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Resource description framework (RDF) is a metadata model and information description specification recommended by W3C,which is widely used in various fields.To track changes in RDF data over time,temporal information is introduced into the RDF framework.With the rapid growth of temporal RDF data,effective management of temporal RDF data is necessary.A reasonable index mechanism can achieve efficient storage and query of data.In this paper,we first present a temporal RDF data mo-del.We propose a specific one-dimensional coding scheme,which represent temporal data simply and extend the existing RDF data model with lower overhead.Furthermore,we present its two levels of indexes based on neighborhood structure.The first one uses dynamic counting filter to index the neighborhood information of the node,and the second builds the B+ tree to index the temporal RDF data related to each node.Moreover,large-scale temporal RDF data can be updated.Experimental results show that the proposed method is around 35% better than the comparison method in most cases,and it is scalable and effective.

A series of dynamical anomalies in the orbits of distant trans-Neptunian objects points to a new celestial body (usually named Planet Nine) in the solar system. In this draft, we point out that a mirror planet captured from the outer solar system or formed in the solar system is also a possible candidate. The introduction of the mirror matter model is due to an unbroken parity symmetry and is a potential explanation for dark matter. This mirror planet has null or fainter electromagnetic counterparts with a smaller optical radius and might be explored through gravitational effects.

After spinal cord injury (SCI), destruction of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) results in infiltration of blood cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, leading to permanent neurological dysfunction. Previous studies have shown that human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-derived exosomes have a beneficial neuroprotective effect in SCI models. However, whether BMSC-Exos contribute to the integrity of the BSCB has not been clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of BMSC-Exo-induced changes in the permeability of the BSCB after SCI. Here, we first used BMSC-Exos to treat an SCI rat model, showing that BMSC-Exos can inhibit BSCB permeability damage and improve spontaneous repair. Next, we found that tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2) have been shown to play an important role in the function of BMSC-Exos by inhibiting the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) pathway, thereby reducing the reduction of cell junction proteins. Therefore, we constructed siTIMP2 to knock out TIMP2 in BMSC-Exos, which caused the activity of BMSC-Exos to be significantly weakened. Finally, we constructed an in vitro model of BSCB with HBMECs and verified that TIMP2 in BMSC-Exos in vitro can also alleviate BSCB damage. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates that BMSC-Exos can preserve the integrity of the BSCB and improve functional recovery after SCI through the TIMP2/MMP signaling pathway.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. The effect of cytochrome C concentrations on the SMA conversion rate. Figure S2. The cytochrome C catalyzed ATRP for the polymerization of PSS. The monomer of PSS do not show fluorescence (Ex: 485 nm; Em: 535 nm), while the polymerized PSS showed obvious fluorescence with the excitation of 485 nm. The results indicated that the PSS monomer could be polymerized by cytochrome C catalyzed ATRP under anaerobic or aerobic condition. Figure S3. GPC analysis of PSS polymer synthesized by the cytochrome C catalyzed ATRP. Figure S4. The time-course change of the Fe(II) concentration of the cytochrome C catalyzed ATRP under anaerobic condition. Figure S5. The effects of different metal ion chelators (2 mM) on the SMA conversion of the cytochrome C catalyzed ATRP under anaerobic condition. Figure S6. SMA conversion of the free Fe(II) or Fe-TPMA catalyzed ATRP under anaerobic or aerobic condition. Figure S7. The proposed schematic for cytochrome C catalyzed ATRP.

According to statistics of planetary period ratios in multi-planet extrasolar systems, evident excesses appear just over the exact integral ratios 2 : 1 and 3 : 2 , while deficits exist on the near left side. There are various dynamical explanations for the phenomenon. For three observed planets in Kepler-9 system, the period ratio of the planet b and c approximately equals to 2.03, which cause this planet pair as a typical sample close to the 2:1 resonance. For two situations where secular interactions are considered only and resonance perturbations are added in, we applied Hamiltonian functions with second-order eccentricity terms to provide positions of current orbital configurations located in the level curves of energy as well as surfaces of section, then discussed the probable near resonance configurations of the two planets.

Soil moisture is an important factor that affects crop growth, development and yield. Relative soil moisture (RSM) can express the effect of water deficit on crop growth wonderfully. Temperature vegetation drought index (TVDI) is one of the most widely used methods in agricultural drought remote sensing monitoring at present. In order to improve the accuracy of soil moisture inversion by TVDI, the performance of TVDI calculated by different vegetation indices used in drought monitoring was compared in Northeast China on the 8day scale of the whole growth period (May to September). Enhanced vegetation index (EVI), ratio vegetation index (RVI), modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) and leaf area index (LAI) were selected to construct TVDI. The relationship between these indices and situ relative soil moisture (RSM) were analyzed every 8 days in 2009. The results showed that the correlation between TVDIs and RSM at 20cm depth was stronger than 10cm depth averagely. All the TVDIs obtained by different vegetation indices had a certain negative correlation with soil moisture, indicating that the higher the TVDI, the lower the soil moisture and the drier. Taking the soil moisture at a depth of 20cm as an example, four indices showed relatively consistent trend: the absolute correlation coefficients $\vert r\vert$ in May were less than 0.3, and from June to September $\vert r\vert$ were around 0.5 overall. Especially in the middle of the growing season (the second half of June and Early September), $\vert r\vert$ were greater than 0.5. On the whole, TVDI performs best in the middle of the growing season, followed by the late growing season, and the early growing season is unsatisfactory. Among them, vegetation indices performed best when taking LAI, followed by RVI, and TVDI constructed by EVI and MSAVI were roughly the same. TVDI when LAI was calculated was higher correlated with soil moisture than RVI, EVI, MSAVI, but generally, all indices performed well after June.

