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The phytochemical study on the stems and leaves of Morinda citrifolia L. resulted in the isolation of a new naturally occurring bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid, morincitrinoid A (1), together with five known analogues (2–6). The chemical structure of 1 was elucidated by comprehensive spectral analyses. The known compounds 2–6 were identified by comparing their spectral data with those reported in the literature, which were isolated from M. citrifolia for the first time. In addition, the anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV activities of compounds 1–6 were evaluated in vitro. Compounds 1–6 displayed significant inhibitory activities on NO (nitric oxide) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.98 ± 0.07 to 6.32 ± 0.11 μM, which was comparable to hydrocortisone. Meanwhile, compounds 1–6 showed remarkable anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) effects with the EC50 values ranging from 0.16 to 6.29 μM.

One new epimer pair of long-chain polyenes penicilqueis E (1) and F (2), and one new long-chain polyene pinophol G (3), along with one known compound (4), were obtained from EtOAc extract of the mangrove-derived fungus Penicillium herquei JX4. Their structures were elucidated by detailed analysis of comprehensive spectroscopic data. The inhibitory activities of all compounds against the nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells in vitro were evaluated.

The phytochemical investigation on the fruits of Morinda citrifolia led to the isolation and characterization of a new anthraquinone, moricitrifone (1), along with seven known anthraquinones (2–8). The chemical structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive spectral analyses. The known compounds (2–8) were identified by comparing their spectral data with those reported in the literature. The antiproliferative activities of all isolated anthraquinones (1–8) against five human cancer cell lines: HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7 and SW480 were evaluated in vitro. Compounds 1–8 exhibited remarkable antiproliferative activities with IC50 values ranging from 0.26 ± 0.05 to 16.58 ± 0.18 μM, which were comparable to those of doxorubicin.

Chemical investigation of a culture broth from the marine-derived fungus Pyrrhoderma noxium HNNU0524 yielded two new compounds including a drimane-type sesquiterpenoid named pyrrnoxin A (1) and a benzoic acid derivative, pyrrnoxin B (5), together with three related known analogues (2–4). The chemical structures of 1 and 5 were determined by detailed analysis of spectroscopic data, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, quantum mechanics-based DP4+ and ECD calculations. Compounds 2 and 3 moderately inhibited NO production of lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia cells BV2 with IC50 values of 26.6 and 60.5 µM, respectively.

A new biphenyl compound: 5-aldehyde-4′-hydroxy-2,2′-dimethoxybiphenyl (1), along with 11 known phenolic compounds (2–12) were isolated from the stem of Ficus pumila Linn. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods, including MS, UV, IR, 1 D and 2 D NMR. Compounds 4 and 10 showed weakly cytotoxicity against MCF-7, with IC50 values of 32.5 and 37.3 µM, respectively.

A new isoflavone (Z)-5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′-[3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl] isoflavone (1) together with seven known isoflavones (2–8) were isolated from the fruits of the Ficus auriculata. Their structures were established on the basis of 1 D, 2 D-NMR spectroscopic data and HR-ESI-MS analysis. All compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against five pathogenic bacteria in vitro. Compounds 3 and 4 exhibited significant antibacterial activities against five pathogenic bacteria with the MIC values ranging from 1.25 to 20 μg/mL.

C88H64Cl4N8O12S4Cd2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 13.5247(6) Å, b = 15.3257(7) Å, c = 20.6985(8) Å, β = 101.8630(10)°, V = 4198.7(3) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0484, wRref(F2) = 0.0967, T = 173(2) K.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global disease with a high incidence of type 2 diabetes. Current studies have shown that insulin enhancers play an important role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and have great importance in the improvement of type 2 diabetes. In this research, Rosiglitazone was taken as the lead compound, and the structure was modified by using the bioisostere principle, and a new class of 2,4-thiazolanedione compound was designed and synthesised. The novel series of compounds were studied for their biological activities in vitro and in vivo. In vitro tests, the biological activities showed that the target compounds have good selective activation of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), such as the compounds 6a, 6e, 6f, 6g and 6i, especially the compound 6e to PPARγ was EC50 = 0.03 ± 0.01 μmol/L in vitro. Then, in vivo biological activities’ test results showed that the tendency of increasing in blood sugar had an obvious inhibiting effect, and had a significant insulin hypoglycaemic effect of enhancing and extending the exogenous. In addition, the results of cytotoxicity tests and acute toxicity tests (LD50) showed that these compounds belong to the low toxicity compounds.