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O presente estudo trata da prática do assédio moral no taekwondo, cujo crime cresce a cada dia. Serão abordados conceitos sobre taekwondo, bem como o conceito de assédio moral, além de demonstrar como identificar condutas lesivas aos praticantes; legislação pertinente ao caso, tanto nas esferas cível quanto criminal e órgãos administrativos vinculados à Confederação Brasileira de Taekwondo - CBTKD e Mundial de Taekwondo - WT, e também canais de denúncias, disponibilizados pelo Comitê Olímpico Brasileiro - COB.

The species complexes Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the causative agents of cryptococcosis. Virulence and susceptibility to antifungals may vary within each species according to the fungal genotype. Therefore, specific and easily accessible molecular markers are required to distinguish cryptic species and/or genotypes. Group I introns are potential markers for this purpose because they are polymorphic concerning their presence and sequence. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the presence of group I introns in the mitochondrial genes cob and cox1 in different Cryptococcus isolates. Additionally, the origin, distribution, and evolution of these introns were investigated by phylogenetic analyses, including previously sequenced introns for the mtLSU gene. Approximately 80.5% of the 36 sequenced introns presented homing endonucleases, and phylogenetic analyses revealed that introns occupying the same insertion site form monophyletic clades. This suggests that they likely share a common ancestor that invaded the site prior to species divergence. There was only one case of heterologous invasion, probably through horizontal transfer to C. decagattii (VGIV genotype) from another fungal species. Our results showed that the C. neoformans complex has fewer introns compared to C. gattii. Additionally, there is significant polymorphism in the presence and size of these elements, both among and within genotypes. As a result, it is impossible to differentiate the cryptic species using a single intron. However, it was possible to differentiate among genotypes within each species complex, by combining PCRs of mtLSU and cox1 introns, for C. neoformans species, and mtLSU and cob introns for C. gattii species.

Ontologies are crucial for the life sciences, where it’s necessary to categorize and organize the many different kinds of entities being studied, from the molecular level through to the organism and ecosystem level. The Common Ontology for Biology (COB) is an upper ontology intended for this purpose. It is designed to interoperate with other upper ontologies that are part of the Open Bio Ontologies (OBO) framework, including the Relation Ontology (RO) and the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), providing domain-scientist friendly terms and intuitive groupings.

In the northwest of France, raw earth has been broadly used, especially in Brittany where cob dwellings have been built since the sixteenth century. Today, cob buildings represent 20 % of the built heritage on this territory (Bardel P., Maillard J-L. 2009). The cob technique is also found in the Vendée marshes, where squat dwellings (“bourrines”), dating back to the fourteenth century, bear witness to the use of local, natural resources (Patte E., Streiff F. 2006; Bonnet S., Alzeort D, Poullain P. 2021). Between these two well-documented earth-building territories lies the Guérande Peninsula where earthen heritage, until recently little-known and neglected, has become the object of study.As a result of several inventories undertaken by earth-building professionals, a part of this heritage has been recorded and mapped (Hilton A. 2016; Miranda Santos M. 2016; Humblot D., Josset F., Marquis B. 2018). Two main research methods have been used: · a general audit of the specific areas of the peninsula where earth buildings exist,· a targeted audit of certain villages and their buildings.This latter entailed a comparison of historical maps with current cadastral maps, followed up by on-site verification.Following this inventory work, a sense of the nature and extent of local earthen heritage is beginning to emerge, feeding synergies with renewed local interest in earth construction. The Maison Neuve eco-district in Guérande presents a clear example of this: its objective is to reuse several thousand tonnes of its own site-excavated earth in earth-building projects over the next 5 years. The results of the inventory work helped this local project to understand the nature of the earth available and the different relevant earth-building techniques. The inventory work has also fed into local educational and awareness-raising activities to raise awareness of local earth-built heritage and disseminate best practice in the renovation of earthen walls

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of foliar treatment of plants with growth regulators on the formation of maize grain yield depending on the level of mineral nutrition. It was found that exogenous growth regulators had almost no effect on the number of ripened cobs on the plant, but stimulated the growth of the cob length: on an unfertilized agricultural background, the increase was 0.2-7.1 %, while when fertilizer was applied it was 2.4-6.1 %. With foliar treatment of the crops with Zircon and Plagron Vita Race on a natural agricultural background, the number of grains in the cob increased by 22-24 pcs (7.6-8.4%), and on a fertilized background the increase was 16-24 pcs (4.6-6.8%). The foliar treatment with phytoregulators on a natural agricultural background increased the grain yield per cob by 10.6 % and by 4.9 % on an improved mineral nutrition background. The higher grain yield per cob was obtained with Zircon and Plagron Vita Race treatment. In terms of grain yield at all levels of mineral nutrition, the most effective way was the use of the plant growth regulator Plagron Vita Race, which yielded an additional 10.1-13.5 % of production. In all years of research, exogenous phytoregulators showed better antistress properties in natural agricultural backgrounds., Volga Region Farmland, Выпуск 1 (9) 2021, Pages 13-17

Purple corn (Zea mays L.) which background is the Kculli race, was originated in the Andean region and is grown in environments as high as 3000 m.a.s.l.; it is unique because of the purple color in the grain and other parts of the plant; the color is due to the presence of anthocyanin such as cianidine-3-glucoside. The objective of this study was to evaluate the grain production and determine the anthocyanin content in the cob and husk of six purple maize cultivars. Anthocyanin content in cob and husk was obtained through the pigment absorbance determination by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). Cultivars were planted at 28 environments of Cajamarca during 2016 to 2019. Results indicated that cultivar INIA 601 showed the highest grain yield (2.77 t ha-1) and the highest anthocyanin content in cobs (6.12) and husks (3.18 mg/cianidine-3-glucoside); consequently, using this technology, farmers can develop an agribusiness four times more profitable than growing other types of maize for grain production. El maíz morado (Zea mays L.) originado de la raza Kculli, es propio de los valles interandinos y se cultiva hasta 3000 m.s.n.m.; es único en el mundo por poseer un color morado oscuro en el grano y otras partes de la planta. El color está determinado por antocianinas como la cianidina-3-glucósido. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la producción de grano y la cantidad de antocianinas en la coronta y brácteas de seis cultivares de maíz morado. El contenido de antocianinas se determinó a través de la absorbancia del pigmento por HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). Los cultivares se sembraron en 28 localidades del departamento de Cajamarca (Perú), entre 2016 y 2019. Los resultados muestran que la mayor producción de grano (2,77 t ha-1) y la mayor concentración de antocianinas en corontas (6,12) y brácteas (3,18 mg/100 g de cianidina-3-glucósido) se obtiene sembrando la variedad INIA 601; con esta alternativa tecnológica el agricultor podría establecer un agronegocio rentable ya que podría obtener ingresos cuatro veces mayores que vendiendo solo grano de otros tipos de maíz.

The removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solution by Zea mays husk (HK), stalk (SK), cob (CB) and seed chaff (SC) which are wastes generated after harvesting or processing this cereal were studied and compared. Batch adsorption studies were utilized to decide the impact of different parameters on the process. Cadmium ion uptake by the adsorbents increased with increase in pH from 3 – 6, with HK and CB showing a steady increase as pH changed. The removal efficiency of all the adsorbents increased with adsorbent dose. However, after 0.4 g load of adsorbent, the removal efficiency of SC became independent of adsorbent load. The maximum adsorption capacity of HK, SK and CB was attained in 12 minutes while SC reached this point in 9 minutes. The adsorption equilibrium data for all the adsorbents fitted well in the Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption intensities of all the adsorbents from this model were greater than 1, and indicated that metal ion adsorption by these adsorbents were favourable physical processes. The rate of cadmium ion adsorption onto the adsorbents was better explained by the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The calculated equilibrium adsorption capacity of HK (16.36 mg/g) and SK (13.51 mg/g) showed that they had potentials for commercial application in the remediation of cadmium ion polluted water.

Cob is an earthen building material made by soil, fibres and water used for millennia. However, cob construction disappeared out during the nineteenth century. These last years, it is experiencing a renaissance in Northwestern France and Southern England. Due to a limited technical knowledge, the investigation of engineering properties is important for modern design practice and code requirements. Moreover, to ensure building properties, it is necessary to have same quality mix along the building phases. The aim of this study is to determine material variation during the monitoring of a cob prototype building in Normandy (France). This study investigated structural cob mix composition, water content, density, mechanical properties and thermal conductivity. Specimens shape used were cylindrical 110 x H220 mm and prismatic 300 x 300 x 70 mm. Results indicated a variation in cob mix (water content, materials proportions) between three different lifts. These variations lead to different densities and, consequently, to variables compressive strengths: 0.99 to 1.38 MPa and thermal conductivities from 0.610 - 0.816 W.m-1∙K-1.

