that the country of origin cannot moderate the effect of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control on purchase intention of halal cosmetic products. Meanwhile, brand equity can moderate the effect of perceived behavior control and cannot moderate the influence of attitude, subjective norm on purchase intention of halal cosmetic products.

BackgroundAlthough little is known about why opioid prescribing practices differ between physicians, clinical competence, specialty training and country of origin may play a role. We hypothesised that physicians with stronger clinical competence and communication skills are less likely to prescribe opioids and prescribe lower doses, as do medical specialists and physicians from Asia.MethodsOpioid prescribing practices were examined among international medical graduates (IMGs) licensed to practise in the USA who evaluated Medicare patients for chronic pain problems in 2014–2015. Clinical competence was assessed by the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) Clinical Skills Assessment. Physicians in the ECFMG database were linked to the American Medical Association Masterfile. Patients evaluated for chronic pain were obtained by linkage to Medicare outpatient and prescription files. Opioid prescribing was measured within 90 days of evaluation visits. Prescribed dose was measured using morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs). Generalised estimating equation logistic and linear regression estimated the association of clinical competence, specialty, and country of origin with opioid prescribing and dose.Results7373 IMGs evaluated 65 012 patients for chronic pain; 15.2% received an opioid prescription. Increased clinical competence was associated with reduced opioid prescribing, but only among female physicians. For every 10% increase in the clinical competence score, the odds of prescribing an opioid decreased by 16% for female physicians (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.94) but not male physicians (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.07). Country of origin was associated with prescribed opioid dose; US and Canadian citizens prescribed higher doses (adjusted MME difference +3.56). Primary care physicians were more likely to prescribe opioids, but surgical and hospital-based specialists prescribed higher doses.ConclusionsClinical competence at entry into US graduate training, physician gender, specialty and country of origin play a role in opioid prescribing practices.

Drawing on interviews we explore the centrality of belonging to rural places, embedded within time, in shaping life as a male reader, regardless of country of origin, or generation. Place theory explored the assemblages of spaces important for 6 boys (10–11 year-olds) from Australia and 6 men (25 year-olds and 60 year-olds) from Sweden in their reader identities. Findings illustrate how assemblages of geography, resourcing, relationships with the land, and desires to connect to broader cultural affinity spaces become ingrained for males in rural places and distinguish them from working class males in metropolitan contexts. Classroom experiences related to ‘academic reading’ became embodied in non-reader identities and shaped life as a reader through the lifespan, while peer group cultures and connections to place offered alternative spaces to engage with reading a range of texts related to cultural life worlds with a shared sense of meaning, purpose, and value.

This article examines ways of leveraging gender and outsider positionalities in a manner that benefits the research process in international third sector field research. International research is conducted by individuals collecting data outside their country of origin or long-term residence. In the article I reflect on the role of researcher outsider status as it intersects with gender, and how these positionalities can be used to positively influence data collection in the field. I argue that aspects of female outsider status often experienced as negative also can offer unexpected benefits to research fieldwork, such as access as an outsider to conflict-affected communities, additional assistance to the “vulnerable” female, extra explanation to the “naive” female researcher, and access facilitated by third gender or honorary male status assigned to female outsiders.

OBJECTIVE: To identify humanization actions in the care of premature infants. METHOD: This is an integrative literature review, from August to December 2019. The databases were: BDENF, LILACS, INDEX PSICOLOGIA E COLECIONA SUS, based on the keywords kangaroo method, premature newborn and humanization. Studies published between 2014 and 2018, in Portuguese, with Brazil as the country of origin and full articles, were included. RESULTS: The importance of humanized care with the NB and their parents was identified, thus being able to minimize future damage and provide less painful experiences, considering that families express feelings such as sadness, anguish, guilt and fear during the hospitalization of their children . CONCLUSION: It is understood that it is essential that the health professional favors the affective bonds between the family, empowering mothers and fathers to care for the premature and, in the future, improving the quality of life of these families.

