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Abstract: Glucocorticoid steroids play cardinal roles during the life span of an individual, modulating almost all aspects of the physiology, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, as well as the immune response, neurological biology, stress adaptation, apoptosis, cell division, cell fate, inflammatory responses, etc. Glucocorticoids exert their biological effects by activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a bona fide ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. The GR is expressed in virtually all cells of the human body showing isoformic versions and also transcription variants. GR forms oligomeric heterocomplexes that include the 90-kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp90) as an essential hub of the chaperone oligomer. The nature of chaperones associated with this heterocomplex is responsible for the modulation of the subcellular localization of the GR and its biological actions in a given tissue or cell type. In this sense, the discovery that immunophilins containing tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR) domains are responsible for the GR cytoplasmic transport mechanism and the nuclear retention half-time of the receptor opened new trends in our understanding of its complex mechanism of action. Because the properties of GR ligands influence these protein-protein interactions, specific steroid•receptor complexes may confer the GR different features providing new therapeutic opportunities to manage the disease. In this article, we analyze multiple aspects of the GR mechanism of action, some properties of the GR isoforms, and the latest findings revealing the roles of Hsp90-binding immunophilins to manage the glucocorticoid biological response.

In this work we present a large-scale comparison of 21 learning and aggregation methods proposed in the ensemble learning, social choice theory (SCT), information fusion and uncertainty management (IF-UM) and collective intelligence (CI) fields, based on a large collection of 40 benchmark datasets. The results of this comparison show that Bagging-based approaches reported performances comparable with XGBoost, and significantly outperformed other Boosting methods. In particular, ExtraTree-based approaches were as accurate as both XGBoost and Decision Tree-based ones while also being more computationally efficient. We also show how standard Bagging-based and IF-UM-inspired approaches outperformed the approaches based on CI and SCT. IF-UM-inspired approaches, in particular, reported the best performance (together with standard ExtraTrees), as well as the strongest resistance to label noise (together with XGBoost). Based on our results, we provide useful indications on the practical effectiveness of different state-of-the-art ensemble and aggregation methods in general settings.

Il presente contributo contiene una riflessione sul tema della ricerca di informazioni riguardo alle proprie origini adottive e rispetto alla possibilità di contatto con i genitori di nascita, da parte di adulti che sono stati adottati; in particolare, indaga e discute le conseguenze sul benessere psicologico e la salute mentale del soggetto adulto che ricerca informazioni sulla propria adozione e sull'identità della famiglia di nascita. L'attenzione si focalizzerà anche sulla complessità di questo processo di ricerca e/o di contatto evidenziando sia il ruolo di variabili connesse al soggetto che avvia la ricerca sia di variabili legate al suo contesto.

Roads are human infrastructure that heavily affect wildlife, often with marked impacts on carnivores, including brown bears Ursus arctos. Here, we assessed the potential impact of road networks on the distribution of brown bears in the small, isolated and endangered Cantabrian population of north-western Spain. To ascertain whether local road networks affect brown bear spatial distribution, we first assessed potential influences on the distance of bear locations to roads using candidate models which included topographic variables, landcover types, bear age and reproductive status, traffic volume and road visibility. Then, we built two sets of habitat suitability models, both with and without roads, to discern the possible loss of habitat suitability caused by roads. The mean distance of bear locations to the nearest road was 968 ± 804 m and the closest road was a low traffic road in 72.5% of cases. Candidate models showed little influence of our variables on bear distance to the nearest road, with the exception of elevation. Habitat suitability models revealed that road networks in our study area seem to have almost no effect on brown bear habitat suitability, except for females with yearlings during the denning season. However, this result may also be a consequence of the fact that only a small proportion (16.5%) of the cells classified as suitable bear habitats were crossed by roads, that is, most of the roads are primarily located in unsuitable bear habitats in the Cantabrian Mountains. Compared to previous studies conducted in other populations, mainly North American ones, our findings might suggest a different response of Eurasian brown bears to roads due to a longer bear-human coexistence in Europe versus North America. However, the indirect approach used in our study does not exclude other detrimental effects, for example, road mortality, increased stress and movement pattern disruption, only detectable by more direct approaches such as telemetry., During this research, EG-B was financially supported by a FPU grant (FPU15-03429) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. VP, EG-B, AMG and HRV were financially supported by the I + D + I Project PID2020-114181GB-I00 financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, EU). AMG was supported by the Predoctoral Fellowship PRE2018-086102. AZA was financially supported by a Margarita Salas contract financed by the European Union-NextGenerationEU, Ministerio de Universidades y Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia, through the call of the Universidad de Oviedo (Asturias).

