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Doğru kazançların raporlara yansıtılmasını ifade eden kazanç kalitesini pek çok faktör etkileyebilmektedir. Çalışma bu doğrultuda kurumsal yönetim, şirket büyüklüğü ve muhafazakâr muhasebenin kazanç kalitesine etkisini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma bu amaçla 2012-2021 yıllarında Borsa İstanbul’da mali kuruluşlar sektöründe işlem gören 26 holding ve yatırım şirketini incelemektedir. Çalışma kapsamında gelir kalitesi oranı, şirket yaşı, yönetim kurulu büyüklüğü, yönetim kurulu bağımsızlığı, şirket büyüklüğü ve tahakkuk esasına göre belirlenen muhafazakâr muhasebe değişkeni kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada kurumsal yönetim, muhafazakâr muhasebe ve şirket büyüklüğünün kazanç kalitesi üzerine etkisinin olup olmadığını ölçmek için panel veri analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları kurumsal yönetimin ve muhafazakâr muhasebenin kazanç kalitesi üzerine anlamlı etkisi olduğuna dair kanıtlar ortaya koymaktadır. Muhafazakâr muhasebe düzeyi ile kazanç kalitesi arasında anlamlı fakat ters yönde bir ilişki olduğu görülmektedir. Kurumsal yönetim göstergelerinden şirket yaşı ve yönetim kurulu büyüklüğü ile kazanç kalitesi arasında pozitif ve anlamlı ilişkinin varlığı belirlenmektedir. Şirket büyüklüğünün kazanç kalitesi üzerine anlamlı bir etkisi ise belirlenememiştir., Many factors can affect the quality of earnings, which means that the right earnings are reflected in the reports. In this direction, the study aims to determine the effects of corporate governance, company size, and conservative accounting on earnings quality. For this purpose, the study examines 26 holding and investment companies traded in the financial institution's sector on Borsa Istanbul between 2012 and 2021. Within the scope of the study, conservative accounting variables determined according to income quality ratio, company age, board size, board independence, company size, and accrual basis were used. In the study, the panel data analysis method was used to measure whether corporate governance, conservative accounting, and company size influence earnings quality. The results of the study provide evidence that corporate governance and conservative accounting have a significant effect on earnings quality. It is seen that there is a significant but inverse relationship between conservative accounting level and earnings quality. The existence of a positive and significant relationship between corporate governance indicators, company age and board size, and earnings quality is determined. A significant effect of company size on earnings quality could not be determined.

Muhafazakâr muhasebe kavramı yakın zamanda muhasebe literatüründe sıkılıkla incelenen bir konuolmuştur. Şirketlerin muhafazakâr muhasebeyi uygulamalarını ne ölçüde yaptıklarının belirlenmesininyanı sıra bu uygulamaları etkileyen çeşitli değişkenlerin incelenmesi de önemli bir çalışma alanıolarak görülmektedir. Çalışmada kurumsal yönetim ve kârlılıkla ilgili değişkenlerin muhafazakârmuhasebe uygulamalarına olan etkisini saptamak amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda BİST 100endeksinde yer alan üretim işletmelerinin 2010-2018 yılları arasındaki verileri kullanılarak kurumsalyönetim ve karlılığa ilişkin değişkenlerin muhafazakâr muhasebeye etkisi oluşturulan modeller üzerindenpanel veri yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak koşulsuz muhafazakâr muhasebe uygulamalarıaçısından kurumsal yönetimin ve kârlılığın etkisinin daha çok olduğu ve koşulsuz muhafazakârmuhasebe uygulamaları çerçevesinde kârlılığın etkisinin kurumsal yönetime göre biraz daha ön plandaolduğu tespit edilmiştir., The concept of conservative accounting has recently been a frequently examined topic in the accountingliterature. In addition to determining the extent to which companies perform conservative accountingpractices, examining various factors that affect these practices is also seen as an important fieldof study. In this study, it is intended to determine the impact of corporate governance and profitability-related variables on conservative accounting practices. For this purpose, the impacts of the variablesrelated to corporate governance and profitability on conservative accounting have been analyzed withthe panel data method through the models generated by using the data of the manufacturing companieslisted in the BIST100 index between the years 2010-2018. As a result, it has been determined thatthe impact of corporate governance and profitability is more in terms of unconditional conservativeaccounting practices, and the impact of profitability in the framework of unconditional conservativeaccounting practices is found a slightly more prominent than corporate governance.