Drawing on equity theory, we apply Van Westendorp’s Price Sensitivity Meter (PSM) to compare the “pricing footprints” of a brand originating in countries differing in their country image favorability. This footprint is captured by the different price levels for which consumers perceive the brand to be (a) too cheap (i.e. raise concerns about its quality), (b) cheap (i.e. seem like a bargain), (c) expensive (i.e. not cheap but would still consider buying it), and (d) too expensive (i.e. priced so high as to prevent purchase). Based on two studies conducted in Ukraine and Brazil, and controlling for several consumer dispositions, we find that differences in country image do not always translate into significant differences across all components of the pricing footprint. Moreover, even if such differences are observed, they do not apply to all target countries. Implications for country-of-origin research and practice are considered and suggestions for future research made.

Se llevó a cabo una revisión documental sobre la producción y publicación de trabajos de investigación referentes al estudio de la variable Gestión digital de las entidades públicas. El propósito del análisis bibliométrico propuesto en el presente documento, es conocer las características principales del volumen de publicaciones registradas en base de datos Scopus durante el periodo 2015-2020 en países Latinoamericanos, logrando la identificación de 124 publicaciones en total. La información suministrada por dicha plataforma, fue organizada mediante gráficos y figuras categorizando la información por el Año de Publicación, País de Origen, afiliación y Tipo de Publicación. Una vez descritas dichas características, se referencia mediante un análisis cualitativo, la postura de diferentes autores frente a la temática propuesta. Dentro de los principales hallazgos realizados por medio de la presente investigación, se encuentra que Brasil con 46 publicaciones, es el país latinoamericano con mayor producción. La institución afiliada que mayor aporte hizo a la construcción de material bibliográfico referente al estudio de la Gestión digital de las entidades públicas fue la escuela politécnica nacional con 7 documentos publicados, y el Tipo de Publicación que más fue usado durante el periodo señalado anteriormente fue el acta de conferencia que representan el 65% de la producción científica total.

On October 6, 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) handed down its judgment in Commission v. Hungary. It found that Hungary had violated the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), as well as internal European Union law—specifically the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (EU Charter). The case arose out of Hungary's 2017 amendment to its higher education law. The amendment imposed two novel requirements on foreign universities operating in Hungary. It barred any non-EU university from operating unless its country of origin concluded a specific enabling treaty with Hungary. Moreover, it required that the foreign university actually provide educational services in its country of origin. While framed in general terms, it is hard to avoid the conclusion that the 2017 amendment was aimed at ending the operations of the Central European University (CEU) in Hungary.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and other characteristics of author self-citations in six Turkey-originated general otorhinolaryngology (ORL) journals of Turkish ORL literature. Methods: A total of 970 articles published in six Turkey-originated general ORL journals (ENT Updates, Journal of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery, KBB-Forum, Praxis of Otorhinolaryngology, The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat, and Turkish Archives of Otorhinolaryngology) in 2016-2020 were analyzed for author self-citations. The association between author self-citations and journal types, study types, study topics, country of origin, and compatibility with the topic were also evaluated. Results: There were 265 author self-citations (0.273 per article) which corresponded to 1.36% of all citations. There was no significant difference between the journal types, study topics, and origin of the studies in terms of mean self-citation values per study, whereas case reports had significantly lower self-citations than review and original investigations. There were three citations (1.1%) that were irrelevant to the study topic. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that investigated the practice of author self-citation in Turkish ORL literature. Author self-citation rate in the Turkish-originated general ORL journals was found remarkably lower than the medical literature, whereas the self-citations were found compatible with the study topic to a very large extent. Members of the scientific community including authors, readers, and journal editors should be cautious regarding the unethical practices of self-citations.