We propose a linguistic interpretation of three-way decisions, where the regions of acceptance, rejection, and non-commitment are constructed by using the so-called evaluative linguistic expressions, which are expressions of natural language such as small, medium, very short, quite roughly strong, extremely good, etc. Our results highlight new connections between two different research areas: three-way decisions and the theory of evaluative linguistic expressions.

In this article, we study the application of Rough Set theory to the representation of uncertainty and partial knowledge in Dynamical Systems. Our approach draws from the abstract notion of an observable pattern, and for this purpose we first propose an abstract knowledge representation formalism that encompasses the main classes of discrete Dynamical Systems. Drawing on the proposed representational formalism, we define appropriate notions of rough approximations and reducts, show how these can be applied for uncertainty representation, and discuss their theoretical properties and characterizations.

Although several evidences suggested the importance to consider the quality of relationships with others as a key element for the understanding of callous-unemotional traits in youths, to date few studies investigated the specific role of youths’ attachment. The aim of the present study was to explore the association between attachment styles and callous-unemotional traits within a community sample of 786 high school students (41.48% females, M age = 16.90 years, SD = 1.45 years). A linear hierarchical regression approach showed that, over and above gender, age, and levels of both internalizing and externalizing problems, unique variance in callous-unemotional traits was accounted for by low confidence, high discomfort with closeness, and low preoccupation with relationships. Moreover, focusing on specific subcomponents of callous-unemotional traits, it was found that high levels of perceiving relationships as secondary were related to the callous-lack of empathy component, while higher levels in discomfort with closeness were associated to the restricted affect component. Emerged results were discussed within the context of the Sensitivity to Threat and Affiliative Reward (STAR) Model, that was recently advanced to in-depth understand callous-unemotional traits in children and adolescents.

Orthopartitions are particular sets of orthopairs generalizing the notion of standard partitions in presence of uncertainty, and describing situations where the membership class of some elements of an initial universe is not precisely known. This work aims to bridge orthopartitions with possibility theory. Therefore, our principal contribution here consists of identifying orthopartitions with a special class of Boolean possibility distributions.

In this article, we propose a general framework for the development of external evaluation measures for soft clustering. Our proposal is based on the interpretation of soft clustering as representing uncertain information about an underlying, unknown hard clustering. We present a general construction, based on optimal transport theory, by which any evaluation measure can be naturally extended to soft clustering. The proposed “transport-based measure” provides an objective, interval-valued comparison index that represents the range of compatibility between two soft clusterings. We study the metric and complexity properties of the proposed approach, as well as its relationship with other existing proposals. We also propose approximation and bounding algorithms that make the approach practical for large datasets. Finally, we illustrate the application of the proposed method through two computational experiments.

Fuzzy orthopartitions are generalizations of standard fuzzy partitions useful to model situations where both vagueness and uncertainty are involved. This work deepens the study of fuzzy orthopartitions lately started in [1], focusing on their lower and upper entropies. The latter subsume the concept of entropy in partition logic and measures the quantity of information contained in a fuzzy orthopartition. We mainly discover basic properties that characterize lower and upper entropies and highlight the connections between such entropy measures and novel operations and orderings on fuzzy orthopartitions introduced in this work.