This paper revises the standard interpretation of the book rate of return as a measure of profitability. Rather, due to conservative accounting, the book rate of return informs about risk and the expected return to the investor. In contrast to asset pricing research, where the book rate of return is viewed as positively associated with risk and expected stock returns, the paper demonstrates the opposite: with the effect of conservative accounting, the book rate of return is negatively associated with risk and expected return. The empirical analysis indicates that the market prices equities accordingly. It also shows how the previously documented positive correlation is due to a misunderstanding of accounting and how the book rate of return enters into asset pricing in a way that is consistent with the accounting.

Background: Investors does seldom use the information provided within the notes when making investment decisions even though it is evident that notes impact the organisations share price. The reason is unclear, though hypothetically it is possible that the unawareness of potential advantages and disadvantages might be the problem. Thus, this report will aim to increase the investors and other stakeholders’ knowledge by measuring the Attention to Detail in organisations notes. Attention to Detail is in this report a measure proclaimed to align with the conservative accounting which then will measure the degree of detail the organisations’ display. Purpose: The purpose is to develop a measurement for ‘Attention to Detail’ and thereafter try to investigate what explains the Attention to Detail within the notes. Thus, the research question is stated as follows: What organisational factors impact companies’ Attention to Detail in their notes? Method: This report applies a deductive and positivistic approach where accounting theories are used to formulate hypothesises. The theories used are PAT/Agency Theory which participated in constructing two hypothesises regarding variable compensation and financial leverage, the Upper Echelon Theory that contributed to establishing a hypothesis concerning women in top position and the Institutional Theory that sympathised in the creation of industry differences hypothesis. A qualitative approach was conducted where data from a total of 175 firms was collected from their 2019 annual reports. To be able to investigate if the hypothesises established had any significant relationships with Attention to Detail, a Pearson correlation and Regression analysis was created. Conclusion: It was found that financial leverage and different industrial sectors had a positive relationship towards Attention to Detail. It could also be concluded that the Institutional Theory had an explanatory power over the outcome of all the hypotheses and therefore is the most prominent accounting theory to explain the application of detail, in this study.

We develop an accounting model with three distinctive features: (1) business-cycle-conformity, where the book value of an enterprise equals the fair value of cash at the beginning and the end of a cash-to-cash business cycle; (2) a revenue recognition principle, where the level of uncertainty about future cash flows affects the amount of revenues recognized; (3) a matching principle, where expenses are matched with revenue with a conservative bias due to uncertainty. In a single-transaction-cycle model, we identify conditions under which (a) expected earnings growth rate is positively correlated with the expected stock return; (b) the earnings-to-cash (i.e. accrual) ratio is negatively correlated with the expected stock return; (c) the expected earnings yield (i.e., forward E/P ratio) is negatively correlated with the expected stock return. In a multi-transaction-cycle setting we analyze how investment growth affects the above results. In particular, we show that accruals and the earnings yield are more likely to exhibit negative correlation with the expected stock return for firms with high growth in investment. The accounting we model is similar to that under GAAP and IFRS, so the properties that we highlight are features of those regimes.

The phenomenon of the financial crisis is not a new phenomenon around the world. The structure of an economy or a set of economies may face a financial crisis. In fact, it is deformation, dimensions, causes and roots of the financial crisis which create a state of change from this crisis. Recently, evidence has shown that the market value of firms subject to bankruptcy is significantly reduced. In this study, the impact of the financial crisis on conservative accounting and transparency of banks in Iran has been studied. After designing the transparency indicators, the transaction information was collected from the Stock Exchange in the five-year period of 2011-2015. The statistical sample consists of 18 banks selected by systematic elimination method, which in total were 90 years-bank. In this research, linear regression and correlation were used to investigate the hypotheses of the research. Eviews software was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. What can be said in the overall conclusion of testing the hypotheses is that the financial crisis affects the conservative accounting and transparency of banks.