Background Pacific people experience a disproportionate burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD), whether they remain in their country of origin or migrate to higher-income countries, such as Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand or the United States of America. We sought to determine whether the CVD health needs of Pacific people vary according to their ethnicity or place of birth. Methods We conducted a systematic review of medical research databases and grey literature to identify relevant data published up to 2020. Texts were included if they contained original data stratified by Pacific-specific ethnicity or place of birth on the burden or management of CVD, and were assessed as having good quality using a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute quality assessment tool. The protocol for this review was registered with the Open Science Forum (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/X7NR6). Results Of 3679 texts identified, 310 full texts were reviewed and the quality of 23 of these assessed, using the pre-defined search strategy. Six items (four reports, one article, one webpage) of good quality met the review eligibility criteria. All included texts provided data on epidemiology but only one reported on the management of CVD. Four texts were of Pacific populations in Pacific Island countries and two were of Pacific diaspora in other countries. Data from the Global Burden of Disease study, which provided estimates for the greatest number of Pacific countries, showed substantial differences in mortality rates between Pacific countries for every CVD type. For example, the mortality rate per 100,000 for ischemic heart disease (IHD) ranged from 103.41 in the Cook Islands to 430.35 in the Solomon Islands. A New Zealand-based report showed differences in CVD rates by Pacific ethnicity (e.g. the age-standardised prevalence of IHD per 1,000 population in Auckland ranged from 107.8 (Niuean) to 138 among Cook Islands Māori (p Conclusions This review of published studies reveals that the epidemiology of CVD among Pacific people varies by specific ethnic groups, place of birth, and country of residence. There is a critical need for high-quality contemporary ethnic-specific Pacific data to respond to the diverse CVD health needs in these underrepresented groups.

Despite its importance, there is no clear understanding of the impact of small firms’ capabilities (networking, innovation, and marketing) on their export performance. This article attempts to address this issue with a meta-analysis of 74 recent empirical studies comprising 76 independent samples and covering more than 30 countries. We found that innovation, marketing, and networking capabilities positively influence export performance of small firms. However, the context-dependent nature of these relationships demands a more fine-grained examination. The variations in the ES of these relationships are explained by the role of external business environmental factors prevailing in the country of origin of the firm (developing/developed country and individualism/collectivism culture). We examined the divergent results provided by empirical studies using the moderator analysis. The findings of this article shed light on the role of small firms’ capabilities in enhancing export performance in different contextual settings.

The recognition and enforcement of annulled foreign arbitral awards in the country of origin under the 1958 New York Convention is subject to doctrinal discussions. A relevant article of the1958 New York Convention become the subject matter of many cases in some large economies. These cases and doctrinal views are very important for other countries that did not host such a case before their national courts. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the relevant article of the 1958 New York Convention and compare delocalization and territorial theories.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar a diferença entre o envolvimento nas práticas de lazer exercido por refugiados residentes em Florianópolis-SC, com relação ao seu país de origem. Utilizou-se o instrumento Escalas de Práticas no Lazer (EPL) para identificar o a realização das práticas nos diferentes contextos do lazer. A diferença estatística entre os dois momentos (p=0,002) indicou que o envolvimento em práticas no lazer foi menor no contexto atual (36,44(17,1) pontos) quando comparada ao contexto de origem (46,00(20,8) pontos), especialmente nos conteúdos artístico (p

Self-sufficiency is a concept commonly used to explore well-being and success of adult refugees. Yet, this concept has not been widely applied to the integration of young adult refugees and immigrants who arrive to the United States unaccompanied and who enter foster care. Therefore, this study meets a gap in the literature by investigating self-sufficiency for immigrants who have recently discharged from the Unaccompanied Refugee Minor (URM) foster care program in the US. We analyze an administrative dataset client outcomes (n = 417) collected at discharge from the URM program from Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service’s network of URM programs across the United States. This study uses a path analysis model to examine direct paths between the outcome variable: self-sufficiency and a series of predictor variables including educational attainment, English proficiency level, and employment. Another hypothesis was that length of time spent in the URM program will indirectly influence self-sufficiency through improved English and educational attainment. Lastly, we posited that country of origin will indirectly influence self-sufficiency through educational attainment level. Findings show direct and positive relationships between employment and self-sufficiency; English proficiency and self-sufficiency; and greater educational attainment and self-sufficiency. Additionally, increased months in the URM foster care program positively influence self-sufficiency indirectly through both English proficiency and educational attainment. Results suggest that service providers should consider education, employment, and English language development in their casework with URMs to ensure the best chances of self-sufficiency as they enter adulthood. Additionally, the limitations of this administrative dataset illuminate specific ways in which the agency could improve data collection procedures, and future research.

