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A series of novel quinoline-O-carbamate derivatives was rationally designed for treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) strategy. The target compounds were synthesised and evaluated by AChE/BuChE inhibition and anti-inflammatory property. The in vitro activities showed that compound 3f was a reversible dual eeAChE/eqBuChE inhibitor with IC50 values of 1.3 µM and 0.81 µM, respectively. Moreover, compound 3f displayed good anti-inflammatory property by decreasing the production of IL-6, IL-1β and NO. In addition, compound 3f presented significant neuroprotective effect on Aβ25-35-induced PC12 cell injury. Furthermore, compound 3f presented good stabilities in artificial gastrointestinal fluids, liver microsomes in vitro and plasma. Furthermore, compound 3f could improve AlCl3-induced zebrafish AD model by increasing the level of ACh. Therefore, compound 3f was a promising multifunctional agent for the treatment of AD.

Under big data environment, machine learning has been rapidly developed and widely used. It has been successfully applied in computer vision, natural language processing, computer security and other application fields. However, there are many security problems in machine learning under big data environment. For example, attackers can add “poisoned” sample to the data source, and big data process system will process these “poisoned” sample and use machine learning methods to train model, which will directly lead to wrong prediction results. In this paper, machine learning system and machine learning pipeline are proposed. The security problems that maybe occur in each stage of machine learning system under big data processing pipeline are analyzed comprehensively. We use four different attack methods to compare the attack experimental results.The security problems are classified comprehensively, and the defense approaches to each security problem are analyzed. Drone-deploy MapEngine is selected as a case study, we analyze the security threats and defense approaches in the Drone-Cloud machine learning application envirolment. At last,the future development drections of security issues and challenages in the machine learning system are proposed.

Low-rate denial of service (LDoS) attack is a special DoS attack type of wireless sensor network (WSN). Routing protocol is the critical component of the WSN. Routing flood attack is a novel LDoS attack pattern in WSN. However, the attack is difficult to be detected by traditional intrusion detection algorithm. A novel LDoS attack detection method based on big data and signal analysis is proposed. Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT) time–frequency signal analysis method is used to analyse the small non-linear signal from LDoS attack traffic signal. Spark-based Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient calculation approaches are used to recognise the false intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) components decomposed by the HHT method. The effective threshold value of Pearson correlation coefficient is set to 0.2, the effective threshold value of Spearman correlation coefficient is set to 0.3, which are united to identify the false IMF components. SunSpot wireless nodes are used to build the wireless sensor nodes. If the difference between the IMF component and the normal IMF component is more than 40%, the LDoS attack will be detected. Experimental results show that this approach is effective to detect the LDoS attack in ZigBee WSN. This is a quantitative LDoS attack detection experimental research in WSN.

Additional file1. Additional data.

Additional file 1. Table S1. The other clinicopathologic characteristics of patients in the training and validation cohorts. Fig. S1. ROC curves showed nomogram had more effectiveness compared with a single factor. ROC curves and AUCs of NLR, tumor size, GMWG and nomogram to predict overall survival in the training cohort (A) and validation cohort (B). Fig. S2. Overall survival and disease-free survival curves based on the best cut-off values. The optimal cut-off value (A and C) and Kaplan–Meier curve (B and D) for overall survival in the training cohort (A and B) and validation cohort (C and D). The optimal cut-off value (E and G) and Kaplan–Meier curve (F and H) for disease-free survival in the training cohort (E and F) and validation cohort (G and H).