Prior literature documents the usefulness of the DuPont disaggregation for predicting firms’ future profitability, operating income, and stock market returns. In addition, research also emphasizes the importance of earnings quality information. However, there is a lack of research examining how earnings quality affects forecasts of profitability. This paper explores whether different earnings quality factors moderate the accuracy of profitability forecasts. This study contributes to the existing literature along three dimensions. First, contrary to financial statement analysis studies, I find that changes in profit margin provide incremental information for predicting changes in future return on assets. After controlling for earnings quality factors, the incremental usefulness of this accounting signal increases significantly. Second, this paper contributes to the earnings quality literature by providing an approach as how to include this information into forecasts of profitability. In doing so, I incorporate the main drivers of earnings quality (i.e. fundamental performance and the accounting system) into profitability forecasts. Last, the paper adds to the literature on how capital market participants perceive accounting information. I document that both analysts and investors appear to efficiently incorporate earnings quality information in their investment decisions.

Prior research on conservative accounting and bondholder-shareholder conflict show that firms with higher degree of conservatism experience less austere conflict and lower cost of debt. However, since the implementation of IFRS in 2005, conservatism has been widely reduced in favor of fair value principles. This study sets out to examine if accounting conservatism still mitigates the conflict and reduces cost of debt. We regress two measures of conservatism on three conflict proxies and debt cost, respectively, for firms on the Norwegian market. Our results support the conclusion that conservative accounting mitigates the bondholder-shareholder conflict even after the introduction of IFRS, but we find no significant evidence that bondholders reward high level of conservatism with lower cost of debt.

The impact of conservative accounting in residual income valuation (RIV) and abnormal earnings growth (AEG) valuation modeling is investigated in this paper. Unconstrained and two types of constrained model specifications are evaluated regarding their ability to withstand biases in book values and earnings due to accounting conservatism. Given that the “clean surplus relation” holds and that the precision of forecasted accounting numbers is unaffected by the type of accounting principles, the unconstrained valuation models are – not surprisingly – found to be immune to conservatism. This does not hold for the constrained models, even though conservatism can be accommodated in these if the time-series specification of the conservative bias fulfils certain conditions. In a comparison between terminal value constrained models, the AEG model is found to be superior to the RIV model if the growth of the conservative bias in the terminal period is not too extreme. Comparing the information dynamics constrained models being proposed in Ohlson (1995) and Ohlson & Juettner-Nauroth (2005), the AEG model is potentially more accurate than the RIV model. However, in a company steady state setting with constant growth, there is no comparative advantage for the AEG model. Also, using the same set of forecasted accounting numbers in the information dynamics constrained RIV model as in the corresponding AEG model, the two models cannot be ranked.

It is well-known from US-related studies that investors systematically overreact to accrual-based accounting information. We address the question to what extent this accrual anomaly is related to different accounting standards. We provide empirical evidence that the accrual anomaly is also present in Germany. However, this anomaly has become particularly important after the year 2000 and cannot be detected for firms presenting their financial statements under German GAAP. It is argued that introducing true and fair view accounting, like IFRS, that relies on difficult-to-verify information, may not be suitable to improve accounting information quality in the context of a weak corporate governance system.

Two valuation models based on accounting concepts and measurements are specified and discussed in the paper - a "residual income valuation" model and a "value added valuation" model. Given clean surplus accounting, the first model is identical to a model where future expected dividends and a horizon value of owners' equity are discounted to a present value. Similarly, the second model is identical to a free cash flow valuation framework, as specified in the well-known "McKinsey model" (Copeland, Koller & Murrin, 1994). The valuation models being specified in the paper use accounting measures of capital, capital growth and return on capital to calculate a fundamental value of owners' equity. As a certain connection between the required market rate of return ("cost of capital"), the accounting return on capital and capital growth can be expected to hold in the long run, the valuation models provide for some simplification of typical prediction problems inherent in fundamental valuation analysis.