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International audience; Seasonal variation of the climatic environment is known to adversely affect reproductive performance in sows. This study was designed to identify the period within the reproductive cycle when elevated ambient temperature has the greatest effect on the farrowing rate (FR) and to implement empirical relationships between temperature and FR according to the parity number of reproductive sows. The data consisted of 2,120,000 records on 497,541 sowsfrom 780 commercial farms in mainland France and the island of Réunion collected from 2002 and 2012. Climatic parameters were provided by public meteorological stations located at proximity from pig farms (less than 10 km). Heat stress on a given day was measured in term of maximal temperature (Tmax). Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between Tmax and FR for each day of the reproductive cycle and each sow. The pattern of the correlation coefficients during the reproductive cycle was fitted with a polynomial function. Consecutives days with greatest negative correlation between Tmax and FR were considered as the period for which Tmax has maximum effect on FR. Our results indicated that increasing Tmax between 26 and 5 days before the first insemination had largest impact on FR for primiparous sows. For multiparous sows, heat stress during 20 and 5 days before inseminations had largest effect on FR. The average of Tmax over these periods was then used to calculate polynomial relationships between heat load and average FR. In primiparous and multiparous sows, the relationship were as followed: FR (%) = 84.05 + 0.376×Tmax – 0.015×Tmax2 (adjusted R2=0.85) and FR (%) = 87.66 + 0.506×Tmax – 0.020×Tmax2 (adjusted R2=0.96), respectively. In multiparous sows, the second parity sows seemed to be more susceptible to heat stress than sows in later parities. These empirical equations could represent an interesting tool for predicting the consequence of warming climate of reproductive performance of sows.

International audience

Background/aims: Management of maxillofacial trauma in the geriatric population poses a great challenge due to anatomical variations and medical comorbidities. The aim of this study was to analyze the management variables, timing, and outcomes of facial fractures in elderly patients (aged 70 years or more) at several European departments of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Materials and methods: This study was based on a systematic computer-assisted database that allowed the recording of data from all geriatric patients with facial fractures from the involved maxillofacial surgical units across Europe between 2013 and 2017. Results: A total of 1334 patients were included in the study: 665 patients underwent closed or open surgical treatment. A significant association (P < .005) was found between the presence of concomitant injuries and a prolonged time between hospital admission and treatment. The absence of indications to treatment was associated with comorbidities and an older age (P < .000005). Conclusions: Elderly patients require specific attention and multidisciplinary collaboration in the diagnosis and sequencing of trauma treatment. A prudent attitude may be kept in selected cases, especially when severe comorbidities are associated and function is not impaired.

Purpose: Fractures of the zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) are common injuries that may lead to loss of an aesthetically pleasing appearance and functional impairment. The aim of this study was to analyze the demographics, causes, characteristics, and outcomes of zygomatic fractures managed at several European departments of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Materials and methods: This study is based on a multicenter systematic database that allowed the recording of all patients with ZMC fractures between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2017. The following data were recorded: gender, age, personal medical history, etiology, side of zygomatic fracture, classification of ZMC fracture, associated maxillofacial fractures, symptoms at diagnosis, type of performed treatment, and sequelae/complications. Results: A total of 1406 patients (1172 males, 234 females) were included in the study. Statistically significant correlations were found between assault-related ZMC fractures and the A3 class (p < .0000005) and between Infraorbital Nerve (ION) anesthesia and B class (p < .00000005). Conclusion: The most frequent cause of ZMC fractures was assault, followed by falls. The most frequently involved decade of age was between 20 and 29 years. The decision and type of surgical treatment of ZMC fractures depends on several issues that need to be considered on a case by case basis.

Deletions on chromosome 15q14 are a known chromosomal cause of cleft palate, typically co-occurring with intellectual disability, facial dysmorphism, and congenital heart defects. The identification of patients with loss-of-function variants in MEIS2, a gene within this deletion, suggests that these features are attributed to haploinsufficiency of MEIS2. To further delineate the phenotypic spectrum of the MEIS2-related syndrome, we collected 23 previously unreported patients with either a de novo sequence variant in MEIS2 (9 patients), or a 15q14 microdeletion affecting MEIS2 (14 patients). All but one de novo MEIS2 variant were identified by whole-exome sequencing. One variant was found by targeted sequencing of MEIS2 in a girl with a clinical suspicion of this syndrome. In addition to the triad of palatal defects, heart defects, and developmental delay, heterozygous loss of MEIS2 results in recurrent facial features, including thin and arched eyebrows, short alae nasi, and thin vermillion. Genotype–phenotype comparison between patients with 15q14 deletions and patients with sequence variants or intragenic deletions within MEIS2, showed a higher prevalence of moderate-to-severe intellectual disability in the former group, advocating for an independent locus for psychomotor development neighboring MEIS2.

