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SUMMARY Seismic tomography is a cornerstone of geophysics and has led to a number of important discoveries about the interior of the Earth. However, seismic tomography remains plagued by the large number of unknown parameters in most tomographic applications. This leads to the inverse problem being underdetermined and requiring significant non-geologically motivated smoothing in order to achieve unique answers. Although this solution is acceptable when using tomography as an explorative tool in discovery mode, it presents a significant problem to use of tomography in distinguishing between acceptable geological models or in estimating geologically relevant parameters since typically none of the geological models considered are fit by the tomographic results, even when uncertainties are accounted for. To address this challenge, when seismic tomography is to be used for geological model selection or parameter estimation purposes, we advocate that the tomography can be explicitly parametrized in terms of the geological models being tested instead of using more mathematically convenient formulations like voxels, splines or spherical harmonics. Our proposition has a number of technical difficulties associated with it, with some of the most important ones being the move from a linear to a non-linear inverse problem, the need to choose a geological parametrization that fits each specific problem and is commensurate with the expected data quality and structure, and the need to use a supporting framework to identify which model is preferred by the tomographic data. In this contribution, we introduce geological parametrization of tomography with a few simple synthetic examples applied to imaging sedimentary basins and subduction zones, and one real-world example of inferring basin and crustal properties across the continental United States. We explain the challenges in moving towards more realistic examples, and discuss the main technical difficulties and how they may be overcome. Although it may take a number of years for the scientific program suggested here to reach maturity, it is necessary to take steps in this direction if seismic tomography is to develop from a tool for discovering plausible structures to one in which distinct scientific inferences can be made regarding the presence or absence of structures and their physical characteristics.

ZusammenfassungPeer-Beziehungen gelten als ein Schlüsselfaktor für die kindliche Entwicklung. Internationale wie nationale Untersuchungen bestätigen, dass insbesondere Kinder mit externalisierenden Verhaltensproblemen schlechter sozial integriert sind als ihre Mitschülerinnen und Mitschüler. Darüber hinaus zeigen vereinzelte Feldstudien außerhalb von Deutschland, dass auch Lehrkraftfeedback die soziale Integration bedingt. Während bisherige Studien meist Verhaltensprobleme durch Lehrkraftbeurteilungen und Lehrkraftfeedback durch Verhaltensbeobachtungen erfassten, basieren die Auswertungen der aktuellen Publikation ausschließlich auf den gegenseitigen Einschätzungen von Schulkindern. Es werden vier Forschungsfragen betrachtet: 1. Gibt es einen Zusammenhang zwischen Regeleinhaltung und sozialer Akzeptanz? 2. Wird der Zusammenhang von Regeleinhaltung und sozialer Akzeptanz durch die Regeleinhaltung des urteilenden Kindes moderiert? 3. Gibt es einen Zusammenhang zwischen Lehrkraftfeedback und sozialer Akzeptanz? 4. Wird der Zusammenhang von Regeleinhaltung bzw. Lehrkraftfeedback und sozialer Akzeptanz durch die Klassenstufenzugehörigkeit moderiert? Analysiert werden Querschnittsdaten von n = 989 Kindern aus 50 zweiten, dritten und vierten Klassen in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgt anhand einer logistischen Mehrebenen-Regressionsanalyse mit Random-Intercept-Modellen, wobei sowohl die Nestung in Schulklassen als auch die kreuzweise Nestung in insgesamt 17.409 Schulkind-Dyaden Berücksichtigung findet. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen, dass die soziale Akzeptanz eines Kindes sowohl mit der Regeleinhaltung als auch mit dem Lehrkraftfeedback zusammenhängt. Darüber hinaus neigen Schulkinder, die sich selbst gut an die Klassenregeln halten, dazu, auch solche Mitschülerinnen und Mitschüler zu wählen, bei denen sie ebenfalls eine hohe Regelkonformität einschätzen. Der Zusammenhang zwischen sozialer Akzeptanz und Regeleinhaltung bzw. Lehrkraftfeedback scheint sich im Laufe der Jahrgangsstufen zu steigern.

Magnetic nanoparticles guided by an external magnetic field can be used to deliver drugs (e.g., chemotherapeutics) to malignant regions (e.g., tumor tissue). Some nonmagnetic, sonosensitive nanoparticles are known to generate cavitation induced by focused ultrasound. This can can be used to monitor spatial/temporal particle distribution and to stimulate local drug release in target regions. Little to nothing is known about the sonosensitivity of magnetic nanoparticles. Therefore, we investigated this physical phenomenon in the present contribution. We showed that certain magnetic nanoparticles have high cavitation potential and are promising for further research in this regard.

