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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the organising of social innovation in a large market-based social enterprises from the perspective of dynamic capabilities and social transformation.Design/methodology/approachThis paper analyses the process by which Desjardins Group launched the Desjardins Environment Fund as the first investment fund in North America to integrate environmental screening. It uses longitudinal single case analysis and a theoretical framework based on Teece’s three dynamic capabilities.FindingsResults show that dynamic capabilities can be conceived as stages in the process of social innovation. Sensing refers to the capability to identify a societal demand for social transformation. Seizing capability is about shaping societal demand into a commercial offer. Reconfiguring concerns organisational innovation to integrate actual and new knowledge through innovative routines. Microprocesses of both path dependency and path building are in action at each of the three stages.Practical implicationsThis paper shows that managing dynamic capabilities is central to social innovation in the context of a large social business and provides genuine managerial input via an analysis of the microprocesses at work in the social innovation process.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the operationalization of Teece’s dynamic capabilities model. In mobilising a framework in the field of management of innovation, it contributes to the understanding of the process of social innovation and develops the organisational mechanism for multiscalarity of social innovation as a condition for social transformation.

Au Quebec, c’est depuis 2007 que la loi quebecoise sur la protection de la jeunesse inclut les mauvais traitements psychologiques (MTP) comme motif recevable de signalement. Dans les trois ans ayant suivi cette inclusion, un premier portrait quebecois montre que la vaste majorite des situations de MTP retenue pour evaluation implique une exposition de l’enfant a la violence conjugale ou a un conflit severe entre ses parents separes. Ce dernier type de situation pose des defis particuliers pour les intervenants en protection. Le present article presente brievement le systeme de protection quebecois et la litterature recensee sur l’exposition des enfants au conflit severe de separation, avant d’illustrer a l’aide d’histoires de cas les principaux defis poses par cette problematique pour la pratique en protection.

This study seeks to understand the nature and process of social innovation driven by mature social economy enterprises, and the innovative capability that supports it. The research examines enterprise capabilities by means of the institutional approach to social innovation and the Resource-Based View theory (RBV). Based on grounded theory, this research focuses on a single case, the creation of the Desjardins Environment Fund (DEF). Launched 25 years ago,1 DEF is the first mutual fund in North America to include extra-financial criteria in its evaluation of business environmental management practices (fund securities) for the information of individual investors. The findings of this empirical research show how a major cooperative bank can generate social innovation and how this entails organizational innovations. The findings also reveal how these innovations benefit from the strategic and process resources that the Desjardins Movement managed to develop while taking into account both its core business (as a bank) and its purpose (as a cooperative). This study shows that the innovative potential of the mature social economy enterprise should not be underestimated.

La présente étude porte sur le profil des enfants exposés à la violence conjugale signalés aux services de protection de la jeunesse du Québec ainsi que sur la réponse aux besoins d’aide des familles. Elle vise à apporter un éclairage nouveau en distinguant l’exposition à la violence conjugale physique et psychologique de même qu’en incluant des formes directes et indirectes de l’exposition à la violence conjugale physique. L’étude repose sur l’utilisation d’un échantillon représentatif des enfants de moins de 18 ans dont le signalement pour maltraitance ou troubles de comportement a été évalué par les intervenants de la DPJ dans les seize centres jeunesse du Québec. Les résultats font ressortir la lourdeur des situations; l’exposition à la violence conjugale se présente le plus souvent en cooccurrence avec d’autres formes de maltraitance de même qu’avec d’autres difficultés de fonctionnement chez les parents. Les enfants exposés sont également plus jeunes. La situation semble particulièrement complexe dans les cas d’exposition à la violence conjugale psychologique. Le fait que la majorité des familles où il y a violence conjugale ne soit pas référée à des services sociaux adaptés à cette problématique est préoccupant. L’intervention auprès de ces familles nécessite que soit pris en compte non seulement les besoins des enfants, mais également ceux reliés à la victimisation des mères et à la violence du conjoint., The present study concerns the profile of the children exposed to the domestic violence reported to the child welfare services in Quebec as well as on the answer to the needs for help of families. It aims at giving a new perspective by distinguishing the exposure to the physical and psychological domestic violence as well than direct and indirect forms of the exposure. The study is based on the use of a representative sample of the children under age 18 reported to the child welfare services in sixteen centers youth of Quebec. The findings indicate that children who have been exposed to domestic violence are more often victims of others forms of maltreament than other children. Their family environment is also more affected by parental difficulties. The situation is particularly complexe in the case of exposure to the domestic psychological violence. The fact that the majority of the families where there is domestic violence are not oriented to social services adapted to this problem is worrisome. The intervention with these families requires that is not only taken into account the needs for the children, but also those are related to the victimization of the mothers and to the violence of the spouse.

