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A diffusion auction is a market to sell commodities over a social network, where the challenge is to incentivize existing buyers to invite their neighbors in the network to join the market. Existing mechanisms have been designed to solve the challenge in various settings, aiming at desirable properties such as non-deficiency, incentive compatibility and social welfare maximization. Since the mechanisms are employed in dynamic networks with ever-changing structures, buyers could easily generate fake nodes in the network to manipulate the mechanisms for their own benefits, which is commonly known as the Sybil attack. We observe that strategic agents may gain an unfair advantage in existing mechanisms through such attacks. To resist this potential attack, we propose two diffusion auction mechanisms, the Sybil tax mechanism (STM) and the Sybil cluster mechanism (SCM), to achieve both Sybil-proofness and incentive compatibility in the single-item setting. Our proposal provides the first mechanisms to protect the interests of buyers against Sybil attacks with a mild sacrifice of social welfare and revenue.

With the development of blockchain applications, the requirements for file storage in blockchain are increasing rapidly. Many protocols, including Filecoin, Arweave, and Sia, have been proposed to provide scalable decentralized file storage for blockchain applications. However, the reliability is not well promised by existing protocols. Inspired by the idea of insurance, we innovatively propose a decentralized file storage protocol in blockchain, named as FileInsurer, to achieve both scalability and reliability. While ensuring scalability by distributed storage, FileInsurer guarantees reliability by enhancing robustness and fully compensating for the file loss. Specifically, under mild conditions, we prove that no more than 0.1\% value of all files should be compensated even if half of the storage collapses. Therefore, only a relatively small deposit needs to be pledged by storage providers to cover the potential file loss. Because of lower burdens of deposit, storage providers have more incentives to participate in the storage network. FileInsurer can run in the top layer of the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), and thus it can be directly applied in Web 3.0, Non-Fungible Tokens, and Metaverse.

The Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is viewed as one of the important applications of blockchain technology. Although NFT has a large market scale and multiple practical standards, several limitations of the existing mechanism in NFT markets exist. This work proposes a novel securitization and repurchase scheme for NFT to overcome these limitations. We first provide an Asset-Backed Securities (ABS) solution to settle the limitations of non-fungibility of NFT. Our securitization design aims to enhance the liquidity of NFTs and enable Oracles and Automatic Market Makers (AMMs) for NFTs. Then we propose a novel repurchase protocol for a participant owing a portion of NFT to repurchase other shares to obtain the complete ownership. As participants may strategically bid during the acquisition process, our repurchase process is formulated as a Stackelberg game to explore the equilibrium prices. We also provide solutions to handle difficulties at market such as budget constraints and lazy bidders., Comment: To appear in Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2022

The design of permissioned blockchains places an access control requirement for members to read, access, and write information over the blockchains. In this paper, we study a hierarchical scenario to include three types of participants: providers, collectors, and governors. To be specific, providers forward transactions, collected from terminals, to collectors; collectors upload received transactions to governors after verifying and labeling them; and governors validate a part of received labeled transactions, pack valid ones into a block, and append a new block on the ledger. Collectors in the hierarchical model play a crucial role in the design: they have connections with both providers and governors, and are responsible for collecting, verifying, and uploading transactions. However, collectors are rational and some of them may behave maliciously (not necessarily for their own benefits). In this paper, we introduce a reputation protocol as a measure of the reliability of collectors in the permissioned blockchain environment. Its objective is to encourage collectors to behave truthfully and, in addition, to reduce the verification cost. The verification cost on provider $p$ is defined as the total number of invalid transactions provided by $p$ and checked by governors. Through theoretical analysis, our protocol with the reputation mechanism has a significant improvement in efficiency. Specifically, the verification loss that governors suffer is proved to be asymptotically $O(\sqrt{T_{total}})$ ($T_{total}$, representing the number of transactions verified by governors and provided by $p$), as long as there exists at least one collector who behaves well. At last, two typical cases where our model can be well applied are also demonstrated.

The green lacewing, Chrysopa pallens Wesmael, is one of the most beneficial and prolific insects found in many horticultural and agricultural cropping system. Here, the effects of low temperature storage on quality of C. pallens were investigated by storing cocoons at 10 °C for different days. Results revealed, after removal from cold storage, emergence rate declined gradually as storage duration increased. After storage of 20 days, the emergence rate in cold-stored group is about 62.8% of that in unstored group. After eclosion, lifetime fecundity, preemergence period, oviposition period and longevity of adults in cold-stored group showed curves similar to emergence rate. However, preoviposition period and egg hatchability were not significantly affected by cold. After being stored for 20 days, the total fecundity of females emerging from cold-stored cocoons was about 64.5% of that of females emerging from unstored cocoons. Six days post emergence, females in cold-stored group showed apparent arrest of ovarian development and significant reductions of protease, lipase and trehalase activities when compared to unstored controls. When bovine insulin was exogenously used, the females emerging from cold-stored cocoons dramatically restored ovarian development and reproductive capacity. These results suggested that C. pallens pupae are suitable for cold storage and insulin hormone can be used as reproduction stimuli in this predatory species after cold storage.

Formaldehyde is one of the most common indoor air pollutants in Chinese residences. This study introduces a novel laminated plate with adjustable surface temperature to remove gaseous formaldehyde. The plate is fabricated with activated carbon, polyimide, and copper foil via thermal compression. The plate can be regenerated in situ by applying a direct current to the copper foil. Adsorption-regeneration cycle tests were conducted to evaluate the plate's formaldehyde removal performance. The overall removal efficiency of the fabricated laminated plate with glue mass fraction of 25% and thickness of 1.5 mm was about 30% at the face velocity of 0.8-1.2 m/s. The pressure drop was about 5 Pa. Its removal ability can be regenerated in situ in 8 minutes by increasing the surface temperature to 80°C. The fabricated laminated plate showed good durability after 52 cycles of adsorption-regeneration tests. The results indicate that the proposed laminated plate can enhance the purifying efficiency and enlarge the life span of ordinary, cheap sorbents. It makes cheap materials with low performance suitable for air purification.