Zusammenfassung. Schülerinnen und Schüler mit Verhaltensproblemen sind in der Klassengemeinschaft oftmals weniger sozial integriert. Vergangene Studien fokussierten jedoch meist Schülerinnen und Schüler mit einem sonderpädagogischen Förderbedarf oder eher klinischen Verhaltensproblemen, statt unterrichtsbezogenes Verhalten zu betrachten. Im aktuellen Beitrag werden Querschnittsdaten von N = 626 Schülerinnen und Schülern in zweiten, dritten und vierten Klassen der Allgemeinen Grundschule analysiert. Im Vergleich zu den bisherigen Studien der letzten Dekade wird das Verhalten von Schulkindern durch ein validiertes und schulrelevantes Erhebungsinstrument erfasst, das 1) Probleme im Lernverhalten und 2) oppositionelles Verhalten abbildet. Darüber hinaus wurde die soziale Integration mehrdimensional operationalisiert (soziale Akzeptanz, soziale Beziehungen, selbstwahrgenommene soziale Integration). In den Ergebnissen zeigt sich, dass insbesondere das Ausmaß an Problemen im Lernverhalten negativ mit der sozialen Akzeptanz zusammenhängt. Moderationseffekte deuten darauf hin, dass sich diese Problematik mit zunehmender Klassenstufe sowie in Klassen mit einem geringeren Level an Problemen im Lernverhalten verschärft.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading causes for vision loss in industrialized countries. Different types of translational research indicate that chronic inflammation drives the disease in the outer retina affecting photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the choroid. Along with this, genetic analysis identified genes of components of the complement system with risk association for AMD. Polymorphisms in the complement gene C9, which’s gene product is part of the terminal complement complex (TCC), showed risk association and functional changes of TCC in the serum of AMD patients. TCC might reduce the viability of RPE cells with subsequent loss of photoreceptor cells and loss of vision as membrane attack complex. Therefore, we compared the TCC levels in AMD patients with aged-matched controls and found in general in AMD patients increased serum TCC levels. However, these levels did not differ among patients that carry the risk haplotypes for the complement factor CFH or ARMS2. Exposing RPE cells to patients’ sera changed the immunogenic phenotype towards a pro-inflammatory profile in gene expression and secretion instead of inducing cell death. Thus, our study implies a more general role of TCC in AMD and closes the gap between systemic changes and local inflammation.

The importance of social skills for academic achievement, mental health, and maintaining relationships is well established. Although there is no uniform definition of social skills, there is consensus considering the multidimensional structure of these skills. Because of the difficulties involved in externally rating some partial competencies, it is imperative to consider individuals when assessing social skills. Such instruments are missing in German, especially for primary-school children. The American Social Skill Improvement System Rating Scales (SSIS-RS) provide an opportunity to differentially measure social skills among primary-school children. This study validates a German translation of the SSIS-RS utilizing two separate studies. First, we examined the factorial construct validity in n = 525 pupils and then determined the criterion validity and retest reliability (4-week interval) in n = 289 pupils. The results show that, based on the 7-factor structure as well as the characteristics of subscales and similarities to other instruments, the SSIS can be used in the German-speaking areas. We discuss the implications for interventions and school context. Die Relevanz sozialer Kompetenzen bei Kindern für schulischen Erfolg und psychische Gesundheit ist vielfach belegt worden. Trotz fehlender einheitlicher Definition des Begriffs herrscht Einigkeit über die mehrdimensionale Struktur sozialer Kompetenzen. Einige Teilkompetenzen wie z. B. Empathie lassen sich aufgrund fehlender sichtbarer Ausprägung unzureichend beobachten. Eine Erfassung sozialer Kompetenzen aus der Fremdperspektive sollte dementsprechend um eine differenzierte Selbstperspektive ergänzt werden. Insbesondere für den Primarbereich fehlen Inventare, die die Selbstperspektive des Individuums berücksichtigen. Die Social Skill Improvement System Rating Scales (SSIS-RS) bietet als englischsprachiges Inventar diese Möglichkeit. Mithilfe von n = 525 Schülerinnen und Schülern wird in einer ersten Studie die Konstruktvalidität einer deutschen Übersetzung der SSIS-RS untersucht. In einer zweiten Studie wird die Retestreliabilität nach vier Wochen und die Kriteriumsvalidität mithilfe von n = 289 Schülerinnen und Schülern überprüft. Für die deutsche Version zeigt sich eine mit dem Original vergleichbare siebenfaktorielle Struktur sozialer Kompetenzen sowie vergleichbare Skaleneigenschaften und Zusammenhänge zu Fremdurteilen. Dies legt nahe, dass die SSIS-RS sich auch im deutschen Sprachraum für den Selbstbericht im Primarbereich gewinnbringend einsetzen lässt.