National audience; Introduction : The aerophonoscope allows for recording buccal and nasal airflow during breathing and speech and the sounds emitted by the patient. It is known to be useful in the postoperative follow-up of cleft lip and palate children, but there are currently no studies that quantitatively validate its reliability in pathological or non-pathological situations. The aim of our study was to measure the reliability of aerophonoscopic measures in adult healthy volunteers.Material and methods : A quantitative evaluation of the reliability of aerophonoscopy has been carried out in 30 healthy adult volunteers by measuring its inter- and intra-individual reproducibility and its sensibility in relation with the degree of the velopharyngeal sphincter constriction using a test–retest protocol.Results : The aerophonoscope allows for inter- and intra-individual reproducible measures in healthy adult volunteers. Its sensibility to velopharyngeal sphincter constriction is good in healthy adult volunteers.Discussion : The interest of aerophonoscopy in the treatment strategy of cleft lip and palate patients remains unclear. More reliable quantitative data would be of major interest to determine whether this device is suitable for the follow-up of cleft lips and palate patients or not. This would also allow for planning a second soft-palate operation and for assessing the efficacy of revision surgery such as superior or inferior pedicled pharyngoplasty.; Introduction : L’aérophonoscope permet d’enregistrer les flux d’air buccaux et nasaux lors de la respiration et de la phonation, ainsi que les sons émis par le patient. Il est réputé utile pour le suivi postopératoire des enfants porteurs de fente labio-alvéolo-palatine, mais il n’existe à l’heure actuelle pas d’études qui valident de façon quantitative sa fiabilité en situations pathologique ou non pathologique. Le but de notre étude était de mesurer la fiabilité des mesures aérophonoscopiques chez des adultes volontaires sains.Matériel et méthodes : Une évaluation quantitative de la fiabilité de l’aérophonoscopie a été réalisée chez 30 sujets adultes sains en mesurant sa reproductibilité inter- et intra-individuelle ainsi que sa sensibilité au degré de fermeture du sphincter vélo-pharyngé à l’aide d’un protocole de type test–re-test.Résultats : L’aérophonoscope fournit des mesures quantitatives inter- et intra-individuelles reproductibles chez des sujets adultes sains. Sa sensibilité au degré d’occlusion du sphincter vélo-pharyngé est bonne chez les sujets sains.Discussion : L’intérêt de l’aérophonoscopie dans l’établissement du plan de traitement des fentes labio-alvéolo-palatines reste à établir. Plus de données quantitatives fiables sont nécessaires pour déterminer la place de ce dispositif dans le suivi des enfants porteurs de fente, dans la pose d’une indication de reprise chirurgicale du voile et dans l’évaluation de l’efficacité de gestes secondaires telles les pharyngoplasties à pédicule inférieur ou supérieur.

International audience; Immunotherapies, particularly therapeutic antibodies, are increasingly used in the treatment of many autoimmune or oncological diseases. Patients treated with therapeutic antibodies may present with an increased risk of infection or of osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ). There is currently no consensus on the management of patients treated with therapeutic antibodies. These treatments are mainly used in hospitals, but they have been increasingly prescribed in ambulatory treatment for patients undergoing oral care. It is therefore important to establish therapeutic precautions for these patients. We had for aim to describe these antibody therapies, their indications, their potentially adverse effects in the oral cavity and to review the latest recommendations.

OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacokinetics of dopamine in hemodynamically stable adult patients. DESIGN Prospective clinical study. SETTING University hospital intensive care unit. PATIENTS Fourteen patients (aged 43 to 73 yrs) recovering from esophageal surgery. INTERVENTION Dopamine was infused and blood samples were collected. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Plasma dopamine concentrations were measured at steady state and subsequently at the end of the dopamine infusion using high-performance liquid chromatography. Clearances, volume of distribution, mean residence times, half-lives, and elimination and distribution rate constants were derived. The clearances were independent of the infusion rate at 1, 3, and 6 micrograms/kg/min, and ranged between 0.050 and 0.056 L/min/kg. A two-compartment open model was fitted to the postinfusion plasma concentration data obtained at 3 and 6 micrograms/kg/min. On average, the steady-state volume of distribution and the apparent terminal elimination half-life increased with the dose: 0.78 to 1.58 L/kg, respectively, and 22.1 to 37.9 mins, respectively, for the rates of 3 and 6 micrograms/kg/min. The rate constant associated with the uptake of dopamine into the peripheral compartment (K12) was on average four to five times higher than the rate constant associated with the reverse process (K21). CONCLUSIONS The redistribution of dopamine into the central compartment could be the main factor involved in the apparent terminal elimination of dopamine from plasma. Due to the relative rates of distribution and elimination, the attainment of a steady-state plasma concentration of dopamine should only depend on the terminal half-life. These results, which remain to be validated in a greater number of patients, indicate that the attainment of 90% of the plateau (i.e., in 3.3 half-lives) would require 70 to 125 mins, depending on the infusion rate.

