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When an older person suffers an acute event, such as a hip fracture, it influences the whole family. Research shows that while close relatives want to be a part of the older person’s life during recovery it is associated with a high perceived level of stress and burden. To provide in-depth knowledge of close relatives’ experiences in this situation, the aim of this study was to elucidate meanings of being a close relative to an older person recovering from hip fracture surgery. This study has a qualitative descriptive phenomenological hermeneutical design. Narrative interviews were conducted with ten close relatives. Analysis was conducted using phenomenological hermeneutical interpretation which provided a deeper understanding of the close relatives’ lived experiences of their older person’s recovery from hip fracture surgery. The structural analysis revealed two themes; “Participating in the illness journey”, which was constructed of the subthemes of facing the unimaginable yet expected, encountering healthcare personnel, and noticing recovery and “Putting oneself aside”, which was constructed of the subthemes of placing daily life on hold, giving support, and feeling concern and fear.

Introduktion: I Sverige vårdas 95 000 barn på sjukhus varje år. Under sjukhusvistelser upplever barnen och deras närstående lidande på grund av förlorad trygghet, annorlunda miljö samt oro relaterat till undersökningar och behandlingar. Humor är ett begrepp som innehåller flera komponenter, bland annat lekterapi och sjukhusclowner och syftar till att bringa leende och skratt till den mottagande. Syfte: Att undersöka vilken betydelse humor har i barnsjukvården enligt barnen och deras närstående. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie utfördes på tio vetenskapliga originalartiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Datainsamlingen av originalartiklarna gjordes via databaserna: PubMed, PsycINFO och CINAHL. Resultat: Resultatet visade att det övergripande temat var Humor hjälper barnen och deras närstående att bibehålla mental hälsa. Kategorierna som bildade temat är att tänka på något annat, egenmakt och bemötande. Barnen och deras närstående upplevde att de kunde tänka på något annat än deras livssituation med hjälp av distraktion och distansering i form av humor. Barnen upplevde att deras smärta samt känslor av oro och rädsla minskade när de fick tänka på något annat. Humorn i form av sjukhusclowner och lekterapi blev ett sätt för barnen att återfå kontroll samt hantera känslor. Ett gott bemötande enligt barnen var när sjuksköterskan hade ett sinne för humor. Olika reaktioner förekom vid användningen av humor, där inte alla var positiva, vilket påverkades av deras ålder och inställning till sjukhusclowner och lekterapi. Slutsats: Humor i vården bidrar till att minska lidande hos inneliggande barn och deras närstående. Introduction: In Sweden, 95 000 children are hospitalized every year. During hospital stays, children and their relatives experience suffering due to loss of security, a different environment and anxiety related to examinations and treatments. Humor is a concept that contains several components, including play therapy and hospital clowns, and aims to bring smiles and laughter to the receiver. Aim: To investigate the importance of humor in children's healthcare according to the children and their close relatives. Method: A general literature study was carried out on ten original scientific articles with a qualitative approach. The data collection of the original articles was done through the databases; PubMed, PsycINFO and CINAHL. Results: The result showed that the overarching theme was Humor helps the children and their close relatives to maintain mental health. The categories that formed the theme are thinking about something else, treatment and empowerment. The children and their relatives felt that they could think about something other than their life situation with the help of distraction and distancing in the form of humor. The children found that their pain and anxiety decreased when they had something else to think about. Hospital clowns and play therapy became a way for the children to regain control and deal with emotions. Good treatment according to the children was when the nurse had a sense of humor. Different reactions occurred when using humor, not all were positive, which may have been influenced by their age and attitude. Conclusion: Humor in healthcare contributes to reducing suffering in hospitalized children and their close relatives.

Bakgrund: Globalt lever 55 miljoner människor med en demensdiagnos. När en familjemedlem drabbas av demenssjukdom påverkas de närstående. Sjuksköterskan måste vara medveten om att båda parters hälsa och välmående samverkar med och påverkas av varandra. Syfte: Att beskriva närståendes upplevelser av att vara närstående till en person med demenssjukdom i ordinärt boende. Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats som grundas på 14 vetenskapliga artiklar. Analysen genomfördes med Fribergs femstegsanalys. Resultat: Efter analys framkom tre teman: "Upplevelsen av en förändrad livssituation”, ”Känslomässiga upplevelser” och ”Upplevelsen av ansvarsfördelning”. Resultatet visar att det var en lång och energikrävande väg till demensdiagnosen och att rollen som närståendevårdare väckte många känslor. Ansvarsfördelningen upplevdes inte som jämlik varken inom familjen eller relaterat till stöd och stödinsatser från hälso- och sjukvården. Slutsats: Det framgår att personal inom hälso- och sjukvården behöver få ökade kunskaper om demenssjukdom för att kunna informera och utbilda närstående och således kunna stärka deras empowerment. Resultatet kan öka hälso- och sjukvårdens förståelse för att vårdpersonal har bristande kunskap om demenssjukdom och att det påverkar hela vårdkedjan. Background: Globally, 55 million people are living with a dementia diagnosis. When a family member suffers from dementia, the close relatives are affected. Nurses must be aware that the health and well-being of both parties interact with and are influenced by eachother. Aim: To describe close relatives’ experiences of being a close relative to a person with dementia in ordinary accommodation. Method: Qualitative literature review with an inductive approach based on 14 scientific articles. The analysis was made with Friberg’s five-step-analysis. Results: After analysis, three themes emerged: “The experience of changed life cirumstances”, “Emotional experiences” and “The experience of responsibility distribution”. Results show that the road to diagnosis was long and energy-consuming and that the role of an informal caregiver evoked many emotions. Responsibility distribution was not perceived as equal, either within the family or in relation to support from healthcare services. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals need increased knowledge of dementia to be able to inform and educate close relatives and thus strengthen their empowerment. The results can increase the healthcare system's understanding that healthcare professionals lack knowledge about dementia which affects the entire care trajectory.

Many bacteria form mats at the air-liquid interface of static microcosms. These structures typically involve the secretion of exopolysaccharide(s), the production of which is often controlled by the secondary messenger c-di-GMP. Mechanisms of mat formation have been particularly well characterized in Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25; mutations that lead to an increase in c-di-GMP production by diguanylate cyclases (WspR, AwsR, or MwsR) result in the secretion of cellulose, and mat formation. Here, we characterize and compare mat formation in two close relatives of SBW25: Pseudomonas simiae PICF7 and Pseudomonas fluorescens A506. We find that PICF7 – the strain more closely related to SBW25 – can form mats through mutations affecting the activity of the same three diguanylate cyclases as SBW25. However, instead of cellulose, these mutations activate the production of the Pel exopolysaccharide. We also provide evidence for at least two further – as yet uncharacterized – routes to PICF7 mat formation. P. fluorescens A506, while retaining the same mutational routes to mat formation as SBW25 and PICF7, forms mats by a semi-heritable mechanism that likely culminates in Pga and/or Psl production. Overall, our results demonstrate a high level of evolutionary flexibility in the molecular and structural routes to mat formation, even among close relatives.

