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In line with the current turn towards the study of material culture in Translation Studies, this paper explores community translation in Edmonton through the case study of the Newcomer’s Guide to Edmonton (NGE). A 63-page handbook of essential information for new residents published by the City of Edmonton (2016), the NGE was translated into 7 languages in a project that employed community translators. This research examines community translation as both a materially and a culturally situated practice. We discuss how the materialities of communication and translation (Littau, 2016) can be addressed through this case study on community translation (Taibi and Ozolins, 2016). We also look at the process of community translation, specifically, the material conditions under which community translators work, often as volunteers with limited training who serve newcomers. We explore the case of the translation of the NGE as a culturally situated practice where community translators faced the particularities not only of the material translated, but also of the local context and target communities. Our research suggests that the process of the NGE’s translation not only empowered translators to make appropriate choices for their local communities, but also developed strategies for elevating the quality of the final product., Dans le sillage du tournant actuel vers l’étude de la culture matérielle dans le domaine de la traductologie, nous explorons dans cet article la situation de la traduction communautaire à Edmonton à travers l’étude de cas du Newcomer’s Guide to Edmonton (NGE). Le NGE est un document de 63 pages publié par la ville d’Edmonton en 2016 regroupant des informations essentielles pour les nouveaux résidents. Traduit en 7 langues, le NGE a été réalisé par des traducteurs communautaires. Cette recherche examine la traduction communautaire en tant que pratique située du point de vue matériel et culturel. Nous discutons la manière dont les matérialités de la communication et de la traduction (Littau, 2016) peuvent être abordées à travers cette étude de cas sur la traduction communautaire (Taibi and Ozolins, 2016). Nous examinons également le processus de traduction communautaire, en particulier, les conditions matérielles dans lesquelles les traducteurs communautaires travaillent, souvent en tant que bénévoles avec une formation limitée au service des nouveaux résidents. Nous explorons le cas de la traduction du NGE en tant que pratique culturellement située où les traducteurs communautaires ont été confrontés aux particularités non seulement du matériel traduit, mais aussi du contexte local et des communautés cibles. Notre recherche suggère que le processus de traduction du NGE a permis aux traducteurs de faire des choix appropriés pour leurs communautés locales, mais a également développé des stratégies pour améliorer la qualité du produit final.

Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Tradução apresentado à Faculdade de Letras This internship report, carried out as part of the Master's in Translation offered by the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the University of Coimbra, deals with tourist and community translation, from Portuguese into English, as the result of the internship at the Municipality of Arganil, which took place between 25 October 2021 and 21 January 2022. Therefore, this document is divided into three fundamental parts.The first part presents some information regarding the internship that was carried out, such as information regarding the host entity and the work done, as well as the demographic context of the municipality of Arganil, which becomes important throughout the report. Furthermore, some of the benefits of the work carried out throughout the master's degree in the internship are mentioned, as well as some differences between the academic world and the professional world.In the second part of this paper several theoretical and thematic points relevant to the main research topic "how should one go about translating a tourist text?" are listed. In this context, several functionalist theories are presented, such as the Skopos theory by Katharina Reiss and Hans J. Vermeer and Christiane Nord's model of textual analysis. In addition, the methodology of Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet and the concepts of domestication and foreignization formulated by Lawrence Venuti are presented and several points concerning the fields of tourist translation, where Reiss' textual typology is introduced, and of community translation are discussed.In the final part, several examples are presented in order to justify and demonstrate how the various previous points can be applied to the translation of the texts produced during the internship. First, some of the translated texts are presented and then some of the translation difficulties and problems encountered in the texts are examined. O presente relatório de estágio, realizado no âmbito do Mestrado em Tradução oferecido pela Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra, ocupa-se da tradução turística e comunitária, de português para inglês, executada durante o estágio na Câmara Municipal de Arganil, que decorreu entre os dias 25 de outubro de 2021 e 21 de janeiro de 2022. Assim, o presente documento está dividido em três partes fundamentais.Na primeira parte são apresentadas algumas informações relativas ao estágio realizado, tais como informações no que toca à entidade de acolhimento e ao trabalho elaborado, bem como ao contexto demográfico do município de Arganil, o que se torna importante ao longo do relatório. Para além disso, são referidos alguns dos benefícios do trabalho realizado ao longo do mestrado no estágio e algumas diferenças entre o mundo académico e o mundo profissional.Na segunda parte do trabalho são enunciados vários pontos teóricos e temáticos pertinentes para o principal tema de investigação “de que forma é que se deve proceder à tradução de um texto turístico?”. Neste contexto são apresentadas diversas teorias funcionalistas, tais como a teoria do skopos de Katharina Reiss e Hans J. Vermeer e o modelo de análise textual de Christiane Nord. Para além disto, são apresentados a metodologia de Jean-Paul Vinay e Jean Darbelnet e os conceitos de domesticação e estrangeirização formulados por Lawrence Venuti e são expostos diversos pontos relativos aos campos de tradução turística, onde é introduzida a tipologia textual de Reiss, e de tradução comunitária.Na última parte, são apresentados diversos casos práticos de forma a justificar e demonstrar como os diferentes pontos anteriores podem ser aplicados no que concerne à tradução dos textos realizados ao longo do estágio. Em primeiro lugar são apresentados alguns dos textos traduzidos e posteriormente são analisadas algumas das dificuldades e problemas de tradução encontrados nos textos.