International audience; This paper first presents an overview of one work done in the EDONA project which proposes an open development platform to automotive standards. EDONA is a project of the System@tic cluster Paris-Area. Then, the paper will in more presents details the results of an assessment of a test engineering workflow combining the AGATHA tool from CEA LIST and the STB tool from Geensoft. STB is connected to Matlab/Simulink platform used as modeller and test execution engine. This platform is used by Johnson-Controls in association with their AUTOSAR strategy.

To describe the feasibility, effectiveness and safety of intravenous (iv) outpatient treatment in 2 to 24 month-old children with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI).Children presenting to the ER, between April 2003-2005, with fever and no identifiable focus who had a diagnosis of UTI were randomized to receive iv antibiotic in the hospital or in an outpatient facility. Children were started on amikacin or ceftriaxona according to physician criteria followed by antimicrobial adjustment based on urine culture result and a later switch to an oral antimicrobial. Urine cultures were performed during and after completing the antimicrobial course. Adherence and effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment and treatment-associated complications were analyzed.The study included 112 patients, 58 inpatient children and 54 outpatient children, with an average age of 7.7 months. Duration of iv treatment did not differ among groups (2.8 days (SD 1.2) 2.7 +0.91 days in inpatients vs 2.9 + 1.9 days in outpatients (p = 0.22). In 100% of outpatient children and 100% of inpatient children (overall 101/101) urine cultures were negative on day 5. None of the children had a treatment-associated complication. Cost analysis yielded 73% of saving money (overall cost for inpatient treatment US 9,815 vs outpatient treatment US 2,650).Outpatient iv treatment in patients between 2 and 24 months with UTI and fever was effective, safe and of lower cost.

Objetivo: Describir la factibilidad, efectividad y seguridad del tratamiento intravenoso (iv) ambulatorio en niños de 2 meses a 2 años con infección del tracto urinario (ITU) y fiebre. Método: Entre abril 2003 y abril 2005 se realizó un estudio prospectivo en pacientes con fiebre sin foco derivados de Emergencia Infantil, finalmente diagnosticados como ITU, estableciéndose dos grupos con tratamiento iv: uno hospitalizado y otro ambulatorio. Se administró amikacina o ceftriaxona según criterio del médico de turno, hasta obtener resultado del urocultivo, y posteriormente se cambió a tratamiento oral. Se controló urocultivo intra y post tratamiento registrándose adherencia, efectividad y complicaciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron 112 pacientes (58 hospitalizados y 54 ambulatorios), con edad promedio de 7,8 meses. El promedio de días de tratamiento iv fue 2,8 días (SD 1,2) sin diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos 2,7 +0,91 días en los internados vs 2,9 + 1,9 días en los ambulatorios (p = 0,22). En 100% de ambos grupos de pacientes (en globo 101/101) el urocultivo obtenido al día 5 fue estéril. No hubo complicaciones del tratamiento o sobre la vía venosa. El análisis de costos concluyó que en globo, el manejo ambulatorio representó un 73% de ahorro económico (1.430.000 pesos chilenos vs 5.300.000 pesos en el sólo rubro de día-cama Conclusiones: El tratamiento iv ambulatorio en pacientes con ITU febril entre 2 y 24 meses fue efectivo, seguro y a un menor costo. Objective: To describe the feasibility, effectiveness and safety of intravenous (iv) outpatient treatment in 2 to 24 month-old children with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). Method: Children presenting to the ER, between April 2003-2005, with fever and no identifiable focus who had a diagnosis of UTI were randomized to receive iv antibiotic in the hospital or in an outpatient facility. Children were started on amikacin or ceftriaxona according to physician criteria followed by antimicrobial adjustment based on uriñe culture result and a later switch to an oral antimicrobial. Uriñe cultures were performed during and after completing the antimicrobial course. Adherence and effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment and treatment-associated complications were analyzed. Results: The study included 112 patients, 58 inpatient children and 54 outpatient children, with an average age of 7.7 months. Duration of iv treatment didnot differ among groups (2.8 days (SD 1.2) 2.7 +0.91 days ininpatients vs 2.9 + 1.9 days in outpatients (p = 0.22). In 100% of outpatient children and 100% of inpatient children (overall 101/101) uriñe cultures were negative on day 5. None of the children had a treatment-associated complication. Cost analysis yielded 73% of saving money (overall cost for inpatient treatment US 9,815 vs outpatient treatment US 2,650). Conclusions: Outpatient iv treatment in patients between 2 and 24 months with UTI and fever was effective, safe and of lower cost.