1.AbstractPedigree inference from genotype data is a challenging problem, particularly when pedigrees are sparsely sampled and individuals may be distantly related to their closest genotyped relatives. We present a new method that infers small pedigrees of close relatives and then assembles them into larger pedigrees. To assemble large pedigrees, we introduce several new formulas and tools including a new likelihood for the degree separating two small pedigrees, a method for detecting individuals who share background identity-by-descent (IBD) that does not reflect recent common ancestry, and a method for identifying the ancestral branches through which distant relatives are connected. Our method also takes several new approaches that help to improve the accuracy and efficiency of pedigree inference. In particular, we incorporate age information directly into the likelihood rather than using ages only for consistency checks and we employ a heuristic branch-and-bound-like approach to more efficiently explore the space of possible pedigrees. Together, these approaches make it possible to construct large pedigrees that are challenging or intractable for current inference methods. The new method, Bonsai, is available at https://github.com/23andMe/bonsaitree.

This study aims to review the global mortality secondary to laryngeal edema in patients diagnosed with hereditary angioedema and their relatives over the years, as well as to describe epidemiological and clinical findings associated with this outcome. An extensive search of the literature was made in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase to identify mortality rates secondary to laryngeal edema in patients with hereditary angioedema. The search was carried out in September of 2020 and in April of 2021, and keywords based on the MeSH terms were searched in three databases. The filter of language was used for finding only articles in English, and there was no limit to the year of publication. A total of twenty-three articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria for review and data extraction. The analyzed studies included 3292 patients and 411 deaths from asphyxia due to laryngeal edema. One hundred and three deaths in close relatives were described as secondary to the same cause. The main findings were summarized in tables: year and place of publication, the number of patients and deaths from laryngeal edema, patients previously diagnosed, and death age. Death rates from laryngeal edema had an average of one death for every 20 patients. Eight studies reported deaths in relatives. For every 7.4 patients in these studies, one relative died. The percentage among deaths in general associated with laryngeal edema was evaluated in three studies (32.7%, 44.4%, and 56%). The high frequency of this outcome suggests that deaths still occur, and improvement of hereditary angioedema treatment still needs to be met.

A new species of Aloe, A. uigensis (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), is described from northwestern Angola. It is a non-proliferous, single-stemmed species that bears narrowly elongated, acuminate racemes with orange to pale reddish flowers. Aloe uigensis is compared to some long-known as well as recently described species of Aloe from Angola, but does not have close relatives with which it can be confused in the country.

The discovery of a new class of small molecule compounds that target the BCL-2 family of anti-apoptotic proteins is one of the great success stories of basic science leading to translational outcomes in the last 30 years. The eponymous BCL-2 protein was identified over 30 years ago due to its association with cancer. However, it was the unveiling of the biochemistry and structural biology behind it and its close relatives’ mechanism(s)-of-action that provided the inspiration for what are now known as ‘BH3-mimetics’, the first clinically approved drugs designed to specifically inhibit protein–protein interactions. Herein, we chart the history of how these drugs were discovered, their evolution and application in cancer treatment.

The ability to predict emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 would be of enormous value, as it would enable proactive design of vaccines in advance of such emergence. We estimated diversity of each site on a multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of the Spike (S) proteins from close relatives of SARS-CoV-2 that infected bat and pangolin before the pandemic. Then we compared the locations of high diversity sites in this MSA and those of mutations found in multiple emerging lineages of human-infecting SARS-CoV-2. This comparison revealed a significant correspondence, which suggests that a limited number of sites in this protein are repeatedly substituted in different lineages of this group of viruses. It follows, therefore, that the sites of future emerging mutations in SARS-CoV-2 can be predicted by analyzing their relatives (outgroups) that have infected non-human hosts. We discuss a possible evolutionary basis for these substitutions and provide a list of frequently substituted sites that potentially include future emerging variants in SARS-CoV-2., In order to improve our ability to predict emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2, Katoh and Standley analysed the molecular evolution of the Spike protein. They found a significant correspondence in the location of mutations between recently emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and their relatives that infected bat and pangolin before the pandemic, which could suggest that the sites of future mutations could be predicted by analyzing their relatives that have infected non-human hosts.

Studied the pharmaceutical support of affected individuals in the conditions of special period. The meaningful meaning is determined: special period; affected individuals and their close relatives. Particularities of the pharmaceutical provision of affected contingents of the population in the conditions of special period were studied. Proved that the analysis of the experience of economically developed countries is useful for the formation of a powerful and effective healthcare system in Ukraine for the pharmaceutical provision of affected and privileged categories of citizens in emergency situations. The necessity of further researches in the field of pharmaceutical provision of persons who suffered in the conditions of the special period is substantiated.

Marriage is one of human needs in life. In Indonesia wedding ceremony has various traditions that have been carried out from generation to generation. As found in the Ajung, Jember, East Java. The tradition carried out in the village of Ajung Wetan Jember is quite unique. They invite the neighbourhood to the wedding within food, cigarette or soap. This kind of tradition is known as tradisi tonjokan. From that uniqueness, the writer chose tradisi tonjokan as topic of this research to explore more deeply, how the villagers interpret these traditions within symbolic interaction perspective in communication studies. Authors used a qualitative as a research method . Data were collected by in-depth interview and observe the Ajung residents. The result of this research is that the villagers of Ajung Wetan Jember interpret the tradisi tonjokan as a way of inviting close relatives or neighbors using soap, cigarettes, or food. Furthermore, what is unique about this tradition from Ajung Wetan Jember is the items used to invite, side dishes of rice, cigarettes, and soap. The last, the tradisi tonjokan has another purpose besides inviting, that is a respect and gratitude for the person who is invited. Also on the other hand, tradisi tonjokan is considered as obligation to attend the wedding ceremony.