A review of the species of the genus Chrysotimus from Tibet is provided. The following four species are described as new to science: C. motuoensis sp. n., C. tibetensis sp. n., C. xuankuni sp. n., C. zhui sp. n. Akey to the eight Tibetan species is presented.

Nepalomyia siveci Wang & Yang Nepalomyia siveci Wang & Yang, 2004: 381. Type locality: Taiwan, Hualien. Diagnosis. First flagellomere about 1.5 times longer than wide; epandrium with lateral tubercle bearing basal and apical hairs, hypandrium bifurcated; cercus without basal or middle tubercle, but bearing sparse hairs. Specimens examined. 4 3, Taiwan: Nantou, Yuchi, Lianhua Pond (675 m) (23 ° 92 ' N, 120 ° 67 ' E), 11.XI. 2010, Ding Yang. Distribution. Taiwan (Nantou, Hualien). Remarks. See Wang and Yang (2004) for description and illustration of this species.

Nepalomyia brevifurcata (Yang & Saigusa) (Figs 1���3) Neurigonella brevifurcata Yang & Saigusa, 2001: 377. Type locality: China: Shaanxi, Zuoshui. Nepalomyia brevifurcata (Yang & Saigusa): Runyon & Hurley, 2003: 412. Diagnosis. First flagellomere wider than long; halter yellow. Epandrium bearing no lateral tubercle; hypandrium slender, with shallow incision; cercus with distinct basal tubercle. Specimens examined. HOLOTYPE 3, Shaanxi: Zuoshui, Yingpan Linchang (1850 m), 10.VII. 1997, Toyohei Saigusa; 2 3, Taiwan: Pingdong, Dahanshan Mountain (1500���1600 m) (22 �� 67 ' N, 120 �� 48 ' E), 7.VI. 2011, Xiaoyan Liu. Distribution. Taiwan (Pingdong), Beijing (Xiaolongmen), Henan (Luanchuan), Shaanxi (Zuoshui, Zhouzhi). Remarks. This species is recorded from Taiwan for the first time. See Yang and Saigusa (2001) for description of this species., Published as part of Wang, Mengqing, Chen, Hongyin & Yang, Ding, 2013, Species of Nepalomyia Hollis from Taiwan (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Peloropeodinae), pp. 436-442 in Zootaxa 3691 (4) on pages 437-438, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3691.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/220731

Nepalomyia taiwanensis Wang & Yang Nepalomyia taiwanensis Wang & Yang, 2004: 380. Type locality: Taiwan, Taipei. Diagnosis. First flagellomere wider than long; epandrium without lateral tubercle, hypandrium with deep, Vshaped apical incision; cercus with weak basal tubercle and distinct middle tubercle, bearing hairs. Distribution. Taiwan (Taipei). Remarks. See Wang and Yang (2004) for description and illustration of this species. Nepalomyia xiaoyanae sp. nov. (Figs 6���8) Diagnosis. First flagellomere triangular, 1.6 times longer than wide; hind tibia with 3���4 ventral bristles; epandrium with finger-like lateral tubercle bearing short tuber; hypandrium broad, with narrow base, deeply furcated apically, with four hastate-like branches, and asymmetrical in ventral view; cercus without basal tubercle or hair. Description. Male. Body length 2.25 mm; wing length 2.4 mm. Head dark metallic green with grayish pollinosity; face with pale gray pollinosity. Hairs and bristles on head black; postocular bristles blackish. Ocellar tubercle weakly raised, with 2 strong ocellar bristles and 2 short posterior hairs. Antenna black; first flagellomere triangular (Fig. 6), 1.6 times longer than wide, with distinct lower apical corner; arista dark brown, with short basal segment. Proboscis brown with black hairs; palpus black with black hairs and 1 black apical bristle. Thorax dark brown with gray pollinosity. Hairs and bristles on thorax black; 5 strong dorsocentral bristles, 5-6 irregularly paired acrostichal bristles; 1 long humeral bristle and 1 short hair, 1 long posthumeral bristle, 1 somewhat short inner humeral bristle, 1 short sutural bristle, 1 long anterior and 1 somewhat short posterior notopleural bristle, 1 somewhat short anterior and 1 long posterior supraalar bristles, 1 long postalar bristle; scutellum with 2 pairs of bristles, outer pair weak and short. Propleuron with 1 black bristle on lower portion. Legs [hind tarsomeres 2���5 broken] brownish except all coxae yellow and tarsi brown. Hairs and bristles on legs black; fore coxa with 3 anterior bristles, mid coxa with 1 anterior bristle, hind coxa with 1 outer bristle near middle. Mid and hind femora each with 1 preapical bristle. Mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle, 2 posterodorsal bristles, and 4 apical bristles; hind tibia with 2 anterodorsal bristle (1 at base and another near tip), 2 posterodorsal bristles, 3���4 ventral bristles, and 3 apical bristles. Fore tarsomere 1 with row of 8 ventral bristles; hind tarsomere 1 shortened, with upwardly curved spur and 2 strong ventral bristles at base. Relative lengths of tibia and 5 tarsomeres of LI 3.2: 1.6: 2.8: 1.6: 1.0: 0.6; LII 4.2: 2.3: 1.4: 1.0: 0.7: 0.5; LIII 5.3: 1.2:?:?:?:?. Wing grayish hyaline; veins dark brown, R 4 + 5 and M parallel apically; CuAx ratio about 0.42. Squama dark brown, bearing long black hairs. Halter brown with pale yellow stem. Abdomen dark metallic green, with gray brown pollinosity. Hairs and bristles on abdomen black; venter with some pale hairs. Hypopygium forming loose broad cap to abdomen, genitalia mostly exposed from tip of abdomen. Male genitalia (Figs 7���8). Epandrium with short, finger-like lateral tubercle bearing short tuber, bearing 1 long apical bristle; surstylus on epandrium with wide dorsal lobe, thin and curved mid lobe with wider apex, ventral lobe with basal 1 / 3 thin and apical 2 / 3 wide. Cercus without basal tubercle or hair, subapically with short spine-like bristle; hypandrium broad, with narrow base, deeply furcated apically, with 4 hastate-like branches, and asymmetrical in ventral view; phallus wide, apex swollen, with short, spine-like subapical process. Female. Unknown. Specimens examined. HOLOTYPE 3: Taiwan, Yilan, Mingchi 1130 m (24 �� 77 ' N, 121 �� 75 ' E), 12.VI. 2011, Xiaoyan Liu. Distribution. Taiwan. Remarks. The new species is similar to Nepalomyia spiniformis Zhang & Yang, but can be separated from the latter by having the normal hind tarsomere 1, not swollen, hypandrium bearing four hastate-like branches, and cercus without basal hairs or bristle. In N. spiniformis, hind tarsomere 1 is distinctly swollen, the hypandrium has 2 apical branches, and the cercus has basal hairs (Zhang &Yang 2005)., Published as part of Wang, Mengqing, Chen, Hongyin & Yang, Ding, 2013, Species of Nepalomyia Hollis from Taiwan (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Peloropeodinae), pp. 436-442 in Zootaxa 3691 (4) on pages 439-441, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3691.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/220731