Más allá de la crisis de la economía capitalista (EC), resulta emblemática la perspectiva de la economía social (ES) fundada sobre la democracia. Sin embargo, para que el modelo de la ES se imponga, todavía hace falta que pueda ser tan eficaz económicamente como su competidor, pero sin perder su sentido de alternativa al capitalismo. Si bien una parte de la ES evolucionó adoptando/adaptando el modelo del grupo sectorial integrado y la lógica de sector para alcanzar eficiencia económica y desempeño financiero, ¿qué resulta de la democracia en ella? Y si otra parte de la ES, constituida por organizaciones jóvenes y más pequeñas, es exitosa en su vida asociativa a nivel del territorio local, ¿qué resulta de su capacidad para ser eficaz económicamente para desarrollarse? Estas cuestiones son analizadas bajo dos ángulos: la gestión o la organización de las actividades, examinando qué formas de mutualización de medios parecen pertinentes y la gobernanza o la organización de la participación de las partes interesadas, indagando los desafíos que representa la asociación de las diversas partes involucradas. Abstract Regardless of the crisis of the capitalist economy (CE), the social economy (SE) perspective based on democracy is emblematic. However, in order to find the SE model deeply rooted, it is still necessary for it to develop the same economic efficiency as its competitor does, without loosing its essence of being an alternative to capitalism. Although one portion of the SE evolved adopting/adapting the model of the integrated sectorial group and the sector rational in order to achieve economic efficiency and financial performance, what are the results as for democracy? And if another portion of the SE, formed by younger and smaller organizations, is successful in its associative life at the local territory level, what are the results in connection to its capacity for being economically efficient in its development? These questions are analyzed from two angles: management or organization of activities, examining which forms of mutualization of means seem appropriate and governance or organization of participation of the interested parties, trying to find out which are the challenges that represent the association of the parties which are involved.

Les organisations du commerce equitable qui se reclament de l’economie sociale et solidaire, en raison de leur specificite, font face a des enjeux complexes qui interpellent la gestion strategique. Dans cet article, nous commencons par demystifier et revaloriser la gestion strategique de ces organisations. Par la suite, nous presentons les principaux elements d’un modele d’optimisation de la coherence strategique (le meneur d’enjeux, les orientations, l’organisation et l’arene strategiques). Nous montrons comment ce modele peut etre applique par les organisations du commerce equitable et gagne a l’etre, en illustrant chaque composante du modele a l’aide de travaux empiriques sur le commerce equitable realises au Sud comme au Nord. Enfin, nous faisons ressortir cinq conditions de succes du modele d’optimisation de la coherence strategique.

Whereas the negative consequences of the psychological maltreatment of children are now acknowledged, the extent of this phenomenon remains largely unknown. This study presents information collected from child welfare practitioners working in the Province of Quebec on all cases retained for investigation during a three-month period (N= 4775). The study describes the number and characteristics of children who are psychologically maltreated, the co-occurrence of this problem with various other types of maltreatment, and the factors that best distinguish these children from those who have not experienced this type of maltreatment. The findings demonstrate the extent of this problem and indicate that children who have been psychologically maltreated are often victims of other types of maltreatment. The family environment of these children gives cause for great concern.

The main objective of the present study was to explore cognitions, emotions, and parental behaviors that could potentially be associated with an increased risk of psychological maltreatment towards preschoolers by means of a semi-structured interview. During the inter view, 45 young mothers and 13 fathers were asked to think of a typical episode with their child that they find difficult to cope with. Parents were then asked to discuss causes, emotions, self- and child's reactions, strategies used to calm themselves, self-evaluation of their reactions during the episode, as well as other related aspects. Content analysis was performed and subsequent categories were submitted to a multiple correspondence analysis procedure. Results show that a cluster of 15 variables for mothers and 5 variables for fathers is associated with the risk of child psychological maltreatment. Globally, these results indicated that some specific cognition, emotions, and parental behaviors could be identified in mother-chi...