An interview survey was conducted on 639 and 340 mother-child pairs from Ismailia, Egypt and Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [KSA], respectively. The children were 13-36 months old. Mothers were selected randomly from primary health care centers. The study aimed at comparing breast-feeding practices in the study areas and to identify some determinants of exclusive breast-feeding and early complementary feeding. The study has shown that 39.7% of Egyptian mothers and 66.4% of Saudi mothers initiated exclusive breast-feeding at 4-6 months. Most of Egyptian mothers [60.3%] started complementary feeding early [before 4 months] as compared to [33.6%] of the Saudis. Egyptian mothers tended to terminate breast-feeding later than Saudi mothers. More than one-third of Saudi mothers did that during the first 6 months of child age, as compared to only 6.7% in Egypt. The majority of Egyptian mothers [77.2%] gave sugar water or infant formula soon after giving birth, the comparable figure in Saudi mothers was only [34.4%]. Women’s primary sources of information and support for breast-feeding were: nobody [i.e., personal decision], mother or close relatives, and medical personnel. In both study areas, early complementary feeding increased with higher levels of mothers’ education, younger mother’s age, mother’s employment, shorter maternity leave, longer hospital stay after delivery, and narrower inter-pregnancy spacing. Early initiation of breast-feeding within the first hour of birth showed no association with early complementary feeding neither in Egypt nor in KSA. The study recommends that efforts to improve breast-feeding should include a variety of strategies and target groups, as well as modifying key behaviors found to be most detrimental to exclusive breast-feeding by trying innovative strategies in health education and mass media programs.

Migrants’ remittance to close relatives and acquaintances back home has been widely studied. However, little is known about the impact remittances have on the living conditions of migrants who send...

The paper summarises and systematises the results of studies on the population structure of the Karelian (curly) birch Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Mercklin) Hamet-Ahti, a unique member of the fo-rest tree flora in the Baltic macroregion. Characteristics of the spatial, ecological, age, sex, and genetic structures of Karelian birch populations are described. Comparison with its close relatives (silver birch and downy birch) regarding these parameters shows that the Karelian birch is notably different, although it is considered a variety of the silver birch. The authors take it as another weighty argument in favour of the earlier conclusion that the Karelian birch does fulfill the requirements to be considered a separate biological species.

The arsenic poisonings of Tiszazug were committed in Hungary at the beginning of the 20th century. They cannot be considered unique despite the fact that they have many specialities. The forensic speciality of this homicide series is that crimes against human life in this area occurred in a significant number for almost two decades in small communities. The vast majority of the victims were close relatives of the perpetrators. Another peculiarity is that the victims were typically men, and the vast majority of perpetrators were women. The III. Council of the Hungarian Royal Court led by Ferenc Finkey had to make a final decision in 12 arsenic criminal suits and sentenced five women to death from Tiszazug.

This article examines the background of the Senbi - Wekhhotep family, governors of El-Qusiya in the Twelfth Dynasty and owners of tombs Nos. B1-B4 and C1 at Meir. The prevailing hypothesis is that following Senbi 1 and Wekhhotep I, Senbi II died prematurely and his full sister Mersi, who was buried in her brother’s tomb B3, married a noble named Wekhhotep, son of Iam/Ima (tomb A3), and their son, Wekhhotep II (tomb B4) became the governor of El-Qusiya, establishing a new line of rulers of the province under Amenemhat II. The large distance between tombs A3 and B4 would argue against the identification of Wekhhotep II with the son of the owner of tomb A3. The analysis of the honours held by both Wekhhotep I and Wekhhotep II and their wives, the likelihood of multiple marriages and of marriages of close relatives or even brother-sister marriages have been examined. The analysis of the data found in the Middle Kingdom tombs at Meir suggests that members of the ruling family of El-Qusiya had royal ancestry, were polygamists and practised consanguineous marriages. Senbi I of tomb B1 was succeeded by his son Wekhhotep I (tomb B2), who was successively followed by three sons, by three different wives, Senbi II (tomb B3), Wekhhotep II (tomb B4) and Wekhhotep III (tomb C1). The last of the brothers came to power at a relatively old age as he appears in some scenes and statues.

Inbreeding depression is the reduction of performance caused by mating of close relatives. In livestock populations, inbreeding depression has been traditionally estimated by regression of phenotypes on pedigree inbreeding coefficients. This estimation can be improved by utilising genomic inbreeding coefficients. Here we estimate inbreeding depression for the insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) prevalence, the most common allergic horse disease worldwide, in Old Kladruber horse. In a deep pedigree with 3,214 horses (187 genotyped) we used a generalized linear mixed model with IBH phenotype from 558 horses examined between 1996 and 2009 (1,368 records). In addition to the classical pedigree information, we used the single-step approach that enabled joint use of pedigree and genomic information to estimate inbreeding depression overall genome and ELA class II (equine leuckocyte antigens) region. Significant inbreeding depression was observed in all models fitting overall inbreeding coefficients (odds ratio between 1.018 and 1.074, P

Hedychium hookeri is newly recorded from China and Myanmar. A full description of the species, a colour plate showing diagnostic features of the species as well as some relevant taxonomic and nomenclatural notes and a detailed comparison of H. hookeri and its close relatives are provided. A lectoptype is designated for H. hookeri.

Several species of Malagasy Euphorbia are described and compared to related species in their respective sections, along with identification keys for morphologically close relatives and distribution maps: Euphorbia agatheae, Euphorbia atimovatae, Euphorbia fuscoclada, Euphorbia graciliramulosa, Euphorbia kalambatitrensis, Euphorbia linguiformis, Euphorbia mahaboana, Euphorbia makayensis, Euphorbia multibrachiata, Euphorbia parvimedusae, Euphorbia perrierioides, Euphorbia rigidispina, Euphorbia spannringii, Euphorbia tsihombensis. New synonyms and new combinations and statuses are proposed, such as Euphorbia antsingiensis and Euphorbia crassa, and a lectotype is selected for Euphorbia rangovalensis.

