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V prispevku se v skladu s Toporišičevim razumevanjem propozicije osredotočamo na primerjavo tipov stavčnih zgradb pri oblikovanju neaktivnih dejanj in stanj človeškega organizma. Izhodiščni jezik za primerjavo je slovaščina, primerjani jeziki so češčina, poljščina, slovaščina[!] in hrvaščina. Primerjava nastaja v mikrosituacijah: 1. neaktivne akcije, 2. neaktivni procesi, 3. fizčna stanja.

В главе рассматривается феномен патриотизма как сложного многокомпонентного психологического явления в сопоставлении с феноменом национализма. На основе компаративного подхода проводится размежевание этих двух явлений, при этом выявляются их разные психологические основы. Особое внимание уделяется различным подходам к концепции патриота и патриотическому воспитанию как системе формирования личности патриотов на основе триединства эмоциональных, когнитивных и поведенческих аспектов и дается определение синергетического потенциала патриотического воспитания., The chapter examines the phenomenon of patriotism as a complex multicomponent psychological phenomenon in comparison with the phenomenon of nationalism. Based on a comparative approach, the two phenomena are demarcated, with their different psychological foundations revealed. The author pays particular attention to various approaches to the concept of a patriot and patriotic education as a system for the formation of the personalities of patriots based on the trinity of emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects, and provides a definition of the synergistic potential of patriotic education.

Rhythmicity in the millisecond to second range is a fundamental building block of communication and coordinated movement. But how widespread are rhythmic capacities across species, and how did they evolve under different environmental pressures? Comparative research is necessary to answer these questions but has been hindered by limited crosstalk and comparability among results from different study species. Most acoustics studies do not explicitly focus on characterising or quantifying rhythm, but many are just a few scrapes away from contributing to and advancing the field of comparative rhythm research. Here, we present an eight-level rhythm reporting framework which details actionable steps researchers can take to report rhythm-relevant metrics. Levels fall into two categories: metric reporting and data sharing. Metric reporting levels include defining rhythm-relevant metrics, providing point estimates of temporal interval variability, reporting interval distributions, and conducting rhythm analyses. Data sharing levels are: sharing audio recordings, sharing interval durations, sharing sound element start and end times, and sharing audio recordings with sound element start/end times. Using sounds recorded from a sperm whale as a case study, we demonstrate how each reporting framework level can be implemented on real data. We also highlight existing best practice examples from recent research spanning multiple species. We clearly detail how engagement with our framework can be tailored case-by-case based on how much time and effort researchers are willing to contribute. Finally, we illustrate how reporting at any of the suggested levels will help advance comparative rhythm research. This framework will actively facilitate a comparative approach to acoustic rhythms while also promoting cooperation and data sustainability. By quantifying and reporting rhythm metrics more consistently and broadly, new avenues of inquiry and several long-standing, big picture research questions become more tractable. These lines of research can inform not only about the behavioural ecology of animals but also about the evolution of rhythm-relevant phenomena and the behavioural neuroscience of rhythm production and perception. Rhythm is clearly an emergent feature of life; adopting our framework, researchers from different fields and with different study species can help understand why.

Urban vitality, understood as a key factor for the achievement of cities’ sustainability, shows a strong relationship with urban morphology. The city theorist Jane Jacobs suggested morphologi-cal aspects to promote vital cities already in the 1960s, which remain valid in the present. How-ever, few studies in the Andean region quantitatively exemplify this. This paper aims to test the measurement of urban vitality in a neighborhood of Quito, Ecuador, called La Mariscal, inte-grating Jacobs’ approach. In particular, three urban vitality indexes are evaluated with the appli-cation of GIS software using cadastral data obtained from the municipality and field data col-lection. Results show that the context-based previous knowledge and the scale of analysis are es-sential factors in the configuration of dimensions, indicators, and spatial representation of any urban vitality index. In the study area land use mixture, contact opportunity, and accessibility dimensions are fundamental. Regarding indicators, the incorporation of the informal small-scale commerce, the quality of sidewalks, the street slope, and the good-conditioned street furniture is recommended. Finally, a hybrid representation (raster and vectorial) is suggested to precisely measure urban vitality at a block scale. Altogether, by providing a comparative approach, we in-tend to bring a useful framework for researchers and planners to study urban vitality in Andean cities.

Le présent article étudie comment Charles Nodier a abordé sous un angle pouvant déjà être qualifié de « comparatiste » la réalité socio-culturelle qu’il découvre en 1812 dans les Provinces illyriennes : parti d’une volonté de collecte de « matériaux » locaux, le jeune écrivain envisage d’élaborer une histoire « générale » replaçant ces données dans un contexte plus large. Par ailleurs, le « domaine » illyrien influence nettement tant les études philologiques menées par le romantique français que ses réflexions esthétiques sur les relations entre le folklore littéraire et la littérature., This article looks at how Charles Nodier approached the socio-cultural reality that he discovered in 1812 in the Illyrian Provinces from an angle that could already be described as “comparatist”: Starting from a desire to collect local “material,” the young writer envisaged elaborating a “general” history and placing this information in a wider context. Moreover, the Illyrian “domain” clearly influenced the French Romantic’s philological studies just as it did his aesthetic reflection on the relationship between literary folklore and literature.

В статье дана характеристика сравнительного, затратного и доходного подходов в оценке стоимости при осуществлении сделок с публичными землями. Приведены и дана характеристика этапов представленных подходов. Выявлены достоинства и недостатки подходов., The article describes the comparative, costly and profitable approaches in assessing the value of transactions with public lands. The stages of the presented approaches are described and characterized. The advantages and disadvantages of hiking are revealed., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 11 (148) 2023, Pages 933-936

Stage 1 IPA at PCI RR

The cognitive abilities of "reptiles" have long been a neglected topic compared to research on cognition in two other groups of tetrapods - mammals and birds. Recently, however, studies testing selected aspects of various cognitive abilities in "reptiles" have become quite abundant. In this thesis, the different types of cognitive tasks studied were determined (focusing on numerical abilities, spatial learning, reversal learning, visual discrimination, social learning, "problem-solving" or operant conditioning) and then the methods of testing them in "reptiles" were discussed in detail. Subsequently, within the paraphyletic group "reptiles", the given cognitive abilities for each family (and specific species) were mapped with respect to their phylogeny. A general problem in some studies was the smaller number of subjects tested (minimum 1, maximum 559, median 15) relative to the often great number of factors studied (minimum 1, maximum 14, median 4) and the wide interindividual variability in cognitive performance. Although the amount of work on the cognitive abilities of "reptiles" has been rising over the last decade, qualitative analysis suggests the presence of simpler types of cognition. A quantitative or phylogenetic analysis of "reptilian" cognitive abilities has so far been precluded by low...

Cilj ovog preglednoga rada bio je istražiti dosadašnje spoznaje o patofiziološkim mehanizmima nastanka mastocitoma u različitih vrsta životinja i ljudi. Također je bila namjera na temelju literaturnih podataka usporediti biološko ponašanje i oblike mastocitoma u ljudi i različitih životinjskih vrsta i komparativnim pristupom istražiti najvažnija obilježja mastocitoma, njihovu pojavnost te mogućnost širenja. Patogeneza mastocitoma nije još u potpunosti razjašnjena. Pretpostavlja se da je više čimbenika uključeno u mehanizam nastanka; pasminska predispozicija upućuje na gensku komponentu uključenu u patogenezu mastocitoma, a važnu ulogu ima i mutacija gena koji kodira receptor s aktivnošću tirozin ‒ kinaze (KIT) na membrani mastocita za vezanje čimbenika matičnih stanica (SCF, engl. stem cell factor). Mutacija KIT gena uzrokuje stvaranje KIT receptora koji je kontinuirano aktivan u odsutnosti liganda, tj. SCF-a što dovodi do proliferacije mastocita i nastanka mastocitoma. Mutacije KIT gena u pasa su najčešće locirane na eksonu 11 koji kodira regulatornu jukstamembransku domenu KIT receptora, dok je u ljudi s mastocitozom najzastupljenija mutacija D816V na poziciji 2447 kodirajuće sekvence KIT gena. Mutacije KIT gena u pasa su povezane s progresijom i lošijom prognozom mastocitoma, dok u ljudi i u mačaka mutacije KIT gena nisu povezane s prognozom bolesti, premda u ljudi imaju bitnu ulogu u dijagnostici i terapiji., This review article investigates the current knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms for the formation of mast cell tumours in different animal species and humans. Based on the available literature data, the biological behaviour and forms of mast cell tumour occurring in animals and people were compared, and the essential features of these tumours, such as incidence and the possibility of spread, were examined. The pathogenesis of mast cell tumour formation is not yet fully elucidated though it is assumed to be multifactorial. Breed predisposition to mast cell tumour formation raises the suspicion that pathogenesis is based on a genetic component, where a mutation of the gene that codes the receptor for tyrosine kinase activity on the mast cell membrane for the binding of stem cell factor (SCF) plays an important role. Mutations in the KIT gene causes production of a KIT receptor that is constitutively activated in the absence of a ligand, i.e., stem cell factor (SCF), which leads to mast cell proliferation and development of the mast cell tumour. Mutations in the KIT gene in dogs are commonly located on exon 11, which codes the regulated juxtamembrane domain of the KIT receptor, while in humans with mastocytosis, mutations are commonly found on exon D816V at the 2447 position of coding sequence of the KIT gene. Mutations in the KIT gene in dogs are associated with progression and poor prognosis of the mast cell tumour. In contrast, such mutations are not associated with disease prognosis in cats or humans. However, they play an essential role in diagnosis and therapy in humans.