Le mouvement du commerce équitable promeut un nouveau modèle de commerce international qui reçoit un accueil grandissant. Bien que la certification par un organisme tiers soit maintenant en place, on remarque une asymétrie des conditions imposées aux organisations du Sud comparativement à celles du Nord, notamment quant au mode de gouvernance. Equal Exchange, une coopérative de travailleurs aux États-Unis, pourrait devenir un modèle pour les OCE en Amérique du Nord. En effet, ses structures et pratiques reflètent l’ensemble des principes du commerce équitable, y compris ceux imposés au Sud. On découvre une parente de la coopérative de solidarité québécoise, mais à saveur internationale., The Fair Trade movement has developed a new international trade model that has been discussed with growing optimism by grass-roots organizations, governments, NGOs and international organizations alike. Although a certification system has been developed to ensure respect of Fair Trade values, asymmetries exist between requirements made of southern and northern Fair Trade organizations. Equal Exchange, a Fair Trade pioneer in the United States, is a worker-owner cooperative which has decided to take this matter into its own hands and adopt governance practices that reflect Fair Trade principles. In doing so, Equal Exchange could be leading the way to a new form of cooperative that puts international solidarity at the center of its organizational structure.

The evolution of the collective enterprise may be conceptualized in three phases throwing into relief five strategies for the creation of value. The first corresponds to the emergence of a collective enterprise, an innovation in itself. The second, the spread of the innovation by replication, is linked to federalization and to the beginning of standardization. The tension between innovation and standardization begin to make a difference as early as this replication phase, but later it becomes more critical. It forces the collective enterprise to avoid wholesale standardization, an outmoded option, and instead allows space for considering one of the two strategies for the creation of value in keeping both with its distinctive social economy identity and with the new strategic approaches centred on the competences of the enterprise and the creation of value for the user. Thus, the collective user enterprise may move forward by focusing, i.e., by even greater innovation in its provision for a target group of members. The collective enterprise may also progress by hybridization, i.e., through re-combining in a better way the innovation and standardization required to respond, effectively and efficiently, to a group of owners that is not only very large, but also highly diversified. The authors identify the organizational configuration for each pattern of value-creation by concentrating on governance structures and the role of managers.

Que ce soit une nouvelle politique gouvernementale ou des reorganisations municipales, les changements ont des incidences importantes pour l’administration municipale et pour ses partenaires. Il faut alors revoir la configuration du partenariat et trouver de nouveaux arrangements institutionnels, ce qui peut avoir des consequences importantes pour les partenaires. Par exemple, les Corporations de developpement economique communautaire (CDEC) montrealaises, apres avoir ete mandataires du Centre local de developpement (CLD) de Montreal, sont aujourd’hui agreees en tant que CLD. Nees d’initiatives locales de developpement economique communautaire pour revitaliser les anciens quartiers industriels de Montreal, les CDEC etaient bien placees pour recevoir un mandat de centre local de developement a Montreal. La nouvelle ville resultant des fusions allait-elle remettre en cause cet acquis? Suivant a la trace la naissance et l’evolution du partenariat, des origines des CDEC jusqu’au recent contrat de ville, les auteures analysent l’impact du mandat de centre local de developpement sur la configuration de la CDEC et ouvre la voie a de futures recherches sur la configuration meme du rapport de partenariat.

The export of finished products such as wine fulfils one of the objectives of fair trade which is to let the producing countries obtain maximum revenue. The authors studies three organizations that are part of the fair trade wine sector: Los Robles, a sexagenarian winemaking cooperative; El Corazón, a cooperative that is a providing member of Los Robles; Sagrada Familia, a relative young organization present in the alternative market from its foundation. These three organizations are associated with the same organization of fair trade: Oxfram-Wereldwinkels. After presenting the reality of wine-growers, the authors analyzed the three organizations by defining their emerging conditions, their governance structure and their value chain activities. They then evaluated the impacts of being part of the movement of fair trade. After finding that these impacts were different in each case, the authors concluded that the performance of fair trade was closely linked with a mutual relationship between the participants. Furthermore, the authors indicate the importance of cooperation in commercial fair trade not only between the North and South, but also within the organizations located in the South.