espanolDarwin sento los pilares de la evolucion de los organismos cuando definio la seleccion natural y sexual en el siglo XIX. Al mismo tiempo, el entusiasmo por los programas de cria selectiva de plantas y animales, a menudo respaldados por familias adineradas y la aristocracia, dio lugar a la aparicion de nuevas razas a un ritmo nunca visto y que aun se mantiene. Desde entonces, las razas seleccionadas durante milenios y adaptadas a las condiciones locales comenzaron a desaparecer o se vieron abocadas a la extincion al ser sustituidas por estas razas nuevas y estandarizadas. Por lo tanto, vale la pena estudiar como surgieron las nuevas razas y cuales fueron los criterios de quienes las crearon. Darwin parecia no darse cuenta de que sus contemporaneos estaban practicando una forma de seleccion sexual interespecifica que favorecia la fijacion de rasgos exagerados, a menudo claramente ornamentales, en las nuevas razas que pretendian crear. La eleccion de los animales progenitores fue realizada por criadores que persiguieron objetivos particulares, muy a menudo con criterios esteticos en mente. Hemos investigado quienes fueron los fundadores de las razas modernas de cinco especies domesticadas (perros, gatos, cerdos, caballos y vacunos), ya que muy a menudo se atribuye a una sola persona la creacion de la raza. Encontramos informacion sobre los fundadores de 459 razas, de las cuales 270 fueron creadas despues del ano 1800. Como curiosidad, para estas especies, la creacion de razas se atribuye abrumadoramente a hombres, pero en la naturaleza, son las hembras quienes suelen elegir las parejas, lo que se considera un rasgo adaptativo. Sin embargo, los criadores de la epoca victoriana carecian de esas habilidades adaptativas y de suficientes conocimientos cientificos. La seleccion de individuos con una expresion extrema de los rasgos deseados, que a menudo eran parientes cercanos, resulto en una alta endogamia y en trastornos geneticos. EnglishDarwin set the pillars of organismic evolution when he defined natural and sexual selection in the 19th century. Concurrently, a frenzy of selective breeding programmes, generally supported by the wealthy and aristocratic, gave rise to novel breeds of plants and animals at a rate that was previously unforeseen. Since then, breeds selected over millennia and adapted to local conditions began to disappear or were threatened with extinction, being substituted by these new, standardized breeds. It is of interest to explore how new breeds emerged and what the main criteria of the founders of these breeds were. Darwin seemed to be unaware that his contemporaries were practicing a form of interspecific sexual selection responsible for the fixation of exaggerated traits, often plainly ornamental, in the new breeds they intended to create. Parent animals were chosen by individuals who were following particular goals, often with aesthetic criteria in mind. Here we investigated who were the founders of modern breeds in five domesticated species (dogs, cats, pigs, horses and cattle), as very often a single person is credited with the creation of a breed. We found information on founders of 459 breeds, 270 of which were created after 1800. Interestingly, for these species, breed creation is overwhelmingly attributed to men. In the wild, however, the choice of mate is usually performed by the female of a species and thought to be adaptive. Breeders in the Victorian era, nevertheless, lacked such adaptive skills and had little scientific knowledge. The selection of individuals with an extreme expression of the desired traits were often close relatives, resulting in high inbreeding and a variety of genetic disorders

Although the family burden of mental health problems on patients’ close relatives was widely acknowledged, little was known about how mental health problems affected the quality of life of other types of social relationships of patients, through what mechanisms, and under what conditions. The study aims to explore the burden on all types of relationships of mental health patients and explain why and when the burden is unequal across different relationships. The association between different types of relationships and the levels of burden was examined with dyadic data of 1178 patient-acquaintance relationships in the United States and random effects multilevel models. Frequency of contacts was tested as a mediator. The severity of mental health problems was tested as a moderator. All types of relationships of patients borne a significant burden. Close relatives including parents, spouses, children, and siblings suffered a greater burden than distant relatives and non-relatives. The unequal burden was partly explained by the frequency of contacts with patients. The burden of close relatives significantly increased when patients’ mental health problems were more severe. Mental health patients put a burden on their frequent contacts outside core families, especially when their problems were more severe. Public health policies should attend to the quality of life of mental health patients’ all types of acquaintances in the wider society.

Many eusocial insects can distinguish nestmates from non-nestmate conspecifics, which ensures that altruistic behavior is directed toward close relatives. In termites, however, colonies exhibit various responses to non-nestmates: from killing to accepting as a colony member. Why and how termite colonies adopt closed versus open societies remain largely unknown, while it is presumably related to not only genetic but also social-environmental factors. Here, we show that kings and queens play a key role in maintaining high aggression levels of workers and soldiers toward non-nestmate intruders in the subterranean termite Reticulitermes speratus. The level of aggression toward non-nestmate conspecifics was significantly lower in “royal-absent” colonies compared to “royal-present” colonies. In addition, the proportion of workers and soldiers exhibiting aggressive behaviors toward non-nestmates decreased in the absence of kings and queens. Our results demonstrate that social conditions, including royal presence, can influence intercolonial interactions, and may explain why previous studies of termite aggression have reported contradictory findings. This study provides important new insights into nestmate recognition and colony defense in eusocial insects.

A selection of Computer Science, Informatics or similar study programs for academic studies evidently becomes an emerging choice of a vast number of students in recent years. To address some of the open questions, we performed an empirical study based on a survey, with a goal to find out the main motivating factors directing students to select computer science, informatics or similar programs for studying in a much greater extent. The survey was conducted on a sample of 1517 students from five well established, and most traditional faculties of computer science and informatics at three largest university cities in Serbia: Belgrade, Novi Sad, and Nis. The created sample is representative enough to illustrate the current situation and trends common for many similar societies. Our first analysis shows that the main motivating factor to select computer science or informatics study program at all faculties is the students? motivation to study just that topic, while at management faculty it is significantly less important. However, we also noticed that significant number of students wished to study something else but chose computer science and informatics due to possibility of finding jobs easier and of earning higher salaries in industry. The most important influential factors to choose a computer science or informatics major come from family members, and close relatives. The perceived brand and reputation of a faculty also plays a significant role. Students being examined prevalently tend to be satisfied with the faculty they have chosen. However, many of them see themselves leaving the country in a near or far future.

The treatment of ruqyah syar'iyah (hereinafter referred to as ruqyah) is one of the treatments practiced in time of Rasulullas SAW. In the last few years, such treatment has been popularly practiced in Indonesia, including in Makassar, one of the cities in Indonesia where the practice of ruqyah is mushrooming. While many literatures deal with the practice of ruqyah from spiritual point of view, the new contribution of this article lies in the practice of various types of ruqyah. This study was conducted in the city of Makassar, the capital city of South Sulawesi where more than 80% of its population are Muslims. Using qualitative approach, this study involved 14 informants, consisting of eight patients, two peruqyah, staff of ruqyah clinic and patients’ families respectively. Data was collected using the combination of interview and observation. This study shows that whether or not one is intended to cure his/herself depends very much on their belief in the treatment. Some started with modern medical treatment, others had full faith from the start. Some did it on the basis of their own desire, others influenced by close relatives. Ruqyah is part of Tibbun Nabawi and in its development ruqyah itself is divided into three types, namely, mass ruqyah, clinic ruqyah, and independent ruqyah. Despite the fact that the stages of each type are relatively the same: pra-ruqyah, main ruqyah, and post-ruqyah, each has its own uniqueness. Ruqyah not only helps to heal someone, especially those who suffer from disorders of spirits, but also strives to be a medium of preaching for patients. Curative healing is the main axis in the treatment of ruqyah, but preventive measures are also introduced as a bulwark against disturbance by spirits. Even though ruqyah is an islamic treatment, non-Muslim is not prohibit to take such treatment as long as they believe and follow the rule. This indicates that the belief to such treatment breaks down religious barriers. However, healing through ruqyah treatment is not entirely dependended on peruqyah, but it is mainly depended on the patient him/herself, by improving his/her quality of life after the ruqyah treatment.