In this paper we explore a context of application of Cob, a recently introduced Byzantine Fault Tolerant consensus protocol. Cob proves to be a leaderless consensus protocol which carries out the consensus process in parallel on each component of a list of events to be observed and recorded. We show how Cob can be used to define a consensus layer for scalable and sustainable blockchains. This layer is used to design consensus protocols based on sharding as a mean to achieve scalability, and on the fragmentation of time in time-slots (which get assigned to nodes that are instructed to create new blocks) as a mean to reduce the amount of computation and communication necessary for the maintenance of the distributed ledger. We explain why Cob is a viable candidate to implement such consensus layer through the introduction of an auxiliary blockchain that we name Synchronization Chain., 15 pages, 2 figures, 1 table

Received: January 10th, 2022 ; Accepted: May 1st, 2022 ; Published: May 10th, 2022 ; Correspondence: radchenkonikolay@ukr.net The aim of this research is to optimize growth and development of maize for biomass by selecting maize hybrids to fulfill their productivity potential. The following maize hybrids were the subject of research: Forteza, DM Native, DM Skarb. The greatest height of plants was formed in the interphase period of milk-wax maturity of grain in hybrid Forteza - 286.4 cm. In hybrid DM Native the height of plants was - 271.2 cm, hybrid DM Skarb - 263.6 cm. Weight of one plant of hybrids studied during the maize growing season ranged from 442 g to 760 g. Thus, the largest mass of maize plants was recorded in the milk-wax maturity stage. It was the largest at the hybrid Forteza and amounted to 760 g, that is more than at the hybrid DM Native for 3.4% (26 g) and at the hybrid DM Skarb for 6.6% (50 g). The average crop yield of the hybrid Forteza for the period of research was 55.1 t ha-1 . Hybrids DM Native and DM Skarb provided this indicator at the level of 50.6 and 45.7 t ha-1 respectively. Hybrid Forteza provided a maximum crop yield 55.1 t ha-1 with plant height 286.4 cm, assimilation surface of one plant and a crop 0.59 m2 ; 42.8 thousand m2 ha-1 and plant weight 760 g.

Architecture is often presented by archaeologists as one aspect of cultural identification, though it has only rarelybeen studied in sub-Saharan Africa. It is nonetheless important to make use of all technical and physical (“actualist”)markers in the interpretation of archaeological remains. Furthermore, certain cultural knowledge and practices aretoday at risk of disappearing and must be protected before they are gone for good. Our objective in this article isto present the technical variability observed in the walls and roofs of dwellings, granaries, and kitchens in easternSenegal, then to present the evolution of these architectural techniques through making use of archaeological andhistorical documents. Our methodology is founded on the description of chaînes opératoires as well as on an analysisof factors that influence the geographic distribution of architectural techniques. The results of this analysis allow us todiscuss the historical evolution of these techniques and the factors at the root of the observed variability., L’architecture est présentée par les archéologues comme un élément participant à l’identification culturelle des différentespopulations ou territoires, mais elle n’a été que rarement étudiée en Afrique subsaharienne. Or, il estimportant de s’appuyer sur des référentiels contemporains afin d’interpréter les vestiges archéologiques. Les savoirfaireconstructifs sont aujourd’hui en voie de disparition et il s’agit de répertorier et sauvegarder ces données techniquesavant qu’elles ne soient irrémédiablement perdues.Notre objectif dans cet article est de présenter la répartition et la variabilité des techniques de construction des murset toits des habitations, greniers et cuisines au Sénégal oriental, puis, grâce aux documents archéologiques et historiques,l’évolution de ces techniques architecturales. Notre étude est fondée sur la description des chaînes opératoireset l’analyse des différents facteurs qui influencent la répartition géographique de ces techniques architecturales. Lesrésultats de cette analyse permettent de proposer les premiers éléments d’une évolution historique de l’architecturevernaculaire sénégalaise orientale.

Earth is an ancient construction material that is attracting numerous scientific investigations due to the sustainable characteristics of this material and the significant heritage of existing earth constructions. Several studies have recently been conducted to investigate the seismic performance of earth buildings. This chapter presents the state of the art related to the seismic performance of earth structures. Since the seismic performance of a structure depends both on the dynamic and static characteristics of the material and the structure, the chapter starts with a summary of the static characteristics, followed by the results on the dynamic characteristics. Then the existing methods for the earthquake performance evaluation are presented. Finally, the techniques of seismic strengthening are cited and discussed. This chapter is a useful repertoire for further studies on the seismic design of earthen structures., This chapter is prepared in the case of the RILEM Technical Committee TC 279-TCE (Testing and characterisation of earth-based building materials and elements). The authors wish to thank the French National Research Agency (ANR) for funding the PRIMATERRE project (ANR-12-Villes et Bâtiments Durables). Several results presented in this paper are the outcome of this project. The funding from the ReBuMAT project (German-Vietnamese Collaborative Project on Resource-efficient Construction using Sustainable Building Materials) is acknowledged. Part of this work was also carried out within the framework of project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016737 (PTDC/ECM-EST/2777/2014), financed by FEDER funds through the Competitivity Factors Operational Programme—COMPETE and by FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology. The funding provided is kindly acknowledged. This work was partly financed by FEDER funds through the Competitivity Factors Operational Programme—COMPETE and by national funds through FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology within the scope of project SafEarth (PTDC/ECM-EST/2777/2014).

The creation of interface heterojunction could be an effective strategy to improve the activity of the catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this work, chain-like CoB alloy was firstly synthesized by magnetic field induction, and cationic corrosion approach was applied to create a heterojunction between NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) and magnetic CoB alloy surfaces. The results showed that OER performance was improved by achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 on the NiFe LDH@CoB electrode at an overpotential of 280 mV. The heterojunction of NiFe/LDH provided the catalytic sites and CoB alloy served as a good conductive support by improving the electron transfer rate.

In this study, a flour from corn cob (central core of the maize ear, stage R4) was obtained through three treatments. The three flours obtained were characterized by bromatological analysis, yield, and granulometry. Additional dressing-type oil in water (O/W) emulsions were developed, varying the formulation by incorporating distinct amounts of corn cob flour. The formulations' stability was evaluated over a period of 21 days, determining the particle size, creaming index, coalescence rate, consistency coefficient (k), and flow behavior indices (n). Results have shown significant differences in protein, fat, and carbohydrate content in the flour, depending on the cooking treatment. A good percentage of grinding yield was obtained (98%), in addition to several fractions by granulometry (60, 120, 250 MESH), showing differences in their nutritional content. Finally, the particle size of O/W emulsions developed varied among formulations. The combination of 0.6% of xanthan gum (XG) and corn cob flour showed major stability in average droplet size. No significant differences were observed in the coalescence rate values for the three formulations. Still, significant differences in the creaming index were evidenced in those formulations without XG or corn cob flour. The results regarding the consistency coefficient (k) and flow behavior indices (n) suggest a possible synergy between XG and flour of corn cob for enhancing the viscosity and pseudoplasticity of dressings in a concentration-dependent manner.

