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Background: \ud Despite renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system blockade and immunosuppressive treatment, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) often progresses to kidney failure. The objective of this pre-specified analysis of DAPA-CKD was to assess efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in a small subgroup participants with FSGS confirmed by kidney biopsy.\ud \ud Methods: \ud In DAPA-CKD, patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 25–75 mL/min/1.73m2 and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) 200–5000 mg/g (22.6–565 mg/mol) were randomised to dapagliflozin 10mg once-daily or placebo as an adjunct to standard care, and followed for median 2.4 years. The primary composite endpoint was sustained eGFR decline ≥ 50%, end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), or kidney or cardiovascular death. The endpoint of interest for this analysis was eGFR slope (acute effects from baseline to Week 2 and chronic effects from Week 2 to end of treatment).\ud \ud Results: \ud Of 104 participants with biopsy-confirmed FSGS, 45 were randomised to dapagliflozin and 59 to placebo. Mean (SD) age was 54.0 (14.3) years, mean eGFR 41.9 (11.5) mL/min/1.73m2 and median (IQR) UACR 1248 (749–2211) mg/g. The primary outcome occurred in 4 (8.9%) and 7 (11.9%) participants randomised to dapagliflozin and placebo, respectively (HR 0.62, 95%CI 0.17–2.17). Dapagliflozin led to a larger acute reduction (SE) in eGFR compared to placebo (−4.5 [95% CI − 5.9-−3.1] vs − 0.9 [−2.1–0.4] mL/min/1.73m2 per 2 wks). Thereafter, mean rates of chronic eGFR decline with dapagliflozin and placebo were − 1.9 (−3.0-−0.9) and − 4.0 (−4.9-−3.0) mL/min/1.73m2/year, respectively (difference 2.0 [95%CI 0.6–3.5] mL/min/1.73m2/year). Adverse events leading to study drug discontinuation were similar in both groups; there were fewer serious adverse events with dapagliflozin.\ud \ud Conclusion: \ud Among DAPA-CKD participants with FSGS, dapagliflozin reduced the rate of chronic decline of eGFR compared to placebo, although this difference was not statistically significant.

Objectives: \ud The purpose of this study was to assess if early changes in B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and body weight during atrasentan treatment predict heart failure (HF) risk.\ud \ud Background: \ud The endothelin receptor antagonist atrasentan reduced the risk of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the SONAR (Study of Diabetic Nephropathy with Atrasentan) trial, although with a numerically higher incidence of HF hospitalization.\ud \ud Methods: \ud Participants with type 2 diabetes and CKD entered an open-label enrichment phase to assess response to atrasentan 0.75 mg/day. Participants without substantial fluid retention (>3 kg body weight increase or BNP increase to >300 pg/mL), were randomized to atrasentan 0.75 mg/day or placebo. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the effects of atrasentan vs placebo on the prespecified safety outcome of HF hospitalizations.\ud \ud Results: \ud Among 3,668 patients, 73 (4.0%) participants in the atrasentan and 51 (2.8%) in the placebo group developed HF (HR: 1.39; 95% CI: 0.97-1.99; P = 0.072). In a multivariable analysis, HF risk was associated with higher baseline BNP (HR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.81-2.97) and percent increase in BNP during response enrichment (HR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.08-1.98). Body weight change was not associated with HF. Exclusion of patients with at least 25% BNP increase during enrichment attenuated the risk of HF with atrasentan (HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.66-1.56) while retaining nephroprotective effects (HR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.44-0.78).\ud \ud Conclusions: \ud In patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD, baseline BNP and early changes in BNP in response to atrasentan were associated with HF hospitalization, highlighting the importance of natriuretic peptide monitoring upon initiation of atrasentan treatment. (Study Of Diabetic Nephropathy With Atrasentan [SONAR]; NCT01858532).