Dieser Beitrag illustriert zwei verschiedene Spielarten von Politik, die die rationalitätssichernde Funktion von Controllern maßgeblich beeinflussen können. Am Beispiel eines brasilianischen Ethanol-Produzenten wird gezeigt, wie das makro-politische Umfeld der Branche und die mikro-politischen Interessen der Unternehmensführung auf strategisches und operatives Risikomanagement Einfluss nehmen.

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Durch schulische Verhaltensverlaufsdiagnostik können Verhaltensveränderungen differenziert sichtbar gemacht und die Effektivität von Interventionsmaßnahmen überprüft werden. Erkenntnisse zu Gütekriterien von Direkter Verhaltensselbstbeurteilung (DVBselbst), im Gegensatz zu Direkter Verhaltensbeurteilung als Fremdeinschätzung, liegen kaum vor. Das Hauptziel dieser explorativen Studie ist es, erste Hinweise zur Validität der DVBselbst in Hinblick auf das Lernverhalten von Schüler_innen aufzuzeigen. Außerdem soll untersucht werden, ob sich Verhaltensselbstbeurteilungen von Schüler_innen über die Zeit verändern. Methoden: Vier Wochen lang und dabei bis zu viermal täglich beurteilten 141 Kinder (4. Klasse) ihre Teilnahme am Unterricht mittels der DVBselbst. Zur Überprüfung der Validität der DVBselbst wurde das Lernverhalten zusätzlich mittels eines statusdiagnostischen standardisierten Fragebogens erhoben (Schülereinschätzliste für Sozial- und Lernverhalten/SSL). Ergebnisse: Die verlaufsdiagnostische Selbstbeurteilung des Lernverhaltens von Schüler_innen über eine Woche, gemessen mittels DVBselbst steht im signifikanten Zusammenhang mit der Messung des Lernverhaltens mittels des statusdiagnostischen Fragebogens SSL. Die Selbstbeurteilung der Teilnahme am Unterricht mittels DVBselbst unterscheidet sich signifikant zwischen Woche 1 und Woche 4. Diskussion: Die Ergebnisse zur Kriteriumsvalidität lassen vermuten, dass die DVBselbst ein gültiger Ansatz zur verlaufsdiagnostischen Erfassung von Lernverhaltensweisen ist. Zudem zeigen die Resultate, dass sich Verhaltensselbstbeurteilungen von Schüler_innen über die Zeit ändern können. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse sind mit Vorsicht zu interpretieren und sollten in zukünftigen Studien experimentell überprüft werden.

The thermal insulation properties of bark and wood of a poplar tree (Populus nigra × alba) were investigated using a guarded hot plate device (GHP) and a purpose-built miniature heat flow meter (Mini-HFM). To reduce their density and improve their performance as insulation material, bark and wood were chemically treated. The correlation between thermal conductivity and test temperature as well as between thermal conductivity and material moisture was investigated. By means of the treatment 44 and 34% of the mass of bark and wood, respectively, was removed and the equilibrium moisture content of the both materials decreased significantly. For untreated bark, a thermal conductivity of 0.071 Wm−1 K−1 and 0.140 Wm−1 K−1, respectively, were determined in transverse and axial direction. For wood, measurements showed comparably higher conductivities of 0.078 Wm−1 K−1 and 0.204 Wm−1 K−1 in transverse and axial direction. By reducing density, thermal conductivity of bark decreased up to 24%, whereas for wood reductions between 10 and 35% were found. It was shown that the self-constructed Mini-HFM is a useful and reliable instrument to determine the thermal conductivity on a small wood sample in the three main anatomical directions.

