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ObjectiveThis study aimed to summarize the clinical application experience of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) combined with three-dimensional computed tomography-bronchography and angiography (3D-CTBA) in anatomical basal segmentectomy.MethodsClinical data of 42 patients who underwent bilateral lower sub-basal segmentectomy by VATS combined with 3D-CTBA in our hospital from January 2020 to June 2022 were retrospectively analyzed; the patients included 20 males and 22 females, with a median age of 48 (30–65) years. Combined with the preoperative enhanced CT and 3D-CTBA techniques to identify the altered bronchi, arteries, and veins during the operation, the anatomical resection of each basal segment of both lower lungs was completed through the fissure approach or inferior pulmonary vein approach.ResultsAll operations were successfully completed without conversion to thoracotomy or lobectomy. The median operation time was 125 (90–176) min, the median intraoperative blood loss was 15 (10–50) mL, the median postoperative thoracic drainage time was 3 (2–17) days, and the median postoperative hospital stay was 5 (3–20) days. The median number of resected lymph nodes was 6 (5–8). There was no in-hospital death. Postoperative pulmonary infection occurred in 1 case, lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in 3 cases, pulmonary embolism in 1 case, and persistent air leakage in the chest in 5 cases, all of which were improved by conservative treatment. Two cases of pleural effusion after discharge were improved after ultrasound guided drainage. Postoperative pathology showed 31 cases of minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, 6 cases of adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), 3 cases of severe atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), and 2 cases of other benign nodules. All cases were lymph node-negative.ConclusionVATS combined with 3D-CTBA is safe and feasible in anatomical basal segmentectomy; consequently, this approach should be promoted and applied in clinical work.

Wood formation determines major long-term carbon (C) accumulation in trees and therefore provides a crucial ecosystem service in mitigating climate change. Nevertheless, we lack understanding of how species with contrasting wood anatomical types differ with respect to phenology and environmental controls on wood formation. In this study, we investigated the seasonality and rates of radial growth and their relationships with climatic factors, and the seasonal variations of stem nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) in three species with contrasting wood anatomical types (red oak: ring-porous; red maple: diffuse-porous; white pine: coniferous) in a temperate mixed forest during 2017-2019. We found that the high ring width variability observed in both red oak and red maple was caused more by changes in growth duration than growth rate. Seasonal radial growth patterns did not vary following transient environmental factors for all three species. Both angiosperm species showed higher concentrations and lower inter-annual fluctuations of NSC than the coniferous species. Inter-annual variability of ring width varied by species with contrasting wood anatomical types. Due to the high dependence of annual ring width on growth duration, our study highlights the critical importance of xylem formation phenology for understanding and modelling the dynamics of wood formation.

Wood growth constitutes the main process for long-term atmospheric carbon sequestration in vegetation. However, our understanding of the process of wood growth and its response to environmental drivers is limited. Current dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are mainly photosynthesis-driven and thus do not explicitly include a direct environmental effect on tree growth. However, physiological evidence suggests that, to realistically model vegetation carbon allocation under increased climatic stressors, it is crucial to treat growth responses independently from photosynthesis. A plausible growth response function suitable for global simulations in DGVMs has been lacking. Here, we present the first soil water-growth response function and parameter range for deciduous and evergreen conifers. The response curve was calibrated against European larch and Norway spruce in a dry temperate forest in the Swiss Alps. We present a new data-driven approach based on a combination of tree ring width (TRW) records, growing season length and simulated subdaily soil hydrology to parameterize ring width increment simulations. We found that a simple linear response function, with an intercept at zero moisture stress, used in growth simulations reproduced 62.3% and 59.4% of observed TRW variability for larch and spruce respectively and, importantly, the response function slope was much steeper than literature values for soil moisture effects on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Specifically, we found stem growth stops at soil moisture potentials of -0.47 MPa for larch and -0.66 MPa for spruce, whereas photosynthesis in trees continues down to -1.2 MPa or lower, depending on species and measurement method. These results are strong evidence that the response functions of source and sink processes are indeed very different in trees, and need to be considered separately to correctly assess vegetation responses to environmental change. The results provide a parameterization for the explicit representation of growth responses to soil water in vegetation models.

