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Along with the increase of water transport, water pollution also increases, especially the water oil spill incident on water environment pollution. Funds, materials, personnel and technology and so on, the factors affect oil spill emergency guarantee ability of the implementation, these indicators which the oil spill emergency guarantee ability assessment can reduce water spilled oil pollution affects are great significance. In this paper the water oil spill emergency guarantee influence factors and the connections between the characteristics of abstraction, and introducing structure equation model. This paper concludes factors and establish emergency guarantee ability of evaluation index system, and then to build a multilayer path model, and the research model algorithm, all kinds of emergency security analysis of the relationship between the influencing factors and the effect of emergency guarantee ability, and get emergency guarantee ability influence index. Research conclusion can be used as water oil spill emergency guarantee decision-making reference.