Background Studies related to the SARS-CoV-2 spikes in the past few months, while there are limited studies on the entire outbreak-suppressed cycle of COVID-19. We estimate the cause-specific excess mortality during the complete circle of COVID-19 outbreak in Guangzhou, China, stratified by sociodemographic status. Methods Guangzhou Center for Disease Control Prevention provided the individual data of deaths in Guangzhou from 1 January 2018 through 30 June 2020. We applied Poisson regression models to daily cause-specific mortality between 1 January 2018 and 20 January 2020, accounting for effects of population size, calendar time, holiday, ambient temperature and PM2.5. Expected mortality was estimated for the period from 21 January through 30 June 2020 assuming that the effects of factors aforementioned remained the same as described in the models. Excess mortality was defined as the difference between the observed mortality and the expected mortality. Subgroup analyses were performed by place of death, age group, sex, marital status and occupation class. Results From 21 January (the date on which the first COVID-19 case occurred in Guangzhou) through 30 June 2020, there were three stages of COVID-19: first wave, second wave, and recovery stage, starting on 21 January, 11 March, and 17 May 2020, respectively. Mortality deficits were seen from late February through early April and in most of the time in the recovery stage. Excesses in hypertension deaths occurred immediately after the starting weeks of the two waves. Overall, we estimated a deficit of 1051 (95% eCI: 580, 1558) in all-cause deaths. Particularly, comparing with the expected mortality in the absence of COVID-19 outbreak, the observed deaths from pneumonia and influenza substantially decreased by 49.2%, while deaths due to hypertension and myocardial infarction increased by 14.5 and 8.6%, respectively. In-hospital all-cause deaths dropped by 10.2%. There were discrepancies by age, marital status and occupation class in the excess mortality during the COVID-19 outbreak. Conclusions The excess deaths during the COVID-19 outbreak varied by cause of death and changed temporally. Overall, there was a deficit in deaths during the study period. Our findings can inform preparedness measures in different stages of the outbreak.

In infrared spectroscopy analysis area, quantitative modeling is often an essential and inevitable procedure to obtain the relationship between collected spectral information and target components. Over the past decades, there are many linear or nonlinear methods have been proposed, such as multi-regression, partial least squares, artificial neural network, support vector machine etc. However, these traditional methods commonly need some preprocessing steps including denoising, baseline correction, wavelength selection and so on. Hence, it requires the users to master so many skilled knowledges before they can establish a good performance quantitative model. Additionally, the stabilities of the above-mentioned methods are often not well enough because there are many random parameters which will result in the model's output are always changing every time. To solve these problems, this paper proposed an end-to-end modeling method based on convolutional neural network and ensemble learning. The experimental results on three infrared spectral datasets (corn, gasoline and mixed gases) showed that the generalized performance of proposed ECNN method outperforms traditional methods like PLS, BP neural network and single CNN method with whole spectral range raw data instead of selected wavelengths. Hence, the proposed method can obviously reduce the modeling knowledge for users and easier to use.

Background: At present, there is a global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Two previous case series from China have suggested that cancer patients are at a higher risk of COVID-19 pneumonia, but the reports were limited by small numbers and few clinical information. Objective: To study clinical characteristics and outcomes of cancer patients infected with COVID-19. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Four designated COVID-16 hospitals in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. Participants: Medical records of 67 cancer patients admitted to hospitals between Jan 5, 2020 to Feb 18, 2020 were included. Measurements: Demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological and treatment data were collected. Survival data of the cohort was cut-off on Mar 10, 2020. Results: Of the 67 patients (median age: 66 years), the median age of patients who had severe illness was older than that of patients who had mild symptoms (P

Supplemental material, Supplemantary_Material_0.2 for Alisol B 23-acetate attenuates CKD progression by regulating the renin–angiotensin system and gut–kidney axis by Hua Chen, Min-Chang Wang, Yuan-Yuan Chen, Lin Chen, Yan-Ni Wang, Nosratola D. Vaziri, Hua Miao and Ying-Yong Zhao in Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease

BackgroundIncreasing evidence suggests a link between the gut microbiome and various diseases including hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, studies examining the efficacy of controlling blood pressure and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in preventing CKD progression are limited.MethodsIn the present study, we used 5/6 nephrectomised (NX) and unilateral ureteral obstructed (UUO) rat models and cultured renal tubular epithelial cells and fibroblasts to test whether alisol B 23-acetate (ABA) can attenuate renal fibrogenesis by regulating blood pressure and inhibiting RAS.ResultsABA treatment re-established dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, lowered blood pressure, reduced serum creatinine and proteinuria, suppressed expression of RAS constituents and inhibited the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in NX rats. Similarly, ABA treatment inhibited expression of collagen I, fibronectin, vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin and fibroblast-specific protein 1 at both mRNA and protein levels in UUO rats. ABA was also effective in suppressing activation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad3 and preserving Smad7 expression in both NX and UUO rats. In vitro experiments demonstrated that ABA treatment inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin and mitochondrial-associated caspase pathways.ConclusionThese data suggest that ABA attenuated renal fibrosis through a mechanism associated with re-establishing dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and regulating blood pressure, and Smad7-mediated inhibition of Smad3 phosphorylation. Thus, we demonstrate ABA as a promising candidate for treatment of CKD by improving the gut microbiome and regulating blood pressure.