Wang, Mengqing, Chen, Hongyin, Yang, Ding (2013): Species of Nepalomyia Hollis from Taiwan (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Peloropeodinae). Zootaxa 3691 (4): 436-442, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3691.4.2

Nepalomyia orientalis (Yang & Li) (Figs 4 ���5, 9) Machaerium orientalis Yang & Li, 1998: 321. Type locality: China: Zhejiang, Longwangshan. Nepalomyia orientalis (Yang & Li, 1998): Yang et al., 2006: 334. Diagnosis. First flagellomere about 4.5 times longer than wide, with thick base; halter yellow. Epandrium bearing finger-like lateral tubercle; hypandrium with narrow base and wide apex, trifurcated; cercus without basal or middle tubercle. Specimens examined. HOLOTYPE 3, Zhejiang: Anji, Longwangshan Mountain, 20.VII. 1995, Hong Wu; 3 3, Taiwan: Nantou, Yuchi, Lianhua Pond (675 m) (23 �� 92 ' N, 120 �� 67 ' E), 11.XI. 2010, Ding Yang. Distribution. Taiwan (Nantou), Zhejiang (Anji). Remarks. This species is recorded from Taiwan for the first time. See Yang and Li (1998) for description of this species., Published as part of Wang, Mengqing, Chen, Hongyin & Yang, Ding, 2013, Species of Nepalomyia Hollis from Taiwan (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Peloropeodinae), pp. 436-442 in Zootaxa 3691 (4) on page 438, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3691.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/220731

Key to species of Nepalomyia from Taiwan (males) 1 Wing R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5 with swollen bases............................... (N. trifurcata group) ��� N. siveci Wang & Yang - Wing R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5 normal, not swollen basally............................................................. 2 2 Hypandrium asymmetrical in ventral view (Fig. 8)................... (unknown species group) ��� N. xiaoyanae sp. nov. - Hypandrium symmetrical in ventral view................................................................. 3 3 Hypandrium trifurcated, cercus without distinct basal tubercle (Fig. 5)........................ N. pallipilosa group ��� 4 - Hypandrium bifurcated, cercus with distinct basal tubercle(s).............................. N. henanensis group ��� 5 4 Hind first tarsomere strongly thickened; cercus with basal hairs................ N. nantouensis Wang, Yang & Masunaga - Hind first tarsomere not thickened; cercus lacking basal hairs (Fig. 5)........................ N. orientalis (Yang & Li) 5 First flagellomere about 4���5 times longer than wide; hypandrium with narrow base and wide apex. N. horvati Wang & Yang - First flagellomere wider than long; hypandrium with wide base and narrow apex................................... 6 6 Halter dark brown; cercus with weak basal and distinct middle tubercles................... N. taiwanensis Wang & Yang - Halter yellow; cercus with distinct basal tubercle and no middle tubercles (Fig. 2)........ N. brevifurcata (Yang & Saigusa), Published as part of Wang, Mengqing, Chen, Hongyin & Yang, Ding, 2013, Species of Nepalomyia Hollis from Taiwan (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Peloropeodinae), pp. 436-442 in Zootaxa 3691 (4) on page 437, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3691.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/220731

Nepalomyia horvati Wang & Ya n g Nepalomyia horvati Wang & Yang, 2004: 382. Type locality: Taiwan, Kaohsiung. Diagnosis. First flagellomere about 4.5 times longer than wide; epandrium without lateral tubercle, hypandrium wide and bifurcated; cercus with 2 weak basal tubercles, bearing sparse hairs. Distribution. Taiwan (Kaohsiung, Taichung, Nantou). Remarks. See Wang and Yang (2004) for description and illustration of this species., Published as part of Wang, Mengqing, Chen, Hongyin & Yang, Ding, 2013, Species of Nepalomyia Hollis from Taiwan (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Peloropeodinae), pp. 436-442 in Zootaxa 3691 (4) on page 438, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3691.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/220731

Nepalomyia nantouensis Wang, Yang & Masunaga Nepalomyia nantouensis Wang, Yang & Masunaga, 2007: 124. Type locality: Taiwan, Nantou. Diagnosis. Hind first tarsomere black and strongly thickened; first flagellomere about as long as wide; epandrium with short lateral tubercle, hypandrium wide and trifurcated; cercus without basal tubercle, but bearing sparse hairs. Specimens examined. 1 3, Taiwan: Nantou, Yuchi, Lianhua Pond (675 m) (23 �� 92 ' N, 120 �� 67 ' E), 11.XI. 2010, Ding Yang. Distribution. Taiwan (Nantou). Remarks. See Wang et al. (2007) for description and illustration of this species., Published as part of Wang, Mengqing, Chen, Hongyin & Yang, Ding, 2013, Species of Nepalomyia Hollis from Taiwan (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Peloropeodinae), pp. 436-442 in Zootaxa 3691 (4) on page 438, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3691.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/220731