Książka zawiera wyniki empirycznych badań problemów społecznych, czyli takich wydarzeń i procesów społecznych oraz form interakcji, które są niekorzystne lub moralnie naganne dla szerokich rzesz ludzi lub wpływowych grup społecznych, a które mogą zostać zmienione wspólnym wysiłkiem. Autor skupia się na czterech grupach państw Unii Europejskiej, które stanowią całości kulturowo-społeczne: krajach północnych (Szwecja, Dania, Finlandia), południowych (Portugalia, Hiszpania, Włochy i Grecja), wschodnich (Słowacja, Czechy, Węgry i Polska) oraz zachodnich (Francja, Niemcy, Belgia, Holandia i Luksemburg). Analiza dotyczy lat 2004 do 2019 czyli momentu od największego rozszerzenia Unii Europejskiej (o dziesięć krajów, w większości krajów post-radzieckich) do opuszczenia UE przez Zjednoczone Królestwo. Analizy zawarte w książce dotyczą kolejno takich problemów społecznych, uszeregowanych zgodnie z ich wagą, jak: bezrobocie, sytuacja gospodarcza, inflacja, ochrona zdrowia i bezpieczeństwo socjalne, przestępczość, imigracja, emerytury, dług publiczny, edukacja, podatki, środowisko przyrodnicze i jego ochrona, mieszkalnictwo i terroryzm. Każdy z nich jest omówiony z dwóch, różnych perspektyw: subiektywistycznej i obiektywistycznej. Publikacja pokazuje podobieństwa i różnice pomiędzy grupami krajów w dwóch wymiarach. Pierwszy z nich to wymiar subiektywistyczny czyli głos opinii publicznej na temat najważniejszych kłopotów i trudności życia zbiorowego. Autor wykorzystał surowe wyniki sondaży Eurobarometru, opracował je, a następnie przedstawił zbiorcze wyniki w formie tabelarycznej i graficznej. Czytelnik dowiaduje się na tej podstawie co myśleli mieszkańcy czterech grup krajów na temat najbardziej dotkliwych zbiorowych niedogodności i barier rozwojowych. Wymiar drugi dotyczy obiektywnych warunków życia, relacji międzyludzkich i międzygrupowych zobrazowanych za pomocą wskaźników ekonomicznych i behawioralnych, takich jak stopa bezrobocia, wskaźnik inflacji, liczba lat nauki szkolnej czy zamachów terrorystycznych itp. Książka jest pierwszą w Polsce publikacją zestawiającą te dwa wymiary problemów społecznych oraz porównującą zmiany warunków życia i świadomości społecznej. Może zainteresować badaczy problemów społecznych, integracji i dezintegracji europejskiej oraz studentów socjologii, europeistyki, polityki społecznej, politologii oraz pracy socjalnej. Wcześniejsze książki autora zawierały badania kwestii społecznych krajów Grupy Wyszehradzkiej oraz bezrobocia, przestępczości i niedostatku materialnego w Polsce w latach 1995-2016. The book contains the results of empirical research on social problems, i.e., such events and social processes and forms of interaction that are unfavorable or morally reprehensible to large numbers of people or influential social groups, and which can be changed by joint effort. The author focuses on four groups of European Union countries that constitute cultural and social wholes: northern (Sweden, Denmark, Finland), southern (Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Greece), eastern (Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland) and western (France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg). The analysis covers the years 2004 to 2019, i.e., the moment from the largest enlargement of the European Union (by ten countries, mostly post-Soviet countries) to the United Kingdom's departure from the EU. The analyses contained in the book concern such social problems, ranked according to their importance, as: unemployment, economic situation, inflation, health care and social security, crime, immigration, pensions, public debt, education, taxes, the environment and its protection, housing, and terrorism. Each of them is discussed from two different perspectives: subjectivist and objectivist. The publication shows the similarities and differences between groups of countries in two dimensions. The first of these is the subjectivist dimension, i.e., the voice of public opinion about the most important problems and difficulties of collective life. The author used the raw results of the Eurobarometer surveys, compiled them, and then presented the aggregated results in tabular and graphical form. The reader learns from this what the inhabitants of four groups of countries thought about the most severe collective inconveniences and barriers to development. The second dimension concerns objective living conditions, interpersonal and intergroup relations illustrated by economic and behavioural indicators, such as the unemployment rate, the inflation rate, the number of years of schooling, terrorist attacks, etc. The book is the first publication in Poland to compare these two dimensions of social problems and to compare changes in living conditions and social awareness. It may be of interest to researchers of social problems, European integration, and disintegration as well as students of sociology, European studies, social policy, political science, and social work. The author's previous books included research on social issues of the Visegrad Group countries and unemployment, crime, and material deprivation in Poland in the years 1995-2016.

We present the views of persons such as Freud, Jung, Fromm, Maslow, Rogers and Allport. The results of the present study show that although the study of the soul is a philosophical discussion in nature, but no theory in the psychology can begin a scientific explanation without taking a position on the soul. In fact, even the psychologists who have tried to exclude such concepts from their theories, have taken a definite position on this subject. Therefore, the importance of this philosophical discussion should be sought in the power of explaining psychological theories. Although the discussion of the correspondence of the soul in the philosophy with the discussion of the personality or mind in the psychology is an unscientific and inaccurate discussion, but in terms of studying the human nature in the field of philosophy and psychology, we can discuss the soul in the philosophy and the personality or mind in the psychology. We can also evaluate the approach of each of them.

Abstract Emerging data in a range of non-human animal species have highlighted a latent ability to combine certain pre-existing calls together into larger structures. Currently, however, the quantification of context-specific call combinations has received less attention. This is problematic because animal calls can co-occur with one another simply through chance alone. One common approach applied in language sciences to identify recurrent word combinations is collocation analysis. Through comparing the co-occurrence of two words with how each word combines with other words within a corpus, collocation analysis can highlight above chance, two-word combinations. Here, we demonstrate how this approach can also be applied to non-human animal signal sequences by implementing it on artificially generated data sets of call combinations. We argue collocation analysis represents a promising tool for identifying non-random, communicatively relevant call combinations and, more generally, signal sequences, in animals. Significance statement Assessing the propensity for animals to combine calls provides important comparative insights into the complexity of animal vocal systems and the selective pressures such systems have been exposed to. Currently, however, the objective quantification of context-specific call combinations has received less attention. Here we introduce an approach commonly applied in corpus linguistics, namely collocation analysis, and show how this method can be put to use for identifying call combinations more systematically. Through implementing the same objective method, so-called call-ocations, we hope researchers will be able to make more meaningful comparisons regarding animal signal sequencing abilities both within and across systems.

Komparativni pristup istraživanju ima za cilj opisati obrazovne sustave dvaju država, istaknuti odnose između obrazovanja i društva te utvrditi općenite vrijednosti u odgoju i obrazovanju koje su prisutne u zemljama. Cilj rada je analiza i komparacija hrvatskog i norveškog obrazovnog sustava s naglaskom na analizi nacionalnih kurikuluma kroz elemente: prikaza obrazovnog sustava i ciklusa obrazovanja, analize nacionalnog kurikuluma s ključnim kompetencijama, vrijednostima i načelima, analize predmetnih i međupredmetnih kurikuluma, sustava vrednovanja i obrazovanja učitelja. Studijem dokumentacije strateških dokumenata odabranih država dolazi se do dublje spoznaje i analize oba sustava, a naposljetku i uspoređivanja elemenata s izdvajanjem razlika i specifičnosti. Zaključuje se da i hrvatsko i norveško obrazovanje utemeljenje planiranja odgojno-obrazovnog procesa nalazi u nacionalnom kurikulumu. Sustavi se u bitnome razlikuju u trajanju obaveznog obrazovanja, vrednovanju, u vrijednostima koje kurikulumi zagovaraju te u obrazovanju učitelja u segmentu provedbe pripravničkog staža., The comparative approach to the research aims to describe the educational systems of the two countries, highlight the relations between education and society and determine the general values in education that are present within the countries. The aim of this thesis is the analysis and comparison of the Croatian and Norwegian education systems with an emphasis on the analysis of national curricula by the following elements: presentation of the education system and education cycles, analysis of the national curriculum with key competencies, values and principles. By document research method of strategically selected documents from both countries, a deeper understanding and analysis of both systems is reached, as well as the comparison of elements with the separation of differences and similarities. It is concluded that both Croatian and Norwegian education systems find the foundation for planning the educational process in the national curricula. The systems differ significantly in the duration of compulsory education, evaluation, the values that curricula advocate, and teacher education in the internship segment.

The abstract is available here: https://uscholar.univie.ac.at/o:1504463

Bednarczuk, Monika: "Kisch i Pruszyński. O korzyściach i ograniczeniach perspektywy porównawczej w badaniach nad reportażem." Porównania (Comparisons) 1/2021, 463–492. (https://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/p/article/view/28756). Kisch and Pruszyński. On Advantages and Limits of a Comparative Approach in Research on Reportage Literature Reportage literature gained a growing popularity in the interwar Europe. Some reporters, such as the German journalist Egon Erwin Kisch, had a significant impact on the development of the genre of literary reportage and enjoyed a status of an international celebrity. Some others, although talented and competent, remained locally known figures, and the Polish reporter and writer Ksawery Pruszyński belongs to this second group. This paper addresses the sometimes striking similarities and differences between their biographies and texts. Kisch and Pruszyński never met, however, there are a number of reasons that back up such a comparative analysis. The paper discusses their evolving attitude towards Soviet Russia and highlights common places in their reportages, particularly Nazi Germany or the Spanish Civil War. It also focuses on a number of formal characteristics of their reportage style.