Variable selection is an essential part during the whole process of qualitative and quantitative analysis of spectroscopy. Traditional methods like interval partial least square (iPLS), uninformative variable elimination (UVE), successive projections algorithm (SPA) etc. often have some disadvantages such as many parameters need to be tuned, weak robustness and so on. To solve these problems, this paper proposed a novel variable selection framework which combines UVE algorithm and ensemble L1 regularization framework together. The whole process of proposed method includes two phases: rough and fine selection. Firstly, UVE algorithm is used to eliminate the uninformative variables (rough selection). Secondly, the variable selection problem is mapped into a L1 regularization optimization problem with constraint (fine selection). To improve the stability and robustness of proposed method, an ensemble variable selection framework is designed which ensemble the results of many L1 regularization selectors. To validate the performance of proposed method, the following two public near infrared spectral datasets were tested: (1) Spectral (range from 900 nm to 1700 nm) and octane data of gasoline; (2) Spectral (range from 1100 nm to 2498 nm) and moisture data of corn. The experimental results showed that the proposed method can not only select the most featured wavelengths, but also can improve the stability and robustness of variable selection results.

Dysbiosis represents changes in composition and structure of the gut microbiome community (microbiome), which may dictate the physiological phenotype (health or disease). Recent technological advances and efforts in metagenomic and metabolomic analyses have led to a dramatical growth in our understanding of microbiome, but still, the mechanisms underlying gut microbiome-host interactions in healthy or diseased state remain elusive and their elucidation is in infancy. Disruption of the normal gut microbiota may lead to intestinal dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and bacterial translocation. Excessive uremic toxins are produced as a result of gut microbiota alteration, including indoxyl sulphate, p-cresyl sulphate, and trimethylamine-N-oxide, all implicated in the variant processes of kidney diseases development. This review focuses on the pathogenic association between gut microbiota and kidney diseases (the gut-kidney axis), covering CKD, IgA nephropathy, nephrolithiasis, hypertension, acute kidney injury, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in clinic. Targeted interventions including probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic measures are discussed for their potential of re-establishing symbiosis, and more effective strategies for the treatment of kidney diseases patients are suggested. The novel insights into the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in kidney diseases are helpful to develop novel therapeutic strategies for preventing or attenuating kidney diseases andcomplications.

Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) are central microdomains of the ER that interact with mitochondria. MAMs provide an essential platform for crosstalk between the ER and mitochondria and play a critical role in the local transfer of calcium (Ca2+) to maintain cellular functions. Despite the potential uses of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO-NPs) in biomedical applications, the hepatotoxicity of these nanoparticles (NPs) is not well characterized and little is known about the involvement of MAMs in ER-mitochondria crosstalk. We studied SPIO-NPs-associated hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, human normal hepatic L02 cells were exposed to SPIO-NPs (2.5, 7.5, and 12.5 μg/mL) for 6 h and SPIO-NPs (12.5 μg/mL) was found to induce apoptosis. In vivo, SPIO-NPs induced liver injury when mice were intravenously injected with 20 mg/kg body weight SPIO-NPs for 24 h. Based on both in vitro and in vivo studies, we found that the structure and Ca2+ transport function of MAMs were perturbated and an accumulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in MAMs fractions was increased upon treatment of SPIO-NPs. The interaction between COX-2 and the components of MAMs, in terms of IP3R-GRP75-VDAC1 complex, was also revealed. Furthermore, the role of COX-2 in SPIO-NPs-associated hepatotoxicity was investigated by modifying the expression of COX-2. We demonstrated that COX-2 increases the structural and functional ER-mitochondria coupling and enhances the efficacy of ER-mitochondria Ca2+ transfer through the MAMs, thus sensitizing hepatocytes to a mitochondrial Ca2+ overload-dependent apoptosis. Taken together, our findings link SPIO-NPs-triggered hepatotoxicity with ER-mitochondria Ca2+ crosstalk which is mediated by COX-2 and provide mechanistic insight into the impact of interorganelle ER-mitochondria communication on hepatic nanotoxicity.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare transradial access (TRA) approach with transfemoral access (TFA) approach in patients undergoing hepatic interventions. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of the PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library database to identify relevant available articles. Patients’ preference, success rate, intra- and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. The risk difference (RD), relative risk (RR), and weighted mean difference (WMD) values were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We used RevMan 5.3 to perform the pooled analyses. Results: Nine cohort studies were included. A total of 1096 procedures were performed in 877 patients. Of those, 545 procedures (49.7%) were performed by TRA, and 551 procedures (50.3%) were performed by TFA. Patients were significantly prefer the TRA (86.5%) to the TFA (13.5%) (RD = 0.88, P