In the last two decades, audiovisual translation has come to be employed in an ever-widening range of contexts and media, an expansion which has been more or less reflected in research. Meanwhile, video game localization and the volunteer translation communities responsible for it have become popular research topics around the world. In Turkey, despite the existence of both volunteer communities and professional localization companies, academic studies on video game localization are scarce. To help fill this gap in the literature, the present study aims to explore the potential similarities and differences between community translation processes in volunteer and professional video game localization in Turkey. To this end, two group interviews were carried out: one with members of a volunteer video game localization community operating within the Steam Translation Server, the other with the representatives of a professional localization company in Istanbul, Turkey. The localization processes reported by the respondents were compared in the light of the typologies and processes of community translation presented in the literature. The findings from the interviews indicated that the video game localization processes followed by the two communities resembled one another in terms of management, participation, and closed community structure, but the volunteer community sometimes displayed more flexibility in these aspects and did not seem to set such strict standards. The findings thus suggest that theories of community translation need to take more account of both common and distinguishing features of online communities and offer new categorizations for blended community structures.

La literatura y la divulgación científica comparten la posibilidad de adaptar sus textos en función del receptor al que se dirigen. Si pensamos en un público infantil, además, han de cumplir una serie de características en base a ciertas necesidades y capacidades que presenta el destinatario de estos textos. En este contexto, la traducción se convierte en una herramienta funcional para acercar la ciencia a los niños a través de la literatura, un excelente instrumento para la divulgación y educación de la población. En el presente trabajo, basándonos en la metodología presentada en el proyecto OncoTRAD, pretendemos traducir y adaptar un texto científico en formato multimodal, en este caso un cómic, dirigido a un público infantil, cumpliendo así con el propósito de acercar la ciencia a los niños y de educar e informar a la población infantil y juvenil. Literature and science popularization share the possibility of adapting their texts according to their intended recipient. If we think of children as the target audience, these texts must meet a series of characteristics, which are related to their recipients. In this context, translation becomes a functional tool to bring science closer to children through literature, an excellent instrument for its popularization and education. In the present work, based on the methodology presented in the OncoTRAD project, we intend to translate and adapt a scientific text in a multimodal format, in this case, a comic, aimed at a child audience, thus fulfilling the purpose of bringing science closer to children and to educate and inform the child and youth population. Este trabajo se enmarca en el proyecto “OncoTRAD: Medicina Gráfica y Traducción al Servicio del Paciente Oncológico y Su Entorno en la Sociedad Andaluza”, con referencia UCO-1381162, financiado por el Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía (2014-2020).