This article discusses the prospects of a comparative approach within the field of the dissemination of European popular print. Currently, it is still hard to find studies that address distribution of popular print with a Europe-wide scope. After an introduction about the main concepts, models and approaches, the article discusses some topic related issues, questions, approaches and sources. Social and professional categorisations are explored, as well as the differences between urban and rural distribution, the impact of regional and international networks, the effects of trade regulations and the collaborative features of distribution practices. What became clear is that a wide-ranging study that includes all European countries is urgently needed but not within reach soon, due to a lack of fundamental research and assessible sources. We should therefore first start to collect data systematically and conduct a series of comparative case studies in which we explore important questions and approaches.

Assessment of intellectual property is an important process of commercialization of scientific and technical developments of enterprises of all forms of ownership. This is carried out to determine the value of intellectual property objects (IPO) in connection with the transfer of ownership (purchase, sale) to the corresponding object, the conclusion of a license agreement for the IPO use, accounting for IPO in accounting, contributed to the authorized capital, etc. Under such conditions, the problem of IPO underestimating significantly reduces the efficiency and effectiveness of enterprises. At the same time, the uniqueness of many types of intellectual assets and the impossibility of their visual assessment determine the expediency of systematizing methodological approaches to assessing the value of intellectual property assets to ensure an objective assessment of the value of intellectual property. This will help increase the profitability and business value of the enterprise. The aim of research is to develop theoretical and methodological provisions and substantiate practical recommendations for improving information and methodological support for assessing the value of intangible assets, taking into account the requirements of regulatory documents and the availability of the necessary information. Based on the results of the study, methodological approaches to determining the value of intangible assets are systematized. According to the financial statements, the value of intangible assets of the leading enterprises of Ukraine and their share in the total value of assets were analyzed. The features of the assessment of intangible assets in accordance with accounting standards have been determined, a methodological approach to the assessment of the value of intellectual property has been developed, it allows to reasonably choose a method for assessing IPO based on the analysis of available information. It is proved that the lack of objective information on the value of IPO significantly reduces the value of assets of Ukrainian enterprises in comparison with the leading companies in the world, reduces their investment attractiveness and does not contribute to economic development

Relevance of the research topic. The study of the application of a comparative approach to the evaluation of innovative agribusiness in terms of change management and implementation of the policy of digitalization of society is due to the lack of a single algorithm and model of this process. Formulation of the problem. The comparative approach to the evaluation of innovative agribusiness is largely similar to the method of income capitalization. In both cases, the appraiser determines the value of the company based on the amount of company profits. The capitalization ratio is determined taking into account market data, in particular current changes and the implementation of the policy of digitalization of society. These facts determine the relevance of the research topic. Setting the purpose and objectives of the study – to study comparative approach to the evaluation of innovative agribusiness in terms of change management and implementation of digitalization policy. Research method or methodology. The historical–logical method is used in the article; method of systematization, classification and theoretical generalization; method of logical analysis and synthesis. Presentation of the main material (research results). It is substantiated that the application of separate approaches in the context of change management and implementation of digitalization policy may not be possible, so it is advisable to use cost–effective or cost–comparative approach to the evaluation of innovative agribusiness. Its essence is that the methods of income and comparative approaches calculate the market value of the object in "commodity" form, and then calculate the value of the real enterprise – by reducing the market value of the insufficient (to be created) element or increase the quality of the object with costs for improvement, taking into account the profit of the project) from the cost of the renovated facility. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be used in the practical activities of innovative agribusiness entities to increase socio–economic efficiency. Conclusions on the article. It is proposed to use a combined (cost–profit or cost–comparative) approach to assess vacant land and other natural objects. The combined approach should be used to assess the objects of agrarian business, which will meet the requirements of the market and the of sellers in terms of change management and implementation of digitalization policy.

International audience; This article seeks to shed light on the figures of violence in the health sector in two specific national contexts: the North, in France, and Bucharest, in Romania. The population at the heart of this research being that of health professionals has led to a questioning of the relationship to the profession in connection with its qualification of violence. This questioning was constructed by mobilising the tools of interactionist sociology – and doing so comprehensively. It was with this same aim in mind that a victimization survey was carried out, allowing us to collect 719 questionnaires from health professionals working in health and medical-social institutions. The first major result is the determining role of the relationship to the profession in understanding the logic at work in qualifying violence in the situations concerned. The results thus produced show that the situations producing victimization crystallize around the user/professional relationships. The second major result is the appearance of real specificities according to the national context, resulting from a markedly differentiated relationship with users and pathologies. In Romania, victimizations are “incidents at the door”, while in France they are at the heart of care, but in both cases they call “relationships of service” into question.; Cet article se donne pour objectif de faire émerger les figures de la violence dans le secteur de la santé dans deux contextes nationaux spécifiques : le Nord, en France et Bucarest en Roumanie. La population au cœur de cette recherche étant celle des professionnels de santé, a conduit à interroger le rapport au métier dans ses liens avec la qualification de violence. Cette interrogation s’est construite en mobilisant les outils de la sociologie interactionniste et selon une visée compréhensive. C’est selon cette même visée qu’une enquête de victimation a pu être déployée, permettant de recueillir 719 questionnaires auprès de professionnels de santé exerçant en établissement du secteur sanitaire et médico-social. Le premier grand résultat est le rôle déterminant du rapport au métier dans la compréhension des logiques à l’œuvre dans la qualification de violence des situations concernées. Les résultats, ainsi produits, montrent que les situations productrices de victimation se cristallisent sur les relations usagers/professionnels. Le second grand résultat est l’apparition de véritables spécificités selon le contexte national, résultant d’un rapport aux usagers et aux pathologies fortement différencié. “Incidents à la porte” en Roumanie, les victimations s’inscrivent au cœur du soin en France, mais dans les deux cas, elles interrogent la relation de service.

A delinquência juvenil é um fenômeno amplamente discutido pela sociedade e veiculado pelos média, de um modo particularmente negativo. As ciências humanas também se ocupam deste tema, se afirmando cada vez mais diversas nas explicações teóricas sobre o fenômeno, e sobre todos os aspectos que dão contorno a este problema social, cada vez mais amplo e multidisciplinar. A sociedade, ou melhor, a reação social face à esta problemática, assume um papel importante, tanto na concretização do comportamento desviante e delinquente, especialmente através da rotulação, como na resposta que se sustenta diante dos mesmos, em especial o encarceramento juvenil. De fato, este encarceramento poderá ser resultado de diversos momentos, desde a denominação do que é delinquência e dos grupos suscetíveis no envolvimento da criminalidade, aos mecanismos de controle social formal e o pragmatismo da justiça. Neste último, deverá ser levado em conta os diversos organismos e diplomas internacionais que permitiram a atuação de uma justiça mais igualitária perante as situações-problema no âmbito infantojuvenil. No viés comparativo, Portugal e Brasil puderam presenciar uma evolução político-normativa significativa que possibilitou mudanças em seus paradigmas de intervenção. Na atualidade, o que podemos, ver em ambos os países, é um modelo de responsabilização que se faz preponderante na aplicação de qualquer medida tutelar/socioeducativa, inclusive as privativas de liberdade. No contexto da privação da privação de liberdade, surgem muitas dúvidas quanto às consequências e os resultados que advêm desta intervenção privativa. Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon widely discussed by society and reported by the media, in particularly negative way. The human science are also concerned with this theme, asserting themselves increasingly diverse in theoretical explanations about the phenomenon, ando abaout all the aspects that outline this social problem, wich is increasingly broad and multidisciplinary. Society, or rather the social reaction, to this problem, plays na importante role, both in the materialization of deviant and delinquent behavior, especially juvenile imprisonment. Is fact, this incarceration could be the resulto f several moments, from the denomination of what is delinquency and the groups susceptible to the involvement of criminality, to mechanisms of formal social control and the pragmatismo of justice. In the latter, the various international bodies and diplomas that allowed the performance of a more egalitarian justice in the face of problem situations in the juvenile field should be taken into account. In a comparative perspective, Portugal and Brazil were able to witness a significant political-normative Evolution that allowed for changes in their intervention paradigms. Currently, what we can see in both countries is a model of accountabillity that is preponderant in the application of any tutelar/socioeducational measure, including those involving deprivation of liberty. In the context of deprivation of liberty, many doubts arise as to the consequences and results that result from this deprivation of liberty.

The world’s languages vary in almost every conceivable way, yet children readily learn their native language. Understanding how children can acquire such a diversity of different languages has been a long-standing goal for psychological science, yet current acquisition research is dominated by studies of children learning one particular language: English. In this article, we argue that progress toward this goal will require systematic comparisons between different languages. We propose three levels of comparison: coarse-grained comparisons contrasting unrelated languages to confirm or refute broad theoretical claims, fine-grained comparisons between closely related languages to investigate the impact of specific factors on acquisition outcomes, and within-language comparisons targeting the impact of socio-communicative differences on learning. This three-pronged comparative approach to language acquisition promises to provide new insights into the mechanisms and processes by which children acquire their native tongue under such varied linguistic and socio-communicative conditions.

