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Tarım alanlarında kullanılanbesin maddeleri ve/veya pestisitler, su kalitesindeki bozulmanın başlıca nedenlerindendir.Bu çalışmada Kayseri sınırları içinde yer alan Develi Ovası'nda tarımsal faaliyetlerindrenaj suyu kalitesi üzerindeki etkisi analiz edilmiştir. Develi Ovası, yarıkurak iklime sahip Orta Anadolu Bölgesi'nde yer alan kapalı bir tarımhavzasıdır. Develi Ovası’nda sulama Develi Sulama Projesi'nin 1988 yılındatamamlanmasından bu yana yoğunlaşmıştır. Halihazırda, ovada yaklaşık 30000hektar tarım alanı sulanmaktadır ve sulamadan dönen sular yoğun bir drenaj ağıile toplanmaktadır. Drenaj suları, ekolojik açıdan önemli bir sulak alan olanSultan Sazlığı’na boşalmaktadır. Sulama nedeniyle su kalitesinde meydana gelendeğişiklikler, iki baraj gölünden (Kovalı ve Ağcaaşar Baraj Gölleri), bir ana drenajkanalından ve iki adet drenaj suyu toplama ve pompa istasyonundan (Ufaktepe ve CamızgölüPompa İstasyonları) 24 aylık sürede toplanan su örnekleri analiz edilerek belirlenmiştir.Su kalitesi Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği’ne göre değerlendirilmiştir.Sıcaklık, pH, çözünmüş oksijen ve elektriksel iletkenlik, toplam azot, toplamorganik karbon, toplam fosfor, nitrat, amonyum, klorür, sülfat ve toplam askıdakatı madde parametreleri ölçülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda Kovalı ve AğcaaşarBaraj gölleri I. sınıf (yüksek kaliteli su) kalitesine sahipken, Drenaj Kanalıve Ufaktepe Pompa İstasyonu’nun II. sınıf (az kirlenmiş su), bütün drenajsularının toplandığı Camızgölü Pompa İstasyonu’nun IV. sınıf (çok kirlenmiş) sukalitesine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, sulama uygulamalarındansonra su kalitesinin önemli ölçüde değiştiğini göstermektedir., Nutrients and/or pesticides used in agricultural areas are often responsible for reduced water quality. In this study, we analyzed the impact of agricultural activities on the water quality of the agricultural drainage in the Develi Basin, Kayseri. Develi Basin is a closed agricultural basin located in the semi-arid Central Anatolia Region. Irrigation has long been practiced in the Develi Basin, but it has become more intense since the completion of the Develi Irrigation Project in 1988. Currently, about 30000 ha of agricultural land is irrigated in the basin and agricultural drainage is collected with a dense network of channels, which is eventually discharged into an ecologically important wetland, called the Sultan Marshes. Water quality changes due to irrigation was evaluated based on Surface Water Quality Regulation using water samples collected from two irrigation reservoirs (Kovalı and Ağcaaşar Reservoirs) and one drainage channel and two return flow pumping stations (Ufaktepe and Camızgölü Pumping Stations) for 24 month period. Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, total organic carbon, total phosphorus, nitrate, ammonium, chloride, sulfate and total suspended solids were measured. Water samples from Kovalı and Ağcaaşar Reservoirs were classified as Class 1 (high quality water) while water samples from Drainage Canal and Ufaktepe Pumping Station were classified as Class II (slightly contaminated water) and water samples from Camızgölü Pumping Station, which is the station where almost all drainage waters are collected, were classified as Class IV (very contaminated water). Results showed that water quality deteriorated significantly after irrigation practices.