Genus Nepalomyia Hollis Nepalomyia Hollis, 1964 [July]: 110. Type species: Nepalomyia dytei Hollis, 1964. Neurigonella Robinson, 1964 [October]: 119. Type species: Neurigona nigricornis Van Duzee, 1914., Published as part of Wang, Mengqing, Chen, Hongyin & Yang, Ding, 2013, Species of Nepalomyia Hollis from Taiwan (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Peloropeodinae), pp. 436-442 in Zootaxa 3691 (4) on page 437, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3691.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/220731

Nepalomyia siveci Wang & Yang Nepalomyia siveci Wang & Yang, 2004: 381. Type locality: Taiwan, Hualien. Diagnosis. First flagellomere about 1.5 times longer than wide; epandrium with lateral tubercle bearing basal and apical hairs, hypandrium bifurcated; cercus without basal or middle tubercle, but bearing sparse hairs. Specimens examined. 4 3, Taiwan: Nantou, Yuchi, Lianhua Pond (675 m) (23 �� 92 ' N, 120 �� 67 ' E), 11.XI. 2010, Ding Yang. Distribution. Taiwan (Nantou, Hualien). Remarks. See Wang and Yang (2004) for description and illustration of this species., Published as part of Wang, Mengqing, Chen, Hongyin & Yang, Ding, 2013, Species of Nepalomyia Hollis from Taiwan (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Peloropeodinae), pp. 436-442 in Zootaxa 3691 (4) on pages 438-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3691.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/220731

Nepalomyia brevifurcata (Yang & Saigusa) (Figs 1–3) Neurigonella brevifurcata Yang & Saigusa, 2001: 377. Type locality: China: Shaanxi, Zuoshui. Nepalomyia brevifurcata (Yang & Saigusa): Runyon & Hurley, 2003: 412. Diagnosis. First flagellomere wider than long; halter yellow. Epandrium bearing no lateral tubercle; hypandrium slender, with shallow incision; cercus with distinct basal tubercle. Specimens examined. HOLOTYPE 3, Shaanxi: Zuoshui, Yingpan Linchang (1850 m), 10.VII. 1997, Toyohei Saigusa; 2 3, Taiwan: Pingdong, Dahanshan Mountain (1500–1600 m) (22 ° 67 ' N, 120 ° 48 ' E), 7.VI. 2011, Xiaoyan Liu. Distribution. Taiwan (Pingdong), Beijing (Xiaolongmen), Henan (Luanchuan), Shaanxi (Zuoshui, Zhouzhi). Remarks. This species is recorded from Taiwan for the first time. See Yang and Saigusa (2001) for description of this species.

Zou, Deyu, Wang, Mengqing, Zhang, Lisheng, Zhang, Ying, Zhang, Xiaojun, Chen, Hongyin (2012): Taxonomic and bionomic notes on Arma chinensis (Fallou) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae). Zootaxa 3382: 41-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208760