Some recent patent infringement litigations initiated by universities have resulted in multi-million dollar damages and have attracted public attention and stimulated research especially among law scholars. In this paper, we build a brand new database that include patents filed by universities at the United States and Trademark Office (USPTO), their characteristics and, eventually, the information about whether they have been used in infringements lawsuits by universities in the years 1990–2019. Our study is articulated in two parts. First, we show that, although it is still a quite rare phenomenon, patent litigation involving universities has been significantly growing in the last 2 decades. Second, we study the characteristics of university patents that have been litigated vis-à-vis non-litigated university patents. In this respect, we find that public universities and non-US universities are less inclined to litigate their patents compared to private and US universities. In addition, we also find that patent quality is an important determinant in the decision of university litigation. This result holds for patents in the Electrical Engineering sector, which is traditionally prone to opportunistic litigation, and no matter what type of university involved (public vs private, or US vs non-US).

Lower limb amputations represent a high social, economic and health burden. Most of them are preventable and reflect areas for improvement in health care, making it essential to know their epidemiology.This is a retrospective population-based cross-sectional analysis on all lower limb amputations performed in public hospitals in Sao Paulo between 2009 and 2020, the most populous Brazilian state, with 46 million inhabitants. Using a public database, we evaluated types, rates and trends of the amputations performed, main etiologies leading to the indication for amputation, hospital length of stay and in-hospital mortality rates, demographics of the amputees and procedure costs.In total, 180,595 lower limb amputations and surgical revision of amputations were performed, with toe amputations (45%) and major amputations (33%) being the most frequent types of surgeries, with a recent significant increase in the rates for both these procedures. Peripheral artery disease was the most frequent etiology, followed by diabetes mellitus, with both showing an upward trend over the years. Most patients were male (69.3%), Caucasians (55.6%) and elderly. August was the month with the highest number of amputations in all years. Overall in-hospital mortality after lower limb amputations was 6.6%. Total reimbursed by the government was US$ 67,675,875.55.Peripheral artery disease is the most frequent underlying diagnosis for lower limb amputations, followed by diabetes mellitus, with both showing an upward trend over the years. We observed seasonality in procedure rates, with peaks in August in all years.

Communication and swallowing are highly complex sensorimotor events that are tightly linked to respiration and vital to health and well-being. The tongue is a complex organ, often described as a muscular hydrostat, that is crucial for maintaining airway patency, preparing and safely transporting food/liquid, and rapidly changing position and shape for speech. As with any complex behavior, tongue function can be compromised with aging, diseases/conditions, trauma, or as a pharmacologic side effect. As such, modeling lingual function and dysfunction for basic and translational research is paramount; understanding how the nervous system controls tongue function for complex behavior is foundational to this work. Non-invasive access to tongue tissues and kinematics during awake behavior has been historically challenging, creating a critical need to measure tongue function in model systems. Germane to this field of study are the instruments and assays of licking/lapping and drinking, including tongue force and timing measures, many of which were designed or modified by Dr. Stephen C. Fowler. The focus of this paper is to review some of the important contributions of measuring tongue behaviors in awake rats and mice and how these have been modified by other researchers to advance translational science.

International audience; Human activity and associated landscape modifications alter the movements of animals with consequences for populations and ecosystems worldwide. Species performing long-distance movements are thought to be particularly sensitive to human impact. Despite the increasing anthropogenic pressure, it remains challenging to understand and predict animals' responses to human activity. Here we address this knowledge gap using 1206 Global Positioning System movement trajectories of 815 individuals from 14 red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 14 elk (Cervus canadensis) populations spanning wide environmental gradients, namely the latitudinal range from the Alps to Scandinavia in Europe, and the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in North America. We measured individual-level movements relative to the environmental context, or movement expression, using the standardized metric Intensity of Use, reflecting both the directionality and extent of movements. We expected movement expression to be affected by resource (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) predictability and topography, but those factors to be superseded by human impact. Red deer and elk movement expression varied along a continuum, from highly segmented trajectories over relatively small areas (high intensity of use), to directed transitions through restricted corridors (low intensity of use). Human activity (Human Footprint Index, HFI) was the strongest driver of movement expression, with a steep increase in Intensity of Use as HFI increased, but only until a threshold was reached. After exceeding this level of impact, the Intensity of Use remained unchanged. These results indicate the overall sensitivity of Cervus movement expression to human activity and suggest a limitation of plastic responses under high human pressure, despite the species also occurring in human-dominated landscapes. Our work represents the first comparison of metric-based movement expression across widely distributed populations of a deer genus, contributing to the understanding and prediction of animals' responses to human activity.