Background: \ud Chronic kidney disease and heart failure are insulin resistant states associated with a high incidence of diabetes. We assessed the effect of dapagliflozin on new-onset type 2 diabetes in a pooled analysis of patient-level data from the DAPA-CKD and DAPA-HF trials.\ud \ud Methods: \ud This study is a pooled analysis of individual participant data from two phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, clinical trials. Participants with no history of diabetes and HbA1c less than 6·5% (48 mmol/mol) at baseline were included in this pooled analysis. New-onset type 2 diabetes was a prespecified exploratory endpoint in both DAPA-CKD and DAPA-HF trials and is the focus of this analysis. New-onset type 2 diabetes was identified by serial trial measurements of HbA1c (two consecutive values ≥6·5% [≥48 mmol/mol]) or following a clinical diagnosis of diabetes between trial visits. Time to new-onset type 2 diabetes was analysed in a Cox proportional Hazards model from random assignment to end of treatment.\ud \ud Findings: \ud 4003 participants (1398 [34·9%] from the DADA-CKD trial and 2605 [65·1%] from the DAPA-HF trial) were included in our analysis: 1995 (49·8%) had received dapagliflozin and 2008 (50·2%) had received placebo. Over a median follow-up of 21·2 months (IQR 16·0 to 25·4), 126 (6·3%) of 2008 patients in the placebo group (event rate 3·9 per 100 patient-years) and 85 (4·3%) of 1995 patients in the dapagliflozin group (event rate 2·6 per 100 patient-years) developed type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio 0·67 [95% CI 0·51 to 0·88]; p=0·0040). There was no heterogeneity between studies (p interaction 0·77) and there was no clear evidence that the effect of dapagliflozin varied in prespecified subgroups including sex, age, glycaemic status, BMI, glomerular filtration rate, systolic blood pressure, and baseline cardiovascular medication use. More than 90% of the participants who developed type 2 diabetes had prediabetes at baseline (HbA1c 5·7% to 6·4% [39 to 46 mmol/mol]). Mean HbA1c remained unchanged (placebo-adjusted change in the dapagliflozin group of −0·01% [95% CI −0·03 to 0·01], −0·1 mmol/mol [95% CI −0·3 to 0·1] at 12 months).\ud \ud Interpretation: \ud Treatment with dapagliflozin reduced the incidence of new-onset type 2 diabetes in participants with chronic kidney disease and HF without a reduction in HbA1c.\ud \ud Funding: \ud AstraZeneca.

Background and aims: Oxidative stress (OS) induces the production of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Previous data have revealed that FGF21 protects cells from OS injury and death, making it a potential therapeutic option for many diseases with increased OS. However, the association of this growth factor with OS markers in humans with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unknown. This study aims to evaluate the association of serum FGF21 with serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (OxLDL) in subjects in different stages of kidney disease. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that included 382 subjects with different stages of CKD, irrespective of type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnosis. Associations of serum FGF21 with OxLDL, TAC, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), T2D, and smoking, were evaluated through bivariate and partial correlation analyses. Independent associations of these variables with serum FGF21 were evaluated using multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Serum FGF21 was significantly and positively correlated with age ( r = 0.236), TAC (lnTAC) ( r = 0.217), and negatively correlated with eGFR ( r = −0.429) and male sex ( r = −0.102). After controlling by age, sex, BMI, T2D, smoking, and eGFR; both TAC and OxLDL were positively correlated with FGF21 ( r = 0.117 and 0.158 respectively, p Conclusion: A positive association between serum FGF21 and OS has been found independently of renal function in humans. Results from the present study provide novel information for deeper understanding of the role of FGF21 in OS in humans with CKD and T2D; mechanistic studies to explain the association of serum FGF21 with oxidative stress in CKD are needed.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-tae-10.1177_20420188211001160 for Fibroblast growth factor 21 is associated with increased serum total antioxidant capacity and oxidized lipoproteins in humans with different stages of chronic kidney disease by Gómez-Sámano Miguel Ángel, Vargas-Abonce Valerie Paola, Martínez-Sánchez Froylan David, Palacios-Báez Lucía, Vera-Zertuche Juan Mauricio, Navarro-Flores María Fernanda, Morales-García Mariana Guadalupe, Fonseca-Correa Jorge Ignacio, Zuarth-Vázquez Julia María, Vega-Vega Olynka, Correa-Rotter Ricardo, Rincón-Pedrero Rodolfo, Morales-Buenrostro Luis E., Alberú-Gómez Josefina, Ramírez-González Julia Berenice, Pacheco-Domínguez Reyna Lizette, López-Cervantes Malaquías, Mendoza-de-la-Garza María de los Ángeles, Baeza-Arias Yolanda Victoria, Espinosa-Cuevas Ángeles, López-Carrasco Guadalupe, López-Estrada Angelina, Guillén-Pineda Luz Elizabeth, Gómez-Pérez Francisco J. and Cuevas-Ramos Daniel in Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism

Background: \ud Patients with chronic kidney disease have a high risk of adverse kidney and cardiovascular outcomes. The effect of dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease, with or without type 2 diabetes, is not known.\ud Methods: \ud We randomly assigned 4304 participants with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 25 to 75 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (with albumin measured in milligrams and creatinine measured in grams) of 200 to 5000 to receive dapagliflozin (10 mg once daily) or placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of a sustained decline in the estimated GFR of at least 50%, end-stage kidney disease, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes.\ud Results:\ud The independent data monitoring committee recommended stopping the trial because of efficacy. Over a median of 2.4 years, a primary outcome event occurred in 197 of 2152 participants (9.2%) in the dapagliflozin group and 312 of 2152 participants (14.5%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51 to 0.72; P

Resumen Introducción: la excreción de sodio en orina de 24 horas es el método de referencia para evaluar la ingesta de sodio; sin embargo, se requieren herramientas que puedan aplicarse de manera más práctica tanto en el ámbito clínico como en el poblacional. Objetivos: desarrollar y evaluar un cuestionario autoadministrable de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos ricos en sodio (CFCA-S) como herramienta de tamizaje para consumo elevado de sodio en una población adulta de la Ciudad de México. Métodos: se desarrolló un CFCA-S con 28 categorías de alimentos ricos en sodio y su sistema de puntuación respectivo. El percentil 75 del puntaje total del CFCA-S se probó como punto de corte para clasificar a las personas con alto consumo de sodio a dos niveles (≥ 2.000 y ≥ 3.000 mg/día), considerando la excreción urinaria de sodio en 24 horas como método de referencia. Resultados: se incluyeron 95 participantes (mediana de edad: 39 [percentiles 25-75: 26-46] años; hombres: 39 [41,1%]). Un puntaje total de 51,2 en el CFCA-S mostró una sensibilidad del 31,6% (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 19,1-47,5), una especificidad del 78,9% (IC 95%: 66,7-87,5), valor predictivo positivo del 50% (IC 95%: 31,4-68,6) y valor predictivo negativo del 63,4% (IC 95%: 51,8-73,6), para clasificar a las personas con consumo de sodio ≥ 3.000 mg/día. Un puntaje ≥ 51,2 se asoció significativamente con una ingesta de sodio ≥ 3.000 mg/día, resultando en una razón de momios de 3,12 (IC 95%: 1,03-9,44, p = 0,04), después de ajustar por sexo, edad e índice de masa corporal (IMC). Conclusiones: el CFCA-S es una herramienta práctica, factible de aplicarse y útil para identificar a personas en riesgo de tener un consumo elevado de sodio. Abstract Background: twenty-four-hour urinary sodium excretion is the reference method to assess sodium intake; however, tools that can be more easily applied in the clinical and population setting are needed. Objectives: to develop and evaluate a self-administered high-sodium food frequency questionnaire (abbreviated to CFCA-S in Spanish) as a screening tool for high sodium intake in an adult Mexico City population. Methods: a CFCA-S including 28 sodium-rich food categories and a scoring system were developed. The 75 percentile for the total score was tested as cut-off point to classify high sodium consumers at two different levels (≥ 2,000 and ≥ 3,000 mg/day) against 24-h urinary sodium excretion as reference method. Results: ninety-five participants were included (median age: 39 [25th-75th percentiles: 26-46] years; men: 39 [41.1%]). A total score of 51.2 in the CFCA-S showed a sensitivity of 31.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.1-47.5), specificity of 78.9 (95% CI: 66.7-87.5), positive predictive value of 50% (95% CI: 31.4-68.6) and negative predictive value of 63.4% (95% CI: 51.8-73.6) to classify high-sodium consumers at a level of intake ≥ 3,000 mg/day. A total score ≥ 51.2 was significantly associated with a sodium intake ≥ 3,000 mg/day, observing an odds ratio of 3.12 (CI 95%: 1.03-9.44, p = 0.04), after adjusting by sex, age, and body mass index. Conclusions: the sodium CFCA-S developed in this study is a practical, feasible and useful tool to identify individuals at greater risk of having a high sodium intake.