Objective: To describe the feasibility, effectiveness and safety of intravenous (iv) outpatient treatment in 2 to 24 month-old children with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). Method: Children presenting to the ER, between April 2003-2005, with fever and no identifiable focus who had a diagnosis of UTI were randomized to receive iv antibiotic in the hospital or in an outpatient facility. Children were started on amikacin or ceftriaxona according to physician criteria followed by antimicrobial adjustment based on urine culture result and a later switch to an oral antimicrobial. Urine cultures were performed during and after completing the antimicrobial course. Adherence and effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment and treatment-associated complications were analyzed. Results: The study included 112 patients, 58 inpatient children and 54 outpatient children, with an average age of 7.7 months. Duration of iv treatment did not differ among groups (2.8 days (SD 1.2) 2.7 +0.91 days in inpatients vs 2.9 + 1.9 days in outpatients (p = 0.22). In 100% of outpatient children and 100% of inpatient children (overall 101/101) urine cultures were negative on day 5. None of the children had a treatment-associated complication. Cost analysis yielded 73% of saving money (overall cost for inpatient treatment US 9,815 vs outpatient treatment US 2,650). Conclusions: Outpatient iv treatment in patients between 2 and 24 months with UTI and fever was effective, safe and of lower cost

National audience

Severe adenovirus (ADV) infections have become increasingly important in immunocompromised patients, mainly in pediatric stem cell transplant recipients. We report a case of disseminated ADV infection leading to death in a 12-year-old stem cell transplant recipient. The diagnosis was confirmed by viral isolation and viral genome detection in tissues and blood. Main issues associated with infection, diagnosis and therapeutic alternatives are reviewed. This case should alert clinicians to suspect and study this agent in high risk patients and highlights the importance of having antiviral drugs for ADV available in Chile.

Las infecciones graves por adenovirus (ADV) tienen una importancia creciente en pacientes inmuno-comprometidos, en especial en niños sometidos a trasplante de precursores hematopoyéticos (TPH). Se reporta un caso de infección por ADV inicialmente gastrointestinal y luego diseminada, de curso fatal, en un niño de 12 años, post LPH. El diagnóstico se confirmó mediante aislamiento viral y detección de genoma viral en tejidos y sangre. Se revisan los principales aspectos de la infección por ADV, su diagnóstico y las posibilidades terapéuticas. Este caso debe alertar a los médicos clínicos para sospechar y estudiar este agente viral en pacientes de alto riesgo y enfatiza la importancia de disponer en Chile de antivirales para su tratamiento Severe adenovirus (ADV) infections have become increasingly important in immunocompromised patients, mainly in pediatric stem cell transplant recipients. We report a case of disseminated ADV infection leading to death in a 12-year-old stem cell transplant recipient. The diagnosis was confirmed by viral isolation and viral genome detection in tissues and blood. Main issues associated with infection, diagnosis and therapeutic alternatives are reviewed. This case should alert clinicians to suspect and study this agent in high risk patients and highlights the importance of having antiviral drugs for ADV available in Chile

Human metapneumovirus was detected in 15 of 123 children (12%) younger than 3 years of age hospitalized for treatment of acute respiratory infection between July and November 2004. The virus was detected by RT-PCR directly from nasopharyngeal swabs and/or from supernatants after cell culture. Children infected with hMPV were mostly younger than one year of age (67%), all presenting with fever and cough. The main cause for hospitalization was the need for oxygen therapy (73%). Four hMPV positive children had an identifiable co-morbid condition but had a similar clinical evolution when compared to previously healthy infants. Chest radiography showed an increase in interstitial infiltrates with focal consolidation in 6 children. Obstructive bronchial syndrome and bronchiolitis, with or without pneumonia, were the most frequent diagnosis associated with hMPV positivity. A rapid and sensitive diagnostic method is required to improve diagnosis and treatment of these patients.

Metapneumovirus humano (MPVh) fue detectado entre julio y noviembre en 15 de 123 niños bajo 3 años de edad hospitalizados por infección respiratoria aguda (12%). Las muestras fueron estudiadas mediante técnicas de biología molecular (RPC-TR de muestra de hisopado nasofaríngeo y/o de sobrenadante de cultivo). El 67% de los niños hospitalizados con MPVh tenían menos de 1 año de edad, todos ellos presentaron tos y fiebre y el principal motivo de hospitalización fue el requerimiento de oxígeno en 73% de los casos. Si bien un tercio de los pacientes tenía patología previa, su evolución clínica no fue diferente respecto de los niños previamente sanos. El patrón radiológico mostró aumento de la trama intersticial, con focos de consolidación en 6 casos (40%). El diagnóstico más frecuente fue síndrome bronquial obstructivo o bronquiolitis, asociado o no a neumonía. Destaca la necesidad de un método de diagnóstico rápido para optimizar el diagnóstico diferencial, manejo y control de infecciones en estos pacientes Human metapneumovirus was detected in 15 of 123 children (12%) younger than 3 years of age hospitalized for treatment of acute respiratory infection between July and November 2004. The virus was detected by RT-PCR directly from nasopharyngeal swabs and/or from supernatants after cell culture. Children infected with hMPV were mostly younger than one year of age (67%), all presenting with fever and cough. The main cause for hospitalization was the need for oxygen therapy (73%). Four hMPV positive children had an identifiable co-morbid condition but had a similar clinical evolution when compared to previously healthy infants. Chest radiography showed an increase in interstitial infiltrates with focal consolidation in 6 children. Obstructive bronchial syndrome and bronchiolitis, with or without pneumonia, were the most frequent diagnosis associated with hMPV positivity. A rapid and sensitive diagnostic method is required to improve diagnosis and treatment of these patients