Tarihten bugüne insanlar birbirlerine hibede bulunmuşlar, tüm dinler ve hukuk sistemleri de hibe konusuna yer vermiştir. Hibe özünde iyilik içeren bir tasarruftur. Ancak aile içi hibe tasarrufları yakın akrabalar arasında bazen sorunlara yol açmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’inde İslam hukukunda yer alan hibe hükümleri geçerliydi. Terim olarak hibe bir malı karşılığında herhangi bir bedel beklemeksizin karşı tarafın mülküne geçirmektiren bir akittir. Osmanlı deneminde tutulan ve mahkeme kayıtlarını içeren sicil kayıtlarındaki davalara bakıldığında yakın akraba arasındaki hibelerle ilgili verilerin yer aldığı görülmüştür. Bu makalede örnek olarak 49. Konya Şer‘iyye Sicili’nde yer alan 30 adet hibe belgesi incelenmiştir. Bu sicil kaydında hibe terimlerinin taranması sonucu bunların çoğunun aile içi hibelerden oluştuğu anlaşılmıştır. Özellikle miras davalarında aile içinde yapılan hibelerin, daha sonra davalaşmaya konu olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca aile içi hibe belgelerinde yer alan taraflar incelendiğinde kendisine hibe tasarrufunda bulunulan tarafın daha çok erkekler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Aile içerisinde hibe tasarruflarının kadınların mülkiyet haklarını olumsuz açıdan etkilediğini söylemek mümkündür. Tarihi süreçte aile içinde davalaşmalara neden olduğu görülen bu tür hibelerin günümüzde de benzer sorunlara yol açması muhtemeldir., From history to present, people have donated each other, all religions and legal systems have included the issue of grants. The donation is essentially a saving that includes goodness. However, domestic donation savings sometimes caused problems among close relatives. In the Ottoman Empire, the donation judgment in Islamic law were in force. As a term, a donation is a contract that means transferring a good to the property of the other without expecting any price in return. When the cases in the sidjill books with historical court records are examined, it is seen that the relevant data are included. In this article, 30 donations documents in the 49th Konya Sidjill Registry were analyzed as an example. As a result of scanning donation terms in a sidjill book that is examined as an example in this article, it was understood that most of them consisted of domestic donations. Especially in inheritance cases, domestic donations were also seen as the subject of the case. In other words, it is seen that the parties are suing each other with the claim that the donation is from the property. In addition, when the parties in the family donation documents are examined, it is determined that the side to which the donation is saved is mostly men. It is possible to assess the impact of the donation on the property rights of women in the family and in the community. It is possible that such donations, which have historically caused lawsuits within the family, will cause similar problems today.

If parasites transmit more readily between closely related hosts, then parasite burdens should decrease with increased genetic diversity of host populations. This important hypothesis is often accepted at face value—notorious epidemics of crop monocultures testify to the vulnerability of host populations that have been purged of diversity. Yet the relationship between genetic diversity and parasitism likely varies across contexts, differing between crop and noncrop hosts and between experimental and natural host populations. Here, we used a meta-analytic approach to ask if host diversity confers protection against parasites over the range of contexts in which it has been tested. We synthesized the results of 102 studies, comprising 2004 effect sizes representing a diversity of approaches and host-parasite systems. Our results validate a protective effect of genetic diversity, while revealing significant variation in its strength across biological and empirical contexts. In experimental host populations, genetic diversity reduces parasitism by ∼20% for noncrop hosts and by ∼50% for crop hosts. In contrast, observational studies of natural host populations show no consistent relationship between genetic diversity and parasitism, with both strong negative and positive correlations reported. This result supports the idea that, if parasites preferentially attack close relatives, the correlation of genetic diversity with parasitism could be positive or negative depending upon the potential for host populations to evolve in response to parasite selection. Taken together, these results reinforce genetic diversity as a priority for both conservation and agriculture and emphasize the challenges inherent to drawing comparisons between controlled experimental populations and dynamic natural populations.

International audience; Purpose:The main objective of this study was to provide further information concerning the validity of patient-reported executive function (EF) in survivors of primary brain tumor (PBT) compared with a report provided by each patient’s caregiver.Methods: Forty survivors of PBT, 40 non-cancer controls and their proxies completed an assessment of functional executive disorders (e.g., planning, inhibition, shifting, action initiation). Comparisons of self and informant EF reports were examined, for both patients and non-cancer controls. The extent of the concordance between patients’ reports and their caregivers’ reports was also determined.Results: PBT survivors and their caregivers reported more problems related to EF in contrast with the non-cancer comparison group (significant differences). There was a high level of agreement between patients’ and caregivers’ ratings within the patient group.Conclusions: This study provides evidence suggesting that at an average of 3.67 (SD = 2.31) years following treatment for a PBT, EF difficulties are reported by patients and their caregivers. This study establishes a consistency between what is reported by survivors and what is reported by those who frequently interact with them. Further research investigating the link between these ratings and quality of life as well as other functions is encouraged.Implications for Cancer Survivors: This study’s results demonstrate the importance of listening to PBT survivors’ perception of EF difficulties. While not confirmed by neuropsychological evaluations, the functional executive challenges reported by these survivors’ close relatives reflect what PBT survivors themselves report. Specialists should pay close attention to these difficulties to guarantee optimal post-cancer care.

Numerous bacteriophages—viruses of bacteria, also known as phages—have been described for hundreds of bacterial species. The Gram-negative Shigella species are close relatives of Escherichia coli, yet relatively few previously described phages appear to exclusively infect this genus. Recent efforts to isolate Shigella phages have indicated these viruses are surprisingly abundant in the environment and have distinct genomic and structural properties. In addition, at least one model system used for experimental evolution studies has revealed a unique mechanism for developing faster infection cycles. Differences between these bacteriophages and other well-described model systems may mirror differences between their hosts’ ecology and defense mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the history of Shigella phages and recent developments in their isolation and characterization and the structural information available for three model systems, Sf6, Sf14, and HRP29; we also provide an overview of potential selective pressures guiding both Shigella phage and host evolution.