How variations in carbon supply affect wood formation remains poorly understood in particular in mature forest trees. To elucidate how carbon supply affects carbon allocation and wood formation, we attempted to manipulate carbon supply to the cambial region by phloem girdling and compression during the mid- and late-growing season and measured effects on structural development, CO2 efflux and nonstructural carbon reserves in stems of mature white pines. Wood formation and stem CO2 efflux varied with a location relative to treatment (i.e., above or below the restriction). We observed up to twice as many tracheids formed above versus below the treatment after the phloem transport manipulation, whereas the cell-wall area decreased only slightly below the treatments, and cell size did not change relative to the control. Nonstructural carbon reserves in the xylem, needles and roots were largely unaffected by the treatments. Our results suggest that low and high carbon supply affects wood formation, primarily through a strong effect on cell proliferation, and respiration, but local nonstructural carbon concentrations appear to be maintained homeostatically. This contrasts with reports of decoupling of source activity and wood formation at the whole-tree or ecosystem level, highlighting the need to better understand organ-specific responses, within-tree feedbacks, as well as phenological and ontogenetic effects on sink-source dynamics.

Objective To investigate the correlation of three CLDN23 SNPs with the hereditary susceptibility and prognosis of gastric carcinoma in Han nationality in Fujian. Methods Three SNP loci genotypes (rs12153, rs1060106 and rs11249884) of CLDN23 gene were detected using PCR-LDR method. Results There was no significant difference in genotypes and allele frequencies of CLDN23 SNP rs12153, rs1060106 and rs11249884 between the gastric carcinoma group and the control group(P > 0.05). The frequency of genotype distribution in these three loci of the gastric cancer group was significantly correlated with tumor differentiation and pT staging(P < 0.05). The genotype distribution frequencies of rs12153 and rs1060106 were significantly correlated with post-operative survival time of the patients(P < 0.05). Among rs12153, rs1060106 and rs11249884, linkage disequilibrium of CLDN23 gene was absent. There was significant difference of C-T-G haplotype distribution between the gastric carcinoma group and the control group(P < 0.01). Conclusion The polymorphisms of CLDN23 SNP rs12153, rs1060106 and rs11249884 are associated with tumor differentiation and pT staging, suggesting their possible role in the progression of gastric carcinoma in Han nationality in Fujian. The polymorphisms of rs12153 and rs1060106 are correlated with the prognosis of gastric cancer patients.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Model information and set-ups in MEMIP. Figure S1. Matrix model validations for each branch: (a) spatial pattern of the model difference between the regular and matrix form, and (b) the pixel level correlationships. Figure S2. The C storage potential (Xp) for the 4 branches (i.e., BGC_sg, CEN_sg, BGC_ml and CEN_ml) from 1900 to 2000. Figure S3. Correlations of soil temperature and soil water potential of C-only and CN models. Values are global mean annual outputs of top 5 layers from 1900 to 2000. Figure S4. Vertical distribution of soil temperature and soil water potential for global, high latitude land (latitude > 60��) and the rest land from CEN-ML and BGC-ML. The upper panel represents soil temperature and the lower panel represents soil water potential. Figure S5. Model outputs of (a) Mineral N, (b) Soil mineral N to plant, (c) N limitation to GPP and (d) LAI for different model members. Text S1. The soil-vegetation N competition. Text S2. Structural elements in soil baseline residence time. Text S3. Distinguish the contributions of model difference from process and feedback.