Background High grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is highly lethal, partly due to chemotherapy resistance and limited availability of targeted approaches. Cyclin dependent kinases 12 and 13 (CDK12/13) are promising therapeutic targets in human cancers, including HGSOC. Nevertheless, the effects of their inhibition in HGSOC and the potential synergy with other drugs are poorly known. Methods We analyzed the effects of the CDK12/13 inhibitor THZ531 in HGSOC cells and patient-derived organoids (PDOs). RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR analyses were performed to identify the genome-wide effects of short-term CDK12/13 inhibition on the transcriptome of HGSOC cells. Viability assays with HGSOC cells and PDOs were performed to assess the efficacy of THZ531 as single agent or in combination with clinically relevant drugs. Results The CDK12 and CDK13 genes are deregulated in HGSOC and their concomitant up-regulation with the oncogene MYC predicts poor prognosis. HGSOC cells and PDOs display high sensitivity to CDK12/13 inhibition, which synergizes with drugs in clinical use for HGSOC. Transcriptome analyses revealed cancer-relevant genes whose expression is repressed by dual CDK12/13 inhibition through impaired splicing. Combined treatment with THZ531 and inhibitors of pathways regulated by these cancer relevant genes (EGFR, RPTOR, ATRIP) exerted synergic effects on HGSOC PDO viability. Conclusions CDK12 and CDK13 represent valuable therapeutic targets for HGSOC. We uncovered a wide spectrum of CDK12/13 targets as potential therapeutic vulnerabilities for HGSOC. Moreover, our study indicates that CDK12/13 inhibition enhances the efficacy of approved drugs that are already in use for HGSOC or other human cancers.

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is a leading cause of mortality from gynecologic malignancies worldwide. Although a transformative improvement has been shown with the introduction of PARP (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase) inhibitors, the emergence of resistance to these drugs represents a therapeutic challenge. Hence, expanding our understanding of mechanisms behind the control of PARP1 expression can provide strategic guidance for the translation of novel therapeutic strategies. The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) family of proteins consists of transcription factors critically involved in the regulation of important cellular functions. Notably, we recently demonstrated that, in cervical cancer cells, STAT1 controls PARP1 levels through multiple mechanisms, possibly involving also STAT3. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a similar mechanism might be operative in HGSOC. To this end, the impact of STAT1/STAT3 modulation on PARP1 expression was assessed in established and primary HGSOC cells, and molecular biology studies proved that STAT1 might act at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels to modulate the PARP1 level. Notably, bioinformatics analysis of TCGA databases demonstrated that increased STAT1 mRNA expression levels are associated with a favorable prognosis and with response to chemotherapy in HGSOC patients. Our findings suggest an alternative strategy for targeting HGSOC cells based on their dependency on PARP1.

A hexagon of opposition built from a probabilistic rough set depends on two thresholds. This work explores the relations of opposition among vertices of hexagons obtained from pairs of thresholds. By an exhaustive analysis of the different cases that can arise, twelve patterns are defined and studied.