The aim of this study was to observe effects of the sowing date on the relationships among morphological properties of maize ears. The trial was set up in Zemun Polje in 2019 and encompassed five sowing dates with the initial one on April 1, and then on every 10 days until May 10 (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5). Three inbred lines (L1, L2, L3) were used as a material. During sowing, seeds were classified according to their size into small (6.5-8.4 mm), large (8.5-11 mm) and the primary seed fraction (6.5-11 mm). The parameters for the following morphological ear traits were determined under laboratory conditions: ear weight, ear length, ear thickness, cob weight and the grain yield. Obtained results indicated the significant contribution of all factors in expression of observed traits, as well as the significance of the interactions. The inbred L1 was the most stable genotype for the ear weight and the cob weight. The ear length and the ear thickness varied the least in all genotypes. The initial sowing dates (S1 and S2) were the most important for the ear weight. The third sowing date was the most important for the ear length (19.81cm) and the ear thickness (5.94cm). The highest cob weight was recorded in plants sown on the fifth sowing date (S5). The LSD tests showed that the differences in the morphological traits of ears of different sowing dates were significant between S5 and the remaining four sowing dates (p

The need for a vast quantity of new buildings to address the increase in population and living standards is opposed to the need for tackling global warming and the decline in biodiversity. To overcome this twofold challenge, there is a need to move towards a more circular economy by widely using a combination of alternative low-carbon construction materials, alternative technologies and practices. Soils or earth were widely used by builders before World War II, as a primary resource to manufacture materials and structures of vernacular architecture. Centuries of empirical practices have led to a variety of techniques to implement earth, known as rammed earth, cob and adobe masonry among others. Earth refers to local soil with a variable composition but at least containing a small percentage of clay that would simply solidify by drying without any baking. This paper discusses why and how earth naturally embeds high-tech properties for sustainable construction. Then the potential of earth to contribute to addressing the global challenge of modern architecture and the need to re-think building practices is also explored. The current obstacles against the development of earthen architecture are examined through a survey of current earth building practitioners in Western Europe. A literature review revealed that, surprisingly, only technical barriers are being addressed by the scientific community; two-thirds of the actual barriers identified by the interviewees are not within the technical field and are almost entirely neglected in the scientific literature, which may explain why earthen architecture is still a niche market despite embodying all the attributes of the best construction material to tackle the current climate and economic crisis. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of soils in delivering Nature's Contributions to People’.

RESUMEN El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado pretende dar visión al contexto de vulnerabilidad en el que se encuentran algunas áreas tan importantes como las Ciencias, en este caso concreto, la Física, enmarcada dentro de las Ciencias de la Naturaleza. Tras el análisis y reflexión sobre su situación actual, y la importancia que ésta tendría que tener en el ámbito educativo, se propone una manera diferente de llevar su aprendizaje a las aulas. Antes de llegar a la propuesta didáctica, se hace especial hincapié en la importancia de motivar a los alumnos, saliendo así de ese sistema educativo anticuado basado en la mera transmisión de conocimientos y el papel pasivo del alumnado. A su vez, se busca resaltar la importancia de los trabajos prácticos experimentales y todas aquellas propuestas que busquen involucrar a los discentes en el desarrollo de las clases, mostrando para ello unas tablas que reflejan la evolución de estas nuevas metodologías. ABSTRACT This Final Degree Project aims to give insight into the context of vulnerability in which some important areas such as Sciences are found, in this specific case, Physics, framed within the Natural Sciences. After analyzing and reflecting on their current situation, and the importance that it should have in the educational field, a different way of bringing their learning to the classroom is proposed. Before reaching the didactic proposal, special emphasis is placed on the importance of motivating students, thus leaving that outdated educational system based on the mere transmission of knowledge and the passive role of students. At the same time, it seeks to highlight the importance of practical experimental work and all those proposals that seek to involve students in the development of classes, showing some tables that reflect the evolution of these new methodologies. Grado en Magisterio en Educación Primaria

This paper accompanies the paper titled "Experimental validation for the application of the flat jack test in cob walls" presented by the same authors to the Construction and Building Materials Journal [1]. It contains data collected during the consolidation process of six cob wallettes and data collected after single and double flat jack test were applied for the first time to a set of cob wallettes at the laboratory facilities of the Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering at Trinity College Dublin. The data served to estimate the value of the dimensionless geometrical efficiency constant, Ke , and cob´s mechanical properties, namely, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and compressive strength. The detailed information presented here may be of interest for verification and replicability purposes.

According to Lejderman and Lipoveckij, the creation of a new mythology and, in general, the use of myth is a pivotal feature of contemporary Russian literature, with specific reference to the post-Soviet era (2003: 537-538). E.I. Kulakovskaja also retraces its presence in a new artistic project, the so-called ‘new Russian Realism’. In her prose works, Alisa Ganieva (1985-), one of the ‘new Russian realists’, makes creative use of Greek, Slavic, and Avar myths. Notably, her first novel Prazdničnaja gora (2012, translated into English as The Mountain and the Wall, 2015) is imbued with mythology. The present essay is focused on Ganieva’s rewriting of the myth of Cob (Цоб), the Avar Lord of the sky, and his twin children, Bachargan and Modu in The Mountain and the Wall. Ultimately, this analysis demonstrates that through the deconstruction and rewriting of Cob’s myth, Ganieva reaffirms the central role women play as a vital principle in society and, most importantly, in the field of art. Read against the background of the present-day Dagestani society, Ganieva’s aesthetic choice proves to be revolutionary., Studi Slavistici, Studi Slavistici XVII (2020) 1

Past builders have developed very low-embodied energy construction techniques optimizing the use of local building materials. These techniques are a source of inspiration for modern sustainable building. Unfortunately, this know-how was orally transmitted and was lost as earth construction fell into disuse during the 20th century in European countries. The absence of written documents makes necessary to use an archaeological approach in order to rediscover these construction strategies. Micromorphological analysis of thin sections collected in earth building walls was used for the first time to describe cob construction technique and highlighted several typical pedofeatures allowing to clearly identifying this process. Finally, a first comparison of the cob and rammed earth micromorphological features permitted to identify two key factors to distinguish these two techniques, the manufacturing state (solid or plastic) and the organization of the material in the wall. Keywords: Cob, Rammed earth, Micromorphology, Architectural heritage, Pedology

L’article met l’accent sur la nécessité d’identifier et de nommer correctement les procédés de construction en terre crue utilisés par les architectures de l’Âge du fer autour du bassin méditerranéen. Toute imprécision est non seulement préjudiciable à l’histoire des techniques de construction, mais peut également masquer des particularismes propres à certains peuples ayant pourtant une signification culturelle. Il montre également que l’appropriation ou le refus de matériaux typiquement « grecs », comme les terres cuites architecturales, révèle un impact plus ou moins important des modèles coloniaux sur les architectures indigènes selon les régions. The paper enlightens the importance of giving clear identifications and correct designations for earth construction processes used during the Iron age architectures, around the Mediterranean sea. Any inaccuracy can prejudice the history of building techniques and mask some peoples’ particularities that have a cultural significance. It also demonstrates that the appropriation or disinclination for typically « greek » materials -as terracottas- reveals different infuences of the colonial models on indigenous architectures, depending on areas.

Представлены результаты исследований по влиянию различных видов кремнийсодержащих препаратов и сроков некорневой обработки на формирование урожайности зерна раннеспелого гибрида кукурузы, которые были проведены в 2018-2019 гг. в Пензенской области. Установлено, что некорневая обработка препаратами с кремнием способствовала увеличению длины початка на 2,7-4,2 см или 18,2-28,0% по сравнению с обработкой водой. Более озерненные початки полу-чены при двукратной обработке препаратом НаноКремний, прибавка составила 26,7%. При применении Келик Калий-Кремний и Микровит-6 Кремний озерненность початка увеличилась на 14,1-19,6%. При фолиарной обработке посевов в фазе пяти листьев препаратами Келик Калий-Кремний и Микровит-6 Кремний, а также в вариантах с двукратной обработкой НаноКремний и Келик Калий-Кремний масса зерна с початка возросла на 23,3-26,7% по сравнению с вариантом без препарата. Применение препарата Келик Калий-Кремний в фазе пяти листьев способство-вало увеличению урожайности зерна на 2,32 т/га, а в фазе семи-восьми листьев кукурузы – на 1,56 т/га или 34,0% по сравнению с обработкой водой. При двукратном опрыскивании прирост составил 1,80 т/га. Листовая обработка НаноКремний в фазе пяти листьев кукурузы позволила получить дополнительно 1,62 т/га зерна или 35,7% по отношению к без препарата. Опрыскива-ние посевов в фазе семи-восьми листьев кукурузы обеспечило рост урожайности зерна на 1,49 т/га, а двукратная обработка – на 2,64 т/га. В вариантах с обработкой посевов препаратом Микровит-6 Кремний прирост урожайность зерна составил 1,95-2,28 т/га., The results of research on the influence of various types of silicon-containing preparations and the timing of non-root processing on the formation of grain yield of early-maturing maize hybrid which was conducted in 2018-2019 in the Penza region are presented. It was found that non-root treatment with silicon preparations contributed to an increase in the length of the cob by 2.7-4.2 cm or 18.2-28.0% compared to water treatment. More moistened ears were obtained by double treatment with NanoSilicon, the increase was 26.7%. When using Kelik Potassium-Silicon and Microvit-6 Silicon, the water content of the ear increased by 14.1-19.6%. When foliar treatment of crops in the five-leaves phase with Kelik Potassium-Silicon and Microvit-6 Silicon, as well as in variants with two-time treatment with NanoSilicon and Kelik Potassium-Silicon, the weight of grain from the cob increased by 23.3-26.7% compared to the variant without the drug. The use of the drug Kelik Potassium-Silicon in the five-leaf phase contributed to an increase in grain yield by 2.32 t/ha, and in the seven-eight-leaf phase of maize-by 1.56 t/ha or 34.0% compared with water treatment. When sprayed twice, the increase was 1.80 t/ha. Sheet processing with NanoSilicon in the five-leaf phase of maize allowed to obtain an additional 1.62 t/ha of grain, or 35.7% in relation to without the drug. Spraying crops in the phase of seven or eight maize leaves provided an increase in grain yield by 1.49 t/ha, and double processing - by 2.64 t/ha in variants with treatment of crops with Microvit-6 Silicon, the increase in grain yield was 1.95-2.28 t/ha.