The formation of the present configuration of three hot super-Earths in the planet system HD 40307 is a challenge to dynamical astronomers. With the two successive period ratios both near and slightly larger than 2, the system may have evolved from pairwise 2:1 mean motion resonances (MMRs). In this paper, we investigate the evolutions of the period ratios of the three planets after the primordial gas disk was depleted. Three routines are found to probably result in the current configuration under tidal dissipation with the center star, they are: (i) through apsidal alignment only; (ii) out of pairwise 2:1MMRs, then through apsidal alignment; (iii) out of the 4:2:1 Laplace Resonance (LR), then through apsidal alignment. All the three scenarios require the initial eccentricities of planets ∼ 0.15, which implies a planetary scattering history during and after the gas disk was depleted. All the three routines will go through the apsidal alignment phase, and enter a state with near-zero eccentricities finally. We also find some special characteristics for each routine. If the system went through pairwise 2:1 MMRs at the beginning, the MMR of the outer two planets would be broken first to reach the current state. As for routine (iii), the planets would be out of the LR at the place where some high-order resonances are located. At the high-order resonances 17:8 or 32:15 of the planets c and d, the system will possibly enter the current state as the final equilibrium.

This paper analyzes the case creative used interactive techniques and design. This paper expatiates on the means, the methods and the essence of interactive design on new media art in public space, which through the creative concepts, the function of interactive system; and also realize ideas, technical system design and analysis, and the significance of experiments and application value, which are in the field of human-computer interaction in public spaces.

We explore planetary migration scenarios for formation of high inclination Neptune Trojans (NTs) and how they are affected by the planetary migration of Neptune and Uranus. If Neptune and Uranus's eccentricity and inclination were damped during planetary migration, then their eccentricities and inclinations were higher prior and during migration than their current values. Using test particle integrations we study the stability of primordial NTs, objects that were initially Trojans with Neptune prior to migration. We also study Trans-Neptunian objects captured into resonance with Neptune and becoming NTs during planet migration. We find that most primordial NTs were unstable and lost if eccentricity and inclination damping took place during planetary migration. With damping, secular resonances with Neptune can increase a low eccentricity and inclination population of Trans-Neptunian objects increasing the probability that they are captured into 1:1 resonance with Neptune, becoming high inclination NTs. We suggest that the resonant trapping scenario is a promising and more effective mechanism explaining the origin of NTs that is particularly effective if Uranus and Neptune experienced eccentricity and inclination damping during planetary migration., 9 pages, 11 figures, accepted by MNRAS

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of BiVO4 has been achieved by immersing in HCl aqueous solution. After treated for 6 h in 0.1 mol·L - 1 HCl solution, the visible light activity of BiVO4 for phenol degradation increased by 3.5 times. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) were carried out to analyze the crystal components and surface morphology of the treated samples. Comparison of samples treated in different acids and chlorides indicated that with the appropriate concentrations of H + and Cl - ions, BiVO4 partially dissolved, was deposited as BiOCl, and finally a composite of flaked BiOCl and micro-particles of BiVO4 with pits formed over the surface. The flatband potential of BiOCl was measured by a slurry method. According to the results of energy band analyses and photocatalytic activity tests of mixed BiVO4 and BiOCl particles, there is no interparticle electron transfer effect between them. Therefore, the mechanism of the enhanced photocatalytic performance of the treated BiVO4 can be attributed to the unevenness of the surface, which can facilitate photogenerated charge separation. This type of surface treatment method could be developed into an effective method for preparing photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic performance.

Using Point-by-Point method,long period fiber gratings were inscribed in the high temperature resistant fiber by an infrared femtosecond laser.Characteristics of the high temperature resistant fiber was analyzed theoretically.The experiment with long period fiber gratings contained high temperature resistant coating layer indicates that the shift of resonant peak at the temperature range from 20 ℃~300 ℃ keeps a good linearity and the temperature sensitivity is 0.060 5 nm/℃.The coating of the long period fiber gratings is not carbonized due to the existence of the high temperature resistant polyimide materials and grating sensor with good performance.The result shows that the high temperature resistant long period fiber gratings can be used in the high temperature environment for long term application.

An enhanced near infrared transmission through periodic H-shaped arrays in metallic thin films is presented.The sample is fabricated by electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching system.The 0.5-mm-thick quartz substrate is deposited with a 120-nm-thick Au film and a 5-nm-thick chromium adhesion layer.The overall size of the sample is about 40×40 μm2,which is composed of 30×30 periodic H-shaped arrays.The period of the H-shaped lattice is 1.1 μm.The arm length of H-shaped is 500 nm and the line width is 120 nm.A broad transmission band centered at about 1.6 μm is found and the transmission coefficient can be as high as about 16.3% for a line width of 120 nm.A simulation by using transfer matrix method (TMM) reproduces quite well the obtained transmission spectrum.Polarization measurements of H-shaped arrays are also demonstrated.The results prove the important role of localized surface plasmon (LSP) in enhanced transmission through the special structure.