TCRαβ+ CD8α+ CD8β− intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8αα IEL) differentiate from thymic IEL precursors (IELp) and contribute to gut homeostasis. However, their development remains poorly understood. Here we show that the zinc finger transcription factor LRF, encoded by Zbtb7a, is highly expressed in both CD8αα+ IELs and in IELp and serves in a cell-intrinsic manner to promote IEL differentiation. Mice genetically deficient for LRF (Cd4-Cre Zbtb7afl/fl) lack CD8αα+ IELs, contrasting with largely conserved numbers of conventional CD8αβ+ T cells in the thymus and the secondary lymphoid organs. Unlike their wild-type counterparts, LRF-deficient IELp failed to prevent colitis caused by adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells in T cell-deficient mice. LRF disruption affects neither the development of thymic IELp, nor their in vitro expansion or differentiation in response to IL-15. However, Cd4-Cre Zbtb7afl/fl mice accumulate CD8αα+ T cells in the spleen, unlike wild-type controls, suggesting impaired migration of IELp to the gut. Single-cell RNA sequencing found LRF necessary for the expression of genes characteristic of the most mature IELp, including Itgb7, encoding the β7 subunit of α4β7. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and gene regulatory network analyses both defined Itgb7 as an LRF target. Our study identifies LRF as an essential transcriptional regulator of IELp maturation in the thymus and subsequent migration to the intestinal epithelium.

YT, YW, and FC gratefully acknowledge the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong for support through the projects 16206019 and 16201820 as well as the Hong Kong Scholar Program (XJ2021048). This work was supported in part by the Project of Hetao Shenzhen-Hong Kong Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Zone (HZQB-KCZYB-2020083). We gratefully appreciate the financial support from the National Key Research & Development Project (2020YFB1506304, 2017YFE0129300), National Natural Science Foundation of China (52172199, 52072135, 52002121), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2021QN1111), the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education (GCP202118), the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization (2020KF04), and the Open Sharing Fund for the Large-scale Instruments and Equipment of China University of Mining and Technology (CUMT), the Analytical and Testing Centre of Huazhong University of Science and Technology are all appreciated for their assistance with sample characterization. Symmetric solid oxide cells (SSOCs) have attracted enormous attention in research and development because of their simple cell configuration and low fabrication costs. However, their development is limited by their electrocatalytic activity and stability of the electrode materials used. Herein, we report a novel perovskite oxide electrode Pr0.5Ba0.5Fe0.8Ni0.2O3−δ (PBFN) as a highly effective SSOC electrode material. The results demonstrate that PBFN has outstanding electrocatalytic potential for the oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction, and hydrogen oxidation reaction. After H2 treatment, its structure changes from single to double perovskite and is accompanied by Fe–Ni alloy nanoparticle exsolution. Compared with PBFN, the SSOCs with reduced PBFN qualities show improved electrochemical performance. A reduced PBFN-based device has a higher power density (0.201 W cm−2vs. 0.151 W cm−2 for H2 as a fuel at 750 °C) and an electrolysis current density (0.524 A cm−2vs. 0.353 A cm−2 for the electrolysis of pure CO2 at 750 °C @ 2 V) in comparison to the PBFN approach as is the case with other symmetric cell results. Thus, the reduced PBFN-based device shows favorable stability for both power density and electrolysis modes. These results suggest that phase transition and nanoparticle exsolution is a promising strategy for high performance SSOCs. Postprint

Developing cathodes capable of working at intermediate temperatures (IT) is key to improving solid oxide fuel cells’ (SOFC) durability, ease of operation, and manufacturing cost reduction. BaFeO3-δ (BFO)-based perovskites are ideal candidates because of their fast kinetics, which is due to the mixed conduction of oxygen vacancies and electron-holes. Thus, maximizing their oxygen vacancy and hole concentration can further enhance oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysis. This work proposes to achieve this by generating A-site deficiency, which introduces negative charges into the perovskite crystal. The paper presents a computational and experimental analysis of this strategy on BFO-based cathodes, using (Ba0.95La0.05)1-xFeO3-δ as a case study. A-site deficiency increases the concentration of oxygen vacancies and holes, improving ORR catalysis. In addition, it eases oxygen surface exchange by hindering Ba segregation. As a result, A-site deficiency improves the overall electrochemical properties of BFO-based cathodes, providing a simple and effective method to enhance their performance.