Metapneumovirus humano (MPVh) fue detectado entre julio y noviembre en 15 de 123 niños bajo 3 años de edad hospitalizados por infección respiratoria aguda (12%). Las muestras fueron estudiadas mediante técnicas de biología molecular (RPC-TR de muestra de hisopado nasofaríngeo y/o de sobrenadante de cultivo). El 67% de los niños hospitalizados con MPVh tenían menos de 1 año de edad, todos ellos presentaron tos y fiebre y el principal motivo de hospitalización fue el requerimiento de oxígeno en 73% de los casos. Si bien un tercio de los pacientes tenía patología previa, su evolución clínica no fue diferente respecto de los niños previamente sanos. El patrón radiológico mostró aumento de la trama intersticial, con focos de consolidación en 6 casos (40%). El diagnóstico más frecuente fue síndrome bronquial obstructivo o bronquiolitis, asociado o no a neumonía. Destaca la necesidad de un método de diagnóstico rápido para optimizar el diagnóstico diferencial, manejo y control de infecciones en estos pacientes

La endocarditis causada por Streptococcus pneumoniae es una patología muy poco frecuente en niños, correspondiendo sólo a 3 - 7% de los casos. Sin embargo, su importancia radica en que se puede presentar de forma muy agresiva, con complicaciones como destrucción valvular y abscesos, y con una mortalidad reportada hasta 61%, de no mediar tratamiento antimicrobiano precoz y muchas veces cardiocirugía. En más del 50% se puede asociar a otros focos infecciosos, como meningitis, neumonía, sinusitis o mastoiditis. Se describe el caso de una lactante de 10 meses que presentó una meningitis asociada a endocarditis debidas a S. pneumoniae, con grave compromiso cardíaco, y que requirió reemplazo valvular. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura médica acerca de endocarditis por S. pneumoniae en niños

La endocarditis causada por Streptococcus pneumoniae es una patología muy poco frecuente en niños, correspondiendo sólo a 3 - 7% de los casos. Sin embargo, su importancia radica en que se puede presentar de forma muy agresiva, con complicaciones como destrucción valvular y abscesos, y con una mortalidad reportada hasta 61%, de no mediar tratamiento antimicrobiano precoz y muchas veces cardiocirugía. En más del 50% se puede asociar a otros focos infecciosos, como meningitis, neumonía, sinusitis o mastoiditis. Se describe el caso de una lactante de 10 meses que presentó una meningitis asociada a endocarditis debidas a S. pneumoniae, con grave compromiso cardíaco, y que requirió reemplazo valvular. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura médica acerca de endocarditis por S. pneumoniae en niños Endocarditis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children is an infrequent disease, corresponding to 3-7% of all cases of endocarditis. However, it is highly relevant because of its severity with the possibility of producing valvular ring abscesses and destruction, and high mortality that reaches up to 61% if medical and surgical treatment are not started early in the course of the illness. Over 50% of cases are associated to other sites of infection such as meningitis, pneumonia, sinusitis or mastoiditis. We report a 10-months-old infant who was admitted with meningitis and endocarditis due to S. pneumoniae, who presented with severe heart failure and required aortic valve replacement. A review of the literature of endocarditis caused by S. pneumoniae in pediatrics is presented