In the European Union, most of the wastes from the building sector are composed of earths. Earth construction may be an interesting outlet for the re-use of these wastes, while meeting the challenge of circular economy: in particular, it involves low-embodied energy processes and earth material can be re-used for building by end-of-life. Nonetheless, the identification of suitable earths for construction remains an issue. To overcome this problem, an option may be to analyse earth building heritage, which is at least one-century old in Europe: indeed, earth employed in these buildings can be regarded as “time-tested”, and thus suitable for construction. In this paper, more than 20 different earths collected in rammed earth heritage building in France are presented. The results are confronted both to literature and to several classifications employed in soil sciences. A classification system based on granularity and clay activity will be relevant to address the convenience of earth for building purposes.

Cultural heritage is increasingly threatened not only by traditional causes of decay, but also by changing social, economic and environmental conditions. The deterioration or disappearance of any cultural item constitutes a harmful impoverishment of our heritage. Besides, culture has been recognized as an enabler and driver of sustainable development, peace and economic progress, which highlights the necessity of fostering its documentation, protection, and promotion. For all these reasons, working in the conservation of our cultural heritage should not only be justified but encouraged. The general objective of this PhD thesis is to contribute with the efforts to achieve Target 11.4 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), adopted by the United Nations (UN) in 2015, by strengthening the efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage. The aim of the research is to increase awareness regarding the importance of vernacular architecture and its intrinsic values, as identified on the International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Action Plan for the Future. It specifically focuses on the improvement of earthen architectural heritage conservation, as this group of structures is particularly vulnerable to environmental and anthropologic threats. The thesis presents a summarized and concise picture of the present situation of the remaining earthen buildings in Ireland, identifies their main characteristics, the values that make such buildings important, evaluates their vulnerability as vernacular architectural style and therefore, allows to understand and better approach any future intervention on such kinds of structures. Within the context of current conservation practice, which is based on a scientific approach and implements a cyclic method of research, diagnosis, intervention and control activities, the thesis contributes to the development of quantitative research methods. A first contribution is presented on the structural analysis of cob by evaluating the suitability of available constitutive material to model its non-linear structural behaviour using two of the most commonly used Finite Element Method (FEM) software in the market, ANSYS and ABAQUS. A second contribution is concerned with the experimental testing of cob. A Minor Destructive Test (MDT) known as the flat jack test, has been experimentally validated by testing it in a series of cob wallettes built in the laboratory of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering (CSEE) at Trinity College Dublin (TCD). The purpose of the experimental campaign was to assess the feasibility of the technique to measure the average compressive levels of stress in existent cob walls and estimate their mechanical properties. The principal results show that effectively the test can be applied in cob walls but it tends to overestimate the stress values by a factor of approximately two. As conclusion, it is advised to correct the average compressive stress, fm, by using a value for the dimensionless geometrical efficiency constant, Ke, of 0.51. The use of a more realistic value would prevent the design and application of over invasive interventions that may place in danger the value of the historical fabric. The double flat jack tests allowed to estimate the mechanical parameters of the material to a good degree of certainty. Finally, a parametric analysis of cob walls is presented with the aim of providing conservation practitioners with rule of thumb guidance to assess the safety of existent cob buildings under seismic actions. The methodology presented in this regard is not limited to the Irish context but could as well be implemented in different countries where the seismic hazard represents an actual threat for the structural safety of remaining vernacular cob buildings.

According to Lejderman and Lipoveckij, the creation of a new mythology and, in general, the use of myth is a pivotal feature of contemporary Russian literature, with specific reference to the post-Soviet era (2003: 537-538). E.I. Kulakovskaja also retraces its presence in a new artistic project, the so-called ‘new Russian Realism’. In her prose works, Alisa Ganieva (1985-), one of the ‘new Russian realists’, makes creative use of Greek, Slavic, and Avar myths. Notably, her first novel "Prazdničnaja gora" (2012, translated into English as "The Mountain and the Wall", 2015) is imbued with mythology. The present essay is focused on Ganieva’s rewriting of the myth of Cob (Цоб), the Avar Lord of the sky, and his twin children, Bachargan and Modu in "The Mountain and the Wall". Ultimately, this analysis demonstrates that through the deconstruction and rewriting of Cob’s myth, Ganieva reaffirms the central role women play as a vital principle in society and, most importantly, in the field of art. Read against the background of the present-day Dagestani society, Ganieva’s aesthetic choice proves to be revolutionary.

El presente trabajo tuvo como propósito evaluar el uso de los residuos del cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) como alternativa sostenible en la elaboración de bloques para la construcción. Para el desarrollo de la investigación experimental se aplicó una encuesta a los productores de maíz en la parroquia Boyacá, cantón Chone, con el fin de conocer el destino final de estos residuos. Los resultados de la encuesta ejecutada a los productores revelan que el 73% queman a cielo abierto los residuos de dicho cultivo después de cada periodo de cosecha; el 20% lo utilizan como alimento para el ganado; el 5% realizan ensilajes y el 2% lo reutilizan como abono para las plantas. Para la obtención de los bloques se establecieron tres tratamientos y un testigo, con diferentes dosificaciones de residuos del cultivo de maíz (tusa, tallo y hoja): T1 (25% - 1.25 kg); T2 (50% - 2.50 kg); T3 (75% - 3.75 kg) y testigo (100% - 5 kg). Luego se realizaron ensayos de resistencia a comprensión a los 7, 14, 21 y 28 días con el objetivo de compararlos con los bloques tradicionales. Finalmente, como resultado, se obtuvo que el T1 con 25% de residuos del cultivo de maíz presentó la mayor resistencia (43 kg/cm2) a los 28 días, lo cual permitió concluir que este bloque cumple con los parámetros de la norma NTE INEN 3066 (2016), clasificándolo como bloque para la construcción clase B. Conforme al análisis estadístico existen diferencias significativas entre cada uno de los tratamientos., The purpose of the present was to evaluate the use of corn cultivate wastes (Zea mays) as a sustainable alternative on making blocks. For the development of the experimental investigation, we applied a poll on corn producers of Boyacá, to know the final destination of the corn wastes. The results show that 73% of them burn the wastes at open sky, 20% use it to feed the cattle, 5% make silages and 2% use it as fertilizer. To make blocks we established three treatments and one witness, with different corn waste quantities. (Cob, steam and leaf): T1 (25% - 1.25 kg); T2 (50% - 2.50 kg); T3 (75% - 3.75 kg) and witness (100% - 5 kg). After that pressure resistance test were made at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days the result were compared with the traditional blocks. Finally, the results show that on the corn waste T1 at 25% had the higher resistance (43 kg/cm2) at the end of the day 28, which fulfill the NTE INEN 3066 (2016) standards for a class B block for construction. On the statistical analysis there are remarkable differences between treatments.