Main text The CCQM-K148.a comparison was coordinated by the BIPM on behalf of the CCQM Organic Analysis Working Group for NMIs and DIs which provide measurement services in organic analysis under the CIPM MRA. It was undertaken as a "Track A" comparison within the OAWG strategic plan. CCQM-K148.a demonstrates capabilities for assigning the mass fraction content of a solid organic compound having moderate molecular complexity, where the compound has a molar mass in the range (75 - 500) g/mol and is non-polar (pKow < −2), when present as the primary organic component in a neat organic solid and where the mass fraction content of the primary component in the material is in excess of 950 mg/g. Participants were required to report the mass fraction of Bisphenol A present in one supplied unit of the comparison material. Participants using a mass balance method for the assignment were also required to report their assignments of the impurity components present in the material. Methods used by the seventeen participating NMIs or DIs were predominantly based on either stand-alone mass balance (summation of impurities) or qNMR approaches, or the combination of data obtained using both methods. The results obtained using thermal methods based on freezing-point depression methods were also reported by a limited number of participants. There was excellent agreement between assignments obtained using all three approaches to assign the BPA content. The assignment of the values for the mass fraction content of BPA consistent with the KCRV was achieved by most of the comparison participants with an associated relative standard uncertainty in the assigned value in the range (0.1 - 0.5)%. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

Low-temperature plasma treatment technology is an efficient and environmentally friendly surface treatment technology that has been extensively studied for the surface chemical modification to pulp fibers. In this study, Eucalyptus alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp (APMP) fibers were modified using a low-temperature plasma generator. The tensile index of the fibers after low-temperature plasma treatment under different conditions was measured and analyzed to evaluate the relationship between the plasma treatment conditions and the physical strength improvement of APMP. It was revealed that factors such as gas source (oxygen, argon, and nitrogen gases), discharge power, vacuum level, and modification time affected the physical strength properties of APMP. In addition, the change in carboxyl group content in the pulp fibers after low-temperature plasma treatment was measured using the Headspace Gas Chromatography (HS-GC) method. The carboxyl content in the fiber increased remarkedly after low-temperature plasma treatment, which was beneficial for improving the physical strength properties of paper made from the APMP.

Eucalyptus alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp (APMP) fibers were modified by a low-temperature plasma (LTP) treatment within an air and oxygen mixture. An atomic force microscope (AFM) and electronic spectroscopy chemical analysis (ESCA) were used to analyze the morphological and chemical information of eucalyptus APMP fibers. According to the AFM results, LTP treatment etched the fibers’ surface, allowing for the removal of hydrophobic substances from the surface. According to the ESCA, the oxygen to carbon ratio of the APMP fiber surface increased from 50.08% to 55.47%, and the C1 peak area decreased from 8.89% to 8.45% after a LTP treatment. All of these results indicate that a LTP treatment can modify the APMP fibers and reduce the contents of lignin and extractives, thus exposing more carbohydrate.

The NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a key role in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced inflammatory injury, and the purinergic 2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is upstream of NLRP3 activation. This study aimed to investigate how P2X7R functions in ICH-induced inflammatory injury and how the receptor interacts with the NLRP3 inflammasome.Rats were treated with P2X7R small interfering RNA (siRNA) 24 h before undergoing collagenase-induced ICH. A selective P2X7R inhibitor (blue brilliant G, BBG) or a peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) decomposition catalyst (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinato iron(III) [FeTPPS]) was injected 30 min after ICH. Brain water content, hemorrhagic lesion volume, and neurological deficits were evaluated, and western blot, immunofluorescence, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) were carried out.Striatal P2X7R and NLRP3 inflammasomes were activated after ICH. Gene silencing of P2X7R suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation and interleukin (IL)-1β/IL-18 release and significantly ameliorated brain edema and neurological deficits. Additionally, enhanced NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2, gp91(phox)) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as well as their cytotoxic product (ONOO(-)) were markedly attenuated by BBG treatment following ICH. This was accompanied by downregulations of the inflammasome components, IL-1β/IL-18 and myeloperoxidase (MPO, a neutrophil marker). Most importantly, inflammasome activation and IL-1β/IL-18 release were significantly inhibited by ONOO(-) decomposition with FeTPPS.Our findings implicate that P2X7R exacerbated inflammatory progression and brain damage in ICH rats possibly via NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent IL-1β/IL-18 release and neutrophil infiltration. ONOO(-), a potential downstream signaling molecule of P2X7R, may play a critical role in triggering NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