La literatura y la divulgación científica comparten la posibilidad de adaptar sus textos en función del receptor al que se dirigen. Si pensamos en un público infantil, además, han de cumplir una serie de características en base a ciertas necesidades y capacidades que presenta el destinatario de estos textos. En este contexto, la traducción se convierte en una herramienta funcional para acercar la ciencia a los niños a través de la literatura, un excelente instrumento para la divulgación y educación de la población. En el presente trabajo, basándonos en la metodología presentada en el proyecto OncoTRAD, pretendemos traducir y adaptar un texto científico en formato multimodal, en este caso un cómic, dirigido a un público infantil, cumpliendo así con el propósito de acercar la ciencia a los niños y de educar e informar a la población infantil y juvenil. Literature and science popularization share the possibility of adapting their texts according to their intended recipient. If we think of children as the target audience, these texts must meet a series of characteristics, which are related to their recipients. In this context, translation becomes a functional tool to bring science closer to children through literature, an excellent instrument for its popularization and education. In the present work, based on the methodology presented in the OncoTRAD project, we intend to translate and adapt a scientific text in a multimodal format, in this case, a comic, aimed at a child audience, thus fulfilling the purpose of bringing science closer to children and to educate and inform the child and youth population. Este trabajo se enmarca en el proyecto “OncoTRAD: Medicina Gráfica y Traducción al Servicio del Paciente Oncológico y Su Entorno en la Sociedad Andaluza”, con referencia UCO-1381162, financiado por el Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía (2014-2020).

Багато перекладацьких проєктів застосовують метод краудсорсингу, який дозволяє залучити велику кількість виконавців та спростити процес перекладу. Магістерську дисертацію присвячено краудсорсингу у перекладі до відеозаписів виступів щорічної конференції TED Talks та до відеозаписів курсів на онлайн-ресурсі Coursera: проведено аналіз підходів до створення та перекладу таких субтитрів та до забезпечення їх якості. Об’єктом дослідження є тексти та переклади субтитрів українською, німецькою на англійською мовами, правила та вимоги до перекладу для масових освітніх платформ. Предметом дослідження виступають особливості застосування методу краудсорсингу під час перекладу масових освітніх платформ, основні аспекти та проблеми, з якими стикається перекладач. Мета роботи полягає у виокремленні та узагальненні вимог до перекладу для масових освітніх платформ. Матеріалом дослідження є відеозаписи виступів щорічної конференції TED Talks та відеозаписи курсу на онлайн-ресурсі Coursera, перекладеного у рамках курсу «Перекладацький проєкт», а також тексти вимог та рекомендацій до перекладу до вищезазначених платформ. Many translation projects use crowdsourcing, which allows to involve a large number of translators and facilitate the translation process. This master’s thesis focuses on crowdsourcing translation of TED Talks and Coursera videos. It analyzes the approaches to creating and translating such subtitles and to ensuring their quality. The object of the study are texts and translations of subtitles in Ukrainian, German and English, rules and requirements for translation for mass educational platforms. The subject of the study are the peculiarities of crowdsourcing by translation of mass-media platforms, the main aspects of the problems faced by the translator. The aim of the research is to identify and summarize the requirements for translation for mass educational platforms. The research material are video recording of the annual TED Talks conference and videos of the Coursera online course, translated as part of the course «Translation Project», as well as texts of the requirements and guidelines for translating the above-mentioned platforms. Много переводческих проектов используют метод краудсорсинга, который позволяет привлечь большое количество исполнителей и упростить процесс перевода. Магистерская диссертация посвящена краудсорсингу в переводе видеозаписей выступлений ежегодной конференции TED Talks и видеозаписей курсов на онлайн-ресурсе Coursera: проведен анализ подходов к созданию и переводу таких субтитров и обеспечения их качества. Объектом исследования являются тексты и переводы субтитров на украинском, немецком и английском языках, правила и требования к переводу для массовых образовательных платформ. Предметом исследования являются особенности применения метода краудсорсинга во время перевода массовых образовательных платформ, основные аспекты и проблемы, с которыми сталкивается переводчик. Цель работы состоит в выделении и обобщении требований к переводу для массовых образовательных платформ. Материалом исследования служат видеозаписи выступлений ежегодной конференции TED Talks и видеозаписи курса на онлайн-ресурсе Coursera, переведенного в рамках курса «Переводческий проект», а также тексты требований и рекомендаций к переводу для вышеупомянутых платформ.