In June 2018, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences sponsored a workshop to identify research gaps in an increasingly common form of chronic kidney disease in agricultural communities, often termed "CKDu." The organizers invited a broad range of experts who provided diverse expertise and perspectives, many of whom had never addressed this particular epidemic. Discussion was focused around selected topics, including identifying and mitigating barriers to research in CKDu, creating a case definition, and defining common data elements. All hypotheses regarding etiology were entertained, and meeting participants discussed potential research strategies, choices in study design, and novel tools that may prove useful in this disease. Achievements of the workshop included robust cross-disciplinary discussion and preliminary planning of research goals and design. Specific challenges in implementing basic and clinical research and interventions in low- and middle-income countries were recognized. A balanced approach to leveraging local resources and capacity building without overreaching was emphasized.

Background and objective: Protein energy wasting (PEW) is a common syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease, related to changes in hydration status, decreased food intake and inflammation. There are several tools for the assessment and diagnosis of such alterations. Bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) assess the state of nutrition and hydration, but not the inflammatory component, while the malnutrition inflammation score (MIS) comprises the inflammatory and nutritional factors, but not the state of hydration. The aim of the study was to determine the concordance between MIS and BIVA to assess nutritional status in peritoneal dialysis patients. Methods: We studied 50 patients on peritoneal dialysis which underwent bioelectrical impedance measurements with an empty peritoneal cavity, also MIS was applied and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Results: The prevalence of malnutrition with VIBE and MIS was 38% and 24% respectively. Statistically significant differences in body mass index (BMI) and phase angle between normally nourished and wasted patients by both methods were found. Body composition, biochemical parameters and impedance vectors were not statistically different between normally nourished and wasted patients. Concordance between methods was 0.314 (p = 0.019). Conclusions: Combined nutritional assessment with MIS and BIVA is necessary for the diagnosis of protein energy wasting syndrome in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Antecedentes y objetivo: el desgaste energético proteico (DEP) es un síndrome muy común en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica, en el que están involucrados alteraciones en el estado de hidratación, descenso de ingestión alimentaria e inflamación. Existen diversas herramientas para la evaluación y detección de dichas alteraciones. Los vectores de impedancia bioeléctrica (VIBE) evalúan el estado de nutrición e hidratación, pero no el componente inflamatorio, mientras que el puntaje de inflamación y desnutrición (MIS) comprende los factores inflamatorio y nutricional, pero no el estado de hidratación. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la concordancia entre MIS y VIBE para evaluar el estado de nutrición en pacientes en diálisis peritoneal. Material y métodos: se estudió a 50 pacientes en diálisis peritoneal a los cuales se les realizaron mediciones de impedancia bioeléctrica con la cavidad peritoneal vacía, se aplicó el MIS y se evaluaron parámetros bioquímicos. Resultados: la prevalencia de desnutrición por MIS y VIBE fue del 38% y 24% respectivamente. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en índice de masa corporal (IMC) y ángulo de fase entre pacientes normonutridos y desgastados por ambos métodos. Las variables de composición corporal y bioquímicas entre pacientes normonutridos y desgastados por ambos métodos, así como los vectores de impedancia, no fueron estadísticamente diferentes. Se encontró una concordancia entre métodos de 0,314 (p = 0,019). Conclusiones: es necesaria la evaluación nutricia combinada con los métodos MIS y VIBE para un pertinente diagnóstico de desgaste energético proteico en pacientes en diálisis peritoneal.

We assessed the effect of atrasentan therapy on a pre-specified panel of 13 urinary metabolites known to reflect mitochondrial function in patients with diabetic kidney disease. This post-hoc analysis was performed using urine samples collected during the RADAR study which was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that tested the effects of atrasentan on albuminuria reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. At baseline, four of the 13 metabolites, quantified by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry, were below detectable levels, and six were reduced in patients with eGFR

OBJECTIVES: To study Mesoamerican nephropathy (MeN) and its risk factors in three hot occupations. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Chinandega and León municipalities, a MeN hotspot on the Nicaraguan Pacific coast, January-February 2013. PARTICIPANTS: 194 male workers aged 17-39 years: 86 sugarcane cutters, 56 construction workers, 52 small-scale farmers. OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Differences between the three occupational groups in prevalences/levels of socioeconomic, occupational, lifestyle and health risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in biomarkers of kidney function and hydration; (2) differences in prevalences/levels of CKD risk factors between workers with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRCKD-EPI construction > farming, p=0.003). Significant trends (cane > construction > farming) were also observed for high serum urea nitrogen (blood urea nitrogen (BUN) >20 mg/dL), high serum creatinine (SCr >1.2 mg/dL), low urinary pH (≤5.5) and high BUN/SCr ratio (>20) but not for high urinary specific gravity (≥1.030). Sugarcane cutters also more often had proteinuria and blood and leucocytes in the urine. Workers with eGFR