The purpose of the present was to evaluate the use of corn cultivate wastes (Zea mays) as a sustainable alternative on making blocks. For the development of the experimental investigation, we applied a poll on corn producers of Boyacá, to know the final destination of the corn wastes. The results show that 73% of them burn the wastes at open sky, 20% use it to feed the cattle, 5% make silages and 2% use it as fertilizer. To make blocks we established three treatments and one witness, with different corn waste quantities. (Cob, steam and leaf): T1 (25% - 1.25 kg); T2 (50% - 2.50 kg); T3 (75% - 3.75 kg) and witness (100% - 5 kg). After that pressure resistance test were made at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days the result were compared with the traditional blocks. Finally, the results show that on the corn waste T1 at 25% had the higher resistance (43 kg/cm2) at the end of the day 28, which fulfill the NTE INEN 3066 (2016) standards for a class B block for construction. On the statistical analysis there are remarkable differences between treatments., El presente trabajo tuvo como propósito evaluar el uso de los residuos del cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) como alternativa sostenible en la elaboración de bloques para la construcción. Para el desarrollo de la investigación experimental se aplicó una encuesta a los productores de maíz en la parroquia Boyacá, cantón Chone, con el fin de conocer el destino final de estos residuos. Los resultados de la encuesta ejecutada a los productores revelan que el 73% queman a cielo abierto los residuos de dicho cultivo después de cada periodo de cosecha; el 20% lo utilizan como alimento para el ganado; el 5% realizan ensilajes y el 2% lo reutilizan como abono para las plantas. Para la obtención de los bloques se establecieron tres tratamientos y un testigo, con diferentes dosificaciones de residuos del cultivo de maíz (tusa, tallo y hoja): T1 (25% - 1.25 kg); T2 (50% - 2.50 kg); T3 (75% - 3.75 kg) y testigo (100% - 5 kg). Luego se realizaron ensayos de resistencia a comprensión a los 7, 14, 21 y 28 días con el objetivo de compararlos con los bloques tradicionales. Finalmente, como resultado, se obtuvo que el T1 con 25% de residuos del cultivo de maíz presentó la mayor resistencia (43 kg/cm2) a los 28 días, lo cual permitió concluir que este bloque cumple con los parámetros de la norma NTE INEN 3066 (2016), clasificándolo como bloque para la construcción clase B. Conforme al análisis estadístico existen diferencias significativas entre cada uno de los tratamientos.

Chip-On-Board Light-Emitting Diodes (COB LED) are increasingly more common. Their development in recent years has directly contributed to increasing the power of LED sources, whilst simultaneously increasing the luminous flux from the entire COB. Consequently, it has led to new developments in some applications. Information regarding the size of the light source luminous surface and luminance distribution on its surface is critical for a designer whilst designing optical systems. The purpose of this conducted research was to establish to what extent luminance distribution is even on the examined COB LEDs. In order to verify luminance distributions on an LED surface, direct measurements with a matrix luminance measuring device were made. As a result of the research, it has been observed that luminance distribution is not even, and in many cases luminance maximum does not fall in the geometric center of the luminous surface, which was initially expected. So, it has been concluded that while designing optical systems for COB LEDs, irregular luminance distribution on their surface needs to be considered.

O estágio documentado incidiu na integração e colaboração da realização de um projeto relacionado com a banca internacional onde se pretendia digitalizar, automatizar, otimizar e monitorizar de forma contínua um processo de Client Onboarding de um banco de gestão de grandes fortunas, através da implementação de Business Process Management. Através de um plano de tarefas bem definido, este estágio realizou-se juntamente com uma equipa de desenvolvimento profissional experiente em projetos deste âmbito, constituída por treze elementos. De forma a integrar o projeto, foi necessário realizar duas certificações em Appway – a plataforma utilizada no desenvolvimento deste projeto. Este centrou-se na criação de um software intuitivo e prático, com recurso à mesma plataforma, que permite aos departamentos internos do banco, melhorar e acelerar o processo de onboarding de cada cliente, poupando tempo e recursos através da otimização de subprocessos e mitigação de eventuais falhas ao longo de todo o processo. O projeto em questão teve início antes da realização do estágio referido neste documento. No entanto, aquando do começo do estágio, a solução encontrava-se ainda numa fase precoce. Desta forma, através do uso da metodologia ágil Scrum, de forma personalizada, ao longo de diversas sprints, desenvolveu-se um processo de grande dimensão e com quatro variações personalizadas (uma para cada infraestrutura física do banco - Booking Center), processo este constituído por múltiplos subprocessos. Estes últimos têm como principais objetivos a criação de novas contas, associação de pessoas e roles em cada conta, introdução e validação de dados dos clientes cujos onboardings dizem respeito, escolha e validação de produtos oferecidos pelo banco e também geração automática de documentos. Além disso, a solução integrou diversos serviços externos que desempenham funções como arquivar documentos, disponibilizar listas de utilizadores, digitalizar documentos, calcular e verificar riscos, tanto para os clientes como para o banco, por forma a maximizar o sucesso de cada onboarding. O desenvolvimento realizado neste estágio na sua grande parte consistiu na criação e montagem de diversos ecrãs, com múltiplos formulários que dispõem toda a informação necessária para o onboarding de um cliente neste banco, bem como um fluxo de processo intuitivo que valida as informações introduzidas e se adapta às mesmas em tempo real, isto é, um fluxo altamente adaptado às escolhas realizadas nas etapas prévias do processo. Por último, no que concerne à fase conclusiva do projeto, juntamente com a equipa de desenvolvimento, a solução foi colocada em produção e encontra-se, de momento, em funcionamento como meio de Client Onboarding.

Background Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a life-threatening human disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis transmitted between rodents and dogs/foxes in the Northern Hemisphere. The study aims to identify the genetic variation of the parasite in AE patients from China. Methods E. multilocularis isolates were collected from wild small mammals (n = 6) and AE patients (n = 56) from western China. Genomic DNA was extracted from different tissue samples including paraffin tissue blocks, ethanol fixed tissues and frozen tissues surgically removed. Two mitochondrial gene fragments (526 bp for cob and 474 bp for nad2) of E. multilocularis were amplified and sequenced. Results The parasite fragment sequences of cob fragments from AE patients showed two haplotypes, and nad2 gene fragment sequences had four haplotypes. The gene sequences from Microtus sp. were 100% identical to the sequences of some isolates from AE patients. These haplotypes were distributed in both Qinghai and Xinjiang provinces. Alignment analysis with the sequences from the GenBank databases showed five genotypes including three Asian genotypes, one from Europe and one from North America. Conclusions Most AE patients harbored the Asian genotype 1 which may be an indication of its relative frequency in the definitive hosts and the environment or of its pathogenicity to humans, which calls for further research.

The article presents the results of studies of the effect of foliar treatment with complex watersoluble fertilizers with microelements on morphobiometric indicators and yield of corn, depending on the level of root nutrition. At the first level of improved root nutrition, the foliar treatment of corn with complex fertilizers made it possible to further increase the intensity of the linear growth of plants by 3.69.7, and on the second by 3.39.0 relative to the variants without treatment. The smallest linear increase in soil fertilization at both levels was obtained using Humate7B. The largest number of developed cobs on fertilized agrobackgrounds were formed by plants with foliar treatment with Cytovit and EcoFus (an increase of 13.520.0), and on an uncomfortable agrofone when using Siliplant universal (an increase of 9.0). Against the background of natural soil fertility, with the use of complex fertilizers, the weight gain of one plant was 4.816.1. Against the background of nitrogenphosphorus fertilizers, an increase of 6.112.0 was obtained, and when applying N120Р90К60, the increase varied from 6.2 to 14.7. At all studied levels of root nutrition, the greatest stimulating effect was obtained during the treatment of crops with Cytovit. The best indicators of phytomass yield were recorded for all agricultural backgrounds plants with foliar treatment with Cytovit, the gain to the variants without complex fertilizer was 15.816.5. EcoFus treatment turned out to be in the second place in terms of efficiency, an increase in green mass of 11.614.9 was obtained. The maximum yield of dry matter was formed with the complex use of Ecofus and Cytovit with mineral fertilizers 17.418.0 t/ha., №2(2) (2019)

The aim of this paper is to implement a numerical model to reproduce the nonlinear behavior of cob walls under shear loading. Axial compression, pull-off, and diagonal compression tests were carried out to derive the mechanical parameters. In addition, the stress-strain relationships, the nonlinear behavior, and the failure modes were defined. The experimental results were then used to calibrate a finite-element model. The material behavior was simulated through a macromodeling approach adopting the total strain rotating crack model. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the effects of varying the parameters with higher uncertainty on the structural behavior. The numerical model achieved good correspondence with the experimental results in terms of simulation of the shear stress-shear strain relationship and of damage pattern. (c) 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers., The authors wish to express their gratitude to Mr. Andre Gardei for his important support in the experimental program and to Mr. Andreas Barner and Ms. Manuela Peuschel for their support with photogrammetric analyses. This study was funded by the European Commission within the framework of the project NIKER (Grant No. 244123) dealing with improving immovable Cultural Heritage assets against the risk of earthquakes. The study was partly financed by FEDER funds through the Competitivity Factors Operational Programme (project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007633) and by national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (project PTDC/ECM-EST/2777/2014 and Grant No. SFRH/BPD/97082/2013).