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been a popular method for querying Top-k most significant sets of singe-nucleotide polymorphism locations (SNPs) to discover the genetic factors of diseases. Doctors have been increasing interest to in querying SNPs that significantly associated to diseases. However, the queries and GWAS data share service bring great privacy breach risk to the patients. In traditional Laplace privacy preserving mechanism, privacy budget $\varepsilon$is different to be determined, the Laplace noise is added to original data only once, which causes randomness and potential security risk to privacy protection. A novel approach is proposed to implement the differential privacy preserving for Top-k SNPs query in GWAS. Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition(EEMD) is a noise-assisted data analysis method, it is firstly proposed to be used as noise-adding approach in privacy protection mechanism. In the EEMD approach, random white noise will be added into the SNPs querying results for many times. Moreover, the parameters of added white noise can be precisely controlled to achieve better effect. PriSTRAT software tool was redeveloped to evaluate EEMD-based privacy preserving approach, the dataset was generated by PLINK tools. Experimental results show that EEMD-based privacy preserving approach has achieved higher accuracy than Laplace mechanism under the same noise-adding strength. The novel approach could be used to realize differential privacy preserving for Top-k SNPs query in GWAS to achieve the balance between privacy preserving and query accuracy.

The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is one of the most serious and destructive pests of rice in Asia. Climate warming in tropical regions and extreme-high- or low-temperature events may become limiting factors affecting the survival and distribution of N. lugens. The effects of continuous high temperature (CHT), discontinuous high temperature (DHT), and abnormal low temperature in summer (ALT) on the growth and development of N. lugens were studied under lab conditions. High temperatures and ALT decreased the survival rate of nymphs (in fourth-instar nymphs, CHT, DHT, ALT, and control survival was 46.67% ± 1.67, 31.67% ± 1.67, 48.33% ± 4.41, and 60.00% ± 2.89, respectively, P < 0.05). ALT also prolonged the development of N. lugens nymphs (in fourth-instar nymphs, ALT and control survival was 6.09 ± 0.193 d and 5.39 ± 0.082 d, respectively, P < 0.05). In fifth-instar nymphs, CHT (2.36 ± 0.064 d, P < 0.05) and DHT (2.34 ± 0.048 d, P < 0.05) had little influence on nymphal development compared with the control (2.25 ± 0.012 d, P < 0.05). The three temperature treatments (CHT, DHT, and ALT) decreased the number of eggs produced (61.33 ± 0.067, 62.67 ± 0.882, and 34.00 ± 0.577, respectively, P < 0.05) compared with the control (68.00 ± 1.000, P < 0.05). The female sex ratio decreased after nymphs were subjected to CHT (65.82% ± 0.771, P < 0.05, in fifth-instar nymphs) and ALT (76.01% ± 1.362, P < 0.05) compared with the control (81.63% ± 1.007, P < 0.05). Adults in CHT (25.30 ± 0.182, P < 0.05) and DHT (14.64 ± 0.238, P < 0.05) consumed significantly more food than the control (11.54 ± 0.181, P < 0.05), but adults in ALT (6.54 ± 0.196, P < 0.05) fed significantly less than the control (11.54 ± 0.181, P < 0.05). Hatching rates of eggs under the three temperature treatments (CHT, DHT, and ALT were 69.57% ± 0.215, 71.29% ± 0.529, and 43.13% ± 0.508, respectively, and were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the control (78.95% ± 1.000, P < 0.05). These experiments revealed that extreme temperatures can influence the growth and development of N. lugens and may affect its distribution. As such, N. lugens remains a serious pest of rice.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Differentially expressed m6A RNA methylation regulators were identified in tumor tissues when compared with normal tissues.

Additional file 2: Table S2. Univariate Cox regression analysis was constructed to confirm prognostic genes, and genes were considered significantly with a cut-off of P. Value

Additional file 3: Table S3. The coefficient of the identified genes.

Additional file 6: Table S6. Identification of the independent prognostic role of prognostic gene signature by multivariate analyses using the Cox regression model.

Additional file 5: Table S5. Identification of the independent prognostic role of prognostic gene signature by univariate analyses using the Cox regression model.

Additional file 4: Table S4. Comparison of the riskScore model with stage, gender, age, and grade models.

Networks, the cloud included, are susceptible to cyber-attacks owing to the myriad of vulnerabilities exhibited in networked components. Attackers chain together these vulnerabilities to generate optimized attack paths with varying degrees of success. The challenge in cloud networks has been to capture the dependencies amongst the vulnerabilities in the attack paths of the exploited components. We in this paper partition the cloud into three discrete layers with concentration on the virtual layer where, via applied node fusion in the resultant Bayesian attack network, endeavor to capture the aforementioned relationships by grouping like nodes together for conjunction probabilities of intersection and disjunction probabilities of union of two or more events. We further explore these dependencies through the connectivity matrix and employ CVEs and edge weighting for effective path determination. We likewise demonstrate how failure nodes can be induced and utilized for attack mitigation and prioritization in security plan formulation.

The Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) offering of cloud computing has come to alleviate some of the challenges associated with infrastructural investments and other related costs for enterprise users. However, hypervisor networks in IaaS environments are not immune to security breaches as the components therein tend to exhibit vulnerabilities which are exploited by attackers. Attackers chain together these vulnerabilities for effective attack path traversal in a given attack. The challenge has not been in identifying the vulnerable components but in capturing the dependencies amongst the vulnerabilities and statistically evaluating the effect exerted by one vulnerability unto another. In this paper, we capture the dependencies between vulnerabilities in hypervisor networks by aggregating incoming attack edges via disjunction and conjunction of attack events in the resultant Bayesian attack network. We illustrate the use of local conditional probabilities distributions at a given node to evaluate the likelihood of node exploitation for attack propagation under varying conditions. We further identify critical nodes and edges without which a given attack will not materialize and show how a security analyst can use such in the security mitigation process. We model the security status of the target node using a finite state machine where state transitions are induced by attack instances in the aggregated critical edge.

This book describes an emerging field addressing fundamental questions about how the information, social, economic, and physical worlds are connected. The book was written by two authors at Cornell University, teaching in departments of Economics and Computer Science, who are particularly sensitive to interaction between computing and the social sciences.

Karst ecosystem is very fragile and sensitive to environmental change.China has the largest karst area(344.3×104 km2) with the widest distribution and highest landform diversity in the world,mainly or primarily concentrating in the southwest(about 55×104 km2).The karst region of southwest China is geology-controlled eco-environment,and the basic characteristics include the shortage of surface water and soil resources,low vegetation coverage and high diversity of microhabitats.Due to special geological background,intensive karst process and recent irrational land uses,both vegetation destruction and soil and water loss are increasingly serious in karst region of southwest China.This results in karst desertification,a process of land degradation involving extensive exposure of basement rocks and drastic decrease in soil productivity.Karst desertification has been leading to the concentrated poverty population and the lack of cultivated land.The karst region of southwest China,the crucial area for the West Development in China,is easy to plunge into a vicious circle between poverty and environmental degradation.Therefore,how to rehabilitate vegetation effectively and to utilize soil and water resources harmoniously are the primary problems for the comprehensive control of karst desertification in this region.Although rainfall is abundant,surface water is leaked heavily and groundwater is buried deeply due to dual hydrological structure in karst region of southwest China.Karst drought is serious and water deficit is still the primary factor for influencing vegetation restoration due to discontinuous shallow soils and low soil storage capacity.Thus,study on spatio-temporal heterogeneity of water and plant adaptation mechanisms is very important for vegetation restoration in karst region of southwest China.Water movement in karst region is significantly different from other kinds of region because of special geological background,complex landform and high heterogeneous habitat,and the effects of lithology,topography,the soil-rock distribution and vegetation should be considered altogether.Although many advances have been achieved on hillslope rainfall infiltration and runoff generation,spatial variability of soil water,adaptation of plants to water stress in different habitats,the current researches can not illustrate the difference of water status in various soil-rock environments and the corresponding adaptation mechanisms in karst regions.This heavily affects the achievement of vegetation restoration and reconstruction.In this paper,on the basis of the simple introduction to the characteristics of soil-rock environment,the research advances on rainfall infiltration and runoff generation,spatio-temporal variability of soil water,plant water sources and its adaptation mechanisms were summarized in karst regions.The further study should attach importance to investigate the relationship between water movement in soils and fractured rocks and plant water utilization,and to survey the effects of various environmental factors on eco-hydrological processes in the atmosphere-plant-soil-rock system.In order to reveal the interactive mechanism of vegetation and hydrological processes at hilllsope and catchment scales in karst areas,the multi-disciplinary research methods and techniques,including soil physics,eco-hydrology,plant physiology and karstology,should be applied to discuss the hydrological regulation function of epikarst and its primary influencing factors.These studies would provide scientific basis for optimal disposition of plant community with water-conserving function in karst region of southwest China.