We implement the machine-learning-assisted (MLA) method to predict the long-term stability of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) cathodes under the influence of Cr poisoning.

A PBC–GDC composite with coherent interface structure shows remarkable ORR activity and low polarization resistance under IT-SOFC service conditions.

In the perovskite oxide BaFeO3, inducing a tensile in-plane strain or introducing a larger radius cation suppresses the surface Ba enrichment. In turn, a reduced surface Ba concentration improves the surface electrocatalytic activity.

Extensive introgression of genes from domesticated taxa may be a serious threat for the genomic integrity and adaptability of wild populations. Grey wolves (Canis lupus) are especially vulnerable to this phenomenon, but there are no studies yet assessing the potential behavioural effects of dog-introgression in wolves. In this study, we conducted a first systematic comparison of admixed (N = 11) and non-admixed wolves (N = 14) in captivity, focusing on their reaction to unfamiliar humans and novel objects, and the cohesiveness of their social groups. When exposed to unfamiliar humans in the experimental task, wolves were more vigilant, fearful and aggressive than admixed wolves, and less likely to approach humans, but also more likely to spend time in human proximity. When exposed to novel objects, wolves were more aggressive than admixed wolves, less likely to spend time in object proximity, and more likely to interact with objects, but also less vigilant and as fearful as admixed wolves. Finally, social networks were mostly more cohesive in wolves than admixed wolves. Overall, our study suggests that dog admixture may lead to important behavioural changes in wolves, with possible implications for conservation strategies.

Biotic interactions are expected to influence species’ responses to climate change, but they are usually not included when predicting future range shifts. We assessed the importance of biotic interactions to understand future consequences of climate and land use change for biodiversity using as a model system the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Europe. By including biotic interactions using the spatial variation of energy contribution and habitat models of each food species, we showed that the use of biotic factors considerably improves our understanding of the distribution of brown bears. Predicted future range shifts, which included changes in the distribution of food species, varied greatly when considering various scenarios of change in biotic factors, warning about future indirect climate change effects. Our study confirmed that advancing our understanding of ecological networks of species interactions will improve future scenarios of biodiversity change, which is key for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Bone destruction is a hallmark of chronic inflammation, and bone-resorbing osteoclasts arising under such a condition differ from steady-state ones. However, osteoclast diversity remains poorly explored. Here, we combined transcriptomic profiling, differentiation assays and in vivo analysis in mouse to decipher specific traits for inflammatory and steady-state osteoclasts. We identified and validated the pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) Tlr2, Dectin-1, and Mincle, all involved in yeast recognition as major regulators of inflammatory osteoclasts. We showed that administration of the yeast probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 (Sb) in vivo reduced bone loss in ovariectomized but not sham mice by reducing inflammatory osteoclastogenesis. This beneficial impact of Sb is mediated by the regulation of the inflammatory environment required for the generation of inflammatory osteoclasts. We also showed that Sb derivatives as well as agonists of Tlr2, Dectin-1, and Mincle specifically inhibited directly the differentiation of inflammatory but not steady-state osteoclasts in vitro. These findings demonstrate a preferential use of the PRR-associated costimulatory differentiation pathway by inflammatory osteoclasts, thus enabling their specific inhibition, which opens new therapeutic perspectives for inflammatory bone loss.