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T15:40:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 Despite the evolutionary significance of Homoscleromorpha, their diversity and biology are largely unknown. Here we integrate data of morphology, cytology, microbiology, ecology, reproduction, and mitochondrial cox-1 and cob gene sequences to resolve a complex of sympatric species of Plakina in South-eastern Brazil. All datasets congruently supported the delimitation of three species, two of which are new to science. Plakina coerulea has its distribution extended from one locality to over 2360 km wide. Plakina cabofriense, sp. nov. also occurs in North-eastern Brazil. Plakina cyanorosea, sp. nov. occurs only in a single, small tide pool and may be critically endangered. Plakina cyanorosea, sp. nov. produces conspicuous, abundant larvae useful for laboratory investigations. A thin, bright orange organic coat covers some spicules of P. cabofriense, sp. nov. and P. cyanorosea, sp. nov. The three Plakina species harbour diverse microbial symbiont communities, including previously unknown morphologies. Molecular phylogenies and barcoding gaps based on cox-1 and cob sequences supported that each species is monophyletic and distinct from other congeners. The genus Plakina is paraphyletic and strongly needs redefinition. The integrative approach provides new data that widens our knowledge of Homoscleromorpha diversity, distribution and biology. Departamento de Invertebrados Museu Nacional Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Quinta da Boa Vista, s/no Laboratório de Embriologia e Biologia Reprodutiva Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) Laboratório de Bacteriologia Molecular e Marinha Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Laboratório de Interações Hospedeiro-Microbiota Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique s/no Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Laboratório de Interações Hospedeiro-Microbiota Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique s/no

Изучено в полевом опыте действие агрохимиката Вуксал Териос Универсал, при обработке им семян перед посевом, на рост, формирование початков и урожайность кукурузы. Результаты исследований показали, что наиболее эффективной оказалась обработка семян испытуемым агрохимикатом с нормой расхода 5,0 л/т (расход рабочего раствора – 10 л/т). В указанном варианте формировались более крупные по длине (18,5 см, на контроле – 16,6 см), озерненности (433,7 шт., на контроле – 354,5 шт.) и массе (145,23 г, на контроле – 120,31 г) початки. Прибавка урожая зерна кукурузы составила 22,1 %, при урожайности на контроле – 56,2 ц/га., We studied in a field experiment the effect of seed pretreatment with agrochemical “Wuxal Terios Universal” on growth, formation of ears and yield. The results of the research showed that the most effective approach was the treatment of seeds with tested drug with a flow rate of 5.0 L/t (the flow rate of the working solution is 10 L/t). In this variant, formed cobs were longer (18.5 cm versus 16.6 cm in the control), had higher value of grains per ear parameter (433.7 versus 354.5 in the control) and heavier (145.23 g versus 120.31 g in the control). The increase of grain yield was 22.1% with 0.56 t/ha in the control., №6(105) (2018)

The stalk strength of maize (Zea mays L.) has a significant effect on stalk lodging and harvesting loss, and the cob mechanical strength affects the grain broken rate in mechanical grain harvesting. Clarifying the relationship between maize stalk strength and cob mechanical strength could provide a theoretical basis for the selection of cultivars with high lodging resistance and high suitability for mechanical grain harvesting. In 2017 and 2018, 64 maize cultivars were planted in four locations to investigate the changes in the bending strength of stalks and cobs using the three-point bending method during the late growth stage. The results showed that, in the late growth stage, with increasing number of days after physiological maturity, the stalk bending strength (SBS) of the fifth internode above the soil gradually decreased, the cob bending strength (CBS) decreased first and then increased, and it was lowest at about six to eight days after physiological maturity. In the same experimental site and sampling period, there was no significant correlation between the SBS and the CBS of different maize cultivars. Cluster analysis showed that most of the investigated maize cultivars showed low stalk strength during the late growth stage. However, a few of the maize cultivars were suitable for mechanical grain harvesting due to their characteristics of high stalk bending strength and moderate cob bending strength during the late growth stage.

During the process of maize seed production, in order to ensure the genetic purity of parental forms of hybrid maize, an important work performed is the removal of male inflorescences from plants on mother rows. Hand detasseling has high precision but is labor-intensive. Mechanical detasseling offers the possibility to cover large acreages in a short period of time, but the number of leaves removed has a varying influence on plant performance and seed yield. The aim of this study was to simulate three types of damages on plants similar to those induced through mechanical detasseling and to assess the effects for five inbred lines during the course of three years. Results show that when tassels alone were removed, the average seed yield decreased an average of 4&ndash, 21%. When two leaves were removed with the tassel, yield decreased an average of 22&ndash, 31%, while when plants were cut above the main ear, seed yield decreased an average of 31&ndash, 66%. Environmental conditions influenced seed yield, especially high temperatures during flowering. Yield response to tassel and leaves removal varied between the inbred lines. Genotype controls maize ear and kernel characters, while environmental factors exercise a strong influence on seed yield, due to the succession of years with contrasting weather conditions in a key phenophase. Within the trend of full mechanization in agriculture, identification of inbred lines that cope better with plant damage can assist in optimizing seed production.

Cob is an earthen construction technique used to build monolithic load-bearing walls. Mainly of vernacular nature, remaining cob buildings can be found throughout Europe as well as in other specific locations around the world. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the available material models’ suitability for the modelling of cob’s structural behavior in one of the most commonly used FEM software in the market. The stress-strain graphs obtained and the failure mechanisms observed after a simple compression and diagonal compression experimental campaign in cob wallettes were replicated using three different material constitutive models, namely, MISO, CONCR, and DMGE/DMGI. Furthermore, a mesh size sensitivity analysis was performed following a mesh refinement approach. MISO could reproduce the pre-peak behavior of cob and principal stresses could be used as an indication of the opening of cracks. On the other hand, it did not capture the softening post-peak behavior of the material. CONCR provided quite accurate pre-peak behavior results and peak strength values. Moreover, it was possible to plot the opening of cracks and those plots agreed with the experimental results. Nevertheless, as CONCR is suitable to reproduce brittle failures, it did not capture the long deformations characteristic of cob. Finally, the DMGE/DMGI proved to be inaccurate to reproduce both pre-peak and post-peak behavior. Although parameters could be calibrated to obtain the appropriate peak strength, neither stresses nor did strains correspond to what was observed in the experimental campaign.

6 pages, 2 figures, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12748, Recently radiated dinoflagellates Apocalathium aciculiferum (collected in Lake Erken, Sweden), Apocalathium malmogiense (Baltic Sea) and Apocalathium aff. malmogiense (Highway Lake, Antarctica) represent a lineage with an unresolved phylogeny. We determined their phylogenetic relationships using phylotranscriptomics based on 792 amino acid sequences. Our results showed that A. aciculiferum diverged from the other two closely related lineages, consistent with their different morphologies in cell size, relative cell length and presence of spines. We hypothesized that A. aff. malmogiense and A. malmogiense, which inhabit different hemispheres, are evolutionarily more closely related because they diverged from a marine common ancestor, adapting to a wide salinity range, while A. aciculiferum colonized a freshwater habitat, by acquiring adaptations to this environment, in particular, salinity intolerance. We show that phylotranscriptomics can resolve the phylogeny of recently diverged protists. This has broad relevance, given that many phytoplankton species are morphologically very similar, and single genes sometimes lack the information to determine species’ relationships, The work was supported through the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project # 16-04-01704) to NA and a Swedish Research Council grant (2012-10-24) to KR as well as the marine microbial eukaryote transcriptome sequencing project (MMETSP) of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

Even though Irish meteorological conditions are adverse for the development of earthen con-structions, earth has been used as a construction material in Ireland for more than 4000 years. The objective of this paper is to present a summarized and concise picture of the present situation of the remaining earthen buildings in the country, identify their main characteristics, the values that make such buildings important, evaluate their vulnerability as vernacular architectural style and therefore, understand and better approach any future intervention on such kinds of structures. In particular, the paper highlights the lack of a detailed descrip-tion of traditional construction techniques and of recommended procedures for the conservation of existing earthen structures. The paper identifies the pertinent Irish texts and suggests how recent research on the me-chanical properties of cob and state-of-the-art numerical analysis techniques and constitutive models can be used to assess the strength and stability of existing historic structures.