The hype over cloud computing cannot go unnoticed even as providers and users alike testify of the evident benefits. It also goes without saying that this approach to computing shares its own challenges the most echoed being security. Security concerns herein, birthed by the exposure of the cloud to different threats, continue to cast doubts on potential users and it's only befitting that such concerns are addressed. Users who entrust their data to the cloud want their data to be secured in the strongest terms possible. Once data leaves the user, the onus is on the cloud provider to provide the required security since data now lies within their perimeter of jurisdiction. But security requirements do change with time and this therefore calls for a continuous process of evaluating the security status of the cloud system. This paper proposes a model of analyzing the security status of the cloud system with regards confidentiality, integrity and availability. We employ state transitions of a conceptual finite state machine, Boolean algebra and logic to evaluate the various states of the system when a specified breach occurs. The scope of this paper is limited to user data on the cloud and not as it traverses the network between the user and the provider.

Cloud computing has many irrefutable advantages and one of the most attractive benefits thereof that is seeing users migrate to the cloud is the ability to synchronize each of their devices with the cloud. A user can be in a different locality with a different device altogether but with the advent of cloud synchronization, he is able to access and replicate data changes to all of his synchronized devices. However, this convenience comes at a cost. The framework that is implemented to actualize this adorable functionality leaves much to be desired in that authorization to synchronize with the cloud only requires a synchronization token offered to the user upon his one-time authentication. This entails that whoever presents this synchronization token is able to synchronize with the user's data both locally and on the cloud without the need to provide any login credentials. The task of the attacker therefore is to acquire this synchronization token which is always stored locally on the cloud user's device and this task is actualized via a Man in the Cloud (MITC) attack. This paper employs attack trees to analyze the constituents of a MITC attack process in the synchronization of client devices in cloud computing. We further propose from the analysis, areas of concentration when deploying preventative measures.

The perquisites of cloud computing as utility computing over conventional computing are quite evident yet not all users have come to fully embrace this new computing paradigm. The major concern regarding cloud computing is that of the associated security risks. Security risks keep users doubting whether to migrate to the cloud hence triggering trust concerns. Cloud service providers are tasked with the burden of proving to users that they are able to live up to the challenge. Many solutions have been suggested to mitigate cloud security challenges but trust concerns have always lurked in the background. This paper proposes the use of a conceptual finite state automaton to partition the various instances of cloud data into states and transitions. The security concerns of each state and transitions are henceforth analyzed with respect to trust concerns which arise under those respective instances. Since a finite state automaton is scalable, new emerging trust concerns can be addressed by integrating the security concerns they emanate from into new instances of states or transitions hence the flexibility of the proposed approach.

Network processors (NP) are used in the core node of network to flexibly process packet data streams. The excellent performance/price ratio and high flexibility are the two main advantages of network processor. Ad hoc network is an exciting research aspect due to the characters of self-organization, dynamically changing topology and temporary network life. However, all the characters make the security problem more serious. Black hole attack is the main puzzle in the security of Ad hoc network. A novel NP-based security scheme is proposed to combat the attack in AODV routing protocol. Security agent is established by a hardware thread in NP. Agent can update itself at some interval by the trustworthiness of the neighbor nodes. Agent can trace the RREQ and RREP messages stream to aggregate the key information to link list and analyze them by intrusion detection algorithm. NS2 simulator is expanded to validate the security scheme. Simulation results show that NP-based security scheme is highly effec...