Product country-of-origin (COO) is now playing a central role in consumers’ purchase behavior. Previous studies have investigated several factors that impact COO. However, little attention has been paid to the impact of COO on consumers’ product evaluation on Chinese products, especially in the cross-border e-commerce context. Using a multi-methods design, this study first unearthed the antecedents of COO image towards Chinese products from the qualitative data in Study 1 by drawing on the legitimacy theory and then develops a contextual model of consumers’ product evaluation and purchase intention, integrating the role of a product with a different level of involvement. Using quantitative survey data from 252 foreign consumers, the study tests the research model in Study 2. The findings provide empirical evidence to support the model and highlight the importance of COO cues on foreign consumers’ purchase intention towards Chinese products. The results also enhance our understanding of consumers’ purchase decision in cross-border e-commerce.

The number of ethological studies based on Mexican mammals have increased in recent years compared to those from other Latin American countries. This study conducts an analytical review of the literature on ethological studies of native Mexican mammals. Specialized publications and electronic bibliographic databases were thoroughly searched to identify ethological studies of Mexican mammals published in scientific journals between 1900 and 2018. Information on the collection locality, state, first author nationality, country of origin of the journal, and taxa studied were recorded for each article. The articles were then classified into the 12 major ethological fields, and their data were grouped and summarized in five-year periods, and a map showing the geographic distribution of the studied localities was built using QGIS. A total of 160 studies were identified; three distinct periods could be recognized: the first (1900 to 1953) with a lack of publications, the second (1954 to1995) with low production (n = 16), and the third (1996 to 2018) with a notable increase in published articles (n = 144); in general, there was a greater participation of Mexican authors (67.5 %). Most studies (> 70 %) focused on primates, rodents, bats, and carnivores. Veracruz is the entity with the most articles, while foraging, movement, nesting, rearing, and territorial behavior were the subjects most studied, followed by social behavior, cooperation, and kinship. The greater number of studies published in the past two decades is likely the result of an increased number of mammologists and their engagement in national and international collaborative partnerships, mainly in areas such as ecology and taxonomy. Despite a relatively recent development of the field in Mexico, an absence of studies on half of all terrestrial mammals orders, and few studies throughout northern parts of the country, mammalian ethology in Mexico has already made significant contributions and is highly likely to continue its development and consolidation.

A large body of research has documented an immigrant mortality advantage. However, we still do not know enough about how interactions between the characteristics of origin and destinations countries shape variabilities in immigrants’ experiences and health. In this paper, we examine the effects of ethno-cultural similarities and differences between the country of origin and the country of destination on immigrants’ longevity. We use meta-regression methods to examine data on 78 origin and 16 destination countries (1092 risk estimates from 69 studies). In contrast to expectations from approaches that focus on immigration/acculturation stress, we found that a shared official linguistic family, moving to a country where one is not likely to be considered a visible minority, and more integrative immigration policies actually reduce or even eliminate the immigrant mortality advantage. We discuss potential explanations for these findings and argue that selection mechanisms provide a better account.

PurposeThe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic unprecedentedly shocks the market. Little is known about the impact of COVID-19 on brand engagement across country-of-origin (COO) and country-of-market (COM). To address the gap, this study examines how the spread of the COVID-19 affects consumer brand engagement on social media for global brands through the mechanisms of the COO and consumer animosity.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collect consumer engagement activity data from Facebook for eight global smartphone brands and match it with the COVID-19 statistics. Ordinary least square (OLS) models are used to estimate the impact on global brands brought by the spread of the COVID-19.FindingsThe results show that consumer brand engagement decreases for all brands in a COM as the number of confirmed COVID-19 new cases increases in the COM. Consumer brand engagement decreases for a brand across all COM as the number of confirmed COVID-19 new cases increases in the brand’s COO. If a brand’s COO is imputed for the pandemic, its consumer brand engagement will receive additional negative impacts across all COM.Originality/valueThis study enriches the COO literature by showing how the spread of a pandemic affects consumer brand engagement via COO and discovers the moderating role of consumer animosity.