After being almost abandoned at the end of the Second World War, the use of raw earth is currently regaining the interest of architects, engineers and policy makers for the construction of dwellings in industrialised countries. This renaissance is driven by growing ecological awareness and the promotion of construction techniques that minimize energy consumption and carbon emissions. Raw earth displays very interesting thermo-hygro-mechanical properties, which can contribute to the reduction of the environmental impact of buildings not only during construction but also during service life. Nevertheless, one of the reasons that still prevents dissemination of raw earth into construction practice is the lack of commonly agreed procedures for assessing material performance. The RILEM technical committee TCE 274 has been established as a first step for overcoming this obstacle. The objective of the technical committee is to critically examine current testing procedures in order to propose suitable experimental standards. The results of this work will be presented in future publications while the present paper summarizes the main challenges faced by the committee and briefly describes some of the existing procedures for measuring the engineering properties of earth materials.

International audience; The existence of relationships between Southern Caucasus and Northern Mesopotamian communities was inferred since the 1960’s. Since 2008, international archaeological teams have focused on the Southern Caucasus in order to verify these hypotheses and understand the “neolithisation process” on the periphery of the Near East. Here I will focus on the evolution of cob and mud-brick. An evolution of these earthen material techniques during the sixth millennium BCE is proposed by means of a re-examination of stratigraphic contexts, bibliographical data and also by recent discoveries in these regions. The spread of cob could be traced across Northern Mesopotamia since the end of the seventh millennium BCE, and then towards Eastern Anatolia and Southern Caucasus during the sixth millennium BCE. Simultaneously, the molded plano-convex mud-brick appeared in the Shulaveri-Shomu culture in the sixth millennium BCE. This special technique seems to be a local and independent innovation, according to other architectural characteristics.; Les relations culturelles entre les communautés du Caucase et celles de Mésopotamie du Nord sont attestées depuis les années 1960. La reprise récente des investigations dans le Caucase a pour ambition de comprendre le processus de néolithisation en marge du développement des communautés mésopotamiennes. Je concentrerai mon propos sur l’évolution de la bauge et de la brique crue. Une évolution des ces techniques de construction au sixième millénaire AEC peut être proposée par une révision de la stratigraphie, de la bibliographie et par l’apport de données inédites. La question de la diffusion de la bauge au septième millénaire, du Nord de la Mésopotamie vers l’Anatolie orientale et le sud du Caucase durant le millénaire suivant, peut être posée, alors qu’en même temps, dans la culture de ShulaveriShomu, apparaît la brique crue moulée plano-convexe. Cette technique particulière semble y être une innovation locale et indépendante, hypothèse confortée par d’autres éléments architecturaux.

Soil is the first construction material used by man, widely available and low energy consuming. Indeed, about 30% of the current world population lives in earthen structures and, in developing countries, this rate rise to 50%, mostly rural. Moreover, earth-based materials allow an improved balance and control of thermal and acoustic indoor climate compared to industrial construction materials. However, most of earthen structures do not reach current requirements in terms of mechanical, thermal or architectural. To respond to these requirements, a work at scientific and craftsman levels is necessary.The objective of this study is to determine the influence of materials’ properties on the mechanical and hygrothermal behaviour of earth-fiber composites. In order to do this, different types of soil and plant fiber (flax straw, wheat straw) were used. Then, mechanical (compression, bending) and hygrothermal performances (sorption / desorption, water vapor permeability, thermal conductivity) were determined for different soil-fiber composites. Results show that the use of flax straw provides better mechanical performances than use of wheat straw. However, it should be noted that fibers addition to soil decreases mechanical performance due to the decrease of material density. No clear influence of fiber length on mechanical performance was found. The study of hygrothermal behaviour has shown that the sorption / desorption behaviour of earth-fiber material can be approximated from the results obtained from basic materials. In addition, it has been shown that the thermal conductivity evolution of earth-fiber material during drying is related to the shrinkage behaviour.; La terre est le premier matériau de construction par les hommes, disponible et peu consommateur d’énergie. Aujourd’hui encore, environ 30 % des habitants de la planète vit dans des habitats en terre, et pour les pays en développement, ce pourcentage s’élève à 50 % de la population rurale. De plus, les matériaux à base de terre permettent un meilleur équilibre et contrôle du climat thermique et acoustique intérieur par rapport aux matériaux usuels de construction. Cependant, la majorité des constructions en terre ne répondent pas aux exigences actuelles en termes de contraintes mécaniques, thermiques ou architecturales. Afin de répondre à ces exigences, un travail tant au niveau scientifique qu’au niveau des praticiens est à accomplir dans ce domaine.L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer l’influence des propriétés des matériaux utilisés sur le comportement mécanique et hygrothermique de composites terre-fibres végétales. Pour cela, différents types de sols et de fibre végétales (paille de lin, paille de blé) ont été utilisés. Ensuite, les performances mécaniques (compression, flexion) et hygrothermiques (sorption/désorption, perméabilité à la vapeur d’eau, conductivité thermique) ont été déterminées pour différents composites terre-fibres végétales. Les résultats montrent que l’utilisation de paille de lin permet d’obtenir des performances mécaniques supérieures à celles obtenues pour la paille de blé. Cependant, il est à noter que l’introduction de fibres aux sols diminue les performances mécaniques due à la diminution de la densité du matériau. Aucune influence claire de la longueur des fibres sur les performances mécanique n’a été constatée. L’étude du comportement hygrothermique a permis de montrer que le comportement à la sorption/désorption du matériau terre-fibres végétales peut être approximer à partir des résultats obtenus pour les matériaux de base. De plus, il a été démontré que l’évolution de la conductivité thermique du matériau terre-fibres végétales au cours du séchage est reliée au comportement au retrait.

The opportunity arose in 2013 to excavate an antique rural structure, build with wood and cob, after the reafforestation of a parcel. The prospecting of this parcel allowed us to discover others areas with hight potential near by this structure. The drillings established around it have permit us to confirm the importance of the site., L'opportunité de fouiller une structure rurale antique, construite en bois et torchis, s'est présentée en 2013 après le reboise-ment d'une parcelle forestière. La prospection de cette parcelle avait permis de découvrir d'autres zones à fort potentiel qui avoisinaient cette structure. Les sondages implantés autour de cette dernière ont permis de confirmer l'importance de ce site.

Soil is the first construction material used by man, widely available and low energy consuming. Indeed, about 30% of the current world population lives in earthen structures and, in developing countries, this rate rise to 50%, mostly rural. Moreover, earth-based materials allow an improved balance and control of thermal and acoustic indoor climate compared to industrial construction materials. However, most of earthen structures do not reach current requirements in terms of mechanical, thermal or architectural. To respond to these requirements, a work at scientific and craftsman levels is necessary.The objective of this study is to determine the influence of materials’ properties on the mechanical and hygrothermal behaviour of earth-fiber composites. In order to do this, different types of soil and plant fiber (flax straw, wheat straw) were used. Then, mechanical (compression, bending) and hygrothermal performances (sorption / desorption, water vapor permeability, thermal conductivity) were determined for different soil-fiber composites. Results show that the use of flax straw provides better mechanical performances than use of wheat straw. However, it should be noted that fibers addition to soil decreases mechanical performance due to the decrease of material density. No clear influence of fiber length on mechanical performance was found. The study of hygrothermal behaviour has shown that the sorption / desorption behaviour of earth-fiber material can be approximated from the results obtained from basic materials. In addition, it has been shown that the thermal conductivity evolution of earth-fiber material during drying is related to the shrinkage behaviour., La terre est le premier matériau de construction par les hommes, disponible et peu consommateur d’énergie. Aujourd’hui encore, environ 30 % des habitants de la planète vit dans des habitats en terre, et pour les pays en développement, ce pourcentage s’élève à 50 % de la population rurale. De plus, les matériaux à base de terre permettent un meilleur équilibre et contrôle du climat thermique et acoustique intérieur par rapport aux matériaux usuels de construction. Cependant, la majorité des constructions en terre ne répondent pas aux exigences actuelles en termes de contraintes mécaniques, thermiques ou architecturales. Afin de répondre à ces exigences, un travail tant au niveau scientifique qu’au niveau des praticiens est à accomplir dans ce domaine.L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer l’influence des propriétés des matériaux utilisés sur le comportement mécanique et hygrothermique de composites terre-fibres végétales. Pour cela, différents types de sols et de fibre végétales (paille de lin, paille de blé) ont été utilisés. Ensuite, les performances mécaniques (compression, flexion) et hygrothermiques (sorption/désorption, perméabilité à la vapeur d’eau, conductivité thermique) ont été déterminées pour différents composites terre-fibres végétales. Les résultats montrent que l’utilisation de paille de lin permet d’obtenir des performances mécaniques supérieures à celles obtenues pour la paille de blé. Cependant, il est à noter que l’introduction de fibres aux sols diminue les performances mécaniques due à la diminution de la densité du matériau. Aucune influence claire de la longueur des fibres sur les performances mécanique n’a été constatée. L’étude du comportement hygrothermique a permis de montrer que le comportement à la sorption/désorption du matériau terre-fibres végétales peut être approximer à partir des résultats obtenus pour les matériaux de base. De plus, il a été démontré que l’évolution de la conductivité thermique du matériau terre-fibres végétales au cours du séchage est reliée au comportement au retrait.