For the last decade there has been a lively debate on urban arrival spaces. Saunders’ (2011) widely received book Arrival Cities can be seen as catalyst of this debate. Taking a hitherto largely unexplored comparative approach, based on two empirical research studies on migrant workers and highly-skilled migrants in Singapore, this study debates the notion of arrival cities and spaces and argues for a differentiated perspective on the complex and interdependent processes of spatially and socially arriving. By comparing how the politics of mobilities, migration management and differential inclusion influence the migration trajectories of workers and professionals we argue that the concept of transient spaces might be a more fruitful approach for understanding the differentiated processes of arriving and (not) becoming socio-spatially embedded. In order to educe the relevance of a processual perspective, and for a systematic comparison, we apply four analytical dimensions that shed light on the process of migrating, arriving, and passing through. These four dimensions comprise (1) arriving, (2) settling, (3) mingling locally and translocally, and (4) planning ahead for future mobilities. We argue that the scholarship on politics of mobilities needs to take note of the combined effects of states’ and companies’ neoliberal politics of mobility throughout the migration process, and of the increasing relevance of socio-technological orderings, which imprint migrants’ socio-spatial embedding.

La présente recherche rend compte de l’activité interprétative de deux enseignants des écoles au cours de séances d’éducation physique et sportive et de mathématiques. Elle s’inscrit dans le champ des travaux s’intéressant aux processus de contextualisation didactique et à l’approche comparatiste. Les données traitées ont été recueillies par entretien d’autoconfrontation. Les résultats permettent de modéliser les filtres interprétatifs mobilisés selon trois axes (épistémologie de l’enseignant, types d’inférences, structuration de l’activité interprétative). Notre étude permet de confronter les spécificités ou généricités, fruits des didactiques disciplinaires, aux effets de la contextualisation didactique. Le recours à la contextualisation semble agir comme un filtre constitutif d’un genre professionnel. En revanche, les contenus et les déterminants de l’interprétation se spécifient davantage selon les disciplines concernées., This research reports on the interpretative activity of two schoolteachers during physical education and mathematics sessions. It is part of the research field concerned with the processes of didactic contextualization and the comparatist approach. The processed data was collected by self-confrontation interviews. The results allow to model the interpretative filters mobilized according to three axes (practical epistemology, types of inferences and structuring of the interpretative activity). Our study allows to confront the specificities or genericities, fruits of disciplinary didactics, with the effects of didactic contextualization. The use of contextualization seems to act as a filter thus constituting a professional genre. On the other hand, the contents and the determinants of the interpretation are more specified according to the concerned disciplines., Nuestra investigación da cuenta de la actividad interpretativa de dos maestros de escuela durante las clases de educación física y de matemáticas y se inscribe en el marco de trabajos que se interesan en los procesos de contextualización didáctica y en el enfoque comparativo. Los datos fueron tomados con entrevistas de auto-confrontación y los resultados permiten modelizar los filtros interpretativos según tres ejes: epistemología del maestro, tipos de inferencias y estructuración de la actividad interpretativa. Nuestro trabajo permite la confrontación de las especificidades o generalidades (fruto de las didácticas disciplinares) con los efectos de la contextualización didáctica. El recurso a la contextualización parece actuar como un filtro constitutivo así de un género profesional. Sin embargo, los contenidos y los determinantes de la interpretación se especifican más según las disciplinas en cuestión.

The article represents the analysis of the historical experience of cadastral valuation and its use in the Russian Federation. The cadastral valuation used to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of land plots, their forms and types, use, ownership, is investigated in the article in the diachronic aspect in the context of tax problems.

Gathering to Eat: Comparing the Mennonite Lord’s Supper Practice with Secular Communal Meals In a quest for theology that taps into lived experience, theologians assume it is appropriate to study our daily dealings with—or handling of—our food. It is presumed that such interest in something as mundane as our daily handling of food would help with the development of a theology that is more culturally embedded. The present study tests this assumption. I compare the experience and interpretation of the Lord's Supper with the experience and interpretations of some secular group meals. In doing so, I make use of Arvind Sharma's methodology of reciprocal illumination. This study focuses on the following question: What does an empirical phenomenological comparison between secular group meals and the Mennonite Lord’s Supper contribute to a contextual theological interpretation of the Lord's Supper? To be able to describe the experiences of secular meals and the Lord's Supper while holding my theological assumptions in check, I took an empirical phenomenological approach. I selected three different secular group meals and a Mennonite Lord’s Supper practice. All meals took place in Amsterdam. Furthermore, I used the instruments of observant participation and qualitative interviewing. During the interviews, the questions were open and general (broad), inviting participants to share anything they wanted, and as much as they wished, about their experience. I took a comparative approach from start to finish of the analysis: interviews with participants in secular meals and interviews with Lord’s Supper participants were analyzed and coded synchronically. As a result of the continuous comparison, I identified five themes where the experience of the secular meals corresponded with the experience and meaning of the Lord’s Supper: the meal as performative event (on the important role of the esthetic form of a meal), the meal as social event evoking communitas but also gastro-political tensions), the meal as gift, the meal as a focal practice (centering people around what makes life wortwhile), the meal as play.

Gathering to Eat: Comparing the Mennonite Lord’s Supper Practice with Secular Communal Meals In a quest for theology that taps into lived experience, theologians assume it is appropriate to study our daily dealings with—or handling of—our food. It is presumed that such interest in something as mundane as our daily handling of food would help with the development of a theology that is more culturally embedded. The present study tests this assumption. I compare the experience and interpretation of the Lord's Supper with the experience and interpretations of some secular group meals. In doing so, I make use of Arvind Sharma's methodology of reciprocal illumination. This study focuses on the following question: What does an empirical phenomenological comparison between secular group meals and the Mennonite Lord’s Supper contribute to a contextual theological interpretation of the Lord's Supper? To be able to describe the experiences of secular meals and the Lord's Supper while holding my theological assumptions in check, I took an empirical phenomenological approach. I selected three different secular group meals and a Mennonite Lord’s Supper practice. All meals took place in Amsterdam. Furthermore, I used the instruments of observant participation and qualitative interviewing. During the interviews, the questions were open and general (broad), inviting participants to share anything they wanted, and as much as they wished, about their experience. I took a comparative approach from start to finish of the analysis: interviews with participants in secular meals and interviews with Lord’s Supper participants were analyzed and coded synchronically. As a result of the continuous comparison, I identified five themes where the experience of the secular meals corresponded with the experience and meaning of the Lord’s Supper: the meal as performative event (on the important role of the esthetic form of a meal), the meal as social event evoking communitas but also gastro-political tensions), the meal as gift, the meal as a focal practice (centering people around what makes life wortwhile), the meal as play.

The article was submitted on 02.08.2022. Статья посвящена сопоставительному анализу когнитивно-риторических стратегий выдающихся британских и русских интеллектуалов в условиях системного кризиса «переходной эпохи» в процессе формирования культурной/имперской/национальной идентичности в Британии и России XVII–XVIII вв. Авторы сосредоточены на выявлении семантического сдвига в культурном коде формировавшихся британской и русской идентичностей на материале полемических трудов, проповедей и травелогов XVII–XVIII вв. Историко-компаративный подход, предлагаемый авторами, выявляет в качестве «золотого сечения» культурного кода ценностную шкалу, которая претерпевает в напряженном интеллектуальном дискурсе кардинальные изменения в ситуации распада универсальной картины мира и формирования новых представлений о человеке, обществе и государстве. Исследование демонстрирует известную близость логики изменений и драматические коллизии, сопровождающие мыслителей в переходное время. Авторы не стремятся сгладить противоречия в современной историографии темы, предлагая собственное видение эпохи. This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the cognitive-rhetorical strategies of prominent British and Russian intellectuals in the context of the systemic crisis of the “era of transition” and in the process of the formation of cultural/imperial/national identities in Britain and Russia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The authors focus on identifying a semantic shift in the cultural code of the emerging British and Russian identities based on the material of polemical works, sermons, and travelogues of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The authors employ the historical-comparative approach. It helps reveal the “golden ratio” of the cultural code, i. e. a value scale that undergoes cardinal changes in a tense intellectual discourse in a situation of the collapse of the universal picture of the world and the formation of new ideas about man, society, and the state. The study demonstrates an affinity between the logic of change and the dramatic collisions that accompanied the thinkers in the transition. Nor do the authors seek to smooth over the contradictions in contemporary historiography by offering their vision of the era. Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 22–18–00488 «Кризис ценностей и стратегии преодоления: идея “общего блага” в интеллектуальном дискурсе Британии и России (1650–1750)»).