The waiting room is a place where activity actors with various physical and mental conditions gather in one room. The psychological pressure with the burden of thoughts on patients, who are generally close relatives, causes their physical condition to decline. Therefore, the health of this waiting room absolutely must be maintained in order to support the health of the patient in order to stay healthy and hygienic while waiting for the patient. Klungkung General Hospital is the largest hospital in the eastern Bali region. Its services cover the Klungkung, Karangasem and Bangli areas. This study was aimed at assessing the comfort of movement and visuals of patient waiters in the ICU in terms of architecture and lighting in supporting user health and comparing with pictures and related literature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the motion and visual comfort of the building with related standards to support user health.

ნატალია შალიმოვა ეკონომიკის მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი, ცენტრალური უკრაინის ეროვნული ტექნოლოგიური უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი კროპივნიცკი, უკრაინა E-mail: nataliia.shalimova@gmail.com http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7564-4343 იანა კლიმენკო ცენტრალური უკრაინის ეროვნული ტექნოლოგიური უნივერსიტეტი კროპივნიცკი, უკრაინა E-mail: Yana_Rud@bigmir.net http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3233-6938 მოკლე აღწერა სტატიაში გაანალიზებულია უკრაინის მარეგულირებელ ჩარჩოები საგადასახადო მხარეებთან აღრიცხვის სპეციფიკურ საკითხებთან დაკავშირებული პრობლემები. განსაკუთ­რე­ბუ­ლი ყურადღება ექცევა უკრაინის საგადასახადო კოდექსის დებულებების შესაბამისად, ბიზნესის სუბიექტების, როგორც მასთან დაკავშირებულ მხარეებად აღიარების კრიტერიუმების შეს­წა­ვ­ლას. მეწარმეობის წილის ინდიკატორის დადგენის ფორმულა მეორის უფლებამოსილ კაპიტალში გაუმჯობესდა კორ­პო­რა­ტი­ული უფლებების არაპირდაპირი საკუთრებით. შემო­თა­ვა­ზე­ბულია ინდივიდის ახლო ნათესავებისა და ოჯახის წევ­რე­ბ­ის კატეგორიის განსაზღვრა, რაც საშუალებას მისცემს გა­ე­რ­თ­ი­ა­ნდეს უკრაინის კანონმდებლობაში ამ კატეგორიის პირთა მიდგომების გაერთიანება. საკვანძო სიტყვები: შვილობილი მხარეები, დაკავშირებული მხ­არეები, საგადასახადო აღრიცხვა, დაბეგვრა, კორპორა­ტი­ული საკუთრება, ინდივიდუალური ახლო ნათესავები და ოჯ­ა­ხ­ის წევრები, მართვის ძირითადი პერსონალი

Objective. To study the risk factors of noncommunicable disease spread in adolescents based on the mass pole results.Methods. The authors conducted four waves of study within the framework of the monitoring project “Risk factors for human health” in 2014–2017. The study included a multistage stratified territorial random sample of 1,691 patients over 11 years. The research population included 170 adolescents (11–19 years) (10%).Results. An adverse profile of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases was predetermined by: overweight in adolescents (10%), increased blood pressure (18%), unfavorable history of cardiovascular events in close relatives (60–70%), nutritional disorders (80–96%) , low level of physical activity (5%), smoking (20%), and alcohol consumption (26% of respondents). The body weight deficiency (35%) and overweight (10%), along with sufficient consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits in only 7% of cases reflects gross malnutrition of adolescents, which determines their future development. Awareness of adolescents of the main risk factors for noncommunicable diseases remains low (less than 30–40% for different factors). The example of close relatives, friends and stressful situations predetermine the emergence of bad habits (consumption of alcohol and tobacco) in adolescents.Scope of application. Pediatrics, public health, epidemiology.Conclusion. In order to correct adverse risk factors of noncommunicable diseases, it is necessary to attract a wide range of specialists, including intensive family and personal psychological consultations with adolescents. These measures will motivate adolescents to a healthy lifestyle and reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases in the population of the Russian Federation.

هدف البحث للتعرف على المواقف الضاغطة والأساليب الإيجابية لمواجهتها في ضوء القرآن الکريم، واستخدم منهج البحث النوعي بتطبيق أسلوب تحليل المحتوى على المصحف الشريف، وتم التوصل إلى (25) موقفا ضاغطا وهي: فقدان الأولاد، الاعتقاد والإيمان، الموت وموت الأقربين، الحرب والقتال، فقدان الممتلکات، ضغوط عامة، الدعوة والإصلاح، الإعاقة، الحاجة للمعرفة، الأخطاء الشخصية، المرض، الفقر، الأوبئة والجوائح، العلاقات الزوجية، المراودة عن النفس (التحرش الجنسي)، ضغوط العمل، الحمل غير المرغوب، نقص الحاجات الذاتية، القوى الخفية المخيفة، طغيان الحاکمين، العقم والحاجة للإنجاب، الکوارث الطبيعية، الضغوط المجتمعية، ضغوط الأولاد، وسلب الحرية. وتم التوصل إلى 23 أسلوب من الأساليب الإيجابية لمواجهة المواقف الضاغطة وهي: اللجوء لله تعالى، المعرفة، الصبر، القصص، الإرشاد، التفاؤل، التفکير، المساندة، الثواب المرجو، ضبط الانفعال، الکفاءة الذاتية، التعبير اللفظي المحدد، الروحانيات، الرجوع للمرجعيات، الالتزام بالتعليمات، التکيف، التجنب، التغذية الملائمة، الأحکام الخاصة، ضبط الدوافع، الحرکة والنشاط، التقويم الذاتي، وتنظيم المهام. وتم تقديم عدة توصيات من أهمها الاستفادة من المصفوفة المقترحة للتعامل مع المواقف الضاغطة المتنوعة من خلال الأساليب الإيجابية التي تناسبها. The present research aimed to identify the stressful situations and the positive methods of confronting such situations in the light of the Holy Qur’an. The qualitative research method was adopted via applying content analysis of the Holy Qur’an. 25 stressful situations were revealed as follows: loss of children, belief and faith, death and death of close relatives, war and fighting, loss of property, public pressure, advocacy and reform, disability, need for knowledge, personal mistakes, illness, poverty, epidemics and pandemics, marital relations, sexual harassment, work pressures, unwanted pregnancy, lack of self-needs, hidden powers of fear, tyranny Rulers, infertility and the need to have children, natural disasters, societal pressures, children's pressures and deprivation from liberty. Furthermore, 23 positive methods were found to face the stressful situations as follows: going back to Allah (GBTH), knowledge, patience, stories, guidance, optimism, reflection, support, desired reward, control of emotion, self-efficacy, specific verbal expression, spirituality, going back to the sources, commitment with instructions, adaptation, avoidance, adequate nutrition, special judgments, control of motives, movement and activity, self-evaluation and task organization. The research recommended making use of the proposed matrix for dealing with various stressful situations through positive methods that suit each situation.