Premi UAB de la Fundació Autònoma Solidària (FAS) als millors Treballs de Fi de Grau sobre desenvolupament sostenible i justícia global. 5a Edició, curs 2020/2021 Aquest estudi té per objectiu investigar el funcionament de la traducció i interpretació als serveis públics en l'àmbit de l'asil i refugi a la província de Barcelona. La recerca consta de dues parts: d'una banda, el marc teòric, en el qual s'exposa la situació actual dels desplaçaments forçats, s'explica en què consisteix la figura del traductor i intèrpret en aquest context i es recullen les lleis que regulen aquest servei; d'altra banda, la part pràctica, en la qual es tracten sis entrevistes a entitats i organitzacions que treballen en l'àmbit de la protecció internacional amb l'objectiu de conèixer la demanda, l'efectivitat i les funcions d'aquest vessant de la traducció i interpretació. Este estudio tiene por objetivo investigar el funcionamiento de la traducción e interpretación en los servicios públicos en el ámbito del asilo y refugio en la provincia de Barcelona. La investigación consta de dos partes: por un lado, el marco teórico, en el que se expone la situación actual de los desplazamientos forzados, se explica en qué consiste la figura del traductor e intérprete en este contexto y se recogen las leyes que regulan este servicio; por otro lado, la parte práctica, en la que se tratan seis entrevistas a entidades y organizaciones que trabajan en el ámbito de la protección internacional con el objetivo de conocer la demanda, la efectividad y las funciones de esta vertiente de la traducción e interpretación. This Bachelor's Degree Final Project aims to understand in depth how community translation and interpreting work in the field of asylum and refuge in the province of Barcelona. This research consists of two parts. On the one hand, the theoretical framework, which deals with the current situation of forced displacements, explains the role of the translator and interpreter in this context and presents the laws that regulate this service. On the other hand, the practical part, which consists of analysing six interviews with entities and organisations that work in the field of international protection with the aim of determining the demand, effectiveness and functions of this branch of translation and interpreting.

The rise in popularity of indie games in the last decade, coupled with the globalization of the video game industry at large, has led to the emergence of alternative localization models that rely on “Web 2.0”-based participatory cultures. The present case study contributes to the existing literature on crowdsourced translation initiatives by focusing on the solicited community translation of an indie video game. Using a survey methodology, it investigated the profiles, motivations and roles of the participants, as well as technical aspects of the localization process. Results show that with proper coordination, crowdsourcing can be an effective localization model for indie game developers who cannot afford professional localization services, in addition to giving visibility to minoritized languages. L'essor du jeu vidéo indépendant au cours de la dernière décennie et la globalisation de l'industrie en général ont donné naissance à de nouveaux modèles de localisation basés sur la nature participative du « Web 2.0 ». Analysant la traduction participative d'un jeu vidéo indépendant grâce à une méthode d'enquête, la présente étude de cas contribue à la littérature actuelle sur le crowdsourcing en traduction. Les profils, motivations et tâches des participants y sont examinés, de même que les aspects techniques du processus de localisation. Les résultats montrent l'efficacité de ce modèle dans le cadre de petits studios aux moyens financiers limités, pour autant que le projet soit coordonné de manière appropriée. Par ailleurs, le crowdsourcing offre une visibilité à des langues peu communes dans l'industrie.