Coexistence with wildlife is becoming a key challenge in Europe as populations of large carnivores recover in human-dominated landscapes. Modeling the spatial distribution of conditions for human-bear coexistence can help support conservation by identifying priority areas and measures to support coexistence, but existing models often only address risks either to humans or to large carnivores. In this study, we developed a participatory modeling process that incorporates both human-centered and large carnivore-centered perspectives on coexistence and applied it to a case study of coexistence between humans and the endangered Apennine brown bears (Ursus arctos marsicanus) in Italy. Local and expert knowledge, as well as available data on bear habitats and land use, were integrated into a spatially explicit Bayesian network. This model is used to predict and map the tolerance to bears from the human perspective and the risk of fitness loss from the bear perspective. We found that conditions for human-bear coexistence vary between human communities and are spatially heterogeneous at the local scale, depending on ecological factors, social factors influencing the level of tolerance in community, such as people’s emotions and knowledge, economic factors, such as livelihoods, and policies such as damage compensation. The participatory modeling approach allowed us to integrate perceptions of local people, expert assessments, and spatial data, and can help bridge the gap between science and conservation practice. The resulting coexistence maps can inform conservation decisions, and can be updated as new information becomes available. Our modeling approach could help to efficiently target measures for improving human-large carnivore coexistence in different settings in a site-specific manner., Journal for Nature Conservation, 73, ISSN:1617-1381, ISSN:1618-1093

Funding: The authors thank the OxEon Corporation for supporting this work. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (RGC Ref Nos. 16 201 820 and 16 206 019). This work was supported in part by the Project of Hetao Shenzhen-Hong Kong Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Zone (HZQB-KCZYB-2020083). We acknowledge the National Key Research and Development, Program of China (2017YFA0700102), Natural Science Foundation of China (91 845 202) and Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB2000000). The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFB4004000). The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from Department of Energy (DOE) Grant # DE-SC0016965, and DOE Grant # DE-FE0031986, which equally supported the authors in writing this review. This work has been carried out within the ViSEP program (733.000.006) funded jointly by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (N.W.O.) and Shell. Research supported as part of the hydrogen in energy and information sciences, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. DOE, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, under Award #DE-SC0023450. In addition, Y K acknowledges funding from the U.S. Army Research Office through Grant No. W911NF-22-1-0273. The project that gave rise to these results received the support of a fellowship from ‘la Caixa’ Foundation (ID 100 010 434). The fellowship code is LCF/BQ/PI20/11760015. This work was funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Grant Agreement No. 755744/ERC—Starting Grant TUCAS. The authors acknowledge DESY (Hamburg, Germany), a member of the Helmholtz Association HGF, for the provision of experimental facilities. Parts of this research were carried out at PETRA III, and the authors would like to thank Henrik Jeppesen for assistance in using beamline P02.1. Beamtime was allocated for proposal I-20211526 EC. The author is grateful for the financial support from the UK Catalysis Hub funded by EPSRC Grant reference EP/R027129/1. The authors wish to thank EPSRC for funding via Grant EP/R023921/1, the Henry Royce Institute (EP/X527257/1), the Royal Society of Chemistry (E22-6433572226) and The Royal Society (RGS\R2\222062). ISM acknowledges funding from the Royal Academy of Engineering through a Chair in Emerging Technologies Award entitled “Engineering Chemical Reactor Technologies for a Low-Carbon Energy Future” (Grant CiET1819\2\57). We thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51972233, 52172225 and 51825204), Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (Grant No. 19ZR1459200), Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Grant No. 19DZ2271500) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities for funding. Over the last decade, exsolution has emerged as a powerful new method for decorating oxide supports with uniformly dispersed nanoparticles for energy and catalytic applications. Due to their exceptional anchorage, resilience to various degradation mechanisms, as well as numerous ways in which they can be produced, transformed and applied, exsolved nanoparticles have set new standards for nanoparticles in terms of activity, durability and functionality. In conjunction with multifunctional supports such as perovskite oxides, exsolution becomes a powerful platform for the design of advanced energy materials. In the following sections, we review the current status of the exsolution approach, seeking to facilitate transfer of ideas between different fields of application. We also explore future directions of research, particularly noting the multi-scale development required to take the concept forward, from fundamentals through operando studies to pilot scale demonstrations. Postprint Publisher PDF