Arma chinensis (Fallou 1881) (Figs. 1 ���49) Arma chinensis Fallou 1881: 340; Josifov & Kerzhner 1978: 181; Zheng 1980: 321; Zheng 1981: 28; Rider & Zheng 2002: 108. Arma discors Jakovlev 1902: 63 ���70. Auriga peipingensis Yang 1933: 9���46. Diagnosis. Dorsum ochraceous, with shining black or brown punctures; head, pronotal lateral angles, and connexiva testaceous (Fig. 1). Basal margin of scutellum with white and smooth apex. Body beneath yellow with coarse and concolorous punctures, sometimes with blackish punctures. Each mesopleuron with a black spot at anterior margin. Legs brown with coxae, trochanters and femora yellow brown, fore tibia with black ventral spine-like bristle at middle (Figs. 2, 3). Redescription. Head: Long, with a levigate patch near each eye. Mandibular plates wide, convergent before clypeus or leaving a gap. Antennal segments 1 and 2 and base and tip of 3 and 4 yellow brown, middle of 3 and 4 black, 5 brown; 2 distinctly longer than 3. Rostrum yellow brown with apex reaching metacoxae. Thorax: Pronotum: Anterior margin roundly excavated; anterior angle short, apex blunt; anterolateral margin white, strongly concave, and coarsely dentate; an obtuse tubercle at posterior margin of each lateral angle; posterolateral margin of pronotum with basal half distantly concave; posterior margin straight. Scutellum: Basal margin of scutellum with white and smooth tip, apex bluntly rounded. Hemelytron: Base of outer margins narrowly pale yellow; one cluster of dense black punctures inside and near apex of median fracture; apical angle not sharp; membrane pale ochraceous, surpassing abdomen. Ostiolar peritreme short. Abdomen (Agarwal & Baijal, 1984): Connexiva testaceous and broadly exposed; apical half of 1 st segment, basal 1 / 4 and apical 1 / 4 of 2 nd to 6 th segments with black punctures, lateral margins black, other part with lateral margins linearly and narrowly pale yellow. Abdomen beneath more or less keeled at meson, basal spine with sharp apex and passing beyond anterior limits of mesocoxae. Stigmata narrowly black. Male genitalia (Figs. 4���11): Pygophore with ventral margin concave, lateral apices angular. Paramere Lshaped, its apex broad and oblong, a cornute process at base. Aedeagus without sclerotized dorsal processes; apical conjunctival lobe developed and not bifurcate at apex; basolateral conjunctival lobes also developed and membranous. Vesica robust, shorter than apical limits of median penial plates. Female genitalia (Figs. 12���15): 1 st gonocoxites wide, with inner margins straight and contacted with each other entirely, cleft after soaked in hot NaOH solution, apical margins laminate and slightly depressed. Apices of 9 th paratergites shorter than those of 8 th paratergites. Measurements [3 (n= 12) / �� (n= 12), in mm]: Body length 11.05���11.70 / 12.60���14.02; abdomen width 5.90���6.12 / 6.73���7.30; length head 1.93���2.33 / 2.25���2.43; length anteocular portion 1.33���1.48 / 1.50���1.60; length postocular portion 0.60���0.68 / 0.75���0.88; interocellar space 0.83���0.85 / 0.85���1.15; length synthlipsis 1.58���1.68 / 1.68���1.80; length antennal segments I-V = 0.45���0.50 / 0.48���0.55, 1.88 ���2.00 / 1.98���2.25, 1.00��� 1.20 / 1.00��� 1.33, 1.38���1.50 / 1.25���1.50, 1.25���1.45 / 1.20���1.38; length rostral segments I���IV= 1.45���1.60 / 1.50���1.73, 1.75���1.98 / 1.95���2.18, 1.08���1.20 / 1.13���1.35, 0.73���0.83 / 0.80���0.98; length anterior pronotal lobe 0.73���0.85 / 0.78���1.03; length posterior lobe 1.58���1.83 / 1.83���2.08; width thorax 5.60���5.91 / 6.32���7.05; length of scutellum 3.85���4.06 / 4.22���4.96; length of hemelytron 7.83���8.51 / 8.82���10.30. Material examined: 1 ��: China: Hebei, Langfang, 25 -III- 2010, De-yu Zou leg; 201 3, 204 ��: China: Jilin, Songyuan, 10 -IV- 2010, Xiao-jun Zhang leg. Distribution: China (Beijing, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Mongolia, Korea., Published as part of Zou, Deyu, Wang, Mengqing, Zhang, Lisheng, Zhang, Ying, Zhang, Xiaojun & Chen, Hongyin, 2012, Taxonomic and bionomic notes on Arma chinensis (Fallou) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae), pp. 41-52 in Zootaxa 3382 on pages 45-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208760, {"references":["Fallou, G. (1881) Hemipteres nouveaux de la Chine. Le Naturaliste, 3, 340 - 341.","Josifov, M. V. & Kerzhner, I. M. (1978) Heteroptera aus Korea. II. Teil (Aradidae, Berytidae, Lygaeidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Rhopalidae, Alydidae, Coreidae, Urostylidae, Acanthosomatidae, Scutelleridae, Pantatomidae, Cydnidae, Plataspidae). Fragmenta Faunistica, 23, 137 - 196.","Zheng, L. Y. (1980) Materials of Chinese Asopinae (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Entomotaxonomia, 2, 321 - 324 (In Chinese).","Zheng, L. Y. (1981) Chinese species of genus Arma Hahn (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Natural Enemies of Insects, 3, 28 - 32 (In Chinese).","Rider, D. A. & Zheng, L. Y. (2002) Checklist and nomenclatural notes on the Chinese Pentatomidae (Heteroptera) I, Asopinae. Entomotaxonomia, 24, 107 - 115.","Jakovlev, B. E. (1902) Hemipteres-Heteropteres nouveaux de la faune palearctique II. Revue Russe d'Entomologie, 2, 63 - 70.","Agarwal, S. B. & Baijal, H. N. (1984) Morphology of male genitalia of Scutellerinae and Pentatominae (Heteroptera) with remarks on inter-relationship with the family Pentatomidae. Journal of Entomology Research, 8, 53 - 60."]}

Neurigona hainana Wang, Chen & Yang sp. nov. (Figs. 1���3) Diagnosis. Six strong dc bristles and 11���12 irregularly paired acr bristles present. Tarsomere II 1 elongated (longer than corresponding tibia, and than total length tarsomere II 2-5). Abdominal segment 5 without ventral projection; hypopygium black. Male. Body length 3.5 mm, wing length 3.3 mm. Head metallic green with pale gray pollen; eyes contiguous on median portion of face. Hairs and bristles on head black; postocular bristles pale. Antenna brownish; first flagellomere about as long as wide, apex somewhat round (Fig. 2); arista brown with short basal segment. Proboscis brownish with yellow hairs; palpus pale, with black hairs and 2 black apical bristles. Thorax yellow with yellow pollen; scutellum and metanotum dark brown; pteropleuron with a small black spot just below wing base. Hairs and bristles on thorax black, 6 strong dc bristles (on middle and posterior portion of mesonotum), 11���12 irregularly paired acr bristles present. Propleuron with 1 yellow bristle on lower portion. Scutellum with 2 pairs of bristles, apical pair long and strong, basal pair about 1/3 of apical pair in length. Legs yellow; all coxae yellow; all tarsi with tarsomeres 2���5 brownish to dark brown outward. Hairs and bristles on legs black. Coxa I with black hairs and 4���6 black bristles on antero-apical portion; coxa II with black hairs and 2���3 black anterior and apical bristles; coxa III with 1 black outer bristle at middle. Tibia II with 2 ad bristles and 2 pd bristles, apically with 3 bristles; tibia III with 3 ad bristles, 3 pd bristles, and row of about 8-10 v bristles, apically with 3 bristles. Tarsomere II 1 with 1 ad bristle and 4���5 pd bristles; tarsomeres III 1���4 each with row of short v bristles. Relative lengths of tibia and 5 tarsomeres of legs LI 4.2: 3.6: 1.8: 2.2: 1.6: 1.0; LII 4.6: 7.4: 1.8: 1.6: 1.0: 0.6; LIII 9.0: 3.2: 2.8: 1.8: 1.0: 0.6. Wing (Fig. 1) hyaline; veins dark brown, M gently bent apically and convergent with R 4+5; CuAx ratio 0.4. Squama yellow with brown margin, with pale hairs. Halter pale. Abdomen yellow with yellow pollen; terga 2���5 each with large black basal spot; hypopygium shiny black. Abdominal segment 5 without ventral projection. Setae and bristles on abdomen chiefly black. Genitalia (Fig. 3). Epandrium as long as wide, basally with 2 large lateral processes; surstylus with wide dorsal lobe bearing shallow concave apex, ventral lobe slender and curved, with 3 apical bristles. Cercus white, somewhat rectangular, bearing white hairs. Aedeagus black, slender. Female. Body length 3.2 mm, wing length 3.5 mm. Similar to male. Type Material. Holotype: male, Hainan: Jianfengling, Tianchi, 2007.VI.5, Jinxian Liu. Paratype: 1 female, same data as holotype. Holotype and paratype deposited in CAU. Etymology. The specific epithet derives from the type locality in Hainan. Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Hainan. Remarks. The new species is similar to Neurigona yunnana Wang, Yang et Grootaert from Yunnan, but can be separated from the latter by having 10���11 irregularly paired acr and tarsomere I 5 dark brown. In N. yunnana, 17���18 irregularly paired acr bristles are present and tarsomere I 5 is white., Published as part of Wang, Mengqing, Chen, Hongyin & Yang, Ding, 2010, New species of the genus Neurigona (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from China, pp. 53-61 in Zootaxa 2517 (1) on pages 55-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2517.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5302128