���������������� ������������������������������������ ���������������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������ ������������������������������������: ������������������������ �������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������ �������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������. ���������������� ������������������������ ������ ������������������������ ���� ���������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������� ������������������������ �������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������ ���������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������� ������������������������������������������������ �������� ������������������������: ����. ��������������������������������������������������������������, ��������. ������������������������������������, ����. 13 ����. ���������������������������� ���������� ������ �������������������� �������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������ �������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������� ������������������������������������������������. �� �������������������� ������������������������������������ ���� �������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������ ���������������������������������������� ���������������� ��������������������������������, ���� �������������������� ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������� �������� ������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������. �������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������: SWOT������������������������������, �������������������� �������������������������������������������������������� �������������� ������������, �������������������� ���������� ������������������������ �������������� ������������, ������������������������ ����������������, ������������������������ CAPM. �������������������������������� ���������������������������������������� ������������������������: ������ ������������������������������������ �� ���������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������ ����������������������������; ������ �������������������������������� ������������������������ �������������������� ������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������; ������ �������������������������������� ������������������������ ���������������� ���������������������������������������� ����������������������������; ������ ���������������������������������������� ������������������������������ ���������������������������� ������������ ���������������������������������� ������������������������������������ ���������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������ �������� ������������������������ ������������������������������������ ����������������������������; ������ �������������������������������� ������������������������ ������������������������. ���������������������������� ���������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������� ���������� ������ �������������������� �������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������ ���������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������ ���� ������������������������������������������������������������������, ���� �������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������ ���������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������� �������������������������������� ������������������������ ���� ������������������������������������������������ ������������������������ ������������������������. ������������������������. ������������������������ ���������� ������������������������, ���������������� ����������������������������������������, ���������������������������������������� ���������������������������� ���������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������., The title of the bachelor graduate qualification work: ����Selecting the most effective option for use of the property����. The aim of the graduate qualification work is analysis and economic justification for choosing the most profitable use of the property at the address: St. Petersburg, st. Goncharnaya, 13 B. The subject of the graduate qualification work is the choice of the most effective use case for a real estate object The work has been carried out on the open sources of the internet, as well as regulatory documents on the development of St. Petersburg. Research methods used: SWOT analysis, comparative approach method, revenue approach method, NNEI analysis, CAPM model. The main results of the graduate qualification work: the characteristic of the investigated object is given; ������ the analysis of the commercial real estate market was carried out; ������ an analysis of the NNEI of the land plot is given. ������ cash flows are substantiated for various options for using improvements on this land plot; ������ risk analysis carried out. The areas of the graduate qualification work results application ������ nuclear engineering and nuclear power, in solving problems of organizing production, labor and management, economic justification of management decisions for the construction of nuclear facilities. Conclusions of graduate qualification work. Tasks have been solved, aim has been achieved, the areas of the results application have been determined.

В статье рассматриваются проблемы выявления и коррекции расстройств аутистического спектра у детей. Over the past few years, statistics on the detection of autistic disorders in children and adolescents have grown both in Russia and in the Middle East region, in particular in Iraq, where the practice of organizing inclusive education for people with various physical and mental disabilities has been actively developing since the end of the twentieth century. According to the World Health Organization, today every 160th child in the world is diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. Modern research shows that the areas of occurrence of this disorder are unevenly distributed across different countries of the world, which, according to specialists, is due to the peculiarities of the system of detection and rehabilitation of autistic disorders in different regions of the planet, as well as with different public attention to persons with such pathology. This study deals with the discussion of the issue of detection and rehabilitation of autism spectrum disorders in children and adults.The article analyzes narrow and problematic areas of treatment and rehabilitation and provides examples of successful world practices for supporting children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Using the example of Russia and Iraq, the authors reveal the similarities and differences in the development of inclusive education, discuss prospects for improving this work, and outline points of contact in improving interdisciplinary, interdepartmental, interregional and interstate interaction in the interests of persons with disabilities.

This paper addresses the field of economic measurements of the value of assets, carried out by the methods of independent expert evaluation. The mathematical principles of application, within a comparative methodical approach, of additive and multiplicative models for correcting the cost of single indicator of compared objects have been considered. The differences of mathematical basis of the compared models were analyzed. It has been shown that the ambiguity in the methodology of correction procedure requires studying the advantages and disadvantages of known models, as well as the justification and elaboration of recommendations for their application. Possible forms of correction representation using several alternative units of measurement have been defined; formulas for their interconnection have been built. Analytic expressions have been derived that mathematically describe the algorithms for performing the evaluation correction procedure using various forms of correction representation. The influence of the correction execution model on the characteristics of uncertainty in the independent evaluation result has been analyzed. The scope of two possible types of correction introduction models has been determined. A specific numerical example was used to demonstrate the methodological advantages of using a multiplicative model when summarizing percentage corrections. The independence of the correction result on the sequence of correction introduction has been confirmed. It is proposed to use the selected measure of partial corrections as a criterion for the adequacy of the correction introduction model. It is proved that the result of the independent expert evaluation depends on the chosen model and does not depend on the sequence of correction introduction. The reported study results are important in terms of theory and practice since they make it possible to improve the accuracy and reliability of the result of independent expert evaluation., Работа относится к области экономических измерений стоимости активов, осуществляемых методами независимой экспертной оценки. Рассмотрены математические основы применения в сравнительном методическом подходе аддитивной и мультипликативной моделей выполнения корректировок стоимости единичного показателя объектов сравнения. Проанализированы отличия математической основы сравниваемых моделей. Показано, что неоднозначность методологии выполнения процедуры корректировки требует исследования преимуществ и недостатков известных моделей, обоснования и разработки рекомендаций по их применению. Определены возможные формы представления поправок в нескольких альтернативных единицах измерения; получены формулы их взаимной связи. Выведены аналитические выражения, математически описывающие алгоритмы выполнения оценочной процедуры корректировки с применением различных форм представления поправок. Проанализировано влияние модели выполнения корректировки на характеристики неопределенности результата независимой оценки. Определены области применения двух возможных типов моделей ввода поправок. На конкретном численном примере показаны методические преимущества использования мультипликативной модели при обобщении процентных поправок. Предложено в качестве критерия адекватности модели внесения поправок использовать выбранную единицу измерения частных поправок. Доказано, что результат независимой экспертной оценки зависит от выбранной модели и не зависит от последовательности внесения поправок. Полученные результаты исследования имеют важное теоретическое и практическое значение, поскольку позволяют повысить точность и достоверность результата независимой экспертной оценки, Робота відноситься до галузі економічних вимірювань вартості активів, що здійснюються методами незалежної експертної оцінки. Розглянуто математичні засади застосування у порівняльному методичному підході адитивної та мультиплікативної моделей виконання коригувань вартостей одиничного показника об’єктів порівняння. Проаналізовано відмінності математичного підґрунтя порівнюваних моделей. Показано, що неоднозначність методології виконання процедури коригування вимагає дослідження переваг та недоліків відомих моделей, обґрунтування та опрацювання рекомендацій по їх застосуванню. Визначено можливі форми представлення поправок у декількох альтернативних одиницях виміру; отримано формули їх взаємного зв’язку. Виведено аналітичні вирази, що математично описують алгоритми виконання оціночної процедури коригування із застосуванням різних форм представлення поправок. Проаналізовано вплив моделі виконання коригування на характеристики невизначеності результату незалежної оцінки. Визначено області застосування двох можливих типів моделей введення поправок. На конкретному чисельному прикладі продемонстровано методичні переваги використання мультиплікативної моделі при узагальненні відсоткових поправок. Підтверджено незалежність результату коригування від послідовності внесення поправок. Запропоновано у якості критерію адекватності моделі внесення поправок використовувати обраний вимірник часткових поправок. Доведено, що результат виконання незалежної експертної оцінки залежить від обраної моделі і не залежить від послідовності внесення поправок. Отримані результати дослідження мають важливе теоретичне та практичне значення, оскільки дозволяють підвищити точність та достовірність результату незалежної експертної оцінки

This paper addresses the field of economic measurements of the value of assets, carried out by the methods of independent expert evaluation. The mathematical principles of application, within a comparative methodical approach, of additive and multiplicative models for correcting the cost of single indicator of compared objects have been considered. The differences of mathematical basis of the compared models were analyzed. It has been shown that the ambiguity in the methodology of correction procedure requires studying the advantages and disadvantages of known models, as well as the justification and elaboration of recommendations for their application. Possible forms of correction representation using several alternative units of measurement have been defined; formulas for their interconnection have been built. Analytic expressions have been derived that mathematically describe the algorithms for performing the evaluation correction procedure using various forms of correction representation. The influence of the correction execution model on the characteristics of uncertainty in the independent evaluation result has been analyzed. The scope of two possible types of correction introduction models has been determined. A specific numerical example was used to demonstrate the methodological advantages of using a multiplicative model when summarizing percentage corrections. The independence of the correction result on the sequence of correction introduction has been confirmed. It is proposed to use the selected measure of partial corrections as a criterion for the adequacy of the correction introduction model. It is proved that the result of the independent expert evaluation depends on the chosen model and does not depend on the sequence of correction introduction. The reported study results are important in terms of theory and practice since they make it possible to improve the accuracy and reliability of the result of independent expert evaluation.