ISI Document Delivery No.: GE4BB Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 58 Hamard, Erwan Lemercier, Blandine Cazacliu, Bogdan Razakamanantsoa, Andry Morel, Jean-Claude Elsevier sci ltd Oxford; A new methodology based on the cross-referencing of spatialized pedological and heritage data is proposed to identify and quantify soil resources available for earth construction. The paper underlines the pedological particularities of areas containing earth heritage and uses these particularities to propose criteria to assess the suitability of soils for modern earth construction. The methodology applied at the regional scale in France (for a given area of 27,200 km2 in Brittany) enabled to specify five new texture classes (balance between clay, silt, sand and gravel content) of suitability for cob soils. This result calls into question recommendations available in the literature. The methodology also provides data on the scale of availability of the resource to repair earth built heritage (cob) or to build new low impact buildings with integrated modern cob walls. In the studied area the potential waste recovery of 2.8 Mt per year is measured, highlighting the large availability of materials for earth construction. At least 23% of earthwork wastes of Brittany are suitable for earth construction (0.7 Mt). However, earth remains a non-renewable material and this resource has to be properly managed, requiring an appropriate building design and maintenance in order to increase longevity and to avoid the use of admixture, preventing earth reversibility at end of life.

International audience; Due to its low environmental impact, earth construction has received lot of consideration in recent years. Furthermore, in order to improve the quality of earth construction, there is a need for a better description and control of the earth consistency or rheology. Just as for concrete with the Abrams cone, there is need for a simple and robust test that is able to provide, under field conditions, the consistency of the earth and that has results that can be used to estimate the yield stress of a fine soil used for cob or adobe. Two types of field-oriented tests are optimized for field conditions the first one is based on the cone penetration test as used for the determination of the Atterberg limits and the second one is the ball dropping test already used onsite to check the adequacy between the earth consistency and the construction process. Finally, an experimental validation carried out on two types of soil shows that the yield stresses computed from the field-oriented tests is in agreement with the yield stresses obtained in a conventional way using a vane rheometer. © 2018, RILEM.

The use of local, natural and unprocessed materials offers promising low impact building solutions. The wide spatial variability of these materials is, however, an obstacle to a large-scale use. The construction strategies developed by past builders were dictated by the local climate and the quality and the amount of locally available construction materials. These construction strategies can be regarded as an optimized management of local, natural and variable resources and are a source of inspiration for modern sustainable building. Unfortunately, this knowledge was lost in Western countries during the 20th century. Vernacular earth construction know-how rediscovering requires the development of rational built heritage investigation means. Another issue regarding the use of natural and variable building material is their compliance with modern building regulation. The development of performance based testing procedures is proposed as a solution to facilitate the use of earth as a building material. A multidisciplinary approach is proposed, combining micromorphology, pedology, geotechnics and heritage disciplines to study vernacular earth heritage. It provides complementary tools to assess pedological sources of construction material and geotechnical characteristics of earth employed in vernacular earth heritage. It also provides a detailed description of the construction process of vernacular earth heritage. Using these results, it was possible to draw resource maps and provide a scale of magnitude of resource availability at regional scale. Two performance based testing procedures were proposed in order to take into account the natural variability of earth in a modern building context. Earth construction will play an important role in the modern sustainable building of the 21st century if the actors of the sector adopt earth construction processes able to meet social demand, with low environmental impact and at an affordable cost. The study of earth heritage demonstrated the ability of historical earth builders to innovate in order to comply with social demand variations and technical developments. Earth construction benefits of an old and rich past and it would be a non-sense to leave this past behind. The analysis of earth heritage and the rediscovering of vernacular construction techniques is a valuable source of inspiration for modern earth construction. The valorisation of vernacular knowledge will save time, energy and avoid repeating past mistakes. The future of earth construction should be a continuation of past vernacular earth construction., L'utilisation de matériaux locaux, naturels et non transformés offre des solutions prometteuses de construction à faible impact environnemental. La grande variabilité spatiale de ces matériaux est cependant un obstacle à une utilisation à plus grande échelle. Les stratégies de construction développées par les anciens bâtisseurs ont été dictées par le climat local et la qualité ainsi que la quantité de matériaux de construction disponibles localement. Ces stratégies de construction peuvent être considérées comme une gestion optimisée des ressources locales, naturelles et variables et sont une source d'inspiration pour la construction durable moderne. Malheureusement, cette connaissance a été perdue dans les pays occidentaux au cours du 20ème siècle. La redécouverte des savoir-faire traditionnels requiert le développement de moyens rationnels d’analyse du patrimoine. Un autre problème concernant l'utilisation de matériaux de construction naturels et variables est leur conformité vis-à-vis de la réglementation du secteur du bâtiment. Le développement de procédures d’essais performantiels est proposé comme solution pour faciliter l'utilisation des techniques de construction en terre. Une approche multidisciplinaire est proposée, combinant micromorphologie, pédologie, géotechnique et étude du patrimoine pour analyser le bâti vernaculaire en terre. Cette approche fournit des outils complémentaires pour évaluer la source des matériaux de construction et identifier les caractéristiques géotechniques de la terre employées dans le patrimoine. Il fournit également une description détaillée des processus vernaculaires de construction. En utilisant ces résultats, il a été possible d'élaborer des cartes de ressources et d’estimer l’ordre de grandeur de la disponibilité des ressources à l'échelle d’une région. Deux procédures d’essais performantiels ont été proposées afin de tenir compte de la variabilité naturelle des terres dans le contexte réglementaire actuel. La construction en terre jouera un rôle important dans la construction durable du 21ème siècle si les acteurs du secteur adoptent des procédés de construction capables de répondre à la demande sociale, avec un faible impact environnemental et à un coût abordable. L'étude du patrimoine en terre a démontré la capacité des anciens bâtisseurs à innover afin de se conformer aux variations de la demande sociale et aux développements techniques. La construction en terre bénéficie d'un passé ancien et riche et il convient de tirer profit de ce retour d’expérience. L'analyse du patrimoine en terre et la redécouverte des techniques de construction vernaculaire est une source d'inspiration précieuse pour la construction contemporaine. La valorisation des connaissances vernaculaires permettra d’économiser du temps, de l'énergie et d'éviter de répéter les erreurs passées. L'avenir de la construction de la terre doit s’inscrire dans la continuité de la construction en terre vernaculaire.

Corn stover is an abundant agricultural residue that could be used on the farm for heating and crop drying. Ash content and calorific energy of corn grain and six stover components were measured from standing plants during the grain maturing period, between mid-September and mid-November. Ash of stover in standing corn averaged 4.8% in a cool crop heat unit zone (2300–2500 crop heat units (CHU)) and 7.3% in a warmer zone (2900–3100 CHU). The corn cob had the lowest ash content (average of 2.2%) while leaves had the highest content (from 7.7% to 12.6%). In the fall, ash content of mowed and raked stover varied between 5.5% and 11.7%. In the following spring, ash content of stover mowed, raked and baled in May averaged 3.6%. The cob and stalk located below the first ear contained the highest calorific energy with 17.72 MJ·kg −1 . Leaves and grain had the lowest energy with an average of 16.99 MJ·kg −1 . The stover heat of combustion was estimated at 17.47 MJ·kg −1 in the cool zone and 17.26 MJ·kg −1 in the warm zone. Based on presented results, a partial “cob and husk” harvest system would collect less energy per unit area than total stover harvest (44 vs . 156 GJ·ha −1 ) and less biomass (2.51 vs . 9.13 t·dry matter (DM)·ha −1 ) but the fuel quality would be considerably higher with a low ash-to-energy ratio (1.45 vs . 4.27 g·MJ −1 ).