In this study, we aim to understand the morphology and structure of upper lip orbicularis oris muscle, and to provide clinical evidence for evaluating the effect of repair operation in cleft lip. Subjects included 106 healthy people and 36 postoperative patients of unilateral cleft lip. The upper lip orbicularis oris muscle was scanned using ultrasound in natural closure and pout states. Our results showed that the hierarchical structure of upper lip tissue was demonstrated clearly in ultrasonic images. After reconstruction of unilateral cleft lip, the left and right philtrum columns were still obviously asymmetric, their radian displayed clearly and showed better continuity. In the place of cleft lip side equivalent to philtrum columns, orbicularis oris muscle showed discontinuity and unclear hierarchical structure, which was replaced by hyperechoic scar tissue. The superficial layer would become thicker when pouting. In reconstructed unilateral cleft lip, the superficial layer was thinner than that of healthy controls. In normal upper lip orbicularis oris muscle, the superficial layer thickness was no less than 2.89 mm in philtrum dimple and no less than 3.92 mm in philtrum column, and the deep layer thickness was no less the 1.12 mm. Otherwise, the layer thickness less than above reference values may be considered as diagnostic criteria for dysplasia of upper lip orbicularis oris muscle. In conclusions, ultrasound imaging is able to clearly show the hierarchical structure of upper lip orbicularis oris muscle, and will be beneficial in guiding the upper lip repair and reconstruction surgery.

Aims. Antenatal dexamethasone administration for fetal lung development may impair maternal glucose tolerance. In this study, we investigated whether glucose and insulin levels differed among singleton and twin pregnancies and pregnancies with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) after treatment with dexamethasone.Methods. Singleton pregnancies, twin pregnancies, and pregnancies with IGT between 28 and 33 weeks of gestation whose mothers were treated with dexamethasone were enrolled in this study. Exclusion criteria included gestational hypertension, diabetes, renal disorders, and infectious diseases. The fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels were checked before administration and 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after treatment was completed.Results. Mean glucose levels were significantly higher in the twin pregnancy and IGT groups at 24 h and 48 h after the administration of dexamethasone than those in the singleton pregnancy group (P<0.05). Although there was no significant difference in glucose levels before administration and 72 h after dexamethasone administration among the three groups, insulin levels in the IGT group were significantly higher (P<0.05). Insulin levels in the singleton pregnancy group at 24 h and 48 h after treatment were significantly lower than in the twin and IGT groups.Conclusion. The effects on maternal fasting blood glucose and insulin levels of dexamethasone administrated to promote fetal lung maturation correlated with embryo number and the presence of IGT.

The temperature dependence of silicon-on-insulator thermo-optic attenuators is analysed, which originates from the temperature dependence of characteristics of multimode interference. The attenuator depth and power consumption are independent of temperature while the insertion loss depends on the temperature heavily. The variation of the insertion loss decreases from 4.3 dB to 1 dB as the temperature increases from 273 K to 343 K.

A 16 x 16 thermo-optic wavelenght switch matrix has been designed and febricated on silicon-on-insulator wafer. For reducing device lenght, blocking switch matrix configuration is chosen. The building block of a matix is a 2 x 2 cell with Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration, where a multi-mode interferometer serves as splitters/combiners. Spot size converters and isolating grooves are integrated on the same chip to reduce loss and power consumption. Average power consumption of the switch cell is 220 mW. The switching time of a switch cell is less than 3 mu s.

Since existing load balancing algorithms designed for heterogeneous integrated networks have failed to consider the service priority and the network resource sufficiently, a load balancing algorithm based on binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) is proposed from access control perspective. Firstly, considering different requirements of communication services, the optimization model of the network access control is built. The method sets the maximum entropy of the load rate as the optimization goal. Then, BPSO algorithm is employed to maximize the entropy of the load rate, and the optimal access solution is obtained. Simulation results demonstrate that the services with different priorities are differently served, and loads among the overall heterogeneous system can be effectively balanced. Furthermore, while the service blocking probability can be dramatically decreased, the resource utilization of overall heterogeneous system is greatly improved.

Based on thermo-optical effect of silicon, a 2 x 2 switch is fabricated in silicon-on-insulator by chemical etching. The switch presents an extinction ratio of 26 dB and a power consumption of 169 mW. The response time F similar to 10.5 mus.

Photonic crystal has drawn much attention because of its application in molding the flow of light, which can be used in optical communication, optical storage and computing. In theory, plane wave expansion method, finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and transfer matrix method are widely used methods to study photonic crystal, and each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages.Here, a new method i.e. mixed variational method is introduced to study the photonic crystals, which is from the work of anti-plane shear waves in periodic layered elastic composites. The calculations of this method are direct and require no iteration, which accurately and efficiently produce the entire band structure of the composite and other field characteristics. Moreover, the composite cell in this method may consist of any number of units of any variable permittivity and permeability.Firstly, based on the variational principle, the Lagrangian density of electro-magnetic field is obtained. Then through the surface integral of the Lagrangian density in the unit cell, the Lagrangian is acquired. The first variation of Lagrangian with respect to electric field and magnetic field yields a set of Euler-Lagrange equations. Approximate solutions in explicit series expressions subject to the Bloch periodicity are substituted into the above equations. Minimization of Lagrangian with respect to the electric field and magnetic field results in an eigenvalue problem, and to solve it, the band structure of the composite is yielded. Electrical field, magnetic field, group velocity and energy flux density are also calculated. Secondly, we use the above method to study a two dimensional air-rod unit cell system. Bandgaps with respect to different structural parameters are plotted, which are the same as the results from the plane wave expansion method and FDTD method. In theory, the entire band structure can be calculated with our method. There are more gaps for TE wave than for TM case. By constant frequency contours, it is shown that there is a gap between the first and the second pass band for TE wave, however, there is no a gap for the corresponding TM wave. The directions of group velocity for the first and the second bands are shown in the contours. Electrical field, magnetic field and energy flux in cells illustrate the energy distribution, and the energy-flux directions and the group-velocity directions are also essentially the same. Lastly, we apply this mixed variational method to one-dimensional media-air slab and three dimensional sphere-air structure. The obtained band results accord with those reported previously former, which demonstrates that our method is universal and correct.In the present work, a mixed variational approach is proposed to produce the entire band structure of the composite for unit cells with any arbitrary properties. Explicit expressions are developed for the band, electrical field, magnetic field, group velocity and energy flux.