BackgroundHead appendages in Annelida contribute significantly to the immense morphological diversity in this spiralian taxon. Nevertheless, the evolutionary origin of annelid antennae, palps, cirri and tentacles are part of vast theories and debates that took place over decades. One of these heavily discussed groups are the Terebelliformia, which bear numerous anterior tentacles originating from different regions of the head. The question, whether these tentacles are homologous to feeding palps in other annelids or if these structures evolved convergently in terebellids and the remaining taxa, has been highly debated in the past.ResultsBy using morphological methods including immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, Azan-stained serial sections and 3D-visualisation, we are able to shed new light and a fresh look on the old question of the evolutionary origin of the buccal tentacles and their associated head structures in Terebelliformia. Our investigations show that the brains of the ampharetidHypania invalidaand the aulophora larvae ofLanice conchilega(Terebellidae) consist of a dorsal, more prominent and a more slender, ventral brain region. Neurite bundles innervating the buccal tentacles split off from the ventral and dorsal root within the ventral brain region and thus originate from the dorsal and ventral root of the circumoesophageal connectives. Hence, the observed neurite bundles fulfil the morphological criteria for the innervating neurite bundles of feeding palps known from Paleoannelida.ConclusionsWe disagree with former conclusions that buccal tentacles are part of the alimentary canal. Based on the presented data, the buccal tentacles of terebelliform taxa are innervated by neurite bundles and can be homologized with peristomial feeding palps of other Annelida.Our comparative investigations reveal important insights into morphological changes during the evolution of anterior head appendages in Terebelliformia and Annelida in general. Nevertheless, our analyses also illustrate the gaps in knowledge and that more investigations throughout the annelid tree are necessary to explain and understand the huge diversity of annelid anterior appendages.

Today, inhabitants residing in floodplains face a serious and perpetual threat of flooding. Flooding causes fatalities and considerable property damage in metropolitan areas. Therefore, robust structural measures need to be adopted to eliminate flood catastrophe. Structural measures in the floodplain are the most promising solutions. However, there are cost-associated factors for proposing a flood retention plan. Navsari city (98.36 km2, area extent) of Gujarat was used as a case study to investigate the impact of mesh grid structures (100 m, 90 m, and 50 m) along with structural measures for the preparation of a flood retention plan. The HEC-RAS 2D hydrodynamic model was performed for the Purna River. The output of the model was characterized by four different scenarios: (i) Without weir and levees (WOWL), (ii) With weir (WW), (iii) With levees (WL), and (iv) With weir and levees (WWL). The statistical parameters (R2, RMSE, NSE, inundation time, and inundation area) were determined to evaluate model accuracy. The outcome of the model revealed that a 50 m size mesh grid exhibited more accurate results, yielding high NSE and R2 values (0.982 and 0.9855), a low RMSE value (0.450 m), and a smaller inundation area (114.61 km2). The results further revealed that the WW scenario was the most effective flood retention measure as it delayed the flood water for up to 16 h, and managed the flood with the WOWL case. Moreover, the mean error (WW scenario) estimated from profiles 1 and 2 ranged from (−0.7 to 0.62) and from (−0.1 to 0.02 m), respectively, which were evaluated as very low when compared with other scenarios. The novel scenario-based flood retention plan emphasizing the stability of mesh grid structures using the hydrodynamic model can be applied to any other region around the globe to recommend efficacious structural flood measures for flood decision making systems.

Summary How the evolution of speech has transformed the human auditory cortex compared to other primates remains largely unknown. While primary auditory cortex is organized largely similarly in humans and macaques,1 the picture is much less clear at higher levels of the anterior auditory pathway,2 particularly regarding the processing of conspecific vocalizations (CVs). A “voice region” similar to the human voice-selective areas3,4 has been identified in the macaque right anterior temporal lobe with functional MRI;5 however, its anatomical localization, seemingly inconsistent with that of the human temporal voice areas (TVAs), has suggested a “repositioning of the voice area” in recent human evolution.6 Here we report a functional homology in the cerebral processing of vocalizations by macaques and humans, using comparative fMRI and a condition-rich auditory stimulation paradigm. We find that the anterior temporal lobe of both species possesses cortical voice areas that are bilateral and not only prefer conspecific vocalizations but also implement a representational geometry categorizing them apart from all other sounds in a species-specific but homologous manner. These results reveal a more similar functional organization of higher-level auditory cortex in macaques and humans than currently known., Graphical abstract, Highlights • Both macaques and humans show voice-selective anterior temporal voice areas • Similar representation of sounds in primary auditory cortex of both species • The aTVAs categorize conspecific vocalizations apart from other sounds • Functional homology in high-level auditory cortex of humans and macaques, Bodin et al. report a functional homology in the cerebral processing of conspecific vocalizations by macaques and humans. Comparative fMRI reveals that both species possess bilateral anterior temporal voice areas that not only prefer conspecific vocalizations but also categorize them apart from all other sounds in a functionally homologous manner.

The comparative approach has been advocated to overcome some flaws inherent to case studies. Here, the spread of homeopathy in the early nineteenth century is addressed through a comparison of the cases of Sweden and Brazil, where homeopathy met diametrically opposed fates. The parameters used for the comparison are the standard for studies on the early spread of homeopathy, such as the concept of the “introducer,” and reception by the medical and academic community, the government, and society at large. The results suggest that analysis of contexts, determinants, and the interactions of practitioners and institutions representing different health care approaches, whether dominant or alternative, seems to provide a more accurate picture of different moments in the global history of medicine. Resumo A abordagem comparativa foi adotada com o intuito de suplantar algumas falhas inerentes aos estudos de caso. Nela, a difusão da homeopatia no início do século XIX é tratada por meio de uma comparação entre casos da Suécia e do Brasil, onde a homeopatia encontrou destinos diametralmente opostos. Os parâmetros usados para a comparação são padrão para estudos sobre o início da expansão da homeopatia, como o conceito de “introdutor”, e a aceitação por parte de governo, comunidades médica e acadêmica, e sociedade como um todo. Os resultados sugerem que a análise de contextos, de determinantes, e das interações de médicos e instituições representando diferentes perspectivas de tratamento médico, fossem elas dominantes ou alternativas, parecem oferecer uma análise mais precisa de diferentes momentos da história global da medicina.

Section 3: Guest Article

Introduction. Continuing professional education (CPE) is a strategic resource of cardinal transformations, which are currently taking place in education. The essence of such transformations generally consists in necessary rejection of a subject-information learning model and transition to designing the model of vocational self-development and self-determination.The aimof this research was to reveal the essence of teachers’ professional development as the process of positional self-determination and formation of managerial position. The hypothesis of the study consists in the assumption that the technology of self-determined learning is the institutional form of mastering and implementing the practice of CPE for teachers as a practice of human potential development in the professional and anthropological self-determination of an adult learner.Methodology and research methods. The methodological basis of the study was the comparative educational strategy of CPE, which is embodied in the model of self-determined adult education, focused on the formation of the human ability to manage their own development in an unstable world through the development of new types of cultural thinking and behaviour. The methods of research of teachers’ management position included the system of the following initiatives: interviews, results of group reflections, content-analysis, methods of included observation using video recording of training sessions and educational products.Results and scientific novelty. The complex of diagnostic technologies allowed the authors to establish management positions of teachers (implementer, leader or strategist) and their ability to design the paths of own development and to organise the system of managerial challenges. As the most adequate technological scheme of self-determined learning, the authors tested the mechanism of projectresource management, which regulates the learner’s movement in the educational space from actions carried out in a particular situation in accordance with the circumstances to an activity determined by a local goal, then to the reflection of own activity elevating to the status of a new norm, and, finally, to the reflection of changes in their own position. It was established that the developmental trajectory of human potential in professiogenesis starts from mastering the subject and means of activity (implementer) and passes through building up funds in transforming a special subject of activity (leader) towards designing new standards of means and subject of activity (strategist).The authors introduce the concept of “anthropological self-determination of an adult in the educational process” as the process and the result of formation of own managerial position and development of a new identity in changing life circumstances.Practical significanceof the present research is determined by the possibility of designing educational programmes, which ensure co-organisation of adult students in a single event-activity space based on the mechanisms of project-resource management through the system of managerial challenges.

International audience; Humans are outstanding in their ability to achieve mutual cooperation for direct benefits. One oftenquoted factor driving our unique cooperation skills is our ability to delay gratification for future benefits, which is supposedly linked to our advanced cognitive abilities relative to other species. The established experimental paradigm used to test delayed gratification in primates and birds is to give subjects access to a small food reward, which can be exchanged for a larger (quantitative task) or better quality (qualitative task) food reward after a time delay. Here we used this paradigm to test primarily the cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus for its ability to delay gratification. The specific ecology of cleaners makes them ideal candidates for this task: cleaners remove ectoparasites from visiting 'client' reef fish although they prefer to eat client mucus. This eating against preference is equivalent to delayed gratification as clients that have their ectoparasites removed (as opposed to their mucus) will both stay longer with a specific cleaner and return to it for later inspection. Cleaners performed very well in the quantitative task, i.e. similarly to monkeys. In contrast, they performed poorly if the delayed reward was of higher quality. Using the quantitative task to test other wrasse species, we found that another cleaner species and noncleaner wrasse also performed well, the latter despite no evidence that they need such ability to cooperate in nature. However, only the two cleaner species showed evidence for making decisions early on about whether to wait or to directly eat the immediate reward. We conclude that the ability to delay gratification does not warrant advanced cognitive abilities that require endotherm-specific brain morphology, although the underlying mechanisms vary between species.

The presence of persistent regional development disparities in rural China has become one of the most important concerns about the country's further sustainable development. As the key engine driving the rural economy, rural industrial development plays a dominant role in understanding rural regional development disparities. This study utilizes a provincial panel dataset to examine the determinants of industrial development in rural China over the period 1992–2014. The analysis compares rural output growth and export growth as indicators of rural industrial development, and identifies significant regional variations in the determinants of these indicators across the three main regions of the country. The results suggest that domestic capital investment is the most important cause of regional rural output growth disparities, while FDI is the main reason for rising regional disparities in export growth. A strong self-reinforcing effect in output growth is identified for the Eastern region, which has generated faster economic growth compared to the other regions. There exists a regional divergence in export growth, accelerating the regional export disparity between the three regions. Based on the findings of this study, we argue that, to reduce regional development disparities, the formulation of policies to promote national economic goals should take explicit account of the regional context in which those policies operate.