Objetivo. Caracterizar los componentes curriculares aplicados para la formación de médicos nefrólogos en Latinoamérica. Sujetos y métodos. Estudio descriptivo que incluye nueve países latinoamericanos. Se solicitó a cada uno los programas vigentes de especialización en nefrología. Se analizaron diferentes variables curriculares y se adoptó, como marco epistemológico, el modelo de educación médica basada en competencias, y como referencia, las dimensiones del Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) de Estados Unidos. Resultados. Los programas de los nueve países (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, México, Perú y Uruguay) buscan mejorar el perfil del especialista y cubrir demandas sanitarias. Las plazas se adecuan a la capacidad de los centros y los aspirantes se seleccionan por concursos abiertos. Todos contemplan formación de internista como condición de ingreso o dentro del programa, que causa disparidad en cargas horarias. Algunos no explicitan perfil del graduado. El modelo dominante es 'posgrado con residencia', con estructuras y organización heterogéneas. Los contenidos son pertinentes y existe equivalencia en las competencias que se deben desarrollar, que mayoritariamente coinciden con las del ACGME, salvo 'habilidades interpersonales y comunicación' y 'práctica basada en sistemas de salud', que tienen menor peso. Todos destinan el 75% de la carga horaria para tareas de 'formación en servicio con responsabilidades crecientes bajo supervisión' e incluyen actividades académicas. Las evaluaciones están integradas en el programa con herramientas adecuadas para evaluar competencias. Conclusiones. Se debería unificar el nivel de posgrado y duración, definir claramente las competencias del 'producto que se va a formar', incluir más 'habilidades interpersonales' y 'práctica en sistemas de salud', y establecer actividades de atención primaria de la salud. Aim. To characterized curricular components apply for nephrology medical training in Latin-America. Subjects and methods. Descriptive study including nine countries. It was request to current Nephrology Training Programs. We analized different curricular variables, taking as epistemological hallmark the competence-based medical education and dimensions from Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) from USA as reference. Results. Programs from nine countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay) look to improve the specialist profile and cover sanitary demands. The positions suit the centers capacity and applicants are selected in open competition. The programs include internal medicine training causing disparity in duty hours. Some of them don't explicit graduate profile. The predominant model is 'postgraduate course with residency' with heterogeneous structures and organization. Contents are pertinent and there is equivalence within competences to develop that generally match with ACGME except for 'interpersonal and communication skills' and 'system-based practice' with less impact. All programs destiny 75% of duty hours for clinical practice-based learning with progressive responsibilities under guidance and supervision including academic activities. Evaluations are integrated to the program with adequate tools for competence assessment. Conclusions. Postgraduate level and duration should be unified, defining clearly competences of program's graduate and establishing primary health care activities into the curriculum.

BACKGROUND: A recent phase II clinical trial (Reducing Residual Albuminuria in Subjects with Diabetes and Nephropathy with AtRasentan trial and an identical trial in Japan (RADAR/JAPAN)) showed that the endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan lowers albuminuria, blood pressure, cholesterol, hemoglobin, and increases body weight in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. We previously developed an algorithm, the Parameter Response Efficacy (PRE) score, which translates short-term drug effects into predictions of long-term effects on clinical outcomes.DESIGN: We used the PRE score on data from the RADAR/JAPAN study to predict the effect of atrasentan on renal and heart failure outcomes.METHODS: We performed a post-hoc analysis of the RADAR/JAPAN randomized clinical trials in which 211 patients with type-2 diabetes and nephropathy were randomly assigned to atrasentan 0.75 mg/day, 1.25 mg/day, or placebo. A PRE score was developed in a background set of completed clinical trials using multivariate Cox models. The score was applied to baseline and week-12 risk marker levels of RADAR/JAPAN participants, to predict atrasentan effects on clinical outcomes. Outcomes were defined as doubling serum creatinine or end-stage renal disease and hospitalization for heart failure.RESULTS: The PRE score predicted renal risk changes of -23% and -30% for atrasentan 0.75 and 1.25 mg/day, respectively. PRE scores also predicted a small non-significant increase in heart failure risk for atrasentan 0.75 and 1.25 mg/day (+2% vs. +7%). Selecting patients with >30% albuminuria reduction from baseline (responders) improved renal outcome to almost 50% risk reduction, whereas non-responders showed no renal benefit.CONCLUSIONS: Based on the RADAR/JAPAN study, with short-term changes in risk markers, atrasentan is expected to decrease renal risk without increased risk of heart failure. Within this population albuminuria responders appear to contribute to the predicted improvements, whereas non-responders showed no benefit. The ongoing hard outcome trial (SONAR) in type 2 diabetic patients with >30% albuminuria reduction to atrasentan will allow us to assess the validity of these predictions.