Gender non-binary, gender variant or gender plural are the terms used to accommodate the population that associate their gender identity outside the male and female binaries of gender dichotomy. Current psychotherapy practices are evolving to accommodate nontraditional, non-determinist and non-oppressive new terminologies to work with a gender pluralistic worldview. The ontological and epistemological shift from positivist approach to therapeutic issues to post-structuralist shift brought language afore as the site of power and meaning. Family and systemic psychotherapy is a particular cohort in the world of psychotherapy that operates with a social constructivist, deconstructive and poststructuralist epistemology. Distanced from pre-determined notions of pathology and wellbeing family and systemic psychotherapists work with power and knowledge using the language as site that power and knowledge is both used and produced to introduce systemic changes. A cisgender therapist adopting a post-structuralist position can access local realities of the individuals and families yet remain too focused on gendervariance/pluralism and may lose their holistic approach. It is recommended that a poststructuralist therapist working with gender issues adopts an integrative approach as sees gender issues not central but integral to systems to create systemic changes., Gender non-binary, gender variant or gender plural are the termsused to accommodate the population that associate their gender identity outsidethe male and female binaries of gender dichotomy. Current psychotherapypractices are evolving to accommodate non-traditional, non-determinist andnon-oppressive new terminologies to work with a gender pluralistic worldview.The ontological and epistemological shift from positivist approach totherapeutic issues to post-structuralist shift brought language afore as thesite of power and meaning. Family and systemic psychotherapy is a particularcohort in the world of psychotherapy that operates with a socialconstructivist, deconstructive and post-structuralist epistemology. Distancedfrom pre-determined notions of pathology and well-being family and systemicpsychotherapists work with power and knowledge using the language as site thatpower and knowledge is both used and produced to introduce systemic changes. Acisgender therapist adopting a post-structuralist position can access localrealities of the individuals and families yet remain too focused on gendervariance/pluralism and may lose their holistic approach. It is recommended thata post-structuralist therapist working with gender issues adopts an integrativeapproach as sees gender issues not central but integral to systems to createsystemic changes.

Develi Ovası’nda sulama verezervuar depolamasını simüle etmek için SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)kullanılmıştır. Develi Ovası, önemli sulak alanlarımızdan Sultan Sazlığı’na evsahipliği yapan yarı kurak iklim özelliğine sahip bir ovadır. Ovadaki yüzeysel akışlar,Sultan Sazlığı çevresindeki tarım arazilerinin sulanması için su sağlayanAğcaaşar ve Kovalı rezervuarları ile kontrol edilmektedir. SWAT, sulamauygulamalarını ve bitki büyümesini simüle etmek için kullanılabilen birhidrolojik modeldir. Bu çalışmada model, topografik, arazi kullanımı, toprak vemeteorolojik verilere dayalı olarak geliştirilmiştir. Ovadaki sulama, bitki sustres faktörüne dayalı sulama zamanını ve miktarını belirleyen otomatik sulamaaracı ile temsil edilmiştir. SWAT-CUP programında mevcut SUFI-2 algoritması,2000–2015 dönemi boyunca aylık rezervuar depolama için modelinkalibrasyonu/validasyonu için kullanılmıştır. Bu prosedür ölçülen ve simüle edilenrezervuar depolaması arasında kalibrasyon dönemi için Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) değerini 0.69 ve 0.70, Nash-SutcliffeVerimliliği (NSE) değerini 0.36 ve 0.60 ve determinasyon katsayısı (R2)değerini 0.75-0.54 olarak oluşturmuştur. Doğrulama dönemi için KGE = 0.63-0.57,NSE = 0.23-0.13 ve R2 = 0.50 olarak sonuçlanmıştır. Sonuçlar, SWAT'ınDeveli Ovası’nda aylık sulama ve rezervuar depolamalarını simüle etmek içinmakul tahminler sağlayabileceğini göstermiştir., The efficacy of the Soil andWater Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was evaluated for simulating irrigation andreservoir storage in the Develi Basin in Turkey. Develi Basin is a semi-aridclosed basin that hosts an important wetland, called the Sultan Marshes.Surface water flows in the basin are strongly controlled through Ağcaaşar andKovalı reservoirs, which supply water for irrigating the agricultural landsaround the Sultan Marshes. SWAT is a semi-distributed hydrologic model that canbe used for simulating irrigation practices and crop development. In thisstudy, the SWAT model was established based on topographic, land use, soil, and meteorological data. Irrigation in thebasin is represented with the auto irrigationtool, which determines the timing and amount of irrigation based on plant waterstress factor. SUFI-2 algorithm available in theSWAT-CUP program was used for calibration/validation of the model for monthlyreservoir storage over the period 2000–2015. This procedure resulted inKling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) of 0.69 and 0.70, Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE)of 0.36 and 0.60, and coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.54 and 0.75for calibration between the simulated and measured water storage. Forvalidation KGE was 0.63 and 0.57, NSEwas 0.23 and 0.13, and R2 was 0.50 for validation. Resultsindicated that SWAT can provide reasonable predictions for simulating monthlyirrigation and reservoir storage in the Develi Basin.