This article presents a neural network adaptive controller for attitude tracking of flexible spacecraft in situations when there exist inertial matrix and external disturbance. In this approach, neural network technique is employed to approximate the unknown system dynamics with finite combinations of some basis functions, and a robust controller is also designed to attenuating the effect of approximation error, more specially, the knowledge of angular velocity is not required. In the closed-loop system, Lyapunov stability analysis shows that the angular velocity trajectories asymptotically follow the reference output trajectories. Finally, simulation results are presented for the attitude tracking of a flexible spacecraft to show the excellent performance of the proposed controller and illustrate its robustness in face of external disturbances and unknown dynamics.

An emotional speech recognition system for the applications on smart phones was proposed in this study to combine with 3G mobile communications and social networks to provide users and their groups with more interaction and care. This study developed a mechanism using the support vector machines (SVM) to recognize the emotions of speech such as happiness, anger, sadness and normal. The mechanism uses a hierarchical classifier to adjust the weights of acoustic features and divides various parameters into the categories of energy and frequency for training. In this study, 28 commonly used acoustic features including pitch and volume were proposed for training. In addition, a time-frequency parameter obtained by continuous wavelet transforms was also used to identify the accent and intonation in a sentence during the recognition process. The Berlin Database of Emotional Speech was used by dividing the speech into male and female data sets for training. According to the experimental results, the accuracies of male and female test sets were increased by 4.6% and 5.2% respectively after using the time-frequency parameter for classifying happy and angry emotions. For the classification of all emotions, the average accuracy, including male and female data, was 63.5% for the test set and 90.9% for the whole data set., {"references":["Skiba, B., Johnson, M., Dillon, M. and Harrison, C., (2000). Moving in\nmobile media mode, http://www.regisoft.com/articles/lehman.pdf.","Shneiderman, B. (1992). Designing the user interface: strategies for\neffective human-computer interaction. Reading: Addison-Wesley.","Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. San\nDiego, CA: Academic Press.","Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality\nand Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.","Posner, J., Russell, J. A. and Peterson, B. S. (2005). A circumplex model of\naffect: an integrative approach to affective.","Yen-Kung Yang (2003). Science Development. 367, 70-73.","E. Douglas-Cowie, R. Cowie, and M. Schröder. (2000). Emotional speech:\ntowards a new generation of databases. Speech Communication, a special\nissue on Speech and Emotion, 40(1-2), 33-60.","Cover, T. M and Hart, P. E. (1967). Nearest neighbor pattern classification.\nIEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 13, 21-27.","Dimitrios Ververidis and Constantine Kotropoulos. (2006). Emotional\nspeech recognition: Resources, features and methods. Speech\nCommunication, 48 (9) 1162-1181.\n[10] Cai, L., Jiang, C., Wang, Z., Zhao, L., and Zou, C. (2003). A method\ncombining the global and time series structure features for emotion\nrecognition in speech. In Proceedings of International Conference on\nNeural Networks and Signal Processing (ICNNSP-03), 2, 904-907.\n[11] Kwon, O. W., Chan, K., Hao, J., and Lee, T. W. (2003). Emotion\nrecognition by speech signal. The Eighth European Conference on Speech\nCommunication and Technology (EUROSPEECH-03), Geneva,\nSwitzerland.\n[12] Schuller, B., Rigoll, G., and Lang, M. (2003). Hidden Markov model based\nspeech emotion recognition. 28th IEEE International Conference on\nAcoustic, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP-03).\n[13] Vogt, T. and Andr'e, E. (2006). Improving automatic emotion recognition\nfrom speech via gender differentiation. Language Resources and\nEvaluation Conference.\n[14] Petrushin, V. A. (2004). Emotion recognition in speech signal:\nexperimental study, development, and application.\" Sixth International\nConference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP).\n[15] Reynolds, D. A. and Rose, R. C. (1995) .Robust text-independent speaker\nidentification using Gaussian mixture models. In Proceedings of the\nEuropean Conference on Speech Communication and Technology,\n963-966.\n[16] Rabiner, L. R. (1989). A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected\napplications in speech recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE, 77, 257-286.\n[17] K. Fukunaga. (1990). Introduction to statistical pattern recognition. San\nDiego, CA: Academic Press.\n[18] Cover, T. M and Hart, P. E. (1967).Nearest neighbor pattern classification.\nIEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 13, 21-27.\n[19] E. H. Han, G. Karypis and V. Kumar. (2001). Text categorization using\nweight adjusted k-nearest neighbor classification. Pacific-Asia Conference\non Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 53-65.\n[20] Rabiner, L. R. and Ronald W. Schafer. (1989). Digital processing of speech\nsignals. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.\n[21] Yao X. (1999). Evolving artificial neural networks. Proceedings of the\nIEEE , 87(9), 1423-1447.\n[22] V. N. Vapnik. (2000).The nature of statistical learning theory. Chapter 5-6,\n138-167, Springer-Verlag, New York.\n[23] C. C. Chang and C. J. Lin (2001). LIBSVM: a library for support vector\nmachines. http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm."]}