En las últimas décadas, la medicina gráfica se ha constituido como una herramienta fundamental para la divulgación de la ciencia y para acercar el conocimiento especializado al público lego por parte de los profesionales sanitarios. Del mismo modo, la traducción y la interpretación juegan un papel esencial en la traslación y adaptación de textos altamente especializados para la sociedad a través de una serie de herramientas, como son los procesos de desterminologización o la transcreación y traducción intergenérica. En la confluencia de estas dos ramas de conocimiento se encuentra la traducción social, una disciplina que se centra en el empoderamiento de los ciudadanos y que, en la intersección con la medicina gráfica, da como resultado la traducción y adaptación de textos científicos al formato cómic, entre otros. En el presente trabajo, mostramos el proceso de traducción y adaptación de un paper científico a un cómic sobre el cáncer y la covid-19 para pacientes. In recent decades, graphic medicine has become an important tool in science outreach and is used by health professionals to bring specialist knowledge to the lay public. Similarly, translation and interpreting play a key role in adapting highly specialised texts to a wider audience using a series of tools, from determinologisation to intergeneric translation and transcreation. At the confluence between these two branches of knowledge lies community translation, a discipline that focuses on empowering citizens and works to translate and adapt scientific texts to formats including comics in conjunction with graphic medicine. In this paper, we explore the process of translating and adapting a scientific paper to create a comic for patients about cancer and covid-19.

La traducció mòbil representa una de les àrees més dinàmiques de la traducció a causa dels constants avenços en connexió, aplicacions i fluxos de microtasques de traducció col·laborativa, que representen un nou enfocament a la traducció professional i voluntària. Aquest article analitza la intersecció de la traducció col·laborativa en la seva dimensió de microtasca i les aplicacions de telèfons intel·ligents per tal de traçar l’evolució de la relació entre les aplicacions i la traducció. S’hi defineixen les nocions bàsiques de traducció mòbil, traducció col·laborativai traducció comunitària, i es descriuen les fases de l’evolució de la traducció mòbil., Mobile translation represents the new frontier in the translation industry enabled by constant developments in connectivity, apps and micro-task crowdsourcing workflows. It involves a brand new approach to professional and volunteer translation that has not been explored to date. This article analyzes the intersection of crowdsourcing and its micro-task approach and smartphone apps, and also charts how the relationship between apps andtranslation has evolved during the last decade. Basic notions such as mobile translation, mobile human translation, translation crowdsourcing and online community translations are defined, and the different stages in the evolution of mobile translation are described. The paper ends with a description of initiatives that have relied on cell phone SMS or smartphone apps to translate, ranging from initiatives such as TxtEagle to industry innovators such as Unbabel and Stepes., La traducción móvil representa una de las áreas más dinámicas de la traducción a causa de los constantes avances en conexión, aplicaciones y flujos de microtareas de traducción colaborativa, que representan un nuevo enfoque a la traducción profesional y voluntaria. Este artículo analiza la intersección de la traducción colaborativa en su dimensión de microtarea y las aplicaciones de teléfonos inteligentes con el fin de trazar la evolución de la relación entre las aplicaciones y la traducción. Se definen las nociones básicas de traducción móvil, traducción colaborativa y traducción comunitaria, y se describen las fases de la evolución de la traducción móvil.

Objective: Following forward and backward translation of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) Questionnaire into any target language, a process of harmonization follows. Through harmonization, a pre-final version is concluded and cognitive interviewing commences. The objectives of this[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 14th Triennial Congress of the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand (IFSSH), 11th Triennial Congress of the International Federation of Societies for Hand Therapy (IFSHT), 11th Triennial Congress of the International Federation of Societies for Hand Therapy (IFSHT)

Background Translation and cross cultural adaptation of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) involves a step referred to as harmonisation, following forward and backward translation of the measure. This article proposes the introduction of methods not previously included in the process of harmonisation. The aim of the study was to introduce shared decision making (SDM) and the practice of community translation (CT) during the harmonisation of the Afrikaans for the Western Cape version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, a PROM that measures symptoms and activity and participation in persons with upper limb conditions. Methods A broader approach to harmonisation is proposed by incorporating CT and SDM in addition to existing methods toward harmonisation. Participants (n = 8) involved in the harmonisation meeting included the principal investigator, a linguistic expert, occupational therapists with knowledge of the target population, context and the DASH questionnaire and members of the target population with and without upper limb conditions. A partnership was formed with the participants (a principle of SDM) and the principles of non-parallel CT and the CT approach were applied during harmonisation. Employing CT principles ensures that the norm for the translation is set by the population the translation is intended for. Results Forward and backward translation of the DASH questionnaire presented a version of the measure in the target language for consideration during harmonisation. There were however a significant number of conceptually problematic items on the version presented at the meeting. Only seven items (7 of 30) remained unchanged. Conclusion SDM and CT was used during the harmonisation of the Afrikaans for the Western Cape DASH questionnaire. Both these practices could have relevance in the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of PROMs where the translation is intended for persons from low socio-economic backgrounds and low levels of education.