Amantadina es un fármaco eficaz para el tratamiento y prevención de influenza A. Su mecanismo de acción es inhibir la proteína M2. Su uso por períodos prolongados puede generar resistencia, la cual ocurre por mutaciones en el gen que codifica para la proteína M2. La mutación más frecuentemente encontrada se ubica en la posición 31. El uso de técnicas de biología molecular permite detectar estas mutaciones. Los objetivos fueron determinar la existencia de resistencia a amantadina en cepas de virus influenza A aisladas entre los años 2001 y 2002 en un laboratorio de virología en Santiago de Chile, y validar un nuevo método de biología molecular para reconocer cepas resistentes. Para ello se utilizó metodología de RPC y análisis de tamaño de fragmentos de restricción. En 31 cepas procesadas no se observó la presencia de cambios en la posición 31. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la resistencia a amantadina es muy baja o está ausente en nuestro medio. Esto podría explicarse por un limitado uso de este fármaco en esta población. El método descrito puede servir de base para un monitoreo prospectivo de resistencia, que pueda ser de utilidad al médico clínico. Amantadine has been used for prevention and treatment of influenza A infection. It blocks the proton through the M2 ion channel. Drug-resistant viruses appear quickly when this therapy is used. Single amino acids changes in the H2 protein can confer resistance, being the most frequent one in position 31. Different methods to detect resistant strains have been described. The objectives were to determine the existence of amantadine resistance of influenza A strains isolated in a virologic laboratory in Santiago, Chile, between 2001-2002, and to validate a new molecular method to detect resistant strains. A PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was employed for the detection of resistant viruses. In 31 processed strains no mutation in the position 31 was found. This result supports that amantadine resistance is very low or absent in Chile. This could be explained by a limited use of this drug in the study population. This method could be used as a monitoring system to survey resistant viruses.

Amantadina es un fármaco eficaz para el tratamiento y prevención de influenza A. Su mecanismo de acción es inhibir la proteína M2. Su uso por períodos prolongados puede generar resistencia, la cual ocurre por mutaciones en el gen que codifica para la proteína M2. La mutación más frecuentemente encontrada se ubica en la posición 31. El uso de técnicas de biología molecular permite detectar estas mutaciones. Los objetivos fueron determinar la existencia de resistencia a amantadina en cepas de virus influenza A aisladas entre los años 2001 y 2002 en un laboratorio de virología en Santiago de Chile, y validar un nuevo método de biología molecular para reconocer cepas resistentes. Para ello se utilizó metodología de RPC y análisis de tamaño de fragmentos de restricción. En 31 cepas procesadas no se observó la presencia de cambios en la posición 31. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la resistencia a amantadina es muy baja o está ausente en nuestro medio. Esto podría explicarse por un limitado uso de este fármaco en esta población. El método descrito puede servir de base para un monitoreo prospectivo de resistencia, que pueda ser de utilidad al médico clínico.

La amígdala lingual es una estructura que en forma poco frecuente produce sintomatología respiratoria. En la literatura pediátrica existen escasos reportes sobre este tema. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar la presentación clínica y de laboratorio de los casos de pacientes con diagnóstico de hipertrofia de la amígdala lingual demostrados en nuestro Centro. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo (fichas clínicas) de 5 casos de pacientes con este diagnóstico confirmados con fibrobroncoscopia, analizando los antecedentes mórbidos previos, los síntomas de presentación, los estudios de imágenes (radiología) y de función pulmonar (espirometría). La edad de los pacientes fluctuó entre los 8 y los 14 años. En cuanto a la sintomatología, en 2 de los 5 casos se presentó como laringitis recurrente a una edad poco habitual (8 y 13 años), 1 de ellos como cuadro asmático con componente obstructivo inspiratorio y otros 2, como hallazgo espirométrico dentro del estudio de asma. Todos los pacientes demostraron alteración de la curva flujo volumen sugerente de obstrucción de vía aérea alta, 3 tuvieron estudio radiológico normal (radiografía de cuello y tórax) y otros 3 estudio cintigráfico tiroideo normal. En 2 pacientes se indicó cirugía, practicándose en 1 caso; en el resto se indicó conducta expectante debido a la escasa sintomatología. En resumen, la hipertrofia de la amígdala lingual es una patología poco frecuente, pero debe tenerse presente en aquellos casos de obstrucción inspiratoria en edades poco habituales o bien cuando la curva flujo volumen así lo sugiera. Consideramos importante el seguimiento de estos pacientes para evaluar la eventual progresión de los síntomas y su manejo The lingual tonsil is a normal structure that only occasionally produces respiratory symptoms. In the paedriatric literature there are few reports referring to this subject. The article’s objective was to review the clinical and laboratory presentation of patients with lingual tonsil hypertrophy. A retrospective study, using case notes, of 5 cases with a flexible bronchoscopy confirmed diagnosis of lingual tonsil hypertrophy was carried out. Past medical history, symptoms, x-ray and lung function studies were analyzed. The age range was 8-14 years. In 2 cases the symptomology presented as recurrent laryngitis at an unusual age (8 and 13 years). One was described as an asthmatic with an inspiratory obstructive component and 2 others had abnormal spirometric findings in their studies for asthma. All patients had an abnormal flow/volume curve suggesting upper airway obstruction. 3 cases had normal x-rays (lateral neck and chest). In 2 cases surgery was indicated but only 1 performed, the other 3 were followed up because they had few symptoms. In summary lingual tonsil is not a common pathology but should be considered in cases of inspiratory obstruction at an unusual age or if the flow/volume curve shows a decreased inspiratory loop