Journal of the American Heart Association 4(1), e000570 (2015). doi:10.1161/JAHA.114.000570, Published by Association, New York, NY

Antecedentes: El funcionamiento de las fórmulas para la estimación de tasa de filtrado glomerular (TFG) CKD-EPI y MDRD en pacientes de origen hispano con función renal normal tiene pocos antecedentes y en México requiere validación. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron individuos mexicanos, adultos y previamente sanos. Se recabaron variables clínicas y se determinó el nivel de creatinina sérica para calcular las fórmulas CKD-EPI y MDRD-IDMS. Este resultado fue comparado con el estándar de referencia (TFG medida con Tc99DTPA). Se evaluaron otras variables clínicas que afectaran el funcionamiento de la fórmula CKD-EPI. Resultados: Se incluyeron 97 individuos voluntarios sanos, 55 varones y 42 mujeres; edad promedio 35 años (18 a 73). La creatinina media fue de 0,76 mg/dl (± 0,18). El funcionamiento de CKD-EPI fue significativamente mejor que el de MDRD-IDMS en todas las comparaciones (sesgo, correlación y exactitud). La diferencia entre los sesgos de las fórmulas fue 6,08 ml/min/1,73 m² (IC 95 % 2,58 a 9,58) (p < 0,001). Las personas con índice de masa corporal (IMC) mayor de 25 kg/m² presentaron un mejor funcionamiento que el grupo con menor IMC (diferencia de medias 7,39 ml/min/1,73 m²; IC 95 % 1,17 a 13,6; p < 0,02). Ambas fórmulas sobrestimaron la TFG. El IMC se asoció significativamente con el funcionamiento de la fórmula CKD-EPI (β 0,82; IC 95 % 0,085 a 1,56; p = 0,029). Conclusiones: En individuos adultos mexicanos sanos la fórmula CKD-EPI predice mejor la TFGm que la fórmula MDRD-IDMS. El IMC se asocia de manera significativa al funcionamiento de la fórmula CKD-EPI, siendo mejor en aquellos con IMC superior a 25 kg/m². Ambas fórmulas sobrestiman la TFGm. Background: The performance of the CKD-EPI and MDRD formulae for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients of Hispanic origin with normal renal function has been poorly explored and requires validation in Mexico. Material and method: We included previously healthy Mexican adults. We obtained clinical variables and determined serum creatinine to calculate the CKD-EPI and MDRD-IDMS formulae. These results were compared with the gold standard (GFR measured by Tc99DTPA). We evaluated other clinical variables that could affect the performance of the CKD-EPI formula. Results: A total of 97 healthy volunteers were included, 55 males and 42 females; the mean age was 35.8 years old (18 to 73). Mean creatinine was 0.76mg/dl (±0.18). CKD-EPI performance was significantly better than MDRD-IDMS in all comparisons (bias, correlation and accuracy). The bias difference between the formulae was 6.08ml/min/1.73m² (95% CI 2.58 to 9.58) (p

Background: Anemia almost invariably occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease. Limited data are available regarding anemia management in Latin American (LA) hemodialysis (HD) patients. Objective: To evaluate the results of the first anemia survey of the Anemia Committee of the SLANH. Methods: This is a multinational, voluntary survey that collected anemia management data from adult HD patients from independent, non-chain owned HD units, between 09/2009 and 03/2010. T-test, ANOVA, chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results: The survey received responses from 134 HD units of 16 countries providing data from 9,025 patients. Mean values of Hb, ferritin, and transferrin saturation (TSAT) were 10.5±1.8g/dL, 570±539μg/l, and 29.8±15%, respectively. Only 32.7% of patients were within the Hb target of 10.5-12.0g/dL (46.3% were below and 21.1% above). Erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) were administered to 84.3% patients and 68.3% received intravenous iron (IV). Iron deficiency (TSAT≤20%) was present in 27.5% patients and among those receiving erythropoietin, 47% did not achieve Hb target. The independent variables associated with the lowest Hb level (