This empirical study explores whether indigenous Zulu praise-poetry can inform the translation of biblical praise-psalms. Zulu youth (“poetry fans”) were invited to learn about Hebrew and Zulu poetics as well as the process of Bible translation. Then they made their own translations and performances of biblical praise-psalms, following the Literary-rhetorical approach of Ernst Wendland. The results show a strong Zulu imprint from the source to the receptor text, although the original message is retained along with some of the poetic features. The literary and rhetorical power of the Hebrew is transformed into images and thought patterns that come alive to the Zulu mind while still being acceptable (to them) in terms of biblical accuracy. The performances of the translated texts (using rap, song, or spoken poetry) utilise prosody to deliver the message, thus requiring some adjustment to the texts. The audience enters into the experience, impacting the performers. Thus, there are four “voices” apparent: those of the original author, the Zulu translator, the Zulu performer, and the audience. A rich texture of cultural beauty emerges as the Hebrew and Zulu horizons merge in a panorama of literary beauty and rhetorical power.

Translators and interpreters have been shown to play an important role in supporting the activities of NGOs involved in crisis communication scenarios. However, there is little evidence of whether standardized training materials or technological assistance are required by or would be beneficial to quickly recruited ‘citizen translators’ working in these environments. This article will present a study of the design, delivery, and preliminary evaluation of a set of training materials developed for use in a citizen translation project run by New Zealand Red Cross (NZRC) with the support of the EU H2020-funded International Network on Crisis Translation (INTERACT). The article describes the training materials and discusses the epistemological and didactic issues that were faced in their design and delivery. Findings from the article will be of interest to those seeking to understand citizen translation and issues involved in working with an NGO on translator training.

This article deals with the exploitation of a monolingual specialised ad hoc corpus as a documentation resource in the community healthcare translation classroom. We start with a general overview of using a corpus-based methodology in the Community Translation context, an emerging branch within Translation Studies. We follow with a description of the main steps involved in the compilation and exploitation of the corpus in a postgraduate Community Translation environment, focusing on corpus linguistics as a documentation tool for the translation of healthcare texts, and the use of a corpus-based methodology.

The translator as agent of empowerment: A case study In this article the focus is on the role of the translator as an agent of empowerment for linguistically marginalised communities; it also raises the practical issue of his/her role as an intermediary equipped with knowledge of the source and target cultures and their (non-)overlap. The community translation approach, which emerged from a socio-linguistic perspective, forms the basis for this point of departure. The aim of this approach is to give these communities access to the same information and services as the linguistical “elite”. In order to realise this, the translator uses discourse patterns and linguistic conventions of the target group. For this approach, the needs of the target audience in the translation process are of paramount importance. To illustrate the translator’s role as an agent of empowerment as well as an effective intermediary, this article’s focus is on translation strategies used in a pragmatic text.

This paper reports on a research project that investigated the accessibility of health information and the consequent impact for translation into community languages. This is a critical aspect of the mediation of intercultural and interlingual communication in the domain of public health information and yet very little research has been undertaken to address such issues. The project was carried out in collaboration with the New South Wales Multicultural Health Communication Service (MHCS), which provides advice and services to state-based health professionals aiming to communicate with non-English speaking communities. The research employed a mixed-method and action research based approach involving two phases. The primary focus of this paper is to discuss major quantitative findings from the first pilot phase, which indicated that there is much room to improve the way in which health information is written in English for effective community-wide communication within a multilingual society.