Ad hoc networks are becoming an important research aspect due to the self-organization network, dynamically changing topology, temporary network life and equal relationship among member of nodes. However, all the characters of ad hoc network make the security problem more serious. Network security and trustworthiness become the key problems of the network. Denial-of-service and Black hole attacks are the two puzzles in the security of ad hoc network. There are not satisfied solutions to solve the problem. A novel multi-agent-based dynamic lifetime intrusion detection and a response scheme are proposed to combat the two types of attacks. Multi-agents are related to one route request (RREQ) route reply (RREP) stream. One agent monitors the nodes in three-hop zone. Agent can periodically update itself by the trustworthiness of the neighbor nodes. It can efficiently improve trustworthiness, decrease computing complexity and save energy consumption for network securities. Agent security specifications have been extracted from the feature of the attacks. Multi-agents can trace RREQ and RREP messages, stream to aggregate the key information to link list and MAC-IP control table and analyze them by intrusion detection algorithm. Different security metrics are proposed to quantitatively evaluate network security performance under different attacks. Ns2 simulator is expanded to validate the security scheme. Simulation results show that a multi-agent-based dynamic lifetime security scheme is highly effective to detect and block the two kinds of attacks.

With the rapid increase in cloud computing applications and resource requirements, cloud server workload and complexity are increasing quickly, the architectures of cloud server system become more and more complex. Monitoring and management for the cloud computing system are becoming more and more difficult. Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI) protocol can be applied on traditional server management. However, massive CPU, network and storage resource bring great challenge to remote management of cloud server resource. By IPMI v2.0 specification and its extension, an efficient and scalability two-level remote management system for cloud server has been designed and implemented. This paper describes how to implement and extend IPMI protocol on the cloud server to manage and monitor massive resources in cloud server system efficiently.

Network Processor (NP) is optimized to perform network tasks. It uses massive parallel processing architecture to achieve high performance. Ad hoc network is an exciting research aspect due to the characters of self-organization, dynamically topology and temporary network life. However, all the characters make the security problem more serious. Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is the main puzzle in the security of Ad hoc network. A novel NP-based trustworthy agent scheme is proposed to combat the attack. Trustworthy agent is established by a hardware thread in NP. Agent can update itself at some interval by the trustworthiness of the neighbor nodes. Agent can trace the RREQ and RREP messages stream to aggregate the key information and analyze them by intrusion detection algorithm. NS2 simulator is expanded to validate the security and trustworthy scheme. Simulation results show that NP-based trustworthy agent scheme is effective to detect DoS attacks.

Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a worldwide distributive invasive pest, originated from the United States, and it was first reported in Guangdong province, China, in 2008. The effects of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the life history traits of P. solenopsis on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvales: Malvaceae) were studied at seven constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, and 35°C) and three RHs (45, 60, and 75%). The results showed that temperature, RH, and their interactions significantly influenced the life history traits of P. solenopsis. First instar was the most sensitive stage to extreme temperatures with very low survival rates at 15 and 35°C. At 25-32.5°C and the three RHs, the developmental periods of entire immature stage were shorter with values between 12.5-18.6 d. The minimum threshold temperature and the effective accumulative temperature for the pest to complete one generation were 13.2°C and 393.7 degree-days, respectively. The percentage and longevity of female adults significantly differed among different treatments. It failed to complete development at 15 or 35°C and the three RHs. Female fecundity reached the maximum value at 27.5°C and 45% RH. The intrinsic rate for increase (r), the net reproductive rate (R0), and the finite rate of increase (λ) reached the maximum values at 27.5°C and 45% RH (0.22 d(-1), 244.6 hatched eggs, and 1.25 d(-1), respectively). Therefore, we conclude that 27.5°C and 45% RH are the optimum conditions for the population development of the pest.