This study examines the trends in reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in Turkey by analysing data from 77 weather stations for a 32-year period (1975-2006). ETo values were calculated using the Penman-Monteith method using air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and sunshine hours data. Trends in annual and monthly ETo were determined using the Mann-Kendall trend test with the trend-free prewhitening procedure. The magnitude of trends was estimated by calculating the Sen's slope. The collective or field significance of the trends was evaluated using Walker test. The possible causes of changes in ETo were discussed by analysing the trends in air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and solar radiation data collected at the same stations. The implications of ETo trends for crop water requirements were evaluated. The analyses showed that the majority of stations (88%) in Turkey had annual ETo between 750 and 1200 mm during the 32-year period and ETo decreased gradually from south to north. From 1975 to 2006, 58% of stations had upward trends in annual ETo. Upward trends were statistically significant at the 0.05 level for 32% of stations. The rates of changes in annual ETo were on average 1.20 mm year(-2). The trends detected in monthly ETo were mostly upward with an average magnitude between -0.01 and 0.14 mm month year(-1). Trends detected at the annual timescale and for the majority of the months provided the field significance at the 0.05 level. Analysis of other climatic data showed that upward trends in air temperatures, downward trends in wind speeds, and downward trends in relative humidity were widespread over Turkey for the same time period. Changes in these three parameters could explain the majority of the changes in ETo rates. The ETo changes affect crop water requirements and increase the demand for irrigation.

Purpose: To test the extent of variation among nuclear medicine physicians with respect to staging non-small cell lung cancer with positron emission tomography (PET). Procedures: Two groups of nuclear medicine physicians with different levels of PET experience reviewed 30 PET scans. They were requested to identify and localize suspicious mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) using standardized algorithms. Results were compared between the two groups, between individuals, and with expert reading. Results: Overall we found good interobserver agreement (kappa 0.65). Experience with PET translated into a better ability to localize MLN stations (68% vs. 51%, respectively), and experienced readers appeared to be more familiar with translating PET readings into clinically useful statements. Conclusions: Although our results suggest that clinical experience with PET increases observers' ability to read and interpret results from PET adequately, there is room for improvement. Experience with PET does not necessarily improve the accuracy of image interpretation.

This study examines the spatial and temporal dynamics of wind speeds over Turkey by analysing data from 206 weather stations for a 32-year period (1975-2006). Trends in annual, seasonal, and monthly average wind speeds were determined using the Mann-Kendall trend test with the trend-free pre-whitening procedure. The strengths of trends were estimated by calculating the Sen's slope. The possible causes of wind speed changes were discussed. The analysis showed that the majority of the stations (73%) in Turkey had average wind speeds between 1.6 and 3.3 m s(-1) during the 32-year period. From 1975 to 2006, 72% of stations had downward trends in annual average wind speeds. Downward trends were statistically significant at the 0.05 level for 62%. Significant upward trends were detected in only 16% of 206 stations. The rate of change in annual average wind speed data was on average -0.014 m s(-1) year(-1). The trends detected in monthly average wind speed data were mostly downward with an average strength between -0.007 and -0.017 m s(-1) year(-1). The directions and strengths of wind speed trends identified for the 1975-2006 period over Turkey are similar to the trends detected in wind speeds in many other regions over the earth. The changes in wind speeds in Turkey are most strongly related with the changes in general circulation patterns and air temperatures. The effects associated with changes in surface roughness and data quality are minor compared to other two factors.