Este artículo analiza cómo el Colegio de San Juan de Letrán de la Ciudad de México, fundado en el siglo XVI con el fin de recoger y dar enseñanza de primeras letras a niños huérfanos hijos de español e india, mantuvo hasta su cierre en 1867 -aunque ya no era la misma corporación-, uno de los objetivos por los que fue creado: otorgar becas a huérfanos en calidad de pobres, que en realidad en el siglo XIX eran criollos, parte de sectores medios de la sociedad venidos a menos debido a la compleja crisis que en todos los órdenes experimentaba México. El problema se analiza con base en solicitudes de becas que fueron enviadas a las autoridades o al rector del Colegio por padres o madres de familia, tíos, parientes, o cercanos de jóvenes que experimentaban orfandad o carecían de recursos para asistir a un colegio o continuar sus estudios en uno de ellos. En sus cartas, quienes las escribían solían aludir a los servicios rendidos a la patria a semejanza de como lo hicieron en la etapa novohispana quienes solicitaron beca, aunque entonces solían señalar los servicios prestados al reino.

When a child is born with a deformed face, his/her social environment is quickly confronted with a change which undoubtedly favours numerous over-generalizations. Children with craniofacial microsomia anomalies (CFCs) may experience less social support, more rejection and make them withdraw from their social life more frequently. The purpose of this research study is to show how children with craniofacial hypoplasia abnormalities is perceived by their close relatives. The sample of this study consisted of 26 participants (F=16; M=10). This research study was conducted using the following questionnaire methods: the Scale of Over-Generalization Effect by K. Milska and A. Mański (SOGE), modified Own Health Assessment Scale method (SOWC) and the Authors-Designed Questionnaire (ADQ) to obtain information on the issue. A child's illness always affects a variety of family life spheres. Most of the surveyed women did not experience any complication during pregnancy or childbirth. Unfortunately, after their child was diagnosed, most adults were not offered getting in contact with a psychologist / psychiatrist / psychotherapist. Some relatives - after the birth of a child with craniofacial microsomia (CFM) - reduced their working hours or gave up work completely in order to take care of the child. The most urgent needs for this child's illness reported by adults most often referred to educational and financial matters. At the time of this research study, most of the respondents (61%) - upon the birth of a child with CFM - considered it plausible to enlarge their family. As a result of the conducted research studies, new variable systems (a type and character of dysmorphia, closeness - distance) were identified, which may be a relevant element to facilitate research studies on the perception of children with body deformities by their environment. In the characteristics of a child with CFM, it was shown that his/her close relatives evaluate the child positively. Family members apply constructive strategies for coping with the child's illness, however, the research study results indicate the legitimacy of introduction of psychological and psychiatric consultations for close relatives to the standards of CFM child treatment.

The hadith prohibits the will is authentic as the Hadith because of the idhafah of the Prophet SAW, and the Hadith is revealed in thirteen books of the mashâdir al-ashliyyah, and fulfills the element of the Hadīts, an eternal consisting of 136 rawi sanad. Honesty of the Hadiths Prohibition of the Will to the Heirs in terms of the number of rawi including Muthat because narrated by many friends without seeing the quality of the material and raw so that it includes Qath'i al-wurûd and Qath'i dilâlah. Based on the rules of tashhih, if seen from a part of the rawi mate that collapsed, including da'eef and could not rise to hasan so mardud. For sanad who are ghair matruk, the term is hasan lighairihi which appears because there is mutabi and shaheed. Surat al-Baqarah verse 180 regarding the obligation to make a will can be compromised by inheritance verses by seeing it as a provision that each has a different target. The verses on inheritance specialize the provisions of a will that are general in nature and in the inheritance verses of Surah al-Nisa verses 11-12, show some of the afrad (material) testament obligations that are general to those who inherit only. Because there is a problem in understanding the will can be haram, makruh / mubah. In practice in daily life, the will is needed to bring good to the heirs who are likely to share the inheritance with other heirs. A will is an alms intended to draw closer to Allah SWT, it also becomes one of the ways to equalize inheritance for those who do not get inheritance rights while they are close relatives

This study aims to investigate: 1) the views of the Pucang community about albinism, 2) the inheritance pattern of albinism, 3) preventive efforts to prevent the spread of albinism, and 4) the Hinduism theology related to albinism among the Pucang community. The methods used in data collection were interviews, observation, documentation, and literature review. The collected data was analyzed descriptively. There are 9 cases of people with albinism in Desa Adat Pucang. Albino sufferers were born from parents who are close relatives. The people of Desa Adat Pucang believe that albino sufferers were descended from Bethara Pancering Akasa and assume that albino sufferers might be sacrificed as caru(ceremonial offering) during the Panca Bali Krama and Eka Dasa Ludra ceremonies in Besakih Temple. Preventive efforts that can be done to decrease the number of albinism cases are including: 1) avoiding close-family marriages, 2) making ‘awig-awig’ (rules and regulations) which contains an appeal that close-family marriages are unfortunate and, 3) genetic counseling for couples who will be married and have been married , and 4) expanding the social interaction and education of Desa Adat Pucang in order to broaden the insights about albinism.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between relatives’ interpersonal functioning and patients’ recovery after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) across one year in Switzerland...

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) occurs generally two months after an acute stress. We challenge the opportunity to observe an increase of PTSD after the end of the confinement induced by the pandemic of covid-19. PTSD can develop in response to exposure to an extremely stressful or traumatic event, or an exceptionally threatening situation. Examples include rape, violent attack, severe accidents, sudden destruction of home or community, or harm to close relatives or friends, but as well after confinement. The present paper tries to prevent from the consequences of fear of pandemic and confinement.

This study explores how a family member with substance use disorder (SUD) affects the psychosocial, behavioral, and physical states of other family members. Sixteen in-depth interviews with relativ...