The study aimed to investigate on a pig alveolar macrophage culture model the influence of: (1) poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) characteristics, (2) the residual poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and (3) the nature of encapsulated proteins, immunoglobulin Y (IgY) or bovine serum albumin, on the microspheres phagocytosis efficiency. The phagocytosis evaluation was performed by flow cytometry and has allowed a screening of microspheres formulations. The hydrophilicity of microspheres resulting from the nature of the polymer and/ or from the residual hydrophilic surface agent (PVA) led to a decrease of phagocytosis intensity. The phagocytosis results of IgY-loaded microspheres strongly suggested that the phagocytosis was increased when the phagocytic cell possessed a receptor for this protein on its surface.

Annual Meeting of the National-Coastal-Oceanography-Programme - National Research Project on Coastal Zones, NANTES, FRANCE, JUN 24-26, 1996; International audience; Nitrate and ammonium uptake rates were measured in spring and summer in deep and shallow well-mixed waters of the English Channel during different cruises between 1986 and 1994. In the deep waters, nitrate uptake was relatively low during phytoplankton development and ammonium uptake represented more than 70 % of the total uptake irrespective of the season. In the shallow waters, nitrate uptake during spring phytoplankton growth was high and represented about 75 % of the total uptake. Ammonium uptake became substantial towards the end of spring and summer. The high contribution of ammonium to the nitrogenous nutrition of phytoplankton over the whole of the well-mixed waters is related to a high rate of recycling of nitrogen in the water column. Ammonium regeneration by microheterotrophs can satisfy between 62 % and the totality of the phytoplankton nitrogen requirements. The high primary production in deep well-mixed waters is not supported by allochthonous nitrogen supply but by an intense in situ regeneration of nitrogen. The situation is similar in shallow well-mixed waters, except during the spring bloom. (C) Elsevier, Paris.

Les quantités d'éléments nutritifs, en particulier d'azote, et de matière organique déversées par les fleuves dans les eaux côtières ont considérablement augmenté ces dernières années en raison d'une part d'une intensification des pratiques agricoles, d'autre part, d'une industrialisation et d'une urbanisation croissante des zones littorales. Ces apports peuvent, à une échelle locale ou à mésoéchelle, modifier de manière importante le fonctionnement des écosystèmes côtiers. Ils peuvent, en particulier, en enrichissant le milieu en azote intensifier les processus d'absorption du phytoplancton et déclencher des proliférations algales. La dégradation et la minéralisation de la matière organique ainsi produite et aussi de la matière organique directement importée dans le système aboutit fréquemment à un appauvrissement en oxygène dissous des masses d'eaux pouvant entraîner une mortalité importante de la faune marine. Les apports terrestres peuvent aussi, lorsqu'ils s'effectuent sous la forme d'ammonium (rejets urbains ou industriels), intensifier les processus de nitrification qui sont par ailleurs favorisés dans les milieux côtiers souvent turbides par le faible niveau moyen d'éclairement. Les eaux de la Baie de Seine se présentent, en Manche, comme un exemple d'eaux côtières sous l'influence d'importants apports terrigènes. Les quantités d'azote, en particulier, déversées par la Seine sont de l'ordre de 90 000 tonnes/an et ont tendance à augmenter environ de 2 % chaque année (Guillaud, 1993).

National audience

National audience

National audience

Spatio-temporal variations in the physicochemical and biological parameters in the Morlaix estuary on the Brittany coast of France were studied. Hydrographically, the estuary can be classified into 3 segments: the upper estuary where stratification always persists, the lower estuary where vertical homogeneity is permanent, and a middle estuary where there is a regular oscillation of stratification and homogeneity during every tidal cycle, stratification being associated with slack waters and homogeneity, with ebb and flood. Nitrogen pollution in the estuary is very intense.

Seasonal changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) were studied in coastal and estuarine waters of the bay of Molaix (Western English Channel)., Les évolutions saisonnières du carbone organique dissous (COD), de l'azote organique dissous (NOD) et du phosphore organique dissous (POD) ont été étudiées dans les eaux de la baie de Morlaix (Manche occidentale) et de son estuaire.

A comparison is attempted between a semi enclosed bay (Rade de Brest), the vicinity of the Ushant tidal thermal front and the Celtic Sea shelf-break, with respect to phytoplankton and zooplankton overall abundance, using dissolved oxygen as a measure of in situ photosynthetic activity. A simple conceptual model, of a type termed agricultural, appears to be applicable to both the Rade de Brest and the shelf-break ecosystems, while the case of the Ushant front seems more complex. Different time constants in basic physical processes are tentatively put forward to account for the differences in ecosystem functional structures.