Assessment of intellectual property is an important process of commercialization of scientific and technical developments of enterprises of all forms of ownership. This is carried out to determine the value of intellectual property objects (IPO) in connection with the transfer of ownership (purchase, sale) to the corresponding object, the conclusion of a license agreement for the IPO use, accounting for IPO in accounting, contributed to the authorized capital, etc. Under such conditions, the problem of IPO underestimating significantly reduces the efficiency and effectiveness of enterprises. At the same time, the uniqueness of many types of intellectual assets and the impossibility of their visual assessment determine the expediency of systematizing methodological approaches to assessing the value of intellectual property assets to ensure an objective assessment of the value of intellectual property. This will help increase the profitability and business value of the enterprise. The aim of research is to develop theoretical and methodological provisions and substantiate practical recommendations for improving information and methodological support for assessing the value of intangible assets, taking into account the requirements of regulatory documents and the availability of the necessary information. Based on the results of the study, methodological approaches to determining the value of intangible assets are systematized. According to the financial statements, the value of intangible assets of the leading enterprises of Ukraine and their share in the total value of assets were analyzed. The features of the assessment of intangible assets in accordance with accounting standards have been determined, a methodological approach to the assessment of the value of intellectual property has been developed, it allows to reasonably choose a method for assessing IPO based on the analysis of available information. It is proved that the lack of objective information on the value of IPO significantly reduces the value of assets of Ukrainian enterprises in comparison with the leading companies in the world, reduces their investment attractiveness and does not contribute to economic development, Оценка интеллектуальной собственности является важным процессом коммерциализации научно-технических разработок предприятий всех форм собственности. Это осуществляется для определения стоимости объектов интеллектуальной собственности (ОИС) в связи с передачей прав собственности (покупки, продажи) на соответствующий объект, заключением лицензионного договора на использование ОИС, учета ОИС в бухгалтерском учете, внесенными в уставный капитал и т.д. При таких условиях проблема недооценки ОИС существенно снижает эффективность и результативность деятельности предприятий. При этом уникальность многих видов интеллектуальных активов и невозможность их визуальной оценки обусловливают целесообразность систематизации методических подходов к оценке стоимости ОИС для обеспечения объективной оценки стоимости интеллектуальной собственности. Это будет способствовать увеличению прибыльности и стоимости бизнеса предприятия. Целью исследования является разработка теоретико-методических положений и обоснование практических рекомендаций по совершенствованию информационно-методического обеспечения оценки стоимости нематериальных активов с учетом требований нормативных документов и наличия необходимой информации. По результатам исследования систематизированы методические подходы к определению стоимости нематериальных активов. По данным финансовых отчетов проанализированы стоимость нематериальных активов ведущих предприятий Украины и их долю в общей стоимости активов. Определены особенности проведения оценки нематериальных активов в соответствии со стандартами учета, разработан методический подход к оценке стоимости интеллектуальной собственности, позволяет обоснованно выбрать метод оценки ОИС на основе анализа имеющейся информации. Доказано, что отсутствие объективной информации о стоимости ОИС существенно снижает стоимость активов предприятий Украины по сравнению с ведущими компаниями мира, уменьшает их инвестиционную привлекательность и не способствует экономическому развитию, Оцінка інтелектуальної власності є важливим процесом комерціалізації науково-технічних розробок підприємств усіх форм власності. Це здійснюється для визначення вартості об’єктів інтелектуальної власності (ОІВ) у зв’язку з передачею прав власності (купівлі, продажу) на відповідний об’єкт, укладанням ліцензійного договору на використання ОІВ, врахування ОІВ в бухгалтерському обліку, внесенням до статутного капіталу тощо. За таких умов проблема недооцінки ОІВ суттєво знижує ефективність і результативність діяльності підприємств. При цьому унікальність багатьох видів інтелектуальних активів та неможливість їх візуальної оцінки обумовлюють доцільність систематизації методичних підходів до оцінки вартості ОІВ для забезпечення об’єктивної оцінки вартості інтелектуальної власності. Це сприятиме збільшенню прибутковості та вартості бізнесу підприємства. Метою дослідження є розробка теоретико-методичних положень та обґрунтування практичних рекомендацій щодо удосконалення інформаційно-методичного забезпечення оцінки вартості нематеріальних активів підприємства з врахуванням вимог нормативних документів та наявності необхідної інформації. За результатами дослідження систематизовано методичні підходи до визначення вартості нематеріальних активів. За даними фінансових звітів проаналізовано вартість нематеріальних активів провідних підприємств України та їх частку в загальній вартості активів. Визначено особливості проведення оцінки нематеріальних активів відповідно до стандартів обліку, розроблено методичний підхід до оцінки вартості інтелектуальної власності, що дозволяє обґрунтовано обрати метод оцінки ОІВ на підставі аналізу наявної інформації. Доведено, що відсутність об’єктивної інформації щодо вартості ОІВ суттєво знижує вартість активів підприємств України у порівнянні з провідними компаніями світу, що зменшує їх інвестиційну привабливість та не сприяє економічному розвитку

Il est intéressant d’interroger, à travers la lecture parallèle de deux de leurs romans, le discours de dénonciation de deux auteurs algériens francophones de deux générations différentes : Rachid Mimouni et Kamel Daoud. La place qu’occupe le soleil, signe de feu, dans ces romans est telle que, par sa puissance, cet astre semble dominer les esprits des personnages. L’on peut en déduire, en le décrivant et en l’analysant, le sens de l’engagement littéraire de chaque écrivain., It is interesting to question the denunciatory discourse of two francophone Algerian writers from two different generations, Rachid Mimouni and Kamel Daoud, through a parallel reading of two of their novels. The position occupied by the sun, a sign of fire, in these novels is such that, through its power, this celestial body seems to rule over the characters’ minds. By describing and analyzing it, one can deduce each writer’s sense of literary commitment.

The homogenous properties – as flats are – have the set of key features that characterizes them. The area of a flat, the number of rooms and storey number where it is located, the technical state of a building, and the state of the vicinity of the blocks of flats assessed. The database comprises 222 flats with their transaction prices on the secondary estate market. The analysed flats are located in a certain quarter of Wrocław city in Poland. The database is large enough to apply machine learning for successful price predictions. Their close locations significantly lower the influence of clients’ assessments of the attractiveness of the location on the flat’s price. The hybrid approach is applied, where classifying precedes the solution of the regression problem. Dependently on the class of flats, the mean absolute percentage error achieved through the calculations presented in the article varies from 4,4 % to 7,8 %. In the classes of flats where the number of cases doesn’t allow for machine predicting, multivariate linear regression is applied. The reliable use of machine learning tools has proved that the automated valuation of homogenous types of properties can produce price predictions with the error low enough for real applications.

International audience; This work delves into the equivalences of hélas in Spanish and is part of the recent comparative approaches linked to the linguistic theories of enunciation. The aim of the article is to open a way for the contrastive analysis of the discursive operators that combines the syn-tactic properties with a semantic approach that allows showing the similarities and differences between the instructions linked to their meaning. The study offered, illustrated with examples from the Frantext corpus, reinforces the hypothesis that a methodological framework inscribed in the Theory of Stereotypes and the Theory of Polyphony can have very interesting applications in the search for relationships between related operators of a same language and different lan-guages.; Este trabajo profundiza en las equivalencias de hélas en español y se inscribe en el marco de los enfoques comparativos recientes ligados a las teorías lingüísticas de la enunciación. El objetivo del artículo es abrir una vía para el análisis contrastivo de los operadores discursivos que combine las propiedades sintácticas con un enfoque semántico que permita mostrar las similitudes y diferencias entre las instrucciones ligadas a su significado. El estudio ofrecido, ilustrado con ejemplos del corpus Frantext, refuerza la hipótesis de que un marco metodológico inscrito en la Teoría de los estereotipos y en la Teoría de la polifonía puede tener aplicaciones muy interesantes en la búsqueda de relaciones entre operadores afines de una misma lengua y de lenguas diversas.; Ce travail approfondit les équivalences de hélas en espagnol et s’inscrit dans le cadre des approches comparatives récentes liées aux théories linguistiques de l’énonciation. L’objectif de l’article est d’ouvrir une voie à l’analyse contrastive des opérateurs discursifs qui combine les propriétés syntaxiques avec une approche sémantique permettant de montrer les similitudes et les différences entre les instructions attachées à leur signification. L’étude proposée, illustrée avec des exemples issus du corpus Frantext, renforce l’hypothèse qu’un cadre méthodologique inscrit dans la Théorie des stéréotypes et la Théorie de la polyphonie peut avoir des applications très intéressantes dans la recherche des relations entre opérateurs proches d’une même langue et de langues différentes.