The authors analyze the tensions in co-operative development by drawing upon the works of the Montréal school of thought on co-operative management, the first contributions of which date to the creation of the Centre for Co-operative management at HEC Montréal in 1975. They suggest that the study of tensions represents a distinctive trait of this school of thought, and that this specificity has global implications for the co-operative movement. The tensions in co-operative development are presented in order of their appearance in the co-operative life cycle and are classified according to their nature. The contribution of this school fills a gap in the study of co-operatives where the diachronic analysis is less developed than the synchronic one. In addition, this allows the authors to show the turning point at which small and large cooperatives diverge. Similarly, the reactions to the tensions are analyzed to offer, in the end, an integrative frame that may be useful to co-operative developers.

The authors analyze the tensions in co-operative development by drawing upon the works of the Montréal school of thought on co-operative management, the first contributions of which date to the creation of the Centre for Co-operative management at HEC Montréal in 1975. They suggest that the study of tensions represents a distinctive trait of this school of thought, and that this specificity has global implications for the co-operative movement. The tensions in co-operative development are presented in order of their appearance in the co-operative life cycle and are classified according to their nature. The contribution of this school fills a gap in the study of co-operatives where the diachronic analysis is less developed than the synchronic one. In addition, this allows the authors to show the turning point at which small and large cooperatives diverge. Similarly, the reactions to the tensions are analyzed to offer, in the end, an integrative frame that may be useful to co-operative developers.

This study explores various aspects of support in the social network of long-term single mothers: the nature of expected help and of offered support, the attitudes behind support, the strategies for requesting help, the reluctance to ask, the efficacy of received help, the perceived refusals, and the behaviors judged as harmful. Thirty women separated for at least two years with a child aged under 10 were chosen following the snowball technique, and participated in this study. The content analysis of the semi-structured interviews shows how the dynamics of social support varies according to the relationship to the target person: ex-partner, family, friends, or “other relationships”. For instance the ex-partner, when mentioned, rarely offered the expected support and was perceived as harmful. Family members often lived up to their expectations, but women were generally very reluctant to ask them for help. Friends were the most efficient helpers and were the main persons from whom mothers expected cognitive support. The “other relationships” offered a certain amount of help, especially at the instrumental level but, as with the ex-partner, they were frequently perceived as harmful. Finally, we advocate for an “ecological” approach to measure social support in the context of the interaction in which it occurs.

There has been a considerable increase in studies dealing with women’s entrepreneurship and with collective entrepreneurship, respectively. However, studies focusing on women’s collective entrepreneurship are far from understanding the conceptualization of the relationship between collective entrepreneurship and women. To help fill this void, the authors use the essay method. In the first part, they begin by identifying the two transformative perspectives at the foundation of women’s collective entrepreneurship, that is to say self-management and feminism, which both converge and differ. They then present concrete manifestations illustrating the building of new economic and gender-based social relations, through examples of social innovations at the organizational level. In the second part, they discuss the strategic positioning of the transformative perspectives in public policies, as it is from these perspectives that the movements develop their strategic capability to mobilize resources, such as those of the State.

Cette analyse s’inscrit dans une recherche qualitative plus large sur les liens possible entre le décrochage scolaire et social chez des jeunes en difficultés de comportement. De l’échantillon initial, sélectionné dans deux écoles pour jeunes en difficultés de la Commission scolaire de Montréal, deux sous-groupes sont formés de jeunes cumulant des problématiques sévères et variées ou de jeunes dont les problèmes sont moins importants. À la lumière de leur trajectoire scolaire et familiale, l’analyse s’intéresse aux rêves vocationnels formulés par ces jeunes. Les résultats suggèrent que ceux dont les problèmes sont moins sévères sont capables de formuler des aspirations vocationnelles réalistes et stables, reflétant leurs intérêts profonds, de planifier et d’actualiser des démarches en conséquence. Par contre, pour les jeunes présentant des problèmes plus sévères, un processus de décrochage social semble déjà amorcé, parfois depuis l’enfance, qui complexifie l’identification d’un rêve vocationnel réaliste, non marginal et stable. This analysis is part of a wider qualitative research on the possible links between school dropout and social dropout among youth with behavioral disorders. From the initial sample selected from two school for troubled youth from the Montreal School Board, two subgroups were formed from those accumulating severe behavioral problems and those whose problems are less important. In light of their school and family trajectory, the analysis looks at the vocational aspirations defined by these young people. The results suggest that young people whose problems are less severe are able to formulate vocational aspirations that are realistic, stable, reflecting their underlying interests, and to schedule and update plans accordingly. In contrast, for young people with more severe problems, a social dropout process seems already started, sometimes since childhood, which complicates the identification of realistic, stable et non marginal vocational aspirations. Este análisis se inscribe dentro de una investigación cualitativa más amplia sobre los posibles vínculos entre el abandono escolar y social en los jóvenes con dificultades de comportamiento. De la muestra inicial, seleccionada en dos escuelas para jóvenes con dificultades de la Comisión escolar de Montréal, se forman dos subgrupos de jóvenes con problemáticas severas y variadas o de jóvenes cuyos problemas son menos importantes. A la luz de su trayectoria escolar y familiar, el análisis se centra en los sueños vocacionales formulados por estos jóvenes. Los resultados sugieren que aquellos cuyos problemas son menos severos son capaces de formular aspiraciones vocacionales realistas y estables, que reflejan sus intereses profundos, de planificar y de actualizar acciones en consecuencia. En cambio, para los jóvenes que presentan problemas más severos, un proceso de abandono social parece ya emprendido, quizás desde la infancia, lo que complejiza la identificación de un sueño vocacional realista, no marginal y estable.