Neurigona hainana Wang, Chen & Yang sp. nov. (Figs. 1–3) Diagnosis. Six strong dc bristles and 11–12 irregularly paired acr bristles present. Tarsomere II 1 elongated (longer than corresponding tibia, and than total length tarsomere II 2-5). Abdominal segment 5 without ventral projection; hypopygium black. Male. Body length 3.5 mm, wing length 3.3 mm. Head metallic green with pale gray pollen; eyes contiguous on median portion of face. Hairs and bristles on head black; postocular bristles pale. Antenna brownish; first flagellomere about as long as wide, apex somewhat round (Fig. 2); arista brown with short basal segment. Proboscis brownish with yellow hairs; palpus pale, with black hairs and 2 black apical bristles. Thorax yellow with yellow pollen; scutellum and metanotum dark brown; pteropleuron with a small black spot just below wing base. Hairs and bristles on thorax black, 6 strong dc bristles (on middle and posterior portion of mesonotum), 11–12 irregularly paired acr bristles present. Propleuron with 1 yellow bristle on lower portion. Scutellum with 2 pairs of bristles, apical pair long and strong, basal pair about 1/3 of apical pair in length. Legs yellow; all coxae yellow; all tarsi with tarsomeres 2–5 brownish to dark brown outward. Hairs and bristles on legs black. Coxa I with black hairs and 4–6 black bristles on antero-apical portion; coxa II with black hairs and 2–3 black anterior and apical bristles; coxa III with 1 black outer bristle at middle. Tibia II with 2 ad bristles and 2 pd bristles, apically with 3 bristles; tibia III with 3 ad bristles, 3 pd bristles, and row of about 8-10 v bristles, apically with 3 bristles. Tarsomere II 1 with 1 ad bristle and 4–5 pd bristles; tarsomeres III 1–4 each with row of short v bristles. Relative lengths of tibia and 5 tarsomeres of legs LI 4.2: 3.6: 1.8: 2.2: 1.6: 1.0; LII 4.6: 7.4: 1.8: 1.6: 1.0: 0.6; LIII 9.0: 3.2: 2.8: 1.8: 1.0: 0.6. Wing (Fig. 1) hyaline; veins dark brown, M gently bent apically and convergent with R 4+5; CuAx ratio 0.4. Squama yellow with brown margin, with pale hairs. Halter pale. Abdomen yellow with yellow pollen; terga 2–5 each with large black basal spot; hypopygium shiny black. Abdominal segment 5 without ventral projection. Setae and bristles on abdomen chiefly black. Genitalia (Fig. 3). Epandrium as long as wide, basally with 2 large lateral processes; surstylus with wide dorsal lobe bearing shallow concave apex, ventral lobe slender and curved, with 3 apical bristles. Cercus white, somewhat rectangular, bearing white hairs. Aedeagus black, slender. Female. Body length 3.2 mm, wing length 3.5 mm. Similar to male. Type Material. Holotype: male, Hainan: Jianfengling, Tianchi, 2007.VI.5, Jinxian Liu. Paratype: 1 female, same data as holotype. Holotype and paratype deposited in CAU. Etymology. The specific epithet derives from the type locality in Hainan. Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Hainan. Remarks. The new species is similar to Neurigona yunnana Wang, Yang et Grootaert from Yunnan, but can be separated from the latter by having 10–11 irregularly paired acr and tarsomere I 5 dark brown. In N. yunnana, 17–18 irregularly paired acr bristles are present and tarsomere I 5 is white.

Viridigona zhangae (Wang, Yang & Grootaert, 2006), comb. nov. Neurigona zhangae Wang, Yang & Grootaert, 2006: 87. Type-locality: Beijing. Diagnosis. Thorax dark metallic green with pale grey pollen, pleuron shiny black, mesonotum dark metallic green with pale lateral margin. Fore tarsomere 4 with ventral surface of basal half somewhat swollen, with dense pale setae; tarsomere 5 with long claws chiefly black with yellow base. Male cercus elongated, with special setae and process. Material examined. 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Beijing, Mentougou, Baihuashan, 2005.VII.15, Junhua Zhang (CAU); 1 ♂, Beijing: Mentougou, Baihuashan, 2005.VII.16, Hui Dong & Kuiyan Zhang (CAU). Remarks. The species is somewhat similar to species of Neurigona, but can be separated from the latter by the metallic green mesonotum and elongated male cercus. In species of Neurigona, the mesonotum is mainly yellow, at most with metallic green spots, and the male cercus is short and round (Naglis 2002). Viridigona zhangae represents a new Palearctic record for the genus. Viridigona Naglis is now distributed in the Neotropical, Nearctic and Palaearctic regions with 29 known species. Only one species of this genus is currently known from China.