Understanding when and why new species are recruited into microbial communities is a formidable problem with implications for managing microbial systems, for instance by helping us better understand whether a probiotic or pathogen would be expected to colonize a human microbiome. Much theory in microbial temporal dynamics is focused on how phylogenetic relationships between microbes impact the order in which those microbes are recruited; for example species that are closely related may competitively exclude each other. However, several recent human microbiome studies have observed closely-related bacteria being recruited into microbial communities in short succession, suggesting that microbial community assembly is historically contingent, but competitive exclusion of close relatives may not be important. To address this, we developed a mathematical model that describes the order in which new species are detected in microbial communities over time within a phylogenetic framework. We use our model to test three hypothetical assembly modes: underdispersion (species recruitment is more likely if a close relative was previously detected), overdispersion (recruitment is more likely if a close relative has not been previously detected), and the neutral model (recruitment likelihood is not related to phylogenetic relationships among species). We applied our model to longitudinal human microbiome data, and found that for the individuals we analyzed, the human microbiome generally follows the underdispersion (i.e. nepotism) hypothesis. Exceptions were oral communities and the fecal communities of two infants that had undergone heavy antibiotic treatment. None of the data sets we analyzed showed statistically significant phylogenetic overdispersion.

Background: It is of great importance to understand how patients and their close relatives experience the pros and cons of advanced home care so as to further develop this quickly growing choice of care. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of receiving advanced home care among patients affected by life-threatening illness and their close relatives. Design: The study was an interview study conducted with patients in their homes. Some patient interviews were conducted together with a close relative participating. Setting/Participants: Patients registered in advanced home care in 2017 were offered the opportunity to participate in the study. The selection criteria were that the patient was within grade 3 of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group’s Performance Status, older than 18 years, able to orient to time and place, and not newly registered. Analysis: The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim and analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results: A total of 11 interviews were conducted: 8 with patients and 1 or 2 close relatives together; and 3 with the patient alone. It resulted in 3 main categories: create a safe environment, see the person, and better to manage care at home. Conclusion: The results of this study show that patients and close relatives perceived that advanced home care was a safe and secure form of caring during advanced as well as end-of-life care.

Although originally designed and analyzed for convex problems, the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) and its close relatives, Douglas-Rachford splitting (DRS) and Peaceman-Rachford splitting (PRS), have been observed to perform remarkably well when applied to certain classes of structured nonconvex optimization problems. However, partial global convergence results in the nonconvex setting have only recently emerged. In this paper we show how the Douglas-Rachford envelope (DRE), introduced in 2014, can be employed to unify and considerably simplify the theory for devising global convergence guarantees for ADMM, DRS and PRS applied to nonconvex problems under less restrictive conditions, larger prox-stepsizes and over-relaxation parameters than previously known. In fact, our bounds are tight whenever the over-relaxation parameter ranges in $(0,2]$. The analysis of ADMM uses a universal primal equivalence with DRS that generalizes the known duality of the algorithms.

В работе рассмотрены проблемы, связанные с необходимостью усиления защиты прав и законных интересов института семьи в сфере судопроизводства. Целью работы является анализ действующего гражданского процессуального законодательства, публичного и частного видов уголовного преследования в части определения правового положения близких родственников, близких лиц гражданина и членов семьи. Исследованы основные критерии и особенности определения этих понятий в соответствии с российским законодательством, необходимостью укрепления института семьи, гуманизации законодательства с целом, обеспечения народосбережения, охраны традиционных духовно-нравственных ценностей российского общества. К используемым методам относятся методы анализа, синтеза, сравнения. Полученные результаты могут быть применены в законотворческой работе, использованы в образовательных программах. Автор статьи пришел к выводам, что перспективным направлением правовых исследований является гармонизация определений «близкие родственники», «близкие лица» гражданина, «члены семьи», которые можно было бы однозначно использовать во всех сферах правоприменительной деятельности и правосудии., The paper considers the problems related to the need to strengthen the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the family institution in the field of legal proceedings. The purpose of the work is to analyze the current civil procedural legislation, public and private types of criminal prosecution in terms of determining the legal status of close relatives, close persons of a citizen and family members. The main criteria and features of the definition of these concepts in accordance with Russian legislation, the need to strengthen the institution of the family, the humanization of legislation as a whole, ensuring national conservation, protection of traditional spiritual and moral values of Russian society are investigated. The methods used include methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparison. The obtained results can be applied in legislative work, used in educational programs. The author of the article came to the conclusion that a promising area of legal research is the harmonization of the definitions of "close relatives", "close persons" of a citizen, "family members", which could be unambiguously used in all areas of law enforcement and justice.

Aim: To describe the experiences of dignity encounters from the perspective of people with long-term illness and their close relatives within a primary healthcare setting. Background: The importance of dignity as a concept in nursing care is well known, and in every healthcare encounter, the patient’s dignity has to be protected. Methods: A purposive sample of 10 people (5 couples) participated in this qualitative descripted study. One person in each of the couples had a long-term illness. Conjoint interviews were conducted and analyzed with an inductive qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in three themes: i) Being supported by an encouraging contact; ii) Being listen to and understood; and iii) Being met with respect. Couples described being encountered with dignity as having accessibility to care in terms of being welcomed with their needs and receiving help. Accessibility promoted beneficial contact with healthcare personnel, who empowered the couples with guidance and support. Couples described a dignity encounter when healthcare personnel confirmed them as valuable and important persons. A dignity encounter was promoted their sense of feeling satisfied with the care they received and promoted safe care. Treated with dignity had a positive impact on the couples’ health and well-being and enhanced their sense of a good impression of the healthcare personnel within the primary health care. Conclusions: Healthcare personnel must regard and consider people with long-term illnesses and their close relatives’ experiences of dignity encounters to gain an understanding that enables them to support their needs and to know that the care is directed toward them.

Allium ulleungense (subg. Anguinum, Amaryllidaceae), from Ulleungdo Island, Korea, is described as a new species. It is clearly distinguished from its close relatives, A. microdictyon and A. ochotense, by its broader leaves and larger whitish perianth and by its diploid chromosome number, which is 2n = 2x = 16. The lengths of the chromosomes range from 11.3 to 15.75 μm. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using nuclear and chloroplast markers also clearly indicate that A. ulleungense is genetically distinct from other species of the subg. Anguinum.

Spiders are mostly harmless, yet they often trigger high levels of both fear and disgust, and arachnophobia (the phobia of spiders) ranks among the most common specific animal phobias. To investigate this apparent paradox, we turned to the only close relatives of spiders that pose a real danger to humans: scorpions. We adopted a unique methodology in order to assess authentic emotions elicited by arthropods. Over 300 respondents were asked to rate live specimens of 62 arthropod species (including spiders, scorpions, cockroaches, and other insects) based on perceived fear, disgust, and beauty. We found that species’ scores on all three scales depended on the higher taxon as well as on body size. Spiders, scorpions, and other arachnids scored the highest in fear and disgust, while beetles and crabs scored the highest in beauty. Moreover, all chelicerates were perceived as one cohesive group, distinct from other arthropods, such as insects or crabs. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the fear of spiders might be triggered by a generalized fear of chelicerates, with scorpions being the original stimulus that signals danger.