This study aims to demonstrate the use of association analysis for discovering the relationships between stream flow and climatic variables in the Kizilirmak River Basin in Turkey. Association analysis is a data mining technique that aims to discover rules in the form of A -> B that may occur in large datasets with frequency above a given threshold. A and B can be defined as events of a certain type, with the rule if A occurs then B occurs. In this study, A refers to climatic variable(s) (i.e., precipitation, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity) of certain magnitude, and B refers to the magnitude of stream flow. The interesting rules were quantified using support and confidence measures. Stream-flow data from three gauging stations in the Kizilirmak River Basin and climate data from three weather stations in the same basin were included in the analyses. All data were first segregated into three groups that were named as low, medium, and high. Low and high ranges of stream-flow data were further divided into three to increase our focus on extreme events. The analyses were conducted at the annual and seasonal timescales. The analyses indicated that the relationships between precipitation and temperature and stream flow are most prevalent but, relative humidity and wind speed are also important determinants of stream flow in the Kizilirmak River Basin.

A participatory environmental management plan was prepared for Tuzla Lake, Turkey. Fuzzy cognitive mapping approach was used to obtain stakeholder views and desires. Cognitive maps were prepared with 44 stakeholders (villagers, local decisionmakers, government and non-government organization (NGO) officials). Graph theory indices, statistical methods and "What-if" simulations were used in the analysis. The most mentioned variables were livelihood, agriculture and animal husbandry. The most central variable was agriculture for local people (villagers and local decisionmakers) and education for NGO & Government officials. All the stakeholders agreed that livelihood was increased by agriculture and animal husbandry while hunting decreased birds and wildlife. Although local people focused on their livelihoods, NGO & Government officials focused on conservation of Tuzla Lake and education of local people. Stakeholders indicated that the conservation status of Tuzla Lake should be strengthened to conserve the ecosystem and biodiversity, which may be negatively impacted by agriculture and irrigation. Stakeholders mentioned salt extraction, ecotourism, and carpet weaving as alternative economic activities. Cognitive mapping provided an effective tool for the inclusion of the stakeholders' views and ensured initial participation in environmental planning and policy making., 43 pages, 4 figures

WOS: 000337376500003, Hydrometeorological patterns can be defined as meaningful and nontrivial associations between hydrological and meteorological parameters over a region. Discovering hydrometeorological patterns is important for many applications, including forecasting hydrometeorological hazards (floods and droughts), predicting the hydrological responses of ungauged basins, and filling in missing hydrological or meteorological records. However, discovering these patterns is challenging due to the special characteristics of hydrological and meteorological data, and is computationally complex due to the archival history of the datasets. Moreover, defining monotonic interest measures to quantify these patterns is difficult. In this study, we propose a new monotonic interest measure, called the hydrometeorological prevalence index, and a novel algorithm for mining hydrometeorological patterns (HMP-Miner) out of large hydrological and meteorological datasets. Experimental evaluations using real datasets show that our proposed algorithm outperforms the naive alternative in discovering hydrometeorological patterns efficiently., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [CAYDAG 110Y110]; Research Fund of Erciyes University [FBA-09-866], This study was partially supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Project Number: CAYDAG 110Y110 and the Research Fund of Erciyes University, Project Number: FBA-09-866. We would like to thank Eda Cengiz for her help at the data preparation and quality assessment steps.