Background An important gap exists between research production and its utilization. Few studies have examined the factors affecting knowledge utilization in the field of child and family social services. Methods The objectives of the study are to describe knowledge utilization by child protection administrators and practitioners (N = 477) and to compare factors related to knowledge utilization by these two occupational groups. The study was conducted with an adapted version of the Questionnaire sur l'utilisation des connaissances (Knowledge Utilization Questionnaire). Factor analysis was used to collapse data collected on the questionnaire items. Factor score for each respondent served as independent variables in three separate multivariate regression analyses to explore variables likely to predict research-based knowledge utilization. Results A minority of respondents (18%) report using on a frequent basis research-based knowledge in their practice. Relational capital between researchers and users and perceived usefulness of research based knowledge were the two factors most strongly related to utilization. There was a specificity in the factors associated with knowledge utilization according to occupational groups in child protection organizations. Use of active knowledge transfer strategies was associated with knowledge utilization by practitioners, while knowledge dissemination efforts played a more significant role for administrators. Conclusion These results encourage both the use of strategies differentiated according to users and the intensification of interactions between users and researchers to foster research knowledge utilization.

Este artigo pertence ao campo dos estudos sobre governança, em especial em organizações sem fins lucrativos. O conceito de governança é abordado em múltiplas áreas do conhecimento e segundo várias perspectivas teóricas. A forte influência da teoria da agência confere-lhe comumente o sentido de práticas de controle para maior eficiência e transparência na gestão organizacional. Há, entretanto, perspectivas teóricas alternativas, tais como a economia social, que considera a governança como uma categoria analítica associada a conceitos como participação, parceria, aprendizagem coletiva, regulação e favorecimento de estruturas organizacionais descentralizadas e democráticas. Para compor uma estrutura de governança com tais características, pode-se aprender bastante com o conceito de empreendedor coletivo (Malo, 2000), que oferece contribuição para o desenvolvimento de estruturas participativas e democráticas, como pudemos concluir com o estudo do caso Doutores da Alegria. A análise de tal caso oferece proposições decorrentes da comparação entre as perspectivas teóricas e o emprego do conceito de empreendedor coletivo. Os resultados são uma contribuição para o esclarecimento, evolução e crítica do conceito de governança. This article relates to the field of studies in governance, particularly as applied to non-profit organizations. It addresses the governance concept in multi-knowledge areas and under various theoretical perspectives. In general, the strong influence of the agency theory imparts to the term the meaning of control practices towards a higher organizational efficiency. It contains, however, alternative approaches that consider governance as an analytical category associated with concepts such as participation, alliance, collective learning, regulation of and facilitation to decentralized and democratic organization structures. Governance structures are organizational identity building mechanisms. In this connection, the collective entrepreneur concept offers an important contribution to the development of a participating and democratic structure (Malo, 2000), as one could conclude from the Doutores da Alegria case study. The discussion provides propositions stemming from the comparison between theoretical sources and an in-depth study of the alternative approach. The results conduce toward the explanation, evolution and criticism of the concept.

Over the past decades, scholars have advocated paradox perspective as a provocative and insightful lens for understanding various types of organizations, including worker cooperatives. However, we noticed that this lens has rarely been used to analyze the various challenges facing worker cooperatives at different phases of their life cycle. Worker cooperatives are unique organizations and social experiments because they are worker- owned and democratically-controlled and they define themselves at least somewhat in opposition to “mainstream capitalism.” In this paper, we argue that due to their very nature worker cooperatives are entangled in a knot of paradoxes, i.e., dynamic interplay between interdependent, pervasive and persistent oppositional forces. Indeed, we show that paradoxes of belonging, organizing and learning are at the core of worker cooperatives and that the coping strategies they adopt to deal with these paradoxes influence how they unfold and perform over time. Our objective is to shed li...