In this paper, we propose a novel speech feature extraction method using kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) based on kernel fuzzy K-means clustering. First, all frames of speech signal are divided into a given amount of clusters by kernel-based fuzzy K-means clustering and then features are extracted by KPCA, as a result of which the storage and computational complexity can be reduced and the original signal can be well represented. Moreover, the proposed method has effects of reducing noise and eliminating tedious information by mapping original eigenvector to a lower dimension space. Simulations show that compared with the existing speech feature extraction methods, the proposed method has a real-time performance, a high speech recognition rate and a better robustness in noisy environment.

Intrusion detection is developed quickly because which has important position in network security. The method of SVM based on statistics learning theory is used in the intrusion detection system, which classifies detecting data efficiently, and achieves the aim that SVM can accurately predict the abnormal state of system. By the use of this method, the limitation of traditional machine learning method is avoided and ensures the stronger extension ability which makes intrusion detection system to have the better detecting performance.

A method of number-plate characters recognition using AdaBoost algorithm, which based on template matching is presented in order to improve recognition rate and reduce recognition time. The method is divided into two stages. In the first stage, classifier is trained by template matching which is improved through AdaBoost classification, at the same time, classification rules are found. Number-plate characters are recognized by classification rules and then classification results are obtained in the second stage. The experiment results have showed that, for a vehicle number-plate, recognition rate of characters is more than 90% and the recognition time of characters is less than 2 second by using the method.

The effects of structure parameters on the bend loss of rib silicon-on-insulator (SOI) bend waveguides have been analyzed by means of the effective index method (EIM) and 2D bend loss formula. The simulation results indicate that the bend loss decreases with an increase of bend radius and waveguide width, as well as with a decrease of the step factor of the rib waveguide. Moreover, the optimal structure parameters have been found when the bend waveguides are single-mode.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T18:54:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1998-01-01 A 30-bp deletion in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) gene has been reported in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and EBV- associated malignant lymphomas. Information on this deletion in EBV- associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is limited. The association of gastric carcinoma (GC) with EBV was examined by EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization in 510 patients from Japan and 80 patients from Brazil. We studied the prevalence of 30-bp LMP1 gene deletion in EBVaGC in Japan (29 cases) and Brazil (four cases) in comparison with the corresponding EBER1- positive metastatic lesions in lymph nodes (10 cases) and EBV-infected reactive lymphocytes from dissected nonmetastatic lymph nodes (22 cases), microdissected non-neoplastic gastric mucosa of EBVaGC (five cases), and EBV- nonassociated GC (25 cases). We studied the status of the LMP1 gene by Southern blot hybridization of polymerase chain reaction products obtained after amplification with primers flanking the site of the deletion. We also performed EBV typing and LMP1 protein immunohistochemistry. EBV DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction in 30 of 33 EBVaGC cases, 8 of 10 metastatic carcinomas, 14 non-neoplastic tissues from 27 EBVaGC cases, and 12 of 25 non-EBV-associated GC cases with EBER1-positive lymphocytes. The 30-bp LMP1 gene deletion was observed in 23 of 26 (88.5%) cases of EBVaGC from Japan and two of four (50%) cases of Brazilian EBVaGC as compared with EBER1- positive reactive lymphocytes from 11 of 14 (78.6%) EBVaGC cases and 9 of 12 (75%) cases of non-EBV-associated GC. The variant type (the 30-bp deletion variant or nondeleted wild type) of LMP1 gene was the same among reactive lymphocytes, primary and secondary lesions of EBVaGC in all cases for which all three tissue types were studied (six of six). There was no correlation between the presence of the 30-bp deletion with depth of cancer invasion or presence of metastasis. Type A was detected in all available EBV-positive cases. The similar high incidence of 30-bp deletion in LMP1 gene in both carcinoma cells and reactive lymphocytes in EBVaGC cases suggests that this deletion may not be relevant to the pathogenesis of EBVaGC. Department of Pathology City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA Iwakuni National Hospital, Iwakuni Okayama University Medical School, Okayama Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama Jyugen General Hospital, Niihama State University of Sao Paulo, Botucatu Division of Pathology City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010