With VLSI technology advances and the increasing popularity of COTS components and multi-core processor in space, aviation, and military harsh environment, dependability becomes more attractive to overcome the increasing susceptibility to transient, permanent, and wear-out induced intermittent fault. Fault injection is widely used in dependability evaluation and fault emulation. As compared to physical- and software based fault-injection tool, this paper presents a simulation based Fault Injection tool, namely FSFI, to study high-level propagations of faults and system-level manifestations, especially the underlying causes of fault manifestations, namely Symptoms in this paper. The primary contributions of this paper are as follows. First and foremost, FSFI - A Full System simulator based Fault Injection tool is designed and described in great details. FSFI is based on an open source full system simulator (SAM) and it is heavily modified to support different processor component such as ALU, decoder, integer register files, and AGEN (Address Generation Unit). Additional four modules are added to the FSFI-simulator: Fault Injector, Monitor, Analyzer, and Controller. Second, transient faults are injected into different SPARC processor components, such as ALU, decoder, integer register files, and AGEN to deliberately study fault high level manifestations and propagations from processor component, through SPARC architecture level, hyper visor, OS, to application. Third, the underlying causes of fault manifestations, namely Symptoms, such as fatal trap, high OS, high hyper, and hangs, are captured by FSFI Monitor. The distributions of Symptoms for different components against typical benchmarks are investigated, and the underlying reasons are analyzed in detail. Preliminary experiment results show that FSFI is effective for fault high level propagation and Symptom research, and some of our future work is prospected.

Machine to machine communication (M2M) has received increasing attention in recent years. However, its development and character cause new security challenge. The security and trust problems are serious in M2M system. A survey to security and trust in M2M system is necessary. Different visions of the M2M security and trust paradigm are reported and reviewed in this paper. They includes typical technology research progress and security product. All these will help to understand security and trustworthy in M2M system.

With the rapid development of mobile ad hoc network, security and trust are important to the network. Trust routing framework is the main issue in mobile ad hoc network. Trust routing is related to many factors such as hop number, node residual energy and node behavior. To use the multi-source information fully, multi-agent information fusion method is used to design trust routing framework. The definition of trust routing is proposed in the paper. Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is used to validate trust routing framework, Route Reply (RREP) Message is extended to record node residual energy and behavior information. Ns-2 is used to simulate different network scenarios. Simulation results show that the trust routing framework can improve the efficiency of network and extend the service lifetime.

With the increasing popularity of COTS (commercial off the shelf) components and multi-core processor in space and aviation applications, software fault tolerance becomes attractive to overcome the primary bottleneck of their susceptibility to transient faults. CFCSS (Control Flow Checking by Software Signatures) is one of the most important pure software fault tolerance techniques in mitigating control flow errors in harsh environment. As the most prominent deficiency, aliasing is the research focus of this paper, and a novel algorithm, namely CFCSS without aliasing, is put forward. First and foremost, the cause of aliasing - the existence of branch-fan-in nodes in program control flow graph – is investigated in depth, and the minimal flow graph structure giving birth to aliasing, namely “3-2 structure”, is extracted. The typical “3-2 structure” can be extended to a broader class of flow graph, named “n-(n-1) structure” by this paper, which can not be settled by previous CFCSS algorithms. Second, basing on thorough analysis of the traditional CFCSS algorithm, a method of inserting an additional basic block in program control flow graph is proposed, and the algorithm of CFCSS without aliasing is elaborately designed. The feature of independence of the program flow graph makes this algorithm more general, and in theory any kinds of flow graph structures can be dealt with it, such as “n-(n-1) structure” and other typical flow graphs that are not covered by traditional algorithms. Third, the compilation time of the algorithm is in linear with the number of basic blocks of the program control flow graph. CFCSS without aliasing is implemented under GCC 4.2.1 for SPARC architecture, and the delay slot is supported. By fault injection campaigns carried out for representative integer-dominated benchmarks from MiBench and SPEC CINT2000, the correctness, fault detection capability, and overhead of this algorithm are investigated in great details.

Network Processor (NP) is optimized to perform special network functionalities. It has highly parallel processing architecture to achieve high performance. Ad hoc network is an exciting research aspect due to the characters of self-organization、 dynamically changing topology and temporary network life. However, all the characters make the security problem more serious. Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is the main puzzle in the security of Ad hoc network. A novel NP-based security scheme is proposed to combat the attack in AODV routing protocol. Security agent is established by a hardware thread in NP. Agent can update itself at some interval by the trustworthiness of the neighbor nodes. Agent can trace the RREQ and RREP messages stream to aggregate the key information to link list and analyze them by intrusion detection algorithm. NS2 simulator is expanded to validate the security scheme. Simulation results show that NP-based security scheme is highly effective to detect and block DoS attack.