Zusammenfassung. Soziale Unsicherheit bei Kindern zeichnet sich durch ein subjektives Unwohlsein in sozialen Situationen und die Sorge vor einer negativen Bewertung durch andere aus. Falls möglich, werden soziale Situationen vermieden oder auf ein Minimum beschränkt. Aufgrund der Unzuverlässigkeit von Fremdurteilen durch Erziehungsberechtigte oder Lehrkräfte haben Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen in der Diagnostik von sozialer Unsicherheit einen besonderen Stellenwert. Die Social Anxiety Scale for Children (SASC-R-D; Melfsen & Florin, 1997 ) ist hierbei ein häufig eingesetztes Instrument, deren Validität bisher aber unzureichend untersucht wurde. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht daher anhand von Daten von 997 Kindern die Konstrukt- und Kriteriumsvalidität sowie Messinvarianz über das Geschlecht der Skala. Die Ergebnisse legen nah, dass es sich um ein valides Instrument handelt, wobei die differenzielle Nützlichkeit der einzelnen Subskalen fragwürdig bleibt. Die Ergebnisse und ihre Implikationen für die praktische Verwendung des Fragebogens werden diskutiert.

ZusammenfassungSchulleistungen und soziale Integration sind im deutschen Schulsystem eng miteinander verbunden. Unklar ist, welche Rolle die Leistungs- und Verhaltensheterogenität für diesen Zusammenhang spielt. Vertreter*innen eines klassischen sozialpsychologischen Zugangs sagen für eine hohe Leistungs- und Verhaltensheterogenität eine Erhöhung des Risikos auf soziale Ausgrenzung (Risikohypothese) voraus, Vertreter*innen eines inklusionspädagogischen Zugangs eine Schutzfunktion (Schutzhypothese). Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, inwieweit die Leistungs- und Verhaltensheterogenität den Zusammenhang zwischen einem Förderbedarf in den Bereichen Lernen/Verhalten und sozialer Integration moderiert und ob die Richtung dieses Modertoreffekt im Sinne der Schutz- oder der Risikohypothese gedeutet werden kann. Hierzu wurden N = 1352 Grundschüler*innen in drei unterschiedlich heterogenen Schulsystemen (jahrgangsgetrennt, 1/2/3/4; teilweise jahrgangsübergreifend, 1–2/3–4; jahrgangsübergreifend, 1–4) in einer Querschnittstudie untersucht. Erhoben wurden, neben der sozialen Integration, Informationen über einen besonderen Förderbedarf in den Bereichen Lernen und Verhalten und Schulleistung. Das Schulsystem ging als unabhängige Variable auf Level 2, der Förderbedarf als unabhängige Variable auf Level 1 und die soziale Integration als abhängige Variable in die mehrebenenanalytische Auswertung ein. Analog zu bisher vorliegenden Befunden wurde ein signifikanter Haupteffekt beider Förderbedarfe auf die soziale Integration gefunden. Ferner zeigten vier von sechs Cross-Level-Effekten für den Förderbedarf Lernen Hinweise auf eine Gültigkeit der Schutzhypothese, kein Cross-Level-Effekt war im Sinne der Risikohypothese interpretierbar. Dieser Befund war nicht auf den Förderbedarf Verhalten übertragbar. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass sich der Zusammenhang zwischen sozialer Integration und Förderbedarf Lernen mit zunehmender Leistungs- und Verhaltensheterogenität abschwächt. Gleichzeitig zeigte sich in den stark heterogenen Lerngruppen ein insgesamt erhöhtes Ausgrenzungsrisiko aller Schüler*innen unabhängig ihres Förderbedarfs. Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass sich für Schüler*innen mit erhöhtem Förderbedarf Lernen im jahrgangsübergreifenden Lernen eine höhere Chance für eine gute soziale Integration einstellen könnte.