Using the formula of Wigner function in coherent representation, we have obtained the analytical expression for Wigner function of N00N state. Based on phase space method, we study the quantum interference with N00N state as input. We derive the analytical expression of conditional probability related with the input parameter N and phase parameter φ and analyze it numerically. It is shown that, when φ is 0 or π, the output is just N00N state. It is also shown that, for 2002 state as input, the output must be 2002 state, which is independent of phase parameters. Moreover, as the number of input photon N increases, the phase probability distributions remain to have one, two, three and four peaks and get narrower. All these results can offer theoretical reference for experiments.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T18:54:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1996-01-01 Both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) types A and B are found in endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) occurring in equatorial Africa. We studied 17 cases of Brazilian BL previously demonstrated to he EBV-positive to determine the EBV type as well as the presence of a characteristic 30 bp deletion within the 3' end of the latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) gene that may be important to the pathogenesis of several EBV-associated neoplasms. All cases in which the age was known were children. We found type A EBV in 13 of 14 (93%) evaluable cases, and type B in one case. The LMP-1 deletion was found in 12 of 15 (80%) evaluable cases, including the one case of type B EBV, and a similar high prevalence (59%) of the deletion was detected in EBV-positive normal and reactive lymphoid tissues from individuals from the same geographic region. The high proportion of cases associated with type A EBV suggests that immunodeficiency is not an important factor in the pathogenesis of Brazilian BL, in contrast to endemic African BL. The presence of the LMP-1 deletion in a high prevalence in the normal population in this region is unexplained. Departments of Pathology City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA State University of Sao Paulo, Botucatu University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo Division of Pathology City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010

We experimentally investigate the dependences of the surface plasmon polarization (SPP) in the Ag nanowires on the polarizations of the excitation light and the emission light with a wavelength of excitation light 750nm. We find that the excitation and transmission efficiency change obviously with the polarization of incident light. However, the emission light is always linearly polarized light with an unchanged polarization direction. For the nanowires synthesized using a self-seeding process, their ends are axisymmetric. When the direction of the incident light is parallel to these Ag nanowires, the excitation and transmission efficiency of SPP are high. Conversely, when the polarization direction of the incident light is perpendicular to the wire axis, it is very low. For the nanowires with asymmetric ends, when the direction of the incident light has an angle with respect to the Ag nanowires, the excitation and transmission efficiency of SPP are high. While the polarization direction of emission light is always parallel to the wire axis which means that the polarization of the emission light does not depend on the polarization direction of the incident light. The polarization characteristics of the SPP in the thin Ag nanowires can realize the nanoscale manipulation of the intensity and polarization.

Incoherently coupled screening soliton pairs composed of spatially incoherent mu ltimode beams can be established in biased photorefractive media under steadys t ate conditions, every soliton constituent of which is not only spatially incoher ent with respect to each other, but also to itself. We study that the property o f th ese incoherently coupled soliton pairs in brightbright, darkdark configurati on s by the coherent density approach and get the intensity expression of these sol iton pairs. The propagation characteristics of coherent components that compose each soliton constituent of the coupled soliton pairs are discussed in detail.

Incoherent multimode bistable soliton can exist in higher-order nonlinearity media. Using the coherent density method, we obtain the analytical expression of the incoherent multimode bistable soliton, and the higher-order nonlinearity controls the existence and the intensity peak of bistable solitons. We find the cut-off wavelength, the minimum width of the incoherent beam and the nonlinearity condition for the media, and then we study the propagation characteristics of coherent components that consist of incoherent multimode beams. According to the stability criterion, we demonstrate rigorously that the incoherent multimode bistable soliton can propagate stably against small perturbation.

Both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure can cause liver damage as well as increase the probability of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To investigate the underlying genetic changes that may influence development of HCC associated with HBV infection and AFB1 exposure, HCC patients were subdivided into 4 groups depending upon HBV and AFB1 exposure status: (HBV(+)/AFB1(+), HBV(+)/AFB1(-), HBV(-)/AFB1(+), HBV(-)/AFB1(-)). Genetic abnormalities and protein expression profiles were analyzed by array-based comparative genomic hybridization and isobaric tagging for quantitation. A total of 573 chromosomal aberrations (CNAs) including 184 increased and 389 decreased were detected in our study population. Twenty-five recurrently altered regions (RARs; chromosomal alterations observed in ≥10 patients) in chromosomes were identified. Loss of 4q13.3-q35.2, 13q12.1-q21.2 and gain of 7q11.2-q35 were observed with a higher frequency in the HBV(+)/AFB1(+), HBV(+)/AFB1(-) and HBV(-)/AFB1(+) groups compared to the HBV(-)/AFB(-) group. Loss of 8p12-p23.2 was associated with high TNM stage tumors (P = 0.038) and was an unfavorable prognostic factor for tumor-free survival (P =0.045). A total of 133 differentially expressed proteins were identified in iTRAQ proteomics analysis, 69 (51.8%) of which mapped within identified RARs. The most common biological processes affected by HBV and AFB1 status in HCC tumorigenesis were detoxification and drug metabolism pathways, antigen processing and anti-apoptosis pathways. Expression of AKR1B10 was increased significantly in the HBV(+)/AFB1(+) and HBV(-)/AFB1(+) groups. A significant correlation between the expression of AKR1B10 mRNA and protein levels as well as AKR1B10 copy number was observered, which suggest that AKR1B10 may play a role in AFB1-related hepatocarcinogenesis. In summary, a number of genetic and gene expression alterations were found to be associated with HBV and AFB1- related HCC. The possible synergistic effects of HBV and AFB1 in hepatocarcinogenesis warrant further investigations.