Avec la crise de l’économie capitaliste et l’intensification de la concurrence, on observe le renforcement de l’impératif d’efficacité pour les organisations de l’économie sociale et solidaire. Comment adaptent-elles ce principe d’efficacité, selon quelles mutations organisationnelles et quels processus ? Groupes sectoriels intégrés ? Mutualisation ? Elargissement des parties prenantes ? Ancrage dans les territoires ? Nous identifions trois types de mutations organisationnelles. Leur objectif principal reste toujours la réponse à la concurrence, mais elles le combinent avec un objectif secondaire : la logique d’intégration-concentration et la logique de filière-diversification pour favoriser la croissance, la mutualisation pour préserver l’autonomie et l’élargissement des parties prenantes pour mutualiser les ressources dans le cadre d’une offre de services relationnels renouvelée., With the capitalist economy in crisis and increasing competition, there is growing pressure on social and solidarity economy organizations to become more efficient. What kinds of organizational change and processes are occurring as a result of this need for greater efficiency? Integrated groups by sector? Pooling of resources? More stakeholders? Stronger local links? We identify three types of organizational change. The main objective remains responding to competition, but it is combined with the secondary objectives of greater integration/concentration and diversification of subsidiaries to increase growth, pooling of resources to preserve independence, and broadening the stakeholder base to provide better relational services.

Alors que les forces du marché poussent les organismes de crédit coopératif vers la banalisation, on observe aussi des forces de réciprocité qui font émerger des partenariats entre ces organismes et des associations dans le champ du micro-crédit solidaire. Une configuration partenariale est étudiée dans cet article : la Caisse d’épargne Île-de-France-Paris (CE IDF-Paris) et l’Association pour le droit à l’initiative économique (ADIE) Île-de-France, partenaires dans l’offre de prêts à des micro-entrepreneurs. L’approche socio-économique permet de dégager les caractéristiques institutionnelles et organisationnelles de ce partenariat, de même que les perspectives ouvertes. Ainsi, si ce partenariat permet de mieux répondre aux besoins de personnes exclues du marché financier, il contribue ce faisant à l’actualisation du projet fondateur de la caisse., While market forces have been pushing cooperative savings and loan institutions towards the mainstream, partnerships between these institutions and associations involved in social microcredit have been forming due to forces of mutual assistance. The structure of this kind of partnership is studied in this article using the example of the Caisse d’épargne in the Île-de-France-Paris region (CE IDF-Paris) and the Association pour le droit à l'initiative économique (ADIE) in Île-de-France, which are partners in lending to microentrepreneurs. Through a social economic approach, the institutional and organizational characteristics of this partnership can be identified as well as the perspectives opened. While this partnership can better respond to the needs of those excluded from the financial market, in the process it also contributes to modernizing the original aims of the Caisse d’épargne.

Dans la deuxième partie de sa contribution sur la gestion stratégique, (cf. le numéro 281), Marie-Claire Malo revient sur la définition de l’entreprise, puis sur ce que serait un processus stratégique coopératif : il doit tenir simultanément le fil de la perspective du changement social, qui s’attache au respect des valeurs, et celui du positionnement. La bonne option stratégique est celle qui tente d’articuler en permanence volontarisme et déterminisme. Loin d’être une contrainte, le compromis a un grand potentiel d’innovation, parce qu’il combine des grandeurs différentes. Chaque compromis est une combinaison originale qui porte une part d’innovation sociale., In the second part of her contribution on strategic management (see Recma no. 281), Marie-Claire Malo begins by looking at the definition of a firm and then considers what constitutes strategic decision-making in a cooperative. It has to take into account both the perspective of social change, which emphasizes values, and the firm's positioning. The right strategic option is one that constantly tries to find a balance between voluntarism and determinism. Far from being a constraint, this compromise has great potential for innovation because it combines different perspectives. Each compromise is an original combination that brings a share of social innovation.