Neurigona yaoi Wang, Chen & Yang sp. nov. (Figs. 8���10) Diagnosis. Seven strong dc bristles, pleuron chiefly black. Tarsomere I 5 distinctly elongated and swollen, covered with dense spine-like bristles dorsally and laterally. Male. Body length 4.4 mm, wing length 4.2 mm. Head metallic green with pale gray pollen; face narrow, eyes separate on face. Hairs and bristles on head black; postocular bristles pale. Antenna yellow (Fig. 8); first flagellomere about as long as wide, somewhat obtuse apically; arista brownish with basal segment 0.1 times as long as apical segment. Proboscis pale with pale setae; palpus pale yellow, with pale setae and 2 yellow apical bristles. Thorax yellow with yellow pollen; mesonotum with anterior margin black, and with black lateral spots on mid and posterior portion; scutellum yellow; metanotum black; propleuron black, pteropleuron and all posterior pleuron whole black. Setae and bristles on thorax black; 7 strong dc bristles, 7���8 irregularly paired acr bristles. Propleuron with pale hairs and 1 yellow bristle on lower portion. Legs yellow [tarsomere II 3-5 broken]; fore tibia and tarsomere I 1 brown, tarsomere I 5 black; tarsomere III 2-5 brown. Setae and bristles on legs black. Coxa I with yellow setae and 4���6 yellow bristles on apical portion; coxa III with 1 black outer bristle near middle; tarsomere I 5 distinctly elongated and swollen, covered with dense spine-like bristles dorsally and laterally (Fig. 9). Tibia II with 2 ad bristles, 1 pd bristle, and 2 v bristles, apically with 3 bristles; hind tibia with 4 ad bristles, 3-4 pd bristle, and 5-6 v bristles, apically with 4 bristles. All segment 1 of tarsomere I-III each with row of 5-6 v bristles. Relative lengths of tibia and 5 tarsomeres of legs LI 5.0: 6.0: 2.7: 1.3: 0.3: 0.6; LII 7.0: 7.0: 2.9:?:?:?; LIII 5.0: 6.0: 2.7: 1.3: 0.3: 0.6. Wing hyaline; veins black, M 1+2 strongly bent apically and convergent with R 4+5; CuAx ratio 0.5. Squama yellow with pale setae. Halter yellow. Abdomen yellow with yellow pollen; terga 1���5 each with large black basal spot; hypopygium shiny black. Abdominal segment 5 without ventral projection. Setae on abdomen chiefly black. Genitalia (Fig. 10). Epandrium somewhat round, basally with 2 slender processes, each with furcated apex. Surstylus with wide dorsal lobe; ventral lobe long and wide, with slender finger-like projection apically. Cercus white, somewhat round, with short setae. Female. Unknown. Type Material. Holotype: male, Neimenggu: Moerdaoga, 2009.VII.21, Gang Yao. Holotype deposited in CAU. Etymology. The specific epithet derives from the collector Gang Yao. Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Neimenggu. Remarks. The species is similar to Neurigona micropyga Negrobov, but can be separated from the latter by the chiefly black pleuron and the normal fore claw. In N. micropyga, the pleuron is chiefly yellow, and the fore claw is distinctly elongated, spine-like., Published as part of Wang, Mengqing, Chen, Hongyin & Yang, Ding, 2010, New species of the genus Neurigona (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from China, pp. 53-61 in Zootaxa 2517 (1) on page 58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2517.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5302128

Neurigona yaoi Wang, Chen & Yang sp. nov. (Figs. 8–10) Diagnosis. Seven strong dc bristles, pleuron chiefly black. Tarsomere I 5 distinctly elongated and swollen, covered with dense spine-like bristles dorsally and laterally. Male. Body length 4.4 mm, wing length 4.2 mm. Head metallic green with pale gray pollen; face narrow, eyes separate on face. Hairs and bristles on head black; postocular bristles pale. Antenna yellow (Fig. 8); first flagellomere about as long as wide, somewhat obtuse apically; arista brownish with basal segment 0.1 times as long as apical segment. Proboscis pale with pale setae; palpus pale yellow, with pale setae and 2 yellow apical bristles. Thorax yellow with yellow pollen; mesonotum with anterior margin black, and with black lateral spots on mid and posterior portion; scutellum yellow; metanotum black; propleuron black, pteropleuron and all posterior pleuron whole black. Setae and bristles on thorax black; 7 strong dc bristles, 7–8 irregularly paired acr bristles. Propleuron with pale hairs and 1 yellow bristle on lower portion. Legs yellow [tarsomere II 3-5 broken]; fore tibia and tarsomere I 1 brown, tarsomere I 5 black; tarsomere III 2-5 brown. Setae and bristles on legs black. Coxa I with yellow setae and 4–6 yellow bristles on apical portion; coxa III with 1 black outer bristle near middle; tarsomere I 5 distinctly elongated and swollen, covered with dense spine-like bristles dorsally and laterally (Fig. 9). Tibia II with 2 ad bristles, 1 pd bristle, and 2 v bristles, apically with 3 bristles; hind tibia with 4 ad bristles, 3-4 pd bristle, and 5-6 v bristles, apically with 4 bristles. All segment 1 of tarsomere I-III each with row of 5-6 v bristles. Relative lengths of tibia and 5 tarsomeres of legs LI 5.0: 6.0: 2.7: 1.3: 0.3: 0.6; LII 7.0: 7.0: 2.9:?:?:?; LIII 5.0: 6.0: 2.7: 1.3: 0.3: 0.6. Wing hyaline; veins black, M 1+2 strongly bent apically and convergent with R 4+5; CuAx ratio 0.5. Squama yellow with pale setae. Halter yellow. Abdomen yellow with yellow pollen; terga 1–5 each with large black basal spot; hypopygium shiny black. Abdominal segment 5 without ventral projection. Setae on abdomen chiefly black. Genitalia (Fig. 10). Epandrium somewhat round, basally with 2 slender processes, each with furcated apex. Surstylus with wide dorsal lobe; ventral lobe long and wide, with slender finger-like projection apically. Cercus white, somewhat round, with short setae. Female. Unknown. Type Material. Holotype: male, Neimenggu: Moerdaoga, 2009.VII.21, Gang Yao. Holotype deposited in CAU. Etymology. The specific epithet derives from the collector Gang Yao. Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Neimenggu. Remarks. The species is similar to Neurigona micropyga Negrobov, but can be separated from the latter by the chiefly black pleuron and the normal fore claw. In N. micropyga, the pleuron is chiefly yellow, and the fore claw is distinctly elongated, spine-like.