Las guías de práctica clínica para la prevención, diagnóstico, evaluación y tratamiento de los trastornos minerales y óseos en la enfermedad renal crónica (TMO-ERC) en adultos, de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nefrología e Hipertensión (SLANH), comprenden un conjunto de recomendaciones elaboradas para dar apoyo al médico en el manejo de estas anormalidades en pacientes adultos con enfermedad renal estadios 3 a 5. No se incluyen las alteraciones asociadas al trasplante renal. Los temas abordados en las guías están distribuidos en cuatro capítulos: 1) Evaluación de las alteraciones bioquímicas; 2) Evaluación de las alteraciones óseas; 3) Evaluación de las calcificaciones vasculares, y 4) Tratamiento de los TMO-ERC. Las guías tienen como base las recomendaciones propuestas y publicadas por la Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) para la prevención, diagnóstico, evaluación y tratamiento de los TMO-ERC (KDIGO Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder [CKD-MBD]), adaptadas a las condiciones de pacientes, instituciones y recursos disponibles en Latinoamérica, con el aval de KDIGO. En algunos casos, las guías corresponden a recomendaciones de manejo definidas directamente por el grupo de trabajo para su aplicación en nuestra región, basadas en la evidencia disponible en la literatura. Cada capítulo contiene las guías propiamente dichas y su fundamentación con base en numerosas referencias bibliográficas actualizadas. Desafortunadamente, existen pocos estudios controlados y con un poder estadístico suficiente en Latinoamérica para dar soporte a recomendaciones específicas para la región, por lo que la gran mayoría de las referencias utilizadas corresponden a estudios realizados en otras regiones. Esto pone en evidencia la necesidad de planificar estudios de investigación dirigidos a establecer la situación actual de los trastornos del metabolismo mineral y óseo en Latinoamérica, así como definir las mejores opciones terapéuticas para nuestra población.

DEGREE Centre Data. (DOC 154 kb)

DEGREE Additional Optional Renal Protocol. (DOC 94 kb)

DEGREE Centre Data. (DOC 154 kb)

DEGREE Core Protocol Proforma. (DOC 203 kb)

Background There is an increasing recognition of epidemics of primarily tubular-interstitial chronic kidney disease (CKD) clustering in agricultural communities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although it is currently unclear whether there is a unified underlying aetiology, these conditions have been collectively termed CKD of undetermined cause (CKDu). CKDu is estimated to have led to the premature deaths of tens to hundreds of thousands of young men and women over the last 2 decades. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the aetiology and pathophysiology of these condition (s). International comparisons have provided the first steps in understanding many chronic diseases, but such comparisons rely on the availability of standardised tools to estimate disease prevalence. This is a particular problem with CKD, since the disease is asymptomatic until the late stages, and the biases inherent in the methods used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in population studies are highly variable across populations. Method We therefore propose a simple standardised protocol to estimate the distribution of GFR in LMIC populations – The Disadvantaged Populations eGFR Epidemiology (DEGREE) Study. This involves the quantification of renal function in a representative adult population-based sample and a requirement for standardisation of serum creatinine measurements, along with storage of samples for future measurements of cystatin C and ascertainment of estimates of body composition, in order to obtain valid comparisons of estimated GFR (eGFR) within and between populations. Discussion The methodology we present is potentially applicable anywhere, but our particular focus is on disadvantaged populations in LMICs, since these appear to be most susceptible to CKDu. Although the protocol could also be used in specific groups (e.g. occupational groups, thought to be at excess risk of CKDu) the primary aim of the DEGREE project is characterise the population distribution of eGFR in multiple regions so that international comparisons can be performed. It is only with a standardised approach that it will be possible to estimate the scale of, and variation in, impaired kidney function between affected areas. These data should then provide insights into important social, demographic and environmental risk factors for this increasingly recognised disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12882-016-0417-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

DEGREE Additional Optional Renal Protocol. (DOC 94 kb)

DEGREE Core Protocol Proforma. (DOC 203 kb)

tesis que para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Médicas Odontológicas y de la Salud, presenta Luis Eduardo Morales Buenrostro ; asesor Ricardo Correa Rotter, Gerardo Gamba Ayala, Julio Granados Arriola. 71 páginas : ilustraciones. Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas Odontológicas y de la Salud UNAM, Facultad de Medicina, 2011