Предмет исследования – оценка стоимости предприятия. База данной работы – Ð±ÑƒÑ Ð³Ð°Ð»Ñ‚ÐµÑ€ÑÐºÐ°Ñ отчетность ООО «Трансбункер». Целью выпускной квалификационной работы является оценка стоимости нефтеперерабатывающей компании с помощью Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ и сравнительного Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð°. В работе рассмотрены основные существующие методы оценки стоимости компании, изучена структура и особенности компании ООО «Трансбункер», проведен анализ финансово-Ñ Ð¾Ð·ÑÐ¹ÑÑ‚Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ деятельности предприятия, произведена оценка стоимости компании двумя Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð¼Ð¸. Результат работы –рассчитанная стоимость ООО «Трансбункер», полученная Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ‹Ð¼ и сравнительным Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð¼Ð¸., The topic of the final qualifying work is "Estimation of the value of an oil refining company (on example of LLC «Transbunker»)". The object of the research is LLC «Transbunker». The subject of research is the assessment of the value of the enterprise. The basis of this work is the financial statements of LLC «Transbunker». The purpose of the final qualifying work is to assess the value of an oil refining company using a profitable and comparative approach. The paper considers the main existing methods for assessing the value of the company, studies of the structure and features of the company LLC «Transbunker», analyzes of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, and evaluation of the value of the company using two approaches. The result of the work is the estimated cost of LLC "Transbunker", obtained by profitable and comparative approaches.

В статье исследуется эффективность сравнительно-сопоставительного подхода к обучению иностранным языкам и определяется роль родного языка в этом процессе. Приводятся аргументы «за» и «против» включения родного языка в процесс обучения иностранным языкам на основе критического анализа научной и учебно-методической литературы по теме исследования. Обосновано, что такой подход позволяет проводить параллели в двух языках: родном и иностранном, что способствует осознанному и эффективному усвоению языковых явлений изучающими иностранный язык. Экспериментально доказано, что сравнительно-сопоставительный подход к обучению иностранному языку значительно увеличивает количество усваиваемого учебного (лексического и грамматического) материала, что способствует решению стратегической задачи обучения иностранному языку в средней школе – формированию вторичной языковой личности. Ведущим методом исследования, позволившим авторам доказать эффективность сравнительно-сопоставительного подхода к обучению иностранным языкам, явился многоступенчатый педагогический эксперимент, который проводился в двух российских гимназиях. Материалы и результаты исследования могут быть рекомендованы преподавателям иностранных языков., Educators and researchers highlight the role of mother tongue in teaching and learning foreign languages. Some perform the role of its proponents, others are its opponents. The issue of the preservation of native languages and cultures has always attracted public attention. In this context, the problem of the usage of mother tongue in teaching foreign languages through their comparison is becoming especially essential. In this paper, the authors offer a comparative approach with the aim in view to compare students’ L1 with the target language (L2). The authors assumed that this approach provides the conscious and effective assimilation of language phenomena by L2 learners in the classroom. A 3-staged pedagogical experiment allowed the authors to come to the conclusion that a comparative approach to teaching foreign languages builds up lingual and paralingual parallels, due to which the process of language acquisition is fostered, the amount of digested educational materials is increased, students’ native language knowledge is improved. The paper discusses issues and practices on the topic and offers general recommendations for university and school teachers of the English language.

This article shows the existence of a special argumentative style that permeates the work of Israel Kirzner, here called "comparative approach". Although this method is not exclusive to the author, the attention is drawn to the particularity that this form of dialogue has a common place in Kirzner’s work. This is verified by the preliminary and recurring rescue of other theoretical approaches to a theme before Kirzner passed his own assessment. The article proposes to interpret this positioning as a professional engagement initiative, considering the context of resurgence of the Austrian School in the 1970’s, a movement that Kirzner had as one of its leaders. In this reading, the Kirzner's effort to systematically refer to other theoretical approaches can be understood as a way of approaching them and their audience, expanding the reach of Austrianism. This reflects Kirzner's quest to clarify and disseminate Austrian theory, an indicative of his engagement among economists. Este artículo muestra la existencia de un particular estilo argumentativo que impregna la obra de Israel Kirzner, aquí llamado "enfoque comparativo". Si bien este método no es exclusivo del autor, el artículo llama la atención sobre la particularidad de que este tipo de diálogo es un lugar común en su obra. Esto se verifica por la forma en que Kirzner recupera de manera recurrente y preliminar otras aproximaciones en cada tema antes de plantear su propia exposición teórica. El artículo interpreta esta iniciativa como un compromiso profesional, considerando el contexto de resurgimiento de la Escuela Austriaca en la década de 1970, movimiento del que Kirzner fue uno de sus líderes. En esta interpretación, el esfuerzo del autor por referirse sistemáticamente a otros enfoques teóricos puede entenderse como una forma de acercarse a ellos y a su audiencia, ampliando el alcance del Austrianismo. Esto es consecuencia de la búsqueda de Kirzner de aclarar y difundir la teoría austriaca, una indicación de su compromiso con los economistas. Este artigo procura mostrar a existência de um estilo argumentativo particular que permeia a obra de Israel Kirzner, aqui denominado de “abordagem comparativa”. Conquanto tal método não seja exclusivo do autor, chama-se a atenção para a particularidade desta forma de diálogo ter lugar comum em sua obra. Isto é verificado pelo resgate preliminar e recorrente de outras abordagens acerca de um tema antes de Kirzner passá-lo para sua própria apreciação teórica. O artigo interpreta esta iniciativa como postura de engajamento profissional, considerando o contexto de ressurgência da Escola Austríaca na década de 1970, movimento que teve Kirzner como um de seus líderes. Nesta leitura, o esforço do autor em referenciar sistematicamente outras abordagens teóricas pode ser entendido como forma de aproximação a elas e de seu público, ampliando o alcance do Austrianismo. Isso reflete a busca de Kirzner em esclarecer e divulgar a teoria Austríaca, um indicativo do seu engajamento entre os economistas.

Nijat ozon (1927-2010) is considered to be the pioneer of cinema historiography in Turkey with the publication of his first work dedicated to Turkish cinema in 1962. In fact, his History of Turkish Cinema from Yesterday to Today: 1896-1960 was an attempt to write the history of cinema by focusing on its artistic aspects as well as on its industrial aspects. From his preliminary articles published in the 1950s, the author set out to analyze the situation of Turkish cinema from an economic, industrial, and institutional perspective and not only from an aesthetic point of view. Did the Sadoulian model of the history of cinema play a key role in the approach and practice of this Turkish cinema specialist? The aim of this article is to study the impact of Georges Sadoul's Marxist vision and his documentation methodology had on the historical discourse of his Turkish colleague. The article merges two theoretical concepts (comparative approach and the historiographical operation) to highlight the social milieu to which ozon belongs, the practices he uses as an historian and the intellectual influences he undergoes in his writing work. WOS:000645625200004

Объект исследования представляет собой Китайское Общество с Ограниченной Ответственностью «ChinaTelecom» («ЧайнаТелеком»). Целью выпускной квалификационной работы является оценка стоимости бизнеса предприятия на примере. Для достижения цели были проанализованы Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ñ‹ и методы для оценки стоимости бизнеса, изучены Ñ Ð°Ñ€Ð°ÐºÑ‚ÐµÑ€Ð½Ñ‹Ðµ особенности ООО «ChinaTelecom», проведен финансовый анализ, проведена оценка стоимости ООО «ChinaTelecom» тремя Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ и разными методами. Для оценки стоимости бизнеса предприятия Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ‹Ð¼ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð¼, были использованы метод капитализации, метод дисконтирования Ð´ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ¶Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñ‚Ð¾Ðº и модуль Гордона. Для оценки стоимости бизнеса предприятия затратным Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð¼, был использован метод Ñ‡Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ñ‹Ñ Ð°ÐºÑ‚Ð¸Ð²Ð¾Ð². Для оценки стоимости бизнеса предприятия сравнительным Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð¼, был использован метод рынка капитала. В конце выпускной работы были получены результаты оценки стоимости бизнеса для ООО «ChinaTelecom» Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ‹Ð¼, затратным и сравнительным Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð¼Ð¸., The object of the research is Chinese Limited Liability Company «ChinaTelecom». The purpose of the final qualifying work is to estimate the value of an enterprise's business using an example. To achieve the aim, approaches and methods for estimate the value of a business were analyzed, the characteristic features of ChinaTelecom LLC were studied, a financial analysis was analyzed, and the value of ChinaTelecom LLC was estimated by three approaches and different methods. The capitalization method, the discounted cash flow method and the Gordon module were used to assess the value of the business with an income approach. the net assets method was used to assess the value of the business with a cost approach. The capital market method was used to assess the value of the business with a comparative approach. At the end of the final qualifying work, the results of the assessment of the business value for ChinaTelecom LLC by income, cost and comparative approaches were obtained..

Cette étude comparative de deux versions filmiques de la même mise en scène de Cyrano de Bergerac à la Comédie-Française, filmée à dix ans d’écart par des réalisateurs et pour des diffuseurs différents, illustre les liens d’interdépendance unissant la scène et l’écran. Certaines contraintes scéniques, comme le placement d’un écran numérique sur scène pour décupler la perspective du public de théâtre, exigent des stratégies de filmage mettant en valeur l’esthétique particulière du film-théâtre., This comparative study of two different film versions of the same staging of Cyrano de Bergerac at the Comédie-Française, filmed ten years apart by different directors and for different broadcasters, illustrates the interdependent links between stage and screen. Scenic constraints, e.g. the placement of a digital screen above the stage to enhance the perspective of the theatre audience, requires strategic filming choices that highlight the aesthetics of film-theater.