Viridigona zhangae (Wang, Yang & Grootaert, 2006), comb. nov. Neurigona zhangae Wang, Yang & Grootaert, 2006: 87. Type-locality: Beijing. Diagnosis. Thorax dark metallic green with pale grey pollen, pleuron shiny black, mesonotum dark metallic green with pale lateral margin. Fore tarsomere 4 with ventral surface of basal half somewhat swollen, with dense pale setae; tarsomere 5 with long claws chiefly black with yellow base. Male cercus elongated, with special setae and process. Material examined. 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Beijing, Mentougou, Baihuashan, 2005.VII.15, Junhua Zhang (CAU); 1 ♂, Beijing: Mentougou, Baihuashan, 2005.VII.16, Hui Dong & Kuiyan Zhang (CAU). Remarks. The species is somewhat similar to species of Neurigona, but can be separated from the latter by the metallic green mesonotum and elongated male cercus. In species of Neurigona, the mesonotum is mainly yellow, at most with metallic green spots, and the male cercus is short and round (Naglis 2002). Viridigona zhangae represents a new Palearctic record for the genus. Viridigona Naglis is now distributed in the Neotropical, Nearctic and Palaearctic regions with 29 known species. Only one species of this genus is currently known from China., Published as part of Wang, Mengqing, Chen, Hongyin & Yang, Ding, 2010, New species of the genus Neurigona (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from China, pp. 53-61 in Zootaxa 2517 (1) on pages 59-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2517.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5302128, {"references":["Wang M. Q., Yang, D. & Grootaert, P. (2006) A peculiar new species of Neurigona (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from North China, Palaearctic region. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie, 76, 87 - 91.","Naglis, S. M. (2002) Revision of the Neotropical Neurigoninae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) IV: Viridigona gen. nov. Studia dipterologica, 9 (2), 561 - 604."]}

Neurigona sichuana Wang, Chen & Yang sp. nov. (Figs. 4���7) Diagnosis. Scutellum brownish. Seven strong dc bristles, 11���12 irregularly paired acr bristles. Tarsomere I 4 short, with basal half swollen and apical half concave ventrally, tarsomere I 5 with basal 1/4 swollen and middle portion concave ventrally. Abdominal segment 5 without ventral projection. Male. Body length 4.5���4.7 mm, wing length 4.0��� 4.2 mm. Head metallic green with pale gray pollen; face narrow, eyes separate on face. Setae and bristles on head black; postocular bristles pale. Antenna yellow (Fig. 5); first flagellomere about 1.2 times longer than wide, somewhat acute apically; arista brown with basal segment 0.1 times as long as apical segment. Proboscis brownish yellow with pale hairs; palpus pale yellow, with pale setae. Thorax yellow with yellow pollen; scutellum (except posterior margin) and metanotum brownish; pteropleuron with small black spot just below wing base. Setae and bristles on thorax black, but those on pronotum and propleuron yellow; 7 strong dc bristles, 11���12 irregularly paired acr bristles. Propleuron with 1 yellow bristle on lower portion. Legs yellow; coxae I-III yellow. Setae and bristles on legs black. Coxa I with black setae and black bristles on apical portion. Coxa III with 1 black outer bristle near middle. Tibia II with 3 ad bristles, 2 pd bristles, and 1-2 v bristles, apically with 3 bristles; hind tibia with 3 ad bristles, 3 pd bristles, and 3-4 v bristles, apically with 4 bristles. Tarsomere I 4 short (about 2/3 of tarsomere I 5 in length), with basal half swollen and apical half concave ventrally, tarsomere I 5 with basal 1/4 swollen and middle portion concave ventrally (Fig. 6). Tarsomere II 1 with 1 ad bristle and 4���6 short black v bristles; tarsomeres III 1���3 each with row of short v bristles, tarsomere III 4 with 5 short v bristles, tarsomere III 5 with 1-2 short v bristles. Relative lengths of tibia and 5 tarsomeres of legs LI 4.6: 4.2: 2.0: 0.8: 0.5: 0.8; LII 4.0: 4.1: 1.2: 1.0: 0.5: 0.4; LIII 6.2: 1.7: 2.2: 1.2: 0.8: 0.4. Wing (Fig. 4) hyaline with grayish; veins black, M 1+2 strongly bent apically and convergent with R 4+5; CuAx ratio 0.5. Squama yellow with pale hairs. Halter yellow. Abdomen yellow with yellow pollen; terga 2���4 each with large black basal spot; hypopygium shiny black. Abdominal segment 5 without ventral projection. Setae on abdomen chiefly black. Genitalia (Fig. 7). Epandrium somewhat round, basally with 2 slender processes. Surstylus with dorsal lobe wide, with acute apex; ventral lobe long and curved apex, with apical hairs. Cercus white, with wide base and slender apex. Female. Body length 5.3-5.5 mm, wing length 4.8-4.9 mm. Similar to male, fore tarsus normal. Type Material. Holotype: male, Sichuan: Leshan, Lvxin, 2009.VIII.18, Yan Li. Paratypes: 2 males and 4 females, same data as holotype. Holotype and paratypes deposited in CAU. Etymology. The specific epithet derives from the type locality in Sichuan. Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Sichuan. Remarks. The species is similar to Neurigona concaviuscula Yang, but can be separated from the latter by the 11���12 irregularly paired acr, and the fore tibia lacking ad bristles. In N. concaviuscula, there are 17-18 irregularly paired acr, and the fore tibia has 1 ad bristle., Published as part of Wang, Mengqing, Chen, Hongyin & Yang, Ding, 2010, New species of the genus Neurigona (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from China, pp. 53-61 in Zootaxa 2517 (1) on pages 56-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2517.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5302128