En économie sociale et solidaire, les relations de coopération interentreprises sont généralement abordées en termes de concertation ou de partenariat et non pas sous l’angle des alliances stratégiques. Pourtant la définition de l’alliance correspond bien aux valeurs de l’économie sociale et solidaire puisque les entreprises qui s’engagent dans une alliance, en vue de réaliser des objectifs communs, ne renoncent pas à leur autonomie. Dans cet article1, on cherche à identifier l’impact de la formation d’alliances stratégiques entre organisations de l’économie sociale et solidaire de même nature, à trois niveaux d’apprentissage : le fonctionnement interne, les interactions entre elles et leurs rapports avec les pouvoirs publics. La recherche empirique a porté sur l’étude de deux cas : le Collectif des entreprises d’insertion du Québec (CEIQ) et le Comité économie sociale inter-CDÉC (Corporations de développement économique communautaire)., In solidarity and social economy, the cooperative relationships between enterprises generally are approached in terms of concertation or partnership rather than strategic alliances. Nevertheless the definition of the alliance fits well with the values of solidarity and social economy since the enterprises that engage themselves in an alliance to realize common objectives do not forfeit their autonomy. In this article, the authors try to identify the impact of the formation of strategic alliances between similar solidarity and social economy organizations at three levels of learning: their internal functioning, the interactions among them and their relationships with the authorities. The empirical research focused on the study of two cases : the Collectif des entreprises d’insertion du Québec (CEIQ) and the Comité économie sociale inter-CDÉC (Community economic development corporations).

Les spécificités de la gouvernance des coopératives et associations sont au coeur de cet article. Pour ces sociétés de parties prenantes, le processus de décision stratégique se présente de manière plus complexe que dans les sociétés de capitaux. Cette première partie analyse deux facteurs essentiels qui influent sur les orientations stratégiques : l’entrepreneur collectif et la dimension idéologique, l’environnement et les acteurs qui l’animent. La seconde partie, publiée dans le prochain numéro de la Recma, sera centrée sur l’entreprise., This article focuses on the specific features of the governance of cooperatives and associations. For these stakeholder firms, the process of strategic decision-making is more complex than in corporations. This first part analyzes two fundamental factors that influence strategic decisions—on one hand, the collective entrepreneur and the ideological dimension and, on the other hand, the environment and the actors that affect it. The second part, which will be published in the next issue of Recma, will concentrate on the firm.

L'étude de la configuration partenariale entre les caisses d'épargne et de crédit du Mouvement Desjardins et la corporation de développement économique communautaire (CDEC) d'un arrondissement de Montréal révèle que leur partenariat se concrétise dans une société locale d'investissement dans le développement de l'emploi (SOLIDE) dont le modèle provient d'une grande composante syndicale de l'économie sociale québécoise : le Fonds de solidarité des travailleurs du Québec (FTQ). Ainsi, les relations partenariales entre anciennes et nouvelles composantes de l'économie sociale comportent deux dimensions stratégiques : le renouvellement communautaire (associatif) d'organisations anciennes, comme les caisses Desjardins, et le renforcement de la dimension économique d'organisations nouvelles, comme les CDEC., An empirical analysis of the partnership between the savings and loan branches of the Desjardins Movement and the local development corporation of one Montreal neighbourhood finds that this partnership is institutionalised via a local association for investment in employment (SOLIDE— société locale d'investissement dans le développement de l'emploi). The model for this association is the union component of Quebec's social economy, the Solidarity Fund of the Quebec Federation of Labour (QFL). Such partnerships between the traditional and the new wings of the social economy have two strategic dimensions. One is to renew the community base of the older organisations, for example the Caisses Desjardins, and the other is to strengthen the economic dimension of the new organisations, of which the local development corporations are an example., Un anâlisis de la asociacion entre las instituciones de ahorro y de crédita del Mouvement Desjardins, y la corporation de desarrollo econômico comunitario (CDEC) de un distrito de Montreal demuestra que esta asociacion concretiza en una sociedad local de inversion en el desarrollo del empleo (SOLIDE - Société locale d'investissement dans le développement de l'emploi). El modelo para esta asociacion es un importante componente sindical de la economia social de Quebec : el Fondo de Solidaridad de los Trabajadores de Quebec (FTQ - Fonds de solidarité des travailleurs du Québec). Las relaciones de asociacion entre elementos tradicionales y revientes de la economfa social tienen dos dimensiones estratégicas : una de ellas es reconsideration comunitaria de antiguas organizaciones, como las Caisses Desjardins, la otra el fortalecimiento de la dimension econémica de organizaciones recientes, como las CDEC.