As a key factor that determines carbon storage capacity, residence time (τE) is not well constrained in terrestrial biosphere models. This factor is recognized as an important source of model uncertainty. In this study, to understand how τE influences terrestrial carbon storage prediction in diagnostic models, we introduced a model decomposition scheme in the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) and then compared it with a prognostic model. The result showed that τE ranged from 32.7 to 158.2 years. The baseline residence time (τ′E) was stable for each biome, ranging from 12 to 53.7 years for forest biomes and 4.2 to 5.3 years for non-forest biomes. The spatiotemporal variations in τE were mainly determined by the environmental scalar (ξ). By comparing models, we found that the BEPS uses a more detailed pool construction but rougher parameterization for carbon allocation and decomposition. With respect to ξ comparison, the global difference in the temperature scalar (ξt) averaged 0.045, whereas the moisture scalar (ξw) had a much larger variation, with an average of 0.312. We propose that further evaluations and improvements in τ′E and ξw predictions are essential to reduce the uncertainties in predicting carbon storage by the BEPS and similar diagnostic models.

The temperate Eurasian steppe (TES) is a region where various environmental, social, and economic stresses converge. Multiple types of disturbance exist widely across the landscape, and heavily influence carbon cycling in this region. However, a current quantitative assessment of the impact of disturbances on carbon sequestration is largely lacking. In this study, we combined the boreal ecosystem productivity simulator (BEPS), the Shiyomi grazing model, and the global fire model (Glob-FIRM) to investigate the impact of the two major types of disturbance in the TES (i.e. domestic grazing and fire) on regional carbon sequestration. Model performance was validated using satellite data and field observations. Model outputs indicate that disturbance has a significant impact on carbon sequestration at a regional scale. The annual total carbon lost due to disturbances was 7.8 TgCyr−1, accounting for 14.2% of the total net ecosystem productivity (NEP). Domestic grazing plays the dominant role in terrestrial carbon consumption, accounting for 95% of the total carbon lost from the two disturbances. Carbon losses from both disturbances significantly increased from 1999 to 2008 (R2=0.82, P < 0.001 for grazing, R2=0.51, P

Water-use efficiency (WUE), defined as the ratio of net primary productivity (NPP) to evapotranspiration (ET), is an important indicator to represent the trade-off pattern between vegetation productivity and water consumption. Its dynamics under climate change are important to ecohydrology and ecosystem management, especially in the drylands. In this study, we modified and used a late version of Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS), to quantify the WUE in the typical dryland ecosystems, Temperate Eurasian Steppe (TES). The Aridity Index (AI) was used to specify the terrestrial water availability condition. The regional results showed that during the period of 1999-2008, the WUE has a clear decreasing trend in the spatial distribution from arid to humid areas. The highest annual average WUE was in dry and semi-humid sub-region (DSH) with 0.88 gC mm-1 and the lowest was in arid sub-region (AR) with 0.22 gC mm-1. A two-stage pattern of WUE was found in TES. That is, WUE would enhance with lower aridity stress, but decline under the humid environment. Over 65% of the region exhibited increasing WUE. This enhancement, however, could not indicate that the grasslands were getting better because the NPP even slightly decreased. It was mainly attributed to the reduction of ET over 70% of the region, which is closely related to the rainfall decrease. The results also suggested a similar negative spatial correlation between the WUE and the mean annual precipitation (MAP) at the driest and the most humid ends. This regional pattern reflected the different roles of water in regulating the terrestrial ecosystems under different aridity levels. This study could facilitate the understanding of the interactions between terrestrial carbon and water cycles, and thus contribute to a sustainable management of nature resources in the dryland ecosystems.