Les principaux objectifs envisagés dans ce programme d'étude du domaine pélagique dans le Golfe de Gascogne concernent les caractéristiques chimiques trophiques (sels nutritifs), le phytoplancton, le zooplancton et le micronecton. Ces recherches se situent en aval des travaux sur les variations saisonnières des structures hydrologiques dans cette région, entrepris par les chercheurs de l'équipe physique du Centre Océanologique de Bretagne et du laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique de l'Université de Bretagne Occidentale. A chacune de nos campagnes, nous avons embarqué et travaillé conjointement avec ces chercheurs. Ces recherches se situent par contre en amont de celles concernant le domaine des pêches et les résultats constituent un élément important de l'environnement trophique des Poissons pélagiques, en particulier des grands prédateurs comme le Germon. En dehors d'une sortie d'essais du N.O. Noroît de quelques jours à la fin de l'automne 1971 et d'un certain nombre de prélèvements estivaux de zooplancton réalisés au cours des campagnes "K Thon" (Noroît, 1971) et Biogas 01 (La Perle, 1972) dont il ne sera pas fait état, nous avons essentiellement participé à deux campagnes du N.O. Jean Charcot, organisées par le COB (Campagne P° lygas A, Chef de Mission L. LAUBIER ; Campagne Phygas 32, Chef de Mission A. MADELAIN) . La première campagne "Polygas A" a eu lieu fin octobre début novembre 1972 et correspond à une situation oligotrophe avec des biomasses et des productions faibles tant au niveau du phytoplancton que du zooplancton (toutefois le nombre d'individus du macroplancton et du micronecton est relativement élevé).

5 tables; National audience

Nutrient measurements were performed during the Mediprod IV cruise of the R.V. Jean Charcot in the whole western basin of the Mediterranean Sea, special attention being paid to the Alboran Sea and to the Strait of Gibraltar. From these data, new values for the nutrient budget of the Mediterranean Sea are obtained. It appears that dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) contributes to the total nitrogen input in an amount of more than 50%, and that the river runoff contribution accounts for less than 10% of the total nutrient input. High values of the N : P ratio in the Mediterranean Sea (> 20) are explained by the nitrogen and phosphorus content of the superficial layers of the water inflow into the Mediterranean Sea, together with mineralization processes inside the basin itself. Below the deep water, a 100 to 400 m thick layer of bottom water shows chemical characteristics (lower nutrient concentrations and higher dissolved oxygen concentrations) which confirm its superficial origin.

Oral Communication presented at the ";Forum des Jeunes Chercheurs";, Brest (France) 2011.

Seminar of the Oceanographic-Institute, PARIS, FRANCE, DEC 07, 2000; International audience; In the coastal domain, depending on the importance of hydrodynamics, one can differentiate between several types of systems as follows: (1) a stratified system in regions where the energy dissipated by the tidal currents is weak and a thermal (or haline) stratification becomes established, (2) a homogeneous system in the sectors where the intensity of currents is strong enough to counteract the effect of stratification, and (3) a frontal system, corresponding to a transition between the stratified and well-mixed systems. The functioning pattern in the homogeneous system contrasts with that in zones of weak hydrodynamism (stratified system). The studies carried out in recent years (results obtained mainly in the English Channel) have evidenced this specificity with respect to the nitrogen cycle. When the depth of the well-mixed layers is distinctly greater than that of the euphotic zone (deep homogeneous systems), the production cycle, in terms of nitrogen as well as in terms of carbon, has a broad maximum that extends over the whole summer. The mean light energy available for phytoplankton is low and this limits the growth of the latter throughout the year. On the other hand, nitrogen, the concentrations of which remain high throughout the seasonal cycle, is not a limiting factor for phytoplankton growth. The development of phytoplankton is based mainly on the utilization of regenerated forms of nitrogen, in particular ammonium. The high primary production in the homogeneous system is related to a rapid recycling of ammonium in the water column by the microbial loop and not to a nutrient enrichment with allochthonous inputs. When the well-mixed water column is shallow and light penetration reaches to the bottom in summer (shallow well-mixed systems), the production cycle shows a sharp maximum in spring. The nitrogen stock available in spring for the development of phytoplankton is much smaller than that in the deep well-mixed system. Consequently, in summer nitrate is sometimes near totally exhausted in the shallow well-mixed systems. The decrease in nitrate concentrations is compensated for by the prevalence of high concentrations of ammonium that prevent a marked limitation of nitrogen. Hence, light remains the main factor limiting the development of phytoplankton in this shallow sector of the homogeneous system. The shallow homogeneous system, in spite of a seasonal cycle distinctly different from that in the deep homogeneous system, also shows a primary production mainly of a regenerated nature. Most of the organic matter produced in the entire homogeneous system is decomposed in situ and mineralized; the capacity of this type of system to export organic matter therefore is reduced.