The thermal histories of upper crustal magma reservoirs place important constraints on the formation, evolution, and remobilization of crustal magmas, yet quantifying thermal histories remains challenging. We report new in-situ plagioclase trace-element data, Sr in plagioclase diffusion timescales, and plagioclase 238U-230Th-226Ra disequilibria data from Mount Saint Helens (MSH) 1980 cryptodome and 2004-2005 dacite domes to evaluate the thermal storage conditions and compositional diversity of recent MSH magmas. This approach allows us to more directly link the thermal (and therefore physical) conditions within the MSH magma reservoir to timescales of storage, thereby constraining the fraction of time 1980-2005 MSH magmas have spent in a mobile state. Plagioclase trace-element data and U-series characteristics reveal a compositionally heterogenous magmatic system beneath MSH and also require multi-stage plagioclase growth histories. The data also show that 2004-05 dacites contain a different plagioclase population relative to the 1980 cryptodome dacite, comprised of either a compositionally (and possibly temporally) distinct plagioclase component or composed of the same plagioclase components but in significantly different proportions. Discordant plagioclase 238U-230Th and 230Th-226Ra apparent ages require a mixture of young (likely eruption related) and old (>20-40 ka) plagioclase crystals in both 1980 and 2004-05 dacites. The low (230Th)/(232Th) in all measured 1980 and 2004-05 plagioclase requires a significant fraction (>10-30%) of the plagioclase to be old (>10s kyr). Maximum modeled Sr diffusion timescales at 750oC range from decades to centuries for both eruptions, with a maximum of ~600 years found in 1980 cryptodome plagioclase. However, partially equilibrated Sr in the innermost exposed parts of some crystals found in both 1980 and 2004-05 plagioclase indicate that a fraction (>20%) of plagioclase may have experienced a total of >10 kyrs at temperatures ≥750oC. Coupling Sr diffusion timescales with U-series measurements indicates that significant fraction (at least ~40%) of modeled MSH plagioclase spent 25-50% of their storage time at hotter conditions. Our data combined with data from other arc magmatic systems (e.g., Mt. Hood) imply that the process of remobilizing magma in arc systems towards successive eruptions requires thermally rejuvenating largely crystalline material, as opposed to sequential tapping of a persistent liquid-dominated magma body, even if successive eruptions are spaced closely in time (decades). In addition, rejuvenation events responsible for successive eruptions may sample spatially localized, but potentially overlapping, portions of the broader magma reservoir.

Purpose A total of 25 years of research on the audit society has provided rich and engaging accounts of the ways in which rituals of verification have conditioned organizations and individuals to think and act. In contrast, this paper aims to explore the possibility of conditions through which things and spaces are enacted to be non-auditable. Design/methodology/approach Using the concept of proliferation and rarefaction (Callon and Law, 2005), the paper adopts a case-comparison design to explore two empirical sites. The first investigates a vast excess of audit structures against the case of the biggest corporate fraud in German accounting history, the Wirecard scandal. The second discusses the configuration of Tinder, the most popular provider of mobile dating and the absence of visible verification mechanisms. Findings The paper argues that things can become non-auditable through two mechanisms. Based on the two empirical sites, non-auditability can happen through an overload of auditable resources or, through the withdrawal of required resources. The paper discusses the consequences of this finding and suggests avenues for future research on non-auditability. Originality/value While accounting scholars have extensively addressed the audit explosion and traced how audit practices have journeyed into ever more novel terrains, this paper discusses forms of escape from the value-subverting and reductive accounts incorporated in the audit society. It thereby points to conditions under which accounting ends.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual reflection based on the author’s personal research experience, reading of the literature and contact with the academic education of emerging scholars. Design/methodology/approach In this reflection on the paper “Accounting for tacit coordination: The passing of accounts and the broader case for accounting theory” (Vollmer, 2019), the author argues that the silences of the qualitative empirical management accounting research process may preclude research from understanding the silences of accounting practitioners and shape the trajectory of the discipline as a whole. Findings The author presents a slightly exaggerated depiction of the qualitative empirical management accounting research process. From this, the author infers what impedes empirically studying unorthodox phenomena such as the silences of accounting practitioners. Originality/value The author offers a critical perspective on the author’s own research process, using accounting silences as way of reflecting on the potential and limitations of empirical research. Finally, the author makes tentative suggestions for opening up the standard research process.

On behalf of the journal, AGU, and the scientific community, the editors of Geophysical Research Letters would like to sincerely thank those who reviewed manuscripts for us in 2021. The hours reading and commenting on manuscripts not only improve the manuscripts, but also increase the scientific rigor of future research in the field. With the advent of AGU's data policy, many reviewers have also helped immensely to evaluate the accessibility and availability of data, and many have provided insightful comments that helped to improve the data presentation and quality. We greatly appreciate the assistance of the reviewers in advancing open science, which is a key objective of AGU's data policy. We particularly appreciate the timely reviews in light of the demands imposed by the rapid review process at Geophysical Research Letters. The COVID pandemic continued to impose additional stresses on the review process, as many reviewers had to juggle increased family commitments, hours of online meetings, remote work and instruction, lack of physical access to library resources, and other hardships, to maintain the quality and timeliness of their reviews. We received 4,832 submissions in 2021 and 5,232 reviewers contributed to their evaluation by providing 8,874 reviews in total. Although we witnessed an increase in the number of submissions, the average number of days to complete a review increased only slightly! That says a lot about the diligence of our reviewers. We deeply appreciate their contributions in these challenging times.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to provide insight into the roles of accounting in the management of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in five German hospitals.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted three rounds of interviews, ethnographic observations of meetings and document analyses in five German hospitals between February and August 2020.FindingsThe authors found that actors repeatedly used a central set of indicators (the number of beds for COVID-19 patients) when adapting a healthcare infrastructure to the pandemic. Accounting figures allowed actors to problematize prior configurations, organize processes to make uncertainty plannable and virtualize changes to resume treating non-COVID-19 patients.Practical implicationsThe authors offer suggestions about scenario planning and interorganizational learning which have implications for healthcare practitioners.Originality/valueThe authors contribute to the accounting in crisis literature by adding an organization-focused study. Adding nuance to key themes in the literature, they show how the organizations and the field level interact and how organizing locally preceded economizing. They also offer a nonbinary answer to the question of whether or not changes revert back to “normal” after a crisis event.

Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen sozialer Integration und sozialer Unsicherheit. Ausgehend von dem mehrdimensionalen Modell sozialer Integration ( Koster, Nakken, Pijl & van Houten, 2009 ) wird diese differenziert anhand der Dimensionen Beziehungen, Kontakte, Akzeptanz durch Mitschülerinnen und Mitschüler und eigene Wahrnehmung analysiert. Hierfür wurden Daten von N = 617 Kindern aus insgesamt 28 Schulklassen der dritten und vierten Jahrgangsstufe geprüft. Die Ergebnisse der Mehrebenenanalysen zeigen einen signifikanten negativen Zusammenhang zwischen sozialer Unsicherheit und sozialer Integration in drei der vier Dimensionen (Beziehungen, eigene Wahrnehmung und Akzeptanz). Die Ergebnisse für die einzelnen Dimensionen werden diskutiert und es werden Implikationen für die Forschung und pädagogische Praxis abgeleitet.

There remain debates on neuroprotection and rehabilitation techniques for acute ischemic stroke patients. Therapeutic physical exercise following stroke has shown promise but is challenging to apply clinically. Ischemic conditioning, which has several clinical advantages, is a potential neuroprotective method for stroke rehabilitation that is less understood. In the present study, the rehabilitative properties and mechanisms of physical exercise and remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPostC) after stroke were compared and determined. A total of 248 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: (1) sham, (2) stroke, (3) stroke with intense treadmill exercise, (4) stroke with mild treadmill exercise, and (5) stroke with RIPostC. Focal ischemia was evaluated by infarct volume and neurological deficit. Long-term functional outcomes were represented through neurobehavioral function tests: adhesive removal, beam balance, forelimb placing, grid walk, rota-rod, and Morris water maze. To further understand the mechanisms underlying neurorehabilitation and verify the presence thereof, we measured mRNA and protein levels of neuroplasticity factors, synaptic proteins, angiogenesis factors, and regulation molecules, including HIF-1α, BDNF, TrkB, and CREB. The key role of HIF-1α was elucidated by using the inhibitor, YC-1. Both exercise intensities and RIPostC significantly decreased infarct volumes and neurological deficits and outperformed the stroke group in the neurobehavioral function tests. All treatment groups showed significant increases in mRNA and protein expression levels of the target molecules for neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and angiogenesis, with intermittent further increases in the RIPostC group. HIF-1α inhibition nullified most beneficial effects and indicative molecule expressions, including HIF-1α, BDNF, TrkB, and CREB, in both procedures. RIPostC is equally, or superiorly, effective in inducing neuroprotection and rehabilitation compared to exercise in ischemic rats. HIF-1α likely plays an important role in the efficacy of neuroplasticity conditioning, possibly through HIF-1α/BDNF/TrkB/CREB regulation.

ON-state conductance properties of vertical GaN n-channel trench MISFETs manufactured on different GaN substrates and having different gate trench orientations are studied up to 200 °C ambient temperature. The best performing devices, with a maximum output current above 4 kA/cm2 and an area specific ON-state resistance of 1.1 mΩ·cm2, are manufactured on ammonothermal GaN substrate with the gate channel parallel to the a-plane of the GaN crystal. The scalability of the devices up to 40 mm gate periphery is investigated and demonstrated. It is found that, in addition to oxide interface traps, the semiconductor border traps in the p-GaN layer limit the available mobile channel electrons and that the channel surface roughness scattering limits the channel mobility. Both strongly depend on the gate trench orientation and on the GaN substrate defect density.

One of the most pervasive topics in public management discussions in recent decades is the notion of user orientation. More than ever, external stakeholders expect public organizations to “get closer” to users and to treat citizens as knowledgeable consumers of public services with a view and a voice. Existing literature highlights how, through a wide range of calculative practices, information gathered from and about public service users is assembled into descriptions of organizational activity that are useful for managers in addressing issues of surveillance and internal control as well as legitimation. In our multiple case study of hospitals and prisons in Germany, we introduce a two-step model of translation for explaining how user voice is transformed into management objects, which are then further translated into organizationally “useful” information. In doing so,wemake three contributions to further our understanding of how user views are formatted to organizational activity and put to use by managers in the public sector. First, we developed a model of translation that highlights how user voices and the prospect of user orientation are enacted across diverse organizational contexts. Second, we found that different types of organizations deploy distinct methods of accounting, which nevertheless make user feedback useful in similar ways: to develop information that helps construct an image of performance, gain financial leverage, and enact compliance. Third, we found that in addition to quantitative forms of accounting, narrative accounting techniques played important roles in making users “useful” in public organizations.

We propose a new approach to the solution of the wave propagation and full waveform inversions (FWIs) based on a recent advance in deep learning called Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs). In this study, we present an algorithm for PINNs applied to the 2D acoustic wave equation and test the model with both forward wave propagation and FWIs case studies. These synthetic case studies are designed to explore the ability of PINNs to handle varying degrees of structural complexity using both teleseismic plane waves and seismic point sources. PINNs meshless formalism allows for a flexible implementation of the wave equation and different types of boundary conditions. For instance, our models demonstrate that PINN automatically satisfies absorbing boundary conditions, a serious computational challenge for common wave propagation solvers. Furthermore, a priori knowledge of the subsurface structure can be seamlessly encoded in PINNs formulation. We find that the current state-of-the-art PINNs provide good results for the forward model, even though spectral element or finite difference methods are more efficient and accurate. More importantly, our results demonstrate that PINNs yield excellent results for inversions on all cases considered and with limited computational complexity. Using PINNs as a geophysical inversion solver offers exciting perspectives, not only for the full waveform seismic inversions, but also when dealing with other geophysical datasets (e.g., magnetotellurics, gravity) as well as joint inversions because of its robust framework and simple implementation.

The location, volume and physical states of magma reservoirs are primary controls on the eruptive behavior of volcanic systems. Fundamental to understanding and monitoring these systems is the ability to identify reservoir size and physical properties, in particular melt fraction which plays an important role in the rheology and stability of a magmatic system. Large silicic volcanic eruptions in the geological record suggest that extensive pockets of melt-rich silicic magma must exist in the subsurface but such melt pockets have not been detected by geophysics. This has led to the question of whether the reservoirs that feed large volcanic eruptions are only melt-rich for a short time and thus would only be detected by geophysics shortly prior to an eruption. Magnetotelluric data measure the electrical resistivity of the subsurface and are sensitive to subsurface fluids and partial melts making it a powerful tool for imaging subvolcanic magma reservoirs. This study examines the ability for magnetotelluric data to accurately estimate melt fraction using both stochastic Bayesian inversion and deterministic regularized inversion. Results from synthetic modelling indicate that magnetotelluric data are best able to predict the melt fraction for the thick melt-rich layer using both inversion methods, though both methods under-estimate the true amount of melt. In addition, magnetotelluric data can accurately detect changes in melt fraction from crystal- rich mush (0.1 melt fraction) to melt-rich magma (0.9 melt fraction) for thick layers. Thickness is a key parameter which provides a method to assess the total volume of melt present, but it is difficult to estimate using smooth regularized inversions. Fixed-dimension Bayesian inversions provide estimates of layer thickness and their un- certainties and it is shown that estimates of total volume of melt are more accurate for both thin (0.2 km) and thick (1 km) layers than individual estimates of melt fraction or thickness alone. The melt fraction of the thin melt-rich layer is under-estimated using both the deterministic inversion method and the most probable solution of the Bayesian inversion. The Bayesian distribution of solutions has long tails which includes the true solution and better represents the uncertainty of the modelled parameters. As we consider past large melt-rich caldera eruptions at Taupo (New Zealand), Toba (Indonesia), Yellowstone and Long Valley (USA), our analysis suggests that thin melt-rich, potentially eruptible zones involved in large (e.g. > 500 km3) eruptions could be systematically misinterpreted as thicker non-eruptible crystal-rich mush zones. Testing the sensitivity of MT to detect melt accumulation in active magmatic systems has important implications for volcanic hazard assessment and the use of Bayesian inversions allows for a better understanding of the range of possible interpretations., Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 423, ISSN:0377-0273

We present a model for a coupled magma chamber–dike system to investigate the conditions required to initiate volcanic eruptions and to determine what controls the size of eruptions. The model combines the mechanics of dike propagation with internal chamber dynamics including crystallization, volatile exsolution, and the elastic response of the magma and surrounding crust to pressure changes within the chamber. We find three regimes for dike growth and eruptions: (1) below a critical magma chamber size, eruptions are suppressed because chamber pressure drops to lithostatic before a dike reaches the surface; (2) at an intermediate chamber size, the erupted volume is less than the dike volume (“dike-limited” eruption regime); and (3) above a certain chamber size, dikes can easily reach the surface and the erupted volume follows a classic scaling law, which depends on the attributes of the magma chamber (“chamber-limited” eruption regime). The critical chamber volume for an eruption ranges from ∼0.01 km3 to 10 km3 depending on the water content in the magma, depth of the chamber, and initial overpressure. This implies that the first eruptions at a volcano likely are preceded by a protracted history of magma chamber growth at depth, and that the crust above the magma chamber may have trapped several intrusions or “failed eruptions.” Model results can be combined with field observations of erupted volume, pressure, and crystal and volatile content to provide tighter constraints on parameters such as the eruptible chamber size.

Simple Summary Magnetic nanoparticles can render therapeutics or drugs magnetically guidable, which enables their targeted transport to the diseased tissue in the patient`s body. Before its translation into patients, the efficacy of magnetic accumulation must be tested in cell culture systems. To analyze magnetic enrichment under conditions similar to blood flow, we established an experimental in vitro setup with a tumor spheroid placed in a perfused chamber: with this, we showed that it is possible to accumulate cells or chemotherapeutics at the tumor, increasing their therapeutic efficacy. Abstract Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are used in nanomedicine as transporter systems for therapeutic cargos, or to magnetize cells to make them magnetically guidable. In cancer treatment, the site-directed delivery of chemotherapeutics or immune effector cells to the tumor can increase the therapeutic efficacy in the target region, and simultaneously reduce toxic side-effects in the rest of the body. To enable the transfer of new methods, such as the nanoparticle-mediated transport from bench to bedside, suitable experimental setups must be developed. In vivo, the SPIONs or SPION-loaded cells must be applied into the blood stream, to finally reach the tumor: consequently, targeting and treatment efficacy should be analyzed under conditions which are as close to in vivo as possible. Here, we established an in vitro method, including tumor spheroids placed in a chamber system under the influence of a magnetic field, and adapted to a peristaltic pump, to mimic the blood flow. This enabled us to analyze the magnetic capture and antitumor effects of magnetically targeted mitoxantrone and immune cells under dynamic conditions. We showed that the magnetic nanoparticle-mediated accumulation increased the anti-tumor effects, and reduced the unspecific distribution of both mitoxantrone and cells. Especially for nanomedical research, investigation of the site-specific targeting of particles, cells or drugs under circulation is important. We conclude that our in vitro setup improves the screening process of nanomedical candidates for cancer treatment.

Der Begriff Behinderung ist nicht ohne ein Normalitatskonzept zu denken. Es gibt jedoch kaum empirische Untersuchungen dazu, in welchem Verhaltnis Behinderung und Normalitat stehen, wenn Kinder uber Behinderung sprechen. Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurden sieben Gruppeninterviews mit Grundschulkindern (N=28; 4.–6. Klasse) an inklusiven Schulen (N=4) durchgefuhrt. Die Interviewtranskripte wurden mittels einer diskursanalytisch-informierten Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Dabei konnten drei distinkte Beziehungen zwischen Normalitat und Behinderung gezeigt werden: (a) als dichotome, nichtuberlappende Konzepte, (b) als Extreme auf einem Kontinuum und (c) als vollstandig uberlappende Konzepte, in der „behindert“ sein bedeutet, „normal“ zu sein. Diese drei Varianten der Beziehung zwischen Normalitat und Behinderung werden im Kontext der Normalismustheorie (Link